7043:
597:) decay. The deuterium bottleneck in the formation of helium, together with the lack of stable ways for helium to combine with hydrogen or with itself (no stable nucleus has a mass number of 5 or 8) meant that an insignificant amount of carbon, or any elements heavier than carbon, formed in the Big Bang. These elements thus required formation in stars. At the same time, the failure of much nucleogenesis during the Big Bang ensured that there would be plenty of hydrogen in the later universe available to form long-lived stars, such as the Sun.
348:
606:
29:
4094:
3697:(GMWL). This plot allows samples of precipitation-originated water to be identified along with general information about the climate in which it originated. Evaporative and other processes in bodies of water, and also ground water processes, also differentially alter the ratios of heavy hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in fresh and salt waters, in characteristic and often regionally distinctive ways. The ratio of concentration of H to H is usually indicated with a delta as
8272:
3570:) in the following way. NMR ordinarily requires compounds of interest to be analyzed as dissolved in solution. Because of deuterium's nuclear spin properties which differ from the light hydrogen usually present in organic molecules, NMR spectra of hydrogen/protium are highly differentiable from that of deuterium, and in practice deuterium is not "seen" by an NMR instrument tuned for H. Deuterated solvents (including heavy water, but also compounds like deuterated
7025:
8236:
757:
3549:
7034:
3464:
8260:
8248:
2709:
1685:
487:, or 1.0002725. The energies of electronic spectra lines for H and H therefore differ by the ratio of these two numbers, which is 1.000272. The wavelengths of all deuterium spectroscopic lines are shorter than the corresponding lines of light hydrogen, by 0.0272%. In astronomical observation, this corresponds to a blue Doppler shift of 0.0272% of the
1707:(i.e. has an "even" or "positive" parity), and antisymmetric if the deuteron is antisymmetric under parity (i.e. has an "odd" or "negative" parity). The parity is fully determined by the total orbital angular momentum of the two nucleons: if it is even then the parity is even (positive), and if it is odd then the parity is odd (negative).
3893:
3693:) are enriched as a function of the environmental temperature of the region in which the precipitation falls (and thus enrichment is related to latitude). The relative enrichment of the heavy isotopes in rainwater (as referenced to mean ocean water), when plotted against temperature falls predictably along a line called the
2402:
2211:
3869:
The existence of nonradioactive isotopes of lighter elements had been suspected in studies of neon as early as 1913, and proven by mass spectrometry of light elements in 1920. At that time the neutron had not yet been discovered, and the prevailing theory was that isotopes of an element differ by the
882:
Another major producer of heavy water is India. All but one of India's atomic energy plants are pressurized heavy water plants, which use natural (i.e., not enriched) uranium. India has eight heavy water plants, of which seven are in operation. Six plants, of which five are in operation, are based on
4066:
After World War II ended, the Allies discovered that
Germany was not putting as much serious effort into the program as had been previously thought. The Germans had completed only a small, partly built experimental reactor (which had been hidden away) and had been unable to sustain a chain reaction.
3717:
Hydrogen is an important and major component in all materials of organic chemistry and life science, but it barely interacts with X-rays. As hydrogen atoms (including deuterium) interact strongly with neutrons; neutron scattering techniques, together with a modern deuteration facility, fills a niche
3713:
techniques particularly profit from availability of deuterated samples: The H and H cross sections are very distinct and different in sign, which allows contrast variation in such experiments. Further, a nuisance problem of normal hydrogen is its large incoherent neutron cross section, which is nil
668:
that creates deuterium. However, deuterium persists in the outer solar atmosphere at roughly the same concentration as in
Jupiter, and this has probably been unchanged since the origin of the Solar System. The natural abundance of H seems to be a very similar fraction of hydrogen, wherever hydrogen
3529:
of H–He is higher than that of most other fusion reactions; together with the scarcity of He, this makes it implausible as a practical power source, at least until DT and deuterium–deuterium (DD) fusion have been performed on a commercial scale. Commercial nuclear fusion is not yet an accomplished
716:
have been measured to contain more deuterium (about 200 atoms per million hydrogens), ratios which are enriched with respect to the presumed protosolar nebula ratio, probably due to heating, and which are similar to the ratios found in Earth seawater. The recent measurement of deuterium amounts of
576:
Through much of the few minutes after the Big Bang during which nucleosynthesis could have occurred, the temperature was high enough that the mean energy per particle was greater than the binding energy of weakly bound deuterium; therefore, any deuterium that was formed was immediately destroyed.
328:
13.8 billion years ago, as the basic or primordial ratio of H to H (≈26 atoms of deuterium per 10 hydrogen atoms) has its origin from that time. This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as
Jupiter. The analysis of deuterium–protium ratios (HHR) in comets found results very
3977:
The amount inferred for normal abundance of deuterium was so small (only about 1 atom in 6400 hydrogen atoms in seawater ) that it had not noticeably affected previous measurements of (average) hydrogen atomic mass. This explained why it hadn't been suspected before. Urey was able to concentrate
3726:
See below. Most stars, including the Sun, generate energy over most of their lives by fusing hydrogen into heavier elements; yet such fusion of light hydrogen (protium) has never been successful in the conditions attainable on Earth. Thus, all artificial fusion, including the hydrogen fusion in
1081:
to humans. It is estimated that a 70 kg (154 lb) person might drink 4.8 litres (1.3 US gal) of heavy water without serious consequences. Small doses of heavy water (a few grams in humans, containing an amount of deuterium comparable to that normally present in the body) are
704:
as 26 atoms per million hydrogen atoms. ISO-SWS observations find 22 atoms per million hydrogen atoms in
Jupiter. and this abundance is thought to represent close to the primordial Solar System ratio. This is about 17% of the terrestrial ratio of 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms.
689:
estimated primordial ratio of about 27 atoms per million from the Big Bang. This has been interpreted to mean that less deuterium has been destroyed in star formation in the Milky Way galaxy than expected, or perhaps deuterium has been replenished by a large in-fall of primordial hydrogen from
1702:
The deuteron wavefunction must be antisymmetric if the isospin representation is used (since a proton and a neutron are not identical particles, the wavefunction need not be antisymmetric in general). Apart from their isospin, the two nucleons also have spin and spatial distributions of their
680:
of the
Universe. The observed ratios of hydrogen to helium to deuterium in the universe are difficult to explain except with a Big Bang model. It is estimated that the abundances of deuterium have not evolved significantly since their production about 13.8 billion years ago. Measurements of
1576:
4067:
By the end of the war, the
Germans did not even have a fifth of the amount of heavy water needed to run the reactor, partially due to the Norwegian heavy water sabotage operation. However, even if the Germans had succeeded in getting a reactor operational (as the U.S. did with
1719:
Antisymmetric spin and antisymmetric under parity. In this case, the exchange of the two nucleons will multiply the deuterium wavefunction by (−1) from isospin exchange, (−1) from spin exchange and (−1) from parity (location exchange), again for a total of (−1) as needed for
1110:
also easily differentiates many deuterated compounds, due to the large difference in IR absorption frequency seen in the vibration of a chemical bond containing deuterium, versus light hydrogen. The two stable isotopes of hydrogen can also be distinguished by using
1715:
Symmetric spin and symmetric under parity. In this case, the exchange of the two nucleons will multiply the deuterium wavefunction by (−1) from isospin exchange, (+1) from spin exchange and (+1) from parity (location exchange), for a total of (−1) as needed for
1488:
3938:) in Washington, DC. The technique had previously been used to isolate heavy isotopes of neon. The cryogenic boiloff technique concentrated the fraction of the mass-2 isotope of hydrogen to a degree that made its spectroscopic identification unambiguous.
2704:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{j+1}}{\Bigl \langle }(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j\,{\Bigr |}\left({\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {l}}{g^{(l)}}_{p}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {s}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})\right)\cdot {\vec {\jmath }}\,{\Bigl |}\,(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j{\Bigr \rangle }}
1710:
The deuteron, being an isospin singlet, is antisymmetric under nucleons exchange due to isospin, and therefore must be symmetric under the double exchange of their spin and location. Therefore, it can be in either of the following two different states:
3701:
and the geographic patterns of these values are plotted in maps termed as isoscapes. Stable isotopes are incorporated into plants and animals and an analysis of the ratios in a migrant bird or insect can help suggest a rough guide to their origins.
690:
outside the galaxy. In space a few hundred light years from the Sun, deuterium abundance is only 15 atoms per million, but this value is presumably influenced by differential adsorption of deuterium onto carbon dust grains in interstellar space.
1060:
are somewhat stronger than the corresponding bonds in protium, and these differences are enough to cause significant changes in biological reactions. Pharmaceutical firms are interested in the fact that H is harder to remove from carbon than H.
4148:(160 kilograms in mass, if this volume had been completely filled). Then, a conventional atomic bomb (the "primary") at one end of the bomb was used to create the conditions of extreme temperature and pressure that were needed to set off the
454:
The reduced mass of the system in these equations is close to the mass of a single electron, but differs from it by a small amount about equal to the ratio of mass of the electron to the nucleus. For normal hydrogen, this amount is about
585:). At this point, there was a sudden burst of element formation (first deuterium, which immediately fused to helium). However, very shortly thereafter, at twenty minutes after the Big Bang, the Universe became too cool for any further
2032:
1283:. Deuterium, however, benefits from having its proton and neutron coupled to a spin-1 state, which gives a stronger nuclear attraction; the corresponding spin-1 state does not exist in the two-neutron or two-proton system, due to the
3285:
561:, a ratio that would remain stable even after nucleogenesis was over. This fraction was in favor of protons initially, primarily because the lower mass of the proton favored their production. As the Universe expanded, it cooled.
323:
Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced. Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium. Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the
660:, and occasional absorption of naturally occurring neutrons by light hydrogen, but these are trivial sources. There is thought to be little deuterium in the interior of the Sun and other stars, as at these temperatures the
3880:. In this theory, the deuterium nucleus with mass two and charge one would contain two protons and one nuclear electron. However, it was expected that the element hydrogen with a measured average atomic mass very close to
1565:
3144:
1680:{\displaystyle \left({\begin{array}{ll}|{\uparrow \uparrow }\rangle \\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|{\uparrow \downarrow }\rangle +|{\downarrow \uparrow }\rangle )\\|{\downarrow \downarrow }\rangle \end{array}}\right)}
1072:
animals, with 25% substitution of the body water causing cell division problems and sterility, and 50% substitution causing death by cytotoxic syndrome (bone marrow failure and gastrointestinal lining failure).
1056:. There are differences in bond energy and length for compounds of heavy hydrogen isotopes compared to protium, which are larger than the isotopic differences in any other element. Bonds involving deuterium and
2308:
1135:. There is no such stable particle, but this virtual particle transiently exists during neutron–proton inelastic scattering, accounting for the unusually large neutron scattering cross-section of the proton.
725:
object), a ratio almost exactly that in Earth's oceans (155.76 ± 0.1, but in fact from 153 to 156 ppm), emphasizes the theory that Earth's surface water may be largely comet-derived. Most recently the HHR of
3592:
Deuterium NMR spectra are especially informative in the solid state because of its relatively small quadrupole moment in comparison with those of bigger quadrupolar nuclei such as chlorine-35, for example.
518:
frequency (e.g. 61 MHz when protium is at 400 MHz) and is much less sensitive. Deuterated solvents are usually used in protium NMR to prevent the solvent from overlapping with the signal, though
3856:-dependent rhythms in the brain's hypothalamus. Experiments in hamsters also support the theory that deuterium acts directly on the suprachiasmatic nucleus to lengthen the free-running circadian period.
376:
allows both D and H, though H is preferred. A distinct chemical symbol is used for convenience because of the isotope's common use in various scientific processes. Also, its large mass difference with
339:
space probe, is about three times that of Earth water. This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet. HHR's thus continue to be an active topic of research in both astronomy and climatology.
3884:, the known mass of the proton, always has a nucleus composed of a single proton (a known particle), and could not contain a second proton. Thus, hydrogen was thought to have no heavy isotopes.
3966:'second', and the nucleus was to be called a "deuteron" or "deuton". Isotopes and new elements were traditionally given the name that their discoverer decided. Some British scientists, such as
3331:
But the slightly lower experimental number than that which results from simple addition of proton and (negative) neutron moments shows that deuterium is actually a linear combination of mostly
329:
similar to the mean ratio in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of deuterium per 10 hydrogen atoms). This reinforces theories that much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin. The HHR of comet
3019:
1418:
685:
galactic deuterium from ultraviolet spectral analysis show a ratio of as much as 23 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms in undisturbed gas clouds, which is only 15% below the
4028:
moved their research on neutron moderation from France to
Britain, smuggling the entire global supply of heavy water (which had been made in Norway) across in twenty-six steel drums.
3582:, are therefore routinely used in NMR spectroscopy, in order to allow only the light-hydrogen spectra of the compound of interest to be measured, without solvent-signal interference.
1077:
organisms, however, can survive and grow in pure heavy water, though they develop slowly. Despite this toxicity, consumption of heavy water under normal circumstances does not pose a
3663:, deuterium behaves somewhat similarly to ordinary hydrogen (with a few chemical differences, as noted). It can be distinguished from normal hydrogen most easily by its mass, using
3678:
spectroscopy, since the mass difference drastically affects the frequency of molecular vibrations; H–carbon bond vibrations are found in spectral regions free of other signals.
7585:
7355:
7315:
6807:
3618:
2394:
2365:
4191:
are believed to be obsolete. In most modern ("boosted") thermonuclear weapons, fusion directly provides only a small fraction of the total energy. Fission of a natural
947:) 155.76 ± 0.1 atoms of deuterium per million atoms of all isotopes of hydrogen (about 1 atom of in 6420); that is, about 0.015% of all atoms of hydrogen (any isotope)
267:
of about one atom of deuterium in every 6,420 atoms of hydrogen. Thus, deuterium accounts for about 0.0156% by number (0.0312% by mass) of all hydrogen in the ocean:
7516:
7491:
7481:
3589:). For example, the configuration of hydrocarbon chains in lipid bilayers can be quantified using solid state deuterium NMR with deuterium-labelled lipid molecules.
2206:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{j+1}}{\bigl \langle }(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j\,{\bigr |}\,{\vec {\mu }}\cdot {\vec {\jmath }}\,{\bigl |}\,(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j{\bigr \rangle }}
5923:
Wu R, Georgescu MM, Delpeyroux F, Guillot S, Balanant J, Simpson K, Crainic R (August 1995). "Thermostabilization of live virus vaccines by heavy water (D2O)".
4075:. The engineering process, even with maximal effort and funding, required about two and a half years (from first critical reactor to bomb) in both the U.S. and
1361:
Due to the similarity in mass and nuclear properties between the proton and neutron, they are sometimes considered as two symmetric types of the same object, a
7887:
7215:
7156:
7064:
5495:
Thomas Junk and W. James
Catallo. Hydrogen isotope exchange reactions involving C–H (D, T) bonds. Chem. Soc. Rev., 1997, 26, 401–406. DOI: 10.1039/CS9972600401
1404:), with a "down" state (↓) being a neutron and an "up" state (↑) being a proton. A pair of nucleons can either be in an antisymmetric state of isospin called
7976:
7792:
7727:
7667:
7595:
7501:
7395:
7265:
7220:
6891:
5349:
Pohl R, Nez F, Fernandes LM, Amaro FD, Biraben F, Cardoso JM, et al. (The CREMA Collaboration) (August 2016). "Laser spectroscopy of muonic deuterium".
1990:
To summarize, the deuterium nucleus is antisymmetric in terms of isospin, and has spin 1 and even (+1) parity. The relative angular momentum of its nucleons
8056:
5220:
3176:
7521:
7365:
7335:
581:. The bottleneck delayed formation of any helium-4 until the Universe became cool enough to form deuterium (at about a temperature equivalent to 100
7451:
7431:
7104:
4899:
Linsky JL, Draine BT, Moos HW, Jenkins EB, Wood BE, Oliveira C, et al. (2006). "What is the Total
Deuterium Abundance in the Local Galactic Disk?".
853:
Deuterium is produced for industrial, scientific and military purposes, by starting with ordinary water—a small fraction of which is naturally occurring
4544:"A two-dimensional model for the primordial nebula constrained by D/H measurements in the Solar system: Implications for the formation of giant planets"
3328:
state, which occurs with both nucleons spinning in the same direction, but their magnetic moments subtracting because of the neutron's negative moment.
864:
In theory, deuterium for heavy water could be created in a nuclear reactor, but separation from ordinary water is the cheapest bulk production process.
652:. Gamma radiation from ordinary nuclear fusion dissociates deuterium into protons and neutrons, and there are no known natural processes other than the
7476:
4650:
6453:
5910:"A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of RT001 in Patients with Friedreich's Ataxia"
373:
1493:
7114:
6816:
6369:"WHAT KILLED FAMED CAL CHEMIST? / 20th century pioneer who failed to win a Nobel Prize may have succumbed to a broken heart, one admirer theorizes"
5605:
3314:
value obtained by simply adding moments of the proton and neutron. This suggests that the state of the deuterium is indeed to a good approximation
3585:
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can also be used to obtain information about the deuteron's environment in isotopically labelled samples (
7471:
6800:
6017:"Heavy water slows the Gonyaulax clock: a test of the hypothesis that D2O affects circadian oscillations by diminishing the apparent temperature"
1295:
for the system, primarily due to increasing distance of the particles in the steep gradient of the nuclear force. In both cases, this causes the
734:
is about three times that of Earth water. This has caused renewed interest in suggestions that Earth's water may be partly of asteroidal origin.
4850:
3876:
7141:
5327:
5298:
5268:
4747:
4155:
Within a few years, so-called "dry" hydrogen bombs were developed that did not need cryogenic hydrogen. Released information suggests that all
3986:, had prepared and characterized the first samples of pure heavy water in 1933. The discovery of deuterium, coming before the discovery of the
3935:
3483:
O, to slow neutrons without the high neutron absorption of ordinary hydrogen. This is a common commercial use for larger amounts of deuterium.
6659:
737:
Deuterium has also been observed to be concentrated over the mean solar abundance in other terrestrial planets, in particular Mars and Venus.
7687:
7084:
6308:
3051:
7235:
4320:
Hagemann R, Nief G, Roth E (1970). "Absolute isotopic scale for deuterium analysis of natural waters. Absolute D/H ratio for SMOW 1".
4195:
tamper by fast neutrons produced from D–T fusion accounts for a much larger (i.e. boosted) energy release than the fusion reaction itself.
4811:
7146:
4684:
Hébrard G, Péquignot D, Vidal-Madjar A, Walsh JR, Ferlet R (7 February 2000). "Detection of deuterium Balmer lines in the Orion Nebula".
5505:
3422:
6793:
6430:
2222:
4132:. The Ivy Mike bomb was a factory-like building, rather than a deliverable weapon. At its center, a very large cylindrical, insulated
8014:
7330:
1847:
The analysis just given is in fact only approximate, both because isospin is not an exact symmetry, and more importantly because the
1068:
O), which is about 10.6% denser than normal water (so that ice made from it sinks in normal water). Heavy water is slightly toxic in
672:
The existence of deuterium at a low but constant primordial fraction in all hydrogen is another one of the arguments in favor of the
6487:
4215:, since such planets are thought to contain a lot of liquid metallic hydrogen, which may be responsible for their observed powerful
4063:
deuterium production/enrichment facility in Norway. At the time this was considered important to the potential progress of the war.
3934:
of liquid, using the low-temperature physics laboratory that had recently been established at the
National Bureau of Standards (now
8327:
5156:
Kushner DJ, Baker A, Dunstall TG (February 1999). "Pharmacological uses and perspectives of heavy water and deuterated compounds".
5548:"Linking hydrogen (δ2H) isotopes in feathers and precipitation: Sources of variance and consequences for assignment to isoscapes"
4486:, de Val-Borro M, Biver N, Küppers M, et al. (October 2011). "Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2".
3563:
2728:
511:
6368:
1287:
which would require one or the other identical particle with the same spin to have some other different quantum number, such as
7546:
7305:
7225:
537:
Deuterium is thought to have played an important role in setting the number and ratios of the elements that were formed in the
4002:'s decision in 1934 and several high-ranking administrators at Berkeley believed this disappointment played a central role in
5231:
5204:
4880:
1131:, and none of the higher energy states are bound. The singlet deuteron is a virtual state, with a negative binding energy of
589:
and nucleosynthesis to occur. At this point, the elemental abundances were nearly fixed, with the only change as some of the
7927:
3617:, while often at a much lower cost than other isotopically labeled standards. Deuterated molecules are usually prepared via
317:
656:
that might have produced deuterium at anything close to its observed natural abundance. Deuterium is produced by the rare
3844:
Deuterium has been shown to lengthen the period of oscillation of the circadian clock when dosed in rats, hamsters, and
3388:. While the order of magnitude is reasonable, since the deuteron radius is of order of 1 femtometer (see below) and its
821:
8179:
6513:
Massam T, Muller T, Righini B, Schneegans M, Zichichi A (1965). "Experimental observation of antideuteron production".
1690:
and thus consists of three types of nuclei, which are supposed to be symmetric: a deuterium nucleus (actually a highly
5842:
Halliwell, Barry; Gutteridge, John M.C. (2015). Free Radical Biology and Medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4721:
1483:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\Big (}|{\uparrow \downarrow }\rangle -|{\downarrow \uparrow }\rangle {\Big )}.}
1280:
793:
8079:
5847:
5421:
5119:
977:
934:
840:
5437:
304:
6688:
6491:
4358:
4252:
3983:
3648:
2754:
944:
292:
8302:
8204:
6128:"Heavy water as a tool for study of the forces that control length of period of the 24-hour clock of the hamster"
5235:
3810:
1880:
1028:
868:
800:
1732:. The lower its orbital angular momentum, the lower its energy. Therefore, the lowest possible energy state has
5137:
4256:
4056:
778:
4120:" (thermonuclear bomb). In this context, it was the first bomb in which most of the energy released came from
3681:
Measurements of small variations in the natural abundances of deuterium, along with those of the stable heavy
883:
D–H exchange in ammonia gas. The other two plants extract deuterium from natural water in a process that uses
8317:
8307:
8129:
6667:
5096:
3999:
3773:
Deuterium can be used to reinforce specific oxidation-vulnerable C–H bonds within essential or conditionally
1346:
1326:
for this interaction is comparatively large, and deuterium was successfully used as a neutrino target in the
890:
While India is self-sufficient in heavy water for its own use, India also exports reactor-grade heavy water.
727:
330:
6342:
6079:"Interval timing is preserved despite circadian desynchrony in rats: Constant light and heavy water studies"
3689:, to trace the geographic origin of Earth's waters. The heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in rainwater (
8164:
6464:
4726:
4662:
3601:
Deuterated (i.e. where all or some hydrogen atoms are replaced with deuterium) compounds are often used as
3418:
1327:
807:
5612:. Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Neutron Scattering and Muon Spectroscopy (NMI3). Archived from
4591:
4483:
8312:
7360:
4965:
1366:
3994:; but when the neutron was reported, making deuterium's existence more explicable, Urey was awarded the
8322:
5613:
4786:
4163:
of deuterium and lithium in their secondary stages. The material that contains the deuterium is mostly
3782:
3694:
1856:
1848:
1370:
1103:
774:
665:
515:
789:
8332:
8119:
8114:
7295:
6394:
5142:
3652:
3526:
1288:
1284:
415:. The isotope weight ratios within other chemical elements are largely insignificant in this regard.
4858:
4828:
4755:
1365:. While only the proton has an electric charge, this is often negligible due to the weakness of the
291:
tonnes of water. The abundance of H changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another (see
8159:
4884:
4116:
device built by the United States and exploded on 1 November 1952, was the first fully successful "
3995:
1342:
1311:
653:
532:
6318:
6187:"Heavy water lengthens the period of free-running rhythms in lesioned hamsters bearing SCN grafts"
5960:"Heavy water lengthens the period of free-running rhythms in lesioned hamsters bearing SCN grafts"
4267:, but as of 2019 antideuterium has not yet been created. The proposed symbol for antideuterium is
3494:
is used in cold sources to moderate neutrons to very low energies and wavelengths appropriate for
2338:, one must separate their contributions. Each gets half of the deuterium orbital angular momentum
1694:
of it), a nucleus with two protons, and a nucleus with two neutrons. These states are not stable.
8239:
4071:
in late 1942), they would still have been at least several years away from the development of an
3853:
3806:
2024:
1323:
858:
767:
661:
150:
3829:, can be stabilized by deuterium, either alone or in combination with other stabilizers such as
2370:
2341:
444:
8094:
7059:
6969:
6846:
6841:
4778:
4149:
4052:
3814:
3750:
3644:
3291:
2017:
1966:
1035:
503:
5192:
3439:
contribution, but cannot be calculated without knowing the exact spatial form of the nucleons
8149:
8124:
7762:
7380:
6927:
6671:
6556:
Dorfan DE, Eades J, Lederman LM, Lee W, Ting CC (June 1965). "Observation of antideuterons".
5862:"Small amounts of isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress lipid autoxidation"
5509:
4953:
3668:
3514:
1934:
1260:
1107:
495:
6463:
4978:
4707:
4104:, attached to instrumentation and cryogenic equipment. The 20-ft-tall bomb held a cryogenic
1570:
This is a nucleus with one proton and one neutron, i.e. a deuterium nucleus. The triplet is
1078:
553:
based on the temperature at the point that the universe cooled enough to allow formation of
8210:
8194:
7819:
7190:
7161:
7042:
6866:
6733:
6610:
6565:
6522:
6280:
6241:
6139:
6028:
5559:
5360:
5013:
4974:
4957:
4918:
4703:
4608:
4592:"Cometary science. 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio"
4555:
4495:
4443:
4395:
4331:
4296:
4180:
4156:
4088:
4043:
design. Such experiments were a source of concern because they might allow them to produce
3909:
3758:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1221:
335:
236:
204:
4590:, Balsiger H, Bar-Nun A, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Bochsler P, et al. (January 2015).
380:(H) confers non-negligible chemical differences with H compounds. Deuterium has a mass of
8:
8154:
8134:
7947:
7637:
7125:
6989:
6964:
6932:
6851:
4003:
3905:
3774:
3476:
3393:
3367:
1236:
698:
677:
6614:
6591:
Chardonnet P, Orloff J, Salati P (1997). "The production of anti-matter in our galaxy".
6569:
6526:
6284:
6245:
6143:
6032:
5877:
5727:
Gant TG (May 2014). "Using deuterium in drug discovery: Leaving the label in the drug".
5563:
5533:
Isoscapes: Understanding movement, pattern, and process on Earth through isotope mapping
5364:
5017:
4922:
4612:
4559:
4499:
4447:
4377:
4335:
3714:
for H. The substitution of deuterium for normal hydrogen thus reduces scattering noise.
871:
until 1997, when the last heavy water plant was shut down. Canada uses heavy water as a
8297:
8252:
8174:
8144:
8089:
7966:
7942:
7441:
7375:
7240:
7200:
7051:
7014:
6974:
6953:
6896:
6871:
6626:
6600:
6538:
6458:
6216:
6108:
5997:
5886:
5861:
5790:
5709:
5660:
5582:
5547:
5449:
Seelig J (October 1971). "On the flexibility of hydrocarbon chains in lipid bilayers".
5394:
5045:
5037:
4934:
4908:
4803:
4776:
4693:
4632:
4519:
4343:
4244:
3830:
3798:
3710:
3630:
3556:
3495:
2321:
1268:
814:
649:
630:
499:
6622:
6162:
6127:
6051:
6016:
5088:
5063:
3280:{\displaystyle \mu =-{\frac {1}{4}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})+{\frac {3}{4}}=0.310}
8199:
7782:
7682:
7652:
7570:
7310:
7195:
7151:
7099:
6906:
6901:
6833:
6773:
6630:
6542:
6208:
6203:
6186:
6167:
6100:
6056:
5989:
5981:
5976:
5959:
5940:
5936:
5891:
5843:
5825:
5794:
5782:
5744:
5701:
5652:
5587:
5466:
5417:
5398:
5386:
5351:
5290:
5200:
5173:
5115:
5049:
5029:
5004:
4636:
4624:
4599:
4511:
4461:
4204:
4164:
4160:
3998:
only three years after the isotope's isolation. Lewis was deeply disappointed by the
3967:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3552:
3403:
state (which is the dominant one) and does get a contribution from a term mixing the
3380:
1240:
1112:
1031:(38.3 vs. 32.94 K) and a higher critical pressure (1.6496 vs. 1.2858 MPa).
872:
713:
545:
and the changes brought about by cosmic expansion, one can calculate the fraction of
424:
347:
260:
208:
107:
100:
44:
6785:
6703:
6220:
6001:
5713:
4938:
4807:
4203:
In August 2018, scientists announced the transformation of gaseous deuterium into a
746:
8276:
8264:
8184:
8084:
7989:
7937:
7370:
7245:
7210:
7131:
7119:
7079:
6984:
6917:
6618:
6573:
6530:
6288:
6249:
6198:
6157:
6147:
6112:
6090:
6046:
6036:
5971:
5932:
5881:
5873:
5817:
5774:
5736:
5691:
5664:
5644:
5577:
5567:
5458:
5376:
5368:
5165:
5021:
4982:
4926:
4795:
4616:
4563:
4523:
4503:
4451:
4407:
4373:
4339:
4179:(hydrogen-3) is produced, and then the deuterium and the tritium quickly engage in
4121:
3979:
3959:
3762:
3487:
3447:
3426:
3392:
is e, the above model does not suffice for its computation. More specifically, the
2740:
1852:
1704:
1276:
884:
440:
316:
in which the H had been highly concentrated. The discovery of deuterium won Urey a
54:
5909:
5860:
Hill S, Lamberson CR, Xu L, To R, Tsui HS, Shmanai VV, et al. (August 2012).
5821:
5483:
J. Atzrodt, V. Derdau, W. J. Kerr, M. Reid, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 3022.
4888:
1396:, so is completely analogous to it. The proton and neutron, each of which have iso
633:(HD or HH). Similarly, natural water contains deuterated molecules, almost all as
7872:
7847:
7385:
7325:
7109:
7009:
6994:
6979:
6886:
6876:
6313:
5572:
5260:
5025:
4987:
4587:
4125:
4040:
4021:
3991:
3924:
3786:
3736:
3389:
3363:
1802:
The same considerations lead to the possible states of an isospin triplet having
1315:
709:
634:
573:. However, forming helium-4 requires the intermediate step of forming deuterium.
557:. This calculation indicates seven protons for every neutron at the beginning of
361:
6577:
5319:
1038:
and other physical and chemical property differences from the protium analogs. H
8109:
8074:
7857:
7747:
7712:
7697:
7632:
7627:
7526:
7426:
7345:
7320:
7285:
7230:
7205:
7074:
6922:
6132:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6021:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4216:
4068:
3742:
3690:
3506:
1973:
1393:
1292:
586:
554:
542:
488:
448:
244:
183:
83:
3521:
yield of the deuterium–tritium (DT) reaction. There is an even higher-yield H–
1585:
1560:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\Big (}|pn\rangle -|np\rangle {\Big )}.}
8291:
8139:
7994:
7877:
7852:
7833:
7777:
7657:
7615:
7610:
7350:
7340:
7300:
7175:
7069:
7024:
6999:
6881:
6861:
6754:
6724:
6693:
6236:
6095:
6078:
5985:
5033:
4117:
4101:
3826:
3794:
3586:
3543:
1930:
1876:
1728:
is 1. It also has an even parity and therefore even orbital angular momentum
1691:
1405:
1347:
differences in the number and population of spin states and rotational levels
1199:
1180:
1095:
1024:
1020:
985:
876:
657:
558:
520:
494:
The differences are much more pronounced in vibrational spectroscopy such as
432:
396:
387:
160:
143:
66:
6041:
5372:
4799:
4620:
4039:
was known to be conducting experiments using heavy water as moderator for a
8215:
8069:
7922:
7862:
7842:
7814:
7742:
7622:
7605:
7560:
7511:
7416:
7136:
7089:
6937:
6399:
6293:
6268:
6152:
6104:
5895:
5829:
5786:
5748:
5705:
5656:
5591:
5390:
5177:
4732:
4628:
4515:
4465:
4357:
Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017).
4133:
4036:
4032:
4025:
3913:
3749:
atoms in the drug molecule have been replaced by deuterium. Because of the
3640:
3440:
1782:
1753:
is 0. It also has an odd parity and therefore odd orbital angular momentum
1409:
1401:
1252:
1091:
1015:
Compared to hydrogen in its natural composition on Earth, pure deuterium (H
956:
718:
641:
605:
569:
nuclei, and the protons and neutrons had a strong energetic reason to form
562:
507:
439:
of the atom, where the reduced mass appears in a simple calculation of the
428:
176:
28:
6212:
6060:
5993:
5944:
5470:
4093:
3958:
in an article published in 1934. The name is based in part on advice from
1749:
In the second case the deuteron is a spin singlet, so that its total spin
669:
is found, unless there are obvious processes at work that concentrate it.
8189:
8099:
8064:
8031:
7957:
7932:
7772:
7677:
7647:
7531:
7446:
7436:
7166:
7094:
6765:
6605:
6422:
6171:
5484:
5169:
4958:"The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations"
4913:
4698:
4391:
4359:"The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references"
4240:
4192:
4129:
4105:
4072:
4048:
4015:
3901:
3778:
3672:
1724:
In the first case the deuteron is a spin triplet, so that its total spin
1703:
wavefunction. The latter is symmetric if the deuteron is symmetric under
1074:
854:
722:
590:
369:
313:
309:
137:
6488:"Under pressure, hydrogen offers a reflection of giant planet interiors"
5778:
5462:
4574:— see fig. 7. for a review of D/H ratios in various astronomical objects
4507:
1106:
frequency of deuterium is significantly different from normal hydrogen.
275:
tonnes of deuterium – mainly as HOD (or HOH or HHO) and only rarely as D
8104:
8046:
8009:
7984:
7882:
7692:
7555:
6534:
5696:
5679:
5381:
5041:
4456:
4431:
4390:
4236:
4232:
4188:
3930:
3921:
3790:
3754:
3727:
hydrogen bombs, requires heavy hydrogen (deuterium, tritium, or both).
3571:
3567:
3539:
3384:
3374:
1272:
1213:
1069:
1034:
The physical properties of deuterium compounds can exhibit significant
436:
6253:
6072:
6070:
5740:
5002:
Hunten DM (1993). "Atmospheric evolution of the terrestrial planets".
4411:
4009:
3139:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{2}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})=0.879}
8036:
7737:
7541:
7421:
7275:
7250:
4748:"Equilibrium and change: The physics behind Big Bang nucleosynthesis"
4481:
4212:
4208:
4168:
4141:
4044:
3845:
3686:
3636:
1300:
682:
351:
Hydrogen (above) and deuterium (below) glowing in gas discharge tubes
117:
6234:
Brickwedde FG (1982). "Harold Urey and the discovery of deuterium".
5648:
3463:
1082:
routinely used as harmless metabolic tracers in humans and animals.
756:
8004:
7916:
7717:
7580:
7565:
7536:
7405:
7180:
7004:
6948:
6942:
6911:
6856:
6824:
6737:
6067:
5545:
4930:
4568:
4543:
4322:
4260:
4184:
4137:
4113:
4098:
4076:
3852:
O disrupts circadian rhythm by lengthening the circadian period of
3801:
that damage living cells. Deuterated ethyl ester of linoleic acid (
3753:, deuterium-containing drugs may have significantly lower rates of
3746:
3718:
in many studies of macromolecules in biology and many other areas.
3675:
3614:
3548:
3522:
1994:
is not well defined, and the deuteron is a superposition of mostly
1397:
1319:
1304:
1296:
673:
626:
570:
550:
538:
365:
325:
240:
312:
discovered deuterium in 1931. Urey and others produced samples of
8169:
7999:
7952:
7911:
7867:
7809:
7804:
7767:
7757:
7752:
7707:
7702:
7642:
7575:
7466:
7461:
7411:
7290:
7280:
7033:
6746:
5760:
5758:
4951:
4683:
4301:
4187:, and even more free neutrons. "Pure" fusion weapons such as the
4176:
4172:
3987:
3510:
3502:
2303:{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}=g^{(l)}{\vec {l}}+g^{(s)}{\vec {s}}}
1965:
state, even though the first component is much bigger. Since the
1911:. Parity is still constant in time, so these do not mix with odd
1374:
1362:
1235:
with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. (H,
1232:
1064:
Deuterium can replace H in water molecules to form heavy water (H
1057:
1043:
694:
594:
546:
377:
259:, whereas the far more common H has no neutrons. Deuterium has a
256:
5808:
Demidov VV (September 2007). "Heavy isotopes to avert ageing?".
4777:
IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (2001).
4586:
1291:. But orbital angular momentum of either particle gives a lower
8220:
8041:
8023:
7486:
7456:
6958:
4881:"Graph of deuterium with distance in our galactic neighborhood"
4657:. Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division.
4060:
3962:
who had proposed the name "deutium". The name comes from Greek
3682:
3518:
2714:
where subscripts p and n stand for the proton and neutron, and
1976:(it is a constant in time), both components must have the same
566:
443:
and Rydberg equation, but the reduced mass also appears in the
252:
6454:"Settling arguments about hydrogen with 168 giant lasers"
5755:
5197:
Elements and isotopes: formation, transformation, distribution
3698:
3450:
cannot be calculated by the above model, for similar reasons.
1412:. In terms of the "down" state and "up" state, the singlet is
7255:
7185:
6651:
6512:
6423:
The battle for heavy water: Three physicists' heroic exploits
5546:
Hobson KA, Van Wilgenburg SL, Wassenaar LI, Larson K (2012).
4658:
4145:
3917:
3802:
3468:
3432:
The latter contribution is dominant in the absence of a pure
1389:
1350:
1099:
1048:
510:
of the deuterium is markedly higher than that of protium. In
342:
264:
5922:
1697:
6647:
6367:
DelVecchio, Rick; Writer, Chronicle Staff (5 August 2006).
4854:
4248:
1373:. The symmetry relating the proton and neutron is known as
1203:
686:
645:
392:
4235:
counterpart of the nucleus of deuterium, consisting of an
3765:
became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval.
644:(as confirmed by planetary probes), and in the spectra of
5765:
Schmidt C (June 2017). "First deuterated drug approved".
5635:
Sanderson K (March 2009). "Big interest in heavy drugs".
4851:"FUSE Satellite solves the case of the missing deuterium"
614:
613:
Deuterium occurs in trace amounts naturally as deuterium
582:
3941:
3900:
It was first detected spectroscopically in late 1931 by
3864:
3785:(PUFA), making them more resistant to oxidative damage.
1356:
427:, the energy levels of electrons in atoms depend on the
243:; the other is protium, or hydrogen-1, H. The deuterium
6014:
5324:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
5265:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
4898:
3892:
2330:
Since the proton and neutron have different values for
6590:
6555:
3471:
reactor giving off its characteristic pinkish-red glow
640:
The existence of deuterium on Earth, elsewhere in the
435:, the role of reduced mass is most simply seen in the
6815:
6343:"Today in Science History – March 23 – Gilbert Lewis"
6015:
McDaniel M, Sulzman FM, Hastings JW (November 1974).
5680:"Heavy drugs draw heavy interest from pharma backers"
5348:
5135:
Halford B (4 July 2016). "The deuterium switcheroo".
4779:"Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions"
4243:. The antideuteron was first produced in 1965 at the
3813:
and has successfully completed a Phase I/II trial in
3179:
3054:
2757:
2405:
2373:
2344:
2225:
2035:
1579:
1496:
1421:
471:, or 1.000545, and for deuterium it is even smaller:
6395:"Royal Society unearths top secret nuclear research"
6266:
5155:
3970:, wanted to call the isotope "diplogen", from Greek
6076:
4356:
2011:
1987:. This is the total spin of the deuterium nucleus.
1781:gives a stronger nuclear attraction, the deuterium
781:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
664:that consume deuterium happen much faster than the
5416:(3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 115.
4541:
3279:
3138:
3013:
2703:
2388:
2359:
2302:
2205:
1757:. Therefore, the lowest possible energy state has
1679:
1559:
1482:
5859:
4952:Lellouch E, Bézard B, Fouchet T, Feuchtgruber H,
3974:'double', and the nucleus to be called "diplon".
3874:in the nucleus accompanied by an equal number of
3848:dinoflagellates. In rats, chronic intake of 25% H
3839:
3768:
2739:, one gets the following result, in units of the
2696:
2646:
2482:
2432:
1549:
1511:
1472:
1436:
8289:
6366:
4582:
4580:
4319:
3509:reactor designs, especially in combination with
1138:
1118:The triplet deuteron nucleon is barely bound at
857:—and then separating out the heavy water by the
693:The abundance of deuterium in the atmosphere of
5320:"2022 CODATA Value: deuteron rms charge radius"
5158:Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
4831:. The European Space Agency (ESA). 2 April 2013
3978:water to show partial enrichment of deuterium.
898:
431:of the system of electron and nucleus. For the
6184:
5957:
5299:National Institute of Standards and Technology
5253:
5190:
4207:. This may help researchers better understand
4108:with room for 160 kg of liquid deuterium.
3936:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3745:medicinal product in which one or more of the
867:The world's leading supplier of deuterium was
593:products of Big Bang nucleosynthesis (such as
6801:
6664:ALSOS: The Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
5114:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
4577:
4167:, with the lithium consisting of the isotope
3501:Experimentally, deuterium is the most common
3014:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{4(j+1)}}\left}
3001:
2934:
2924:
2857:
2198:
2148:
2112:
2062:
2016:In order to find theoretically the deuterium
6480:
6445:
5720:
5671:
5628:
5438:neutron cross section#Typical cross sections
5312:
4171:. When the lithium-6 is bombarded with fast
3562:Deuterium is most commonly used in hydrogen
1666:
1646:
1630:
1598:
1544:
1527:
1467:
1451:
1279:, and therefore more strongly bound, due to
991:Specific heat capacity at constant pressure
6340:
6077:Petersen CC, Mistlberger RE (August 2017).
4429:
4144:liquid deuterium in a volume of about 1000
4082:
4059:", the purpose of which was to destroy the
1844:, higher than that of the isospin singlet.
1310:The proton and neutron in deuterium can be
1143:
526:
6808:
6794:
6431:European Organization for Nuclear Research
6233:
5677:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4211:planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn and some
3647:, deuterium is used as a non-radioactive,
1400:, form an isospin doublet (analogous to a
1023:(18.72 K vs. 13.99 K), a higher
343:Differences from common hydrogen (protium)
27:
6604:
6292:
6202:
6161:
6151:
6094:
6050:
6040:
5975:
5885:
5695:
5634:
5581:
5571:
5380:
4986:
4912:
4883:. FUSE Satellite project. Baltimore, MD:
4697:
4567:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4477:
4475:
4455:
4350:
4010:"Heavy water" experiments in World War II
3513:, because of the large reaction rate (or
2651:
2643:
2479:
2153:
2145:
2117:
2109:
1698:Approximated wavefunction of the deuteron
841:Learn how and when to remove this message
33:Deuterium glowing in a gas discharge tube
6392:
6240:. Vol. 35, no. 9. p. 34.
5451:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5291:"Deuteron mass energy equivalent in MeV"
4092:
3891:
3547:
3462:
3417:states, because the electric quadrupole
1349:, which occur because the deuteron is a
717:161 atoms per million hydrogen in Comet
604:
346:
6686:
6267:Urey H, Brickwedde F, Murphy G (1932).
6185:Lesauter J, Silver R (September 1993).
6125:
5958:Lesauter J, Silver R (September 1993).
5807:
5764:
5261:"2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass in u"
5199:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 111–112.
5134:
4418:
3685:isotopes O and O, are of importance in
3564:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1851:between the two nucleons is related to
1830:. Thus, the state of lowest energy has
629:are bonded with H to form a gas called
512:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
8290:
6660:"Annotated bibliography for deuterium"
5485:https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201708903
5448:
5411:
5405:
5001:
4542:Hersant F, Gautier D, Hure JM (2001).
4530:
4472:
4263:orbiting the nucleus, would be called
3990:in 1932, was an experimental shock to
3820:
3705:
3477:heavy water moderated fission reactors
1875:are not constant in time (they do not
1010:
451:for calculating atomic energy levels.
360:Deuterium is often represented by the
6789:
6701:
6689:"Desktop nuclear fusion demonstrated"
6451:
5232:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
5193:"Physiological effect of heavy water"
5112:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3942:Naming of the isotope and Nobel Prize
3887:
3865:Suspicion of lighter element isotopes
3396:does not get a contribution from the
1357:Isospin singlet state of the deuteron
1231:Deuterium is one of only five stable
1148:The nucleus of deuterium is called a
1085:
308:, meaning "second". American chemist
5726:
5530:
5109:
3596:
3290:The measured value of the deuterium
1206:deuterium produce a smaller result:
943:Mean abundance in ocean water (from
779:adding citations to reliable sources
750:
609:Simplified chart of particle content
502:, and in rotational spectra such as
16:Isotope of hydrogen with one neutron
6341:Helmenstine, Todd (22 March 2018).
6269:"A hydrogen isotope of mass 2"
5878:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.004
5866:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
5234:. Fall 2004. 22.101. Archived from
4817:from the original on 25 April 2003.
4655:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
4398:(1933). "A Name and Symbol for H".
4097:The "Sausage" device casing of the
3896:Harold Urey, deuterium's discoverer
3805:), developed by Retrotope, is in a
3533:
3458:
1027:(23.64 vs. 20.27 K), a higher
625:), but most deuterium atoms in the
523:on its own right is also possible.
13:
8180:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
6360:
6317:. 19 February 1934. Archived from
4344:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00540.x
4198:
3797:, slow down the chain reaction of
3721:
1490:, which can also be written :
1226:
861:, distillation, or other methods.
697:has been directly measured by the
355:
59:Deuterium, hydrogen-2, H, 2H, H-2,
14:
8344:
8080:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
6817:Molecules detected in outer space
6687:Mullins, Justin (27 April 2005).
6640:
5506:"Oxygen – Isotopes and Hydrology"
4745:
4124:stages that followed the primary
3345:state with a slight admixture of
1883:), and over time a state such as
1408:, or in a symmetric state called
1345:like diatomic hydrogen, but with
1275:, because the decay products are
565:and protons are less stable than
514:, deuterium has a very different
8270:
8258:
8246:
8235:
8234:
7041:
7032:
7023:
6704:"Missing gas found in Milky Way"
6492:Carnegie Institution for Science
5064:"Heavy water - Energy Education"
4253:Alternating Gradient Synchrotron
4222:
3613:species, such standards improve
2727:By using the same identities as
2012:Magnetic and electric multipoles
1353:with nuclear spin equal to one.
951:Data at approximately 18 K for H
755:
648:, is also an important datum in
372:2, it is also represented by H.
293:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water
22:Deuterium, hydrogen-2, H, H
8328:Subatomic particles with spin 1
8205:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
6702:Lloyd, Robin (21 August 2006).
6584:
6549:
6506:
6415:
6386:
6334:
6325:
6301:
6260:
6227:
6178:
6119:
6008:
5951:
5916:
5902:
5853:
5836:
5801:
5598:
5539:
5524:
5498:
5489:
5477:
5442:
5430:
5342:
5283:
5213:
5184:
5149:
5138:Chemical & Engineering News
5128:
5103:
5081:
5056:
4995:
4945:
4873:
4843:
4821:
4770:
4739:
4714:
3811:infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy
3671:. Deuterium can be detected by
3453:
1251:; the long-lived radionuclides
940:Atomic weight: 2.0141017926 Da.
869:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
766:needs additional citations for
577:This situation is known as the
418:
5729:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
4677:
4643:
4384:
4313:
4287:, that is, D with an overbar.
4257:Brookhaven National Laboratory
4057:Norwegian heavy water sabotage
3840:Slowing circadian oscillations
3769:Reinforced essential nutrients
3255:
3243:
3237:
3215:
3209:
3199:
3127:
3115:
3109:
3087:
3081:
3071:
2996:
2984:
2975:
2963:
2954:
2942:
2919:
2907:
2898:
2886:
2877:
2865:
2852:
2840:
2834:
2812:
2806:
2796:
2785:
2773:
2664:
2652:
2637:
2620:
2608:
2602:
2580:
2574:
2564:
2558:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2449:
2437:
2380:
2351:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2232:
2166:
2154:
2139:
2124:
2079:
2067:
1937:(a linear combination) of the
1662:
1657:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1594:
1589:
1534:
1517:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1442:
1:
8130:Extraterrestrial liquid water
6668:Washington and Lee University
6623:10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00870-8
6083:Journal of Biological Rhythms
5822:10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.007
5097:National Institutes of Health
4651:"Provisional Recommendations"
4378:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003
4307:
4183:, releasing abundant energy,
3982:, Urey's graduate advisor at
3446:Higher magnetic and electric
2023:, one uses the formula for a
1139:Nuclear properties (deuteron)
893:
747:Heavy water § Production
740:
637:HDO with only one deuterium.
407:, or twice protium's mass of
364:D. Since it is an isotope of
6204:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90255-E
5977:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90255-E
5937:10.1016/0264-410X(95)00068-C
5573:10.1371/journal.pone.0035137
5191:Vertes, Attila, ed. (2003).
5026:10.1126/science.259.5097.915
4966:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4731:. London, UK. Archived from
4727:London South Bank University
4661:. § IR-3.3.2. Archived from
3825:Live vaccines, such as oral
3525:fusion reaction, though the
1328:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
1267:also occur naturally.) Most
899:Data for molecular deuterium
600:
7:
7361:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
6578:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.1003
5221:"Neutron–proton scattering"
4722:"Water absorption spectrum"
4430:O'Leary D (February 2012).
4400:Journal of Chemical Physics
4290:
4051:. Ultimately it led to the
3783:polyunsaturated fatty acids
1367:electromagnetic interaction
10:
8349:
6452:Chang K (16 August 2018).
6403:. Situation Publishing Ltd
6393:Sherriff L (1 June 2007).
6347:Science Notes and Projects
5678:Katsnelson A (June 2013).
4988:10.1051/0004-6361:20010259
4787:Pure and Applied Chemistry
4686:Astronomy and Astrophysics
4372:(3): 030003-1–030003-442.
4259:. A complete atom, with a
4086:
4013:
3859:
3734:
3695:global meteoric water line
3628:
3624:
3537:
2389:{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}}
2360:{\displaystyle {\vec {l}}}
1849:strong nuclear interaction
1371:strong nuclear interaction
1219:
744:
530:
209:Complete table of nuclides
8229:
8120:Earliest known life forms
8115:Diffuse interstellar band
8055:
7975:
7900:
7791:
7726:
7666:
7594:
7586:Protonated cyanoacetylene
7500:
7394:
7356:Protonated carbon dioxide
7316:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
7264:
7050:
7021:
6832:
6823:
6191:Physiology & Behavior
6126:Richter CP (March 1977).
5964:Physiology & Behavior
5143:American Chemical Society
5110:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005).
4901:The Astrophysical Journal
4548:The Astrophysical Journal
4159:built since then contain
3653:doubly labeled water test
3619:hydrogen isotope exchange
1285:Pauli exclusion principle
875:for the operation of the
728:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
331:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
203:
182:
159:
149:
136:
116:
106:
99:
82:
65:
53:
43:
38:
26:
8165:Iron–sulfur world theory
8160:Photodissociation region
7863:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
6096:10.1177/0748730417716231
4885:Johns Hopkins University
4432:"The deeds to deuterium"
4083:In thermonuclear weapons
4020:Shortly before the war,
3996:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3870:existence of additional
3730:
3304:, which is 97.5% of the
1392:symmetry, like ordinary
1289:orbital angular momentum
1144:Deuteron mass and radius
1042:O, for example, is more
708:Cometary bodies such as
662:nuclear fusion reactions
654:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
533:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
527:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
8240:Category:Astrochemistry
7830:, fullerene, buckyball)
7517:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
7492:Silicon-carbide cluster
7482:Protonated formaldehyde
6558:Physical Review Letters
6331:Coffey (2008): 221–222.
6309:"Deuterium v. Diplogen"
6042:10.1073/pnas.71.11.4389
5810:Trends in Biotechnology
5508:. SAHRA. Archived from
5373:10.1126/science.aaf2468
4979:2001A&A...370..610L
4800:10.1351/pac200173020377
4708:2000A&A...354L..79H
4621:10.1126/science.1261952
3946:Urey created the names
3908:. Urey's collaborator,
3854:suprachiasmatic nucleus
3807:compassionate use trial
3741:A deuterated drug is a
3467:Ionized deuterium in a
2025:nuclear magnetic moment
1281:nuclear pairing effects
1036:kinetic isotope effects
933:Density: 0.180 kg/m at
859:Girdler sulfide process
8303:Environmental isotopes
8253:Outer space portal
8095:Circumstellar envelope
7060:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
6970:Phosphorus mononitride
6847:Aluminium monofluoride
6842:Aluminium monochloride
6294:10.1103/PhysRev.39.164
6153:10.1073/pnas.74.3.1295
4956:, de Graauw T (2001).
4175:from the atomic bomb,
4150:thermonuclear reaction
4109:
4055:operation called the "
3922:cryogenically produced
3897:
3751:kinetic isotope effect
3651:, for example, in the
3649:stable isotopic tracer
3645:environmental sciences
3559:
3496:scattering experiments
3472:
3443:inside the deuterium.
3373:The measured electric
3292:magnetic dipole moment
3281:
3140:
3015:
2705:
2390:
2361:
2304:
2207:
2018:magnetic dipole moment
1967:total angular momentum
1933:of the deuterium is a
1897:may become a state of
1857:spin–orbit interaction
1681:
1561:
1484:
887:gas at high pressure.
666:proton–proton reaction
610:
504:microwave spectroscopy
352:
8150:Interplanetary medium
8125:Extraterrestrial life
7763:Octatetraynyl radical
7381:Tricarbon monosulfide
6928:Magnesium monohydride
6648:"Nuclear Data Center"
6321:on 15 September 2009.
4157:thermonuclear weapons
4096:
3895:
3757:, and hence a longer
3669:infrared spectrometry
3629:Further information:
3551:
3515:nuclear cross section
3479:, usually as liquid H
3475:Deuterium is used in
3466:
3282:
3141:
3016:
2706:
2391:
2362:
2305:
2208:
1859:that mixes different
1682:
1562:
1485:
1341:) has ortho and para
1333:Diatomic deuterium (D
1202:, measurements using
1108:Infrared spectroscopy
608:
496:infrared spectroscopy
491:, or 81.6 km/s.
350:
333:, as measured by the
8318:Nuclear fusion fuels
8308:Isotopes of hydrogen
8277:Chemistry portal
8265:Astronomy portal
8211:RNA world hypothesis
8195:PAH world hypothesis
7888:Heptatrienyl radical
7820:Buckminsterfullerene
7708:Methylcyanoacetylene
7216:Silicon carbonitride
7191:Methylidynephosphane
7157:Magnesium isocyanide
7065:Aluminium isocyanide
6867:Carbon monophosphide
5767:Nature Biotechnology
5170:10.1139/cjpp-77-2-79
4297:Isotopes of hydrogen
4205:liquid metallic form
4181:thermonuclear fusion
4089:Thermonuclear weapon
3910:Ferdinand Brickwedde
3611:isotopically labeled
3377:of the deuterium is
3177:
3052:
2755:
2731:and using the value
2403:
2371:
2342:
2223:
2033:
1577:
1494:
1419:
1343:nuclear spin isomers
1222:Proton radius puzzle
1029:critical temperature
1001:Solid: 2950 J/(kg·K)
988:at 300 K (gas phase)
775:improve this article
579:deuterium bottleneck
445:Schrödinger equation
205:Isotopes of hydrogen
8155:Interstellar medium
8135:Forbidden mechanism
7948:Hydrogen isocyanide
7638:Hexatriynyl radical
7221:c-Silicon dicarbide
7126:Hydrogen isocyanide
6990:Silicon monosulfide
6965:Phosphorus monoxide
6933:Methylidyne radical
6892:Fluoromethylidynium
6852:Aluminium(II) oxide
6615:1997PhLB..409..313C
6570:1965PhRvL..14.1003D
6527:1965NCimS..39...10M
6285:1932PhRv...39..164U
6246:1982PhT....35i..34B
6144:1977PNAS...74.1295R
6033:1974PNAS...71.4389M
5912:. 24 November 2020.
5779:10.1038/nbt0617-493
5564:2012PLoSO...735137H
5463:10.1021/ja00749a006
5414:Modern Spectroscopy
5365:2016Sci...353..669P
5018:1993Sci...259..915H
4923:2006ApJ...647.1106L
4891:on 5 December 2013.
4829:"Cosmic Detectives"
4613:2015Sci...347A.387A
4560:2001ApJ...554..391H
4508:10.1038/nature10519
4500:2011Natur.478..218H
4482:Hartogh P, Lis DC,
4448:2012NatCh...4..236O
4336:1970Tell...22..712H
3906:Columbia University
3821:Thermostabilization
3815:Friedreich's ataxia
3775:essential nutrients
3706:Contrast properties
3394:electric quadrupole
1183:of the deuteron is
1152:. It has a mass of
1011:Physical properties
678:Steady State theory
23:
8313:Neutron moderators
8175:Molecules in stars
8145:Intergalactic dust
8090:Circumstellar dust
8032:Naphthalene cation
7967:Trihydrogen cation
7943:Hydrogen deuteride
7868:Methyltriacetylene
7703:Hexapentaenylidene
7522:E-Cyanomethanimine
7442:Cyclopropenylidene
7376:Tricarbon monoxide
7366:Silicon tricarbide
7336:Methylene amidogen
7326:Isothiocyanic acid
7241:Thioxoethenylidene
7201:Trihydrogen cation
7015:Titanium(II) oxide
6975:Potassium chloride
6954:Sulfur mononitride
6897:Helium hydride ion
6872:Carbon monosulfide
6535:10.1007/BF02814251
6459:The New York Times
5697:10.1038/nm0613-656
5616:on 3 February 2019
5412:Hollas JM (1996).
5095:. compounds. U.S.
5068:energyeducation.ca
4758:on 8 February 2007
4665:on 27 October 2006
4457:10.1038/nchem.1273
4245:Proton Synchrotron
4161:chemical compounds
4110:
3898:
3888:Deuterium detected
3799:lipid peroxidation
3777:, such as certain
3711:Neutron scattering
3661:metabolic pathways
3657:chemical reactions
3631:Deuterated solvent
3603:internal standards
3560:
3557:deuterium arc lamp
3555:of an ultraviolet
3473:
3277:
3136:
3011:
2701:
2386:
2357:
2300:
2203:
1929:). Therefore, the
1677:
1671:
1663:↓ ↓
1643:↓ ↑
1627:↑ ↓
1595:↑ ↑
1557:
1480:
1464:↓ ↑
1448:↑ ↓
1318:interactions with
1086:Quantum properties
1004:Gas: 5200 J/(kg·K)
976:O: 1105.2 kg/m at
966:Liquid: 162.4 kg/m
937:(0 °C, 101325 Pa).
631:hydrogen deuteride
611:
500:Raman spectroscopy
391:, about twice the
353:
21:
8323:Nuclear materials
8285:
8284:
8200:Pseudo-panspermia
7896:
7895:
7843:Cyanodecapentayne
7783:N-Methylformamide
7758:Methyldiacetylene
7683:Aminoacetonitrile
7653:Methyl isocyanate
7571:Methyl isocyanide
7452:Isocyanoacetylene
7432:Cyanoformaldehyde
7311:Hydrogen peroxide
7196:Potassium cyanide
7152:Magnesium cyanide
7105:Disilicon carbide
7100:Dicarbon monoxide
6907:Hydrogen fluoride
6902:Hydrogen chloride
6784:
6783:
6666:. Lexington, VA:
6593:Physics Letters B
6564:(24): 1003–1006.
6490:(Press release).
6468:on 1 January 2022
6254:10.1063/1.2915259
6027:(11): 4389–4391.
5931:(12): 1058–1063.
5741:10.1021/jm4007998
5512:on 2 January 2007
5457:(20): 5017–5022.
5359:(6300): 669–673.
5228:mightylib.mit.edu
5206:978-1-4020-1314-0
5145:. pp. 32–36.
5012:(5097): 915–920.
4861:on 14 August 2020
4853:(Press release).
4607:(6220): 1261952.
4494:(7368): 218–220.
4484:Bockelée-Morvan D
4412:10.1063/1.1749326
4366:Chinese Physics C
4165:lithium deuteride
3968:Ernest Rutherford
3877:nuclear electrons
3665:mass spectrometry
3607:mass spectrometry
3597:Mass spectrometry
3553:Emission spectrum
3488:research reactors
3448:multipole moments
3269:
3197:
3069:
2789:
2640:
2561:
2550:
2511:
2500:
2428:
2396:. One arrives at
2383:
2354:
2327:of the nucleons.
2297:
2266:
2235:
2142:
2127:
2058:
1867:states. That is,
1615:
1614:
1507:
1506:
1432:
1431:
1113:mass spectrometry
1098:") and is thus a
1090:The deuteron has
873:neutron moderator
851:
850:
843:
825:
425:quantum mechanics
302:comes from Greek
261:natural abundance
214:
213:
108:Natural abundance
8340:
8333:Medical isotopes
8275:
8274:
8273:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8238:
8237:
8185:Organic compound
8085:Chemical formula
7990:Dihydroxyacetone
7938:Hydrogen cyanide
7623:Cyanodiacetylene
7477:Propadienylidene
7371:Thioformaldehyde
7246:Titanium dioxide
7211:Sodium hydroxide
7132:Hydrogen sulfide
7120:Hydrogen cyanide
7080:Carbonyl sulfide
7045:
7036:
7027:
6985:Silicon monoxide
6918:Hydroxyl radical
6830:
6829:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6787:
6786:
6730:Deuterium is an
6718:
6717:
6711:
6698:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6670:. Archived from
6655:
6635:
6634:
6608:
6606:astro-ph/9705110
6599:(1–4): 313–320.
6588:
6582:
6581:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6515:Il Nuovo Cimento
6510:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6494:. 15 August 2018
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6467:
6462:. Archived from
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6206:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6155:
6138:(3): 1295–1299.
6123:
6117:
6116:
6098:
6074:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6044:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5979:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5889:
5857:
5851:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5762:
5753:
5752:
5735:(9): 3595–3611.
5724:
5718:
5717:
5699:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5585:
5575:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5531:West JB (2009).
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5384:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5295:Physics.nist.gov
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5230:(course notes).
5225:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5060:
5054:
5053:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4962:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4916:
4914:astro-ph/0608308
4907:(2): 1106–1124.
4892:
4887:. Archived from
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4857:. Archived from
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4783:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4754:. Archived from
4743:
4737:
4736:
4735:on 27 July 2017.
4718:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4699:astro-ph/0002141
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4596:
4584:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4539:
4528:
4527:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4436:Nature Chemistry
4427:
4416:
4415:
4396:F. G. Brickwedde
4394:; G. M. Murphy;
4388:
4382:
4381:
4363:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4317:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4122:nuclear reaction
4006:a decade later.
3960:Gilbert N. Lewis
3933:
3883:
3789:polyunsaturated
3763:deutetrabenazine
3534:NMR spectroscopy
3459:Nuclear reactors
3438:
3427:angular momentum
3416:
3409:
3402:
3387:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3303:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3198:
3190:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3070:
3062:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2790:
2788:
2765:
2741:nuclear magneton
2738:
2723:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2413:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2043:
2007:
2000:
1986:
1980:, and therefore
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1928:
1921:
1915:states (such as
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1853:angular momentum
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1798:
1791:
1780:
1770:
1763:
1745:
1738:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1645:
1640:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1537:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1369:relative to the
1271:are unstable to
1216:
1211:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1055:
984:Viscosity: 12.6
929:
928:
927:
919:
918:
909:
885:hydrogen sulfide
846:
839:
835:
832:
826:
824:
783:
759:
751:
676:theory over the
486:
484:
483:
480:
477:
470:
468:
467:
464:
461:
441:Rydberg constant
414:
412:
406:
404:
390:
385:
290:
288:
274:
272:
235:) is one of two
231:, also known as
198:
196:
192:
175:
173:
169:
129:
92:
75:
61:hydrogen-2, D, H
31:
24:
20:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8271:
8269:
8259:
8257:
8247:
8245:
8225:
8051:
8027:
8018:
7971:
7961:
7904:
7892:
7873:Propionaldehyde
7848:Ethylene glycol
7837:
7829:
7825:
7796:
7794:
7787:
7743:Cyanohexatriyne
7729:
7722:
7669:
7662:
7597:
7590:
7550:
7503:
7496:
7467:Methoxy radical
7397:
7390:
7386:Thiocyanic acid
7267:
7260:
7170:
7110:Ethynyl radical
7046:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7019:
7010:Sulfur monoxide
6995:Sodium chloride
6980:Silicon carbide
6887:Diatomic carbon
6877:Carbon monoxide
6819:
6814:
6777:
6769:
6758:
6744:
6731:
6722:
6715:
6677:
6675:
6658:
6646:
6643:
6638:
6589:
6585:
6554:
6550:
6511:
6507:
6497:
6495:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6450:
6446:
6436:
6434:
6433:. 25 March 2002
6421:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6391:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6273:Physical Review
6265:
6261:
6232:
6228:
6183:
6179:
6124:
6120:
6075:
6068:
6013:
6009:
5956:
5952:
5921:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5858:
5854:
5841:
5837:
5806:
5802:
5763:
5756:
5725:
5721:
5684:Nature Medicine
5676:
5672:
5649:10.1038/458269a
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5544:
5540:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5447:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5410:
5406:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5272:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5241:on 21 July 2011
5238:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5189:
5185:
5154:
5150:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5108:
5104:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5070:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5000:
4996:
4960:
4950:
4946:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4814:
4781:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4752:Einstein Online
4744:
4740:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4594:
4585:
4578:
4540:
4531:
4480:
4473:
4428:
4419:
4389:
4385:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4225:
4217:magnetic fields
4201:
4199:Modern research
4126:nuclear fission
4091:
4085:
4079:, for example.
4041:nuclear reactor
4022:Hans von Halban
4018:
4012:
4000:Nobel Committee
3944:
3928:
3925:liquid hydrogen
3904:, a chemist at
3890:
3881:
3867:
3862:
3851:
3842:
3834:
3823:
3771:
3739:
3737:Deuterated drug
3733:
3724:
3722:Nuclear weapons
3708:
3633:
3627:
3599:
3581:
3577:
3546:
3536:
3527:breakeven point
3493:
3482:
3461:
3456:
3433:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:electric charge
3378:
3364:electric dipole
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3295:
3261:
3249:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3121:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3061:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3000:
2999:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2818:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2614:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2533:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2431:
2430:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2241:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2061:
2060:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2014:
2002:
1995:
1981:
1972:is also a good
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1793:
1786:
1775:
1765:
1758:
1740:
1733:
1700:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1636:
1625:
1620:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1547:
1533:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1359:
1340:
1336:
1316:neutral current
1229:
1227:Spin and energy
1224:
1209:
1207:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1171:1.875 GeV/
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1088:
1067:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1019:) has a higher
1018:
1013:
996:
975:
969:Gas: 0.452 kg/m
954:
926:
923:
922:
921:
917:
914:
913:
912:
911:
908:
904:
901:
896:
847:
836:
830:
827:
784:
782:
772:
760:
749:
743:
730:as measured by
710:Comet Hale-Bopp
635:semiheavy water
624:
620:
603:
535:
529:
481:
478:
475:
474:
472:
465:
462:
459:
458:
456:
421:
410:
408:
402:
400:
383:
381:
362:chemical symbol
358:
356:Chemical symbol
345:
286:
284:
282:
278:
270:
268:
251:, contains one
237:stable isotopes
207:
194:
190:
188:
171:
167:
165:
127:
120:
112:0.0156% (Earth)
86:
69:
60:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8346:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8279:
8267:
8255:
8243:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8110:Cosmochemistry
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8075:Astrochemistry
8072:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7981:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7928:Formyl radical
7925:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7906:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7858:Methyl acetate
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7801:
7799:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7748:Dimethyl ether
7745:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7713:Methyl formate
7710:
7705:
7700:
7698:Glycolaldehyde
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7674:
7672:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7633:Glycolonitrile
7630:
7628:Ethylene oxide
7625:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7527:Cyclopropenone
7524:
7519:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7427:Cyanoacetylene
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7402:
7400:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7346:Methyl radical
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7321:Isocyanic acid
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7286:Isocyanic acid
7283:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7231:Sulfur dioxide
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7206:Sodium cyanide
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7115:Formyl radical
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7075:Carbon dioxide
7072:
7067:
7062:
7056:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6923:Iron(II) oxide
6920:
6915:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6813:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6790:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6762:
6751:
6750:
6741:
6728:
6713:
6712:
6699:
6684:
6656:
6642:
6641:External links
6639:
6637:
6636:
6583:
6548:
6505:
6479:
6444:
6414:
6385:
6359:
6333:
6324:
6300:
6279:(1): 164–165.
6259:
6226:
6197:(3): 599–604.
6177:
6118:
6089:(4): 295–308.
6066:
6007:
5970:(3): 599–604.
5950:
5915:
5901:
5872:(4): 893–906.
5852:
5835:
5816:(9): 371–375.
5800:
5773:(6): 493–494.
5754:
5719:
5670:
5627:
5597:
5538:
5523:
5497:
5488:
5476:
5441:
5429:
5422:
5404:
5341:
5311:
5282:
5252:
5212:
5205:
5183:
5148:
5127:
5120:
5102:
5089:"Deuterium, H"
5080:
5055:
4994:
4973:(2): 610–622.
4944:
4931:10.1086/505556
4897:
4896:
4872:
4842:
4820:
4794:(2): 377–380.
4769:
4738:
4713:
4676:
4642:
4576:
4569:10.1086/321355
4554:(1): 391–407.
4529:
4471:
4417:
4406:(7): 512–513.
4383:
4349:
4330:(6): 712–715.
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4289:
4282:
4272:
4224:
4221:
4200:
4197:
4087:Main article:
4084:
4081:
4069:Chicago Pile-1
4014:Main article:
4011:
4008:
3943:
3940:
3889:
3886:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3849:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3822:
3819:
3770:
3767:
3743:small molecule
3735:Main article:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3707:
3704:
3691:meteoric water
3626:
3623:
3598:
3595:
3579:
3575:
3535:
3532:
3491:
3480:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3310:
3300:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3022:
3021:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2746:
2734:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2382:
2379:
2353:
2350:
2311:
2310:
2296:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2214:
2213:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2013:
2010:
1974:quantum number
1951:state and the
1722:
1721:
1717:
1699:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1388:Isospin is an
1381:(or sometimes
1358:
1355:
1338:
1334:
1293:binding energy
1269:odd–odd nuclei
1228:
1225:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1123:
1087:
1084:
1065:
1050:
1039:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
994:
989:
982:
981:
980:
973:
970:
967:
952:
949:
948:
941:
938:
924:
915:
906:
900:
897:
895:
892:
849:
848:
763:
761:
754:
745:Main article:
742:
739:
714:Halley's Comet
622:
618:
602:
599:
587:nuclear fusion
543:thermodynamics
531:Main article:
528:
525:
489:speed of light
449:Dirac equation
420:
417:
357:
354:
344:
341:
280:
276:
233:heavy hydrogen
212:
211:
201:
200:
186:
184:Binding energy
180:
179:
163:
157:
156:
153:
147:
146:
142:2.01410177811
140:
134:
133:
130:
125:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
97:
96:
93:
80:
79:
76:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8345:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8278:
8268:
8266:
8256:
8254:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:Homochirality
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7995:Methoxyethane
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7878:Butyronitrile
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7853:Ethyl formate
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7832:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7778:Propionitrile
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7658:Vinyl alcohol
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7616:Vinyl cyanide
7614:
7613:
7612:
7611:Acrylonitrile
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7576:Pentynylidyne
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7472:Methylenimine
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7351:Propynylidyne
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7341:Methyl cation
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7301:Fulminic acid
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7176:Nitrous oxide
7174:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Amino radical
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7044:
7035:
7026:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
7000:Sodium iodide
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6882:Cyano radical
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Carbon cation
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6804:
6799:
6797:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6780:
6775:
6772:
6770:of deuterium
6768:
6767:
6763:
6761:
6756:
6755:Decay product
6753:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6695:
6694:New Scientist
6690:
6685:
6674:on 5 May 2010
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6448:
6432:
6428:
6427:CERN Bulletin
6424:
6418:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6389:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6237:Physics Today
6230:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6071:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5919:
5911:
5905:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5848:9780198717485
5845:
5839:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5761:
5759:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5643:(7236): 269.
5642:
5638:
5631:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5606:"Deuteration"
5601:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5558:(4): e35137.
5557:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5534:
5527:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5425:
5423:0-471-96523-5
5419:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5345:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5121:0-8493-0486-5
5117:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5006:
4998:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4830:
4824:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4780:
4773:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4266:
4265:antideuterium
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:Antideuterium
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4128:stage of the
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:hydrogen bomb
4115:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3828:
3827:polio vaccine
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3795:linoleic acid
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:. Like other
3608:
3604:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:deuterium NMR
3583:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3544:Deuterium NMR
3541:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3470:
3465:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3299:
3293:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3205:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:), we obtain
3167:
3160:
3153:
3133:
3130:
3122:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:), we obtain
3042:
3035:
3028:
3007:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2929:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2847:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2570:
2555:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2517:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2377:
2348:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2291:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1935:superposition
1932:
1931:quantum state
1926:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1720:antisymmetry.
1718:
1716:antisymmetry.
1714:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1693:
1692:excited state
1673:
1633:
1611:
1607:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1554:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1503:
1499:
1477:
1454:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:cross section
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1200:proton radius
1196:
1182:
1181:charge radius
1177:
1174:
1151:
1136:
1128:2.23 MeV
1122:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:triplet state
1093:
1083:
1080:
1079:health threat
1076:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:boiling point
1022:
1021:melting point
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
990:
987:
983:
979:
971:
968:
965:
964:
962:
961:
960:
958:
946:
942:
939:
936:
932:
931:
930:
891:
888:
886:
880:
878:
877:CANDU reactor
874:
870:
865:
862:
860:
856:
845:
842:
834:
831:February 2024
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
799:
795:
792: –
791:
787:
786:Find sources:
780:
776:
770:
769:
764:This article
762:
758:
753:
752:
748:
738:
735:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
703:
701:
696:
691:
688:
684:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
659:
658:cluster decay
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
616:
607:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
563:Free neutrons
560:
559:nucleogenesis
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:
524:
522:
521:deuterium NMR
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:hydrogen atom
430:
426:
416:
398:
397:atomic weight
394:
389:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
349:
340:
338:
337:
332:
327:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
296:
294:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
206:
202:
187:
185:
181:
178:
164:
162:
161:Excess energy
158:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
124:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
58:
56:
52:
48:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
19:
8233:
8216:Spectroscopy
8070:Astrobiology
7923:Formaldehyde
7901:
7815:Benzonitrile
7606:Acetaldehyde
7561:Methanethiol
7512:Acetonitrile
7417:Carbodiimide
7296:Formaldehyde
7291:Cyanoethynyl
7142:Iron cyanide
7137:Hydroperoxyl
6938:Nitric oxide
6778:
6764:
6759:
6745:
6732:
6723:
6714:
6707:
6692:
6676:. Retrieved
6672:the original
6663:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6521:(1): 10–14.
6518:
6514:
6508:
6496:. Retrieved
6482:
6470:. Retrieved
6465:the original
6457:
6447:
6435:. Retrieved
6426:
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6400:The Register
6398:
6388:
6376:. Retrieved
6372:
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6346:
6336:
6327:
6319:the original
6312:
6303:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6235:
6229:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6086:
6082:
6024:
6020:
6010:
5967:
5963:
5953:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5904:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5838:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5770:
5766:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5618:. Retrieved
5614:the original
5609:
5600:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5532:
5526:
5516:10 September
5514:. Retrieved
5510:the original
5500:
5491:
5479:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5432:
5413:
5407:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5332:. Retrieved
5323:
5314:
5302:. Retrieved
5294:
5285:
5273:. Retrieved
5264:
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5236:the original
5227:
5215:
5196:
5186:
5164:(2): 79–88.
5161:
5157:
5151:
5136:
5130:
5111:
5105:
5092:
5083:
5071:. Retrieved
5067:
5058:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4970:
4964:
4947:
4904:
4900:
4889:the original
4875:
4865:12 September
4863:. Retrieved
4859:the original
4845:
4833:. Retrieved
4823:
4791:
4785:
4772:
4760:. Retrieved
4756:the original
4751:
4741:
4733:the original
4729:(lsbu.ac.uk)
4725:
4716:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:the original
4654:
4645:
4604:
4598:
4551:
4547:
4491:
4487:
4439:
4435:
4403:
4399:
4386:
4369:
4365:
4352:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4264:
4229:antideuteron
4228:
4226:
4202:
4154:
4134:vacuum flask
4111:
4065:
4037:Nazi Germany
4033:World War II
4030:
4026:Lew Kowarski
4019:
3976:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3899:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3843:
3824:
3772:
3740:
3725:
3716:
3709:
3680:
3641:biochemistry
3634:
3600:
3591:
3584:
3561:
3530:technology.
3500:
3485:
3474:
3454:Applications
3445:
3441:wavefunction
3434:
3431:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3379:0.2859
3372:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3307:
3297:
3289:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3023:
2743:
2726:
2716:
2713:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2215:
2020:
2015:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1783:ground state
1776:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1709:
1701:
1689:
1569:
1402:spin doublet
1387:
1382:
1378:
1377:and denoted
1360:
1332:
1330:experiment.
1309:
1230:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1164:(15) Da
1149:
1147:
1133:~60 keV
1120:
1117:
1089:
1063:
1046:than normal
1033:
1014:
992:
957:triple point
950:
902:
889:
881:
866:
863:
852:
837:
828:
818:
811:
804:
797:
785:
773:Please help
768:verification
765:
736:
731:
719:103P/Hartley
707:
699:
692:
671:
642:Solar System
639:
612:
578:
575:
541:. Combining
536:
508:reduced mass
506:because the
493:
453:
429:reduced mass
422:
419:Spectroscopy
359:
334:
322:
303:
299:
297:
248:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
138:Isotope mass
122:
101:Nuclide data
88:
71:
18:
8190:Outer space
8100:Cosmic dust
8065:Abiogenesis
7977:Unconfirmed
7933:Heavy water
7773:Ethanethiol
7688:Cyanoallene
7678:Acetic acid
7648:Methylamine
7532:Diacetylene
7447:Formic acid
7437:Cyanomethyl
7095:Diazenylium
7085:CCP radical
6961:(molecular)
6945:(molecular)
6914:(molecular)
6766:Decay chain
6678:26 November
6311:. Science.
5535:. Springer.
5382:10316/80061
5245:23 November
4762:24 February
4392:Harold Urey
4241:antineutron
4193:uranium-238
4130:atomic bomb
4112:The 62-ton
4106:Dewar flask
4073:atomic bomb
4049:atomic bomb
4016:Heavy water
4004:his suicide
3902:Harold Urey
3791:fatty acids
3779:amino acids
3761:. In 2017,
3673:femtosecond
3621:reactions.
3517:) and high
3306:0.879
3296:0.857
1881:Hamiltonian
1312:dissociated
1169:(just over
1075:Prokaryotic
972:Liquified D
855:heavy water
790:"Deuterium"
723:Kuiper belt
702:space probe
591:radioactive
370:mass number
318:Nobel Prize
314:heavy water
310:Harold Urey
263:in Earth's
247:, called a
8292:Categories
8105:Cosmic ray
8047:Silylidyne
8010:Hemolithin
7985:Anthracene
7902:Deuterated
7883:Pyrimidine
7693:Ethanimine
7556:Ketenimine
7412:Butadiynyl
7236:Thioformyl
7090:Chloronium
6725:hydrogen-1
6437:2 November
6429:(Report).
5690:(6): 656.
5620:23 January
5330:. May 2024
5271:. May 2024
5073:8 February
4954:Encrenaz T
4442:(3): 236.
4308:References
4237:antiproton
4233:antimatter
4213:exoplanets
4189:Tsar Bomba
3793:, such as
3787:Deuterated
3755:metabolism
3572:chloroform
3568:proton NMR
3540:Proton NMR
3538:See also:
3490:, liquid H
3375:quadrupole
2001:with some
1785:is in the
1273:beta decay
1220:See also:
1212:(78)
1070:eukaryotic
894:Properties
801:newspapers
741:Production
721:(a former
447:, and the
437:Bohr model
221:hydrogen-2
8298:Deuterium
8037:Phosphine
7905:molecules
7838:fullerene
7738:Acetamide
7542:Formamide
7422:Cyanamide
7276:Acetylene
7251:Tricarbon
7162:Methylene
7147:Isoformyl
7052:Triatomic
6825:Molecules
6743:Heavier:
6721:Lighter:
6708:Space.com
6631:118919611
6543:122952224
6498:19 August
6472:18 August
5986:0031-9384
5795:205269152
5399:206647315
5050:178360068
5034:0036-8075
4746:Weiss A.
4669:3 October
4637:206563296
4588:Altwegg K
4209:gas giant
4169:lithium-6
4142:cryogenic
4045:plutonium
3952:deuterium
3914:distilled
3882:1 Da
3846:Gonyaulax
3759:half-life
3687:hydrology
3637:chemistry
3421:does not
3187:−
3181:μ
3056:μ
2979:−
2881:−
2759:μ
2638:→
2635:ȷ
2629:⋅
2559:→
2509:→
2407:μ
2381:→
2367:and spin
2352:→
2295:→
2264:→
2233:→
2230:μ
2140:→
2137:ȷ
2131:⋅
2125:→
2122:μ
2037:μ
1879:with the
1667:⟩
1647:⟩
1631:⟩
1599:⟩
1545:⟩
1531:−
1528:⟩
1468:⟩
1455:−
1452:⟩
1320:neutrinos
1301:dineutron
1277:even–even
1198:Like the
1193:10 m
963:Density:
903:Formula:
683:Milky Way
650:cosmology
601:Abundance
395:hydrogen
320:in 1934.
300:deuterium
298:The name
223:, symbol
217:Deuterium
118:Half-life
8024:Linear C
8005:Graphene
7917:Ammonium
7718:Acrolein
7581:Propynal
7566:Methanol
7537:Ethylene
7406:Ammonium
7181:Nitroxyl
7005:Sulfanyl
6949:Imidogen
6943:Nitrogen
6912:Hydrogen
6857:Argonium
6834:Diatomic
6738:hydrogen
6352:6 August
6221:32466816
6105:28651478
6002:32466816
5896:22705367
5830:17681625
5787:28591114
5749:24294889
5714:29789127
5706:23744136
5657:19295573
5592:22509393
5552:PLOS ONE
5391:27516595
5178:10535697
4939:14461382
4895:See also
4835:15 April
4812:Archived
4808:97138983
4629:25501976
4516:21976024
4466:22354440
4291:See also
4261:positron
4251:and the
4185:helium-4
4173:neutrons
4138:cryostat
4114:Ivy Mike
4099:Ivy Mike
4077:U.S.S.R.
3984:Berkeley
3964:deuteros
3747:hydrogen
3676:infrared
3615:accuracy
3505:used in
3419:operator
3410:and the
3368:as usual
3366:is zero
3149:For the
3024:For the
2697:⟩
2433:⟨
2325:-factors
2199:⟩
2063:⟨
1398:spin-1/2
1314:through
1305:unstable
1297:diproton
1233:nuclides
1150:deuteron
879:design.
674:Big Bang
627:Universe
571:helium-4
551:neutrons
539:Big Bang
413: Da
405: Da
366:hydrogen
326:Big Bang
305:deuteros
283:O) – in
255:and one
249:deuteron
241:hydrogen
84:Neutrons
8170:Kerogen
8057:Related
8000:Glycine
7953:Propyne
7912:Ammonia
7810:Benzene
7805:Acetone
7797:or more
7768:Propene
7753:Ethanol
7643:Propyne
7462:Methane
7331:Ketenyl
7281:Ammonia
6747:Tritium
6734:isotope
6611:Bibcode
6566:Bibcode
6523:Bibcode
6378:9 March
6281:Bibcode
6242:Bibcode
6213:8415956
6140:Bibcode
6113:4633617
6061:4530989
6029:Bibcode
5994:8415956
5945:7491812
5925:Vaccine
5887:3437768
5665:4343676
5610:nmi3.eu
5583:3324428
5560:Bibcode
5471:4332660
5361:Bibcode
5352:Science
5297:. U.S.
5093:PubChem
5042:2880608
5014:Bibcode
5005:Science
4975:Bibcode
4919:Bibcode
4704:Bibcode
4692:: L79.
4609:Bibcode
4600:Science
4556:Bibcode
4524:3139621
4496:Bibcode
4444:Bibcode
4332:Bibcode
4302:Tokamak
4239:and an
4231:is the
4177:tritium
4140:, held
4047:for an
4031:During
3988:neutron
3972:diploos
3956:tritium
3948:protium
3929:1
3872:protons
3860:History
3625:Tracing
3578:or CHCl
3511:tritium
3503:nuclide
3423:commute
3359:state.
3163:state (
3038:state (
1877:commute
1799:state.
1410:triplet
1406:singlet
1375:isospin
1363:nucleon
1167:
1058:tritium
1044:viscous
815:scholar
732:Rosetta
700:Galileo
695:Jupiter
595:tritium
547:protons
485:
473:
469:
457:
378:protium
336:Rosetta
279:O (or H
257:neutron
245:nucleus
67:Protons
39:General
8221:Tholin
8042:Pyrene
7487:Silane
7457:Ketene
6959:Oxygen
6779:Stable
6774:Decays
6629:
6541:
6407:3 June
6373:SFGate
6219:
6211:
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