675:(1820–1883), the exiled Crown Prince and grandson of Charles X. As a professor of the École Polytechnique, Cauchy had been a notoriously bad lecturer, assuming levels of understanding that only a few of his best students could reach, and cramming his allotted time with too much material. Henri d'Artois had neither taste nor talent for either mathematics or science. Although Cauchy took his mission very seriously, he did this with great clumsiness, and with surprising lack of authority over Henri d'Artois. During his civil engineering days, Cauchy once had been briefly in charge of repairing a few of the Parisian sewers, and he made the mistake of mentioning this to his pupil; with great malice, Henri d'Artois went about saying Cauchy started his career in the sewers of Paris. Cauchy's role as tutor lasted until Henri d'Artois became eighteen years old, in September 1838. Cauchy did hardly any research during those five years, while Henri d'Artois acquired a lifelong dislike of mathematics. Cauchy was named a
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better chance to find a mathematics related position. When his health improved in 1813, Cauchy chose not to return to
Cherbourg. Although he formally kept his engineering position, he was transferred from the payroll of the Ministry of the Marine to the Ministry of the Interior. The next three years Cauchy was mainly on unpaid sick leave; he spent his time fruitfully, working on mathematics (on the related topics of
705:. This Bureau bore some resemblance to the academy; for instance, it had the right to co-opt its members. Further, it was believed that members of the Bureau could "forget about" the oath of allegiance, although formally, unlike the Academicians, they were obliged to take it. The Bureau des Longitudes was an organization founded in 1795 to solve the problem of determining position at sea — mainly the
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458:(1760–1848) and Marie-Madeleine Desestre. Cauchy had two brothers: Alexandre Laurent Cauchy (1792–1857), who became a president of a division of the court of appeal in 1847 and a judge of the court of cassation in 1849, and Eugene François Cauchy (1802–1877), a publicist who also wrote several mathematical works. From his childhood he was good at math.
503:, the best secondary school of Paris at that time, in the fall of 1802. Most of the curriculum consisted of classical languages; the ambitious Cauchy, being a brilliant student, won many prizes in Latin and the humanities. In spite of these successes, Cauchy chose an engineering career, and prepared himself for the entrance examination to the
49:
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in
Switzerland, where he had to decide whether he would swear a required oath of allegiance to the new regime. He refused to do this, and consequently lost all his positions in Paris, except his membership of the academy, for which an oath was not required. In 1831 Cauchy went to the Italian city of
510:
In 1805, he placed second of 293 applicants on this exam and was admitted. One of the main purposes of this school was to give future civil and military engineers a high-level scientific and mathematical education. The school functioned under military discipline, which caused Cauchy some problems in
749:
In 1848 King Louis-Philippe fled to
England. The oath of allegiance was abolished, and the road to an academic appointment was clear for Cauchy. On March 1, 1849, he was reinstated at the Faculté de Sciences, as a professor of mathematical astronomy. After political turmoil all through 1848, France
733:
Throughout the nineteenth century the French educational system struggled over the separation of church and state. After losing control of the public education system, the
Catholic Church sought to establish its own branch of education and found in Cauchy a staunch and illustrious ally. He lent his
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The idea came up in bureaucratic circles that it would be useful to again require a loyalty oath from all state functionaries, including university professors. This time a cabinet minister was able to convince the
Emperor to exempt Cauchy from the oath. In 1853, Cauchy was elected an International
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We never had more than a one-half pound (230 g) of bread — and sometimes not even that. This we supplement with little supply of hard crackers and rice that we are allotted. Otherwise, we are getting along quite well, which is the important thing and goes to show that human beings can get by
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was reduced in 1825, Cauchy insisted on placing the topic of continuous functions (and therefore also infinitesimals) at the beginning of the
Differential Calculus. Laugwitz (1989) and Benis-Sinaceur (1973) point out that Cauchy continued to use infinitesimals in his own research as late as 1853.
1682:. These results of Cauchy's still form the core of complex function theory as it is taught today to physicists and electrical engineers. For quite some time, contemporaries of Cauchy ignored his theory, believing it to be too complicated. Only in the 1840s the theory started to get response, with
717:
In
November 1839 Cauchy was elected to the Bureau, and discovered that the matter of the oath was not so easily dispensed with. Without his oath, the king refused to approve his election. For four years Cauchy was in the position of being elected but not approved; accordingly, he was not a formal
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When Cauchy was 28 years old, he was still living with his parents. His father found it time for his son to marry; he found him a suitable bride, Aloïse de Bure, five years his junior. The de Bure family were printers and booksellers, and published most of Cauchy's works. Aloïse and
Augustin were
550:
In
September 1812, at 23 years old, Cauchy returned to Paris after becoming ill from overwork. Another reason for his return to the capital was that he was losing interest in his engineering job, being more and more attracted to the abstract beauty of mathematics; in Paris, he would have a much
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Cauchy gave an explicit definition of an infinitesimal in terms of a sequence tending to zero. There has been a vast body of literature written about Cauchy's notion of "infinitesimally small quantities", arguing that they lead from everything from the usual "epsilontic" definitions or to the
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His royalism and religious zeal made him contentious, which caused difficulties with his colleagues. He felt that he was mistreated for his beliefs, but his opponents felt he intentionally provoked people by berating them over religious matters or by defending the
Jesuits after they had been
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rigorously, establishing his well-known form of the remainder. He wrote a textbook (see the illustration) for his students at the École Polytechnique in which he developed the basic theorems of mathematical analysis as rigorously as possible. In this book he gave the necessary and sufficient
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were removed from this academy for political reasons, and the king appointed Cauchy to take the place of one of them. The reaction of Cauchy's peers was harsh; they considered the acceptance of his membership in the academy an outrage, and Cauchy created many enemies in scientific circles.
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These events marked a turning point in Cauchy's life, and a break in his mathematical productivity. Shaken by the fall of the government and moved by a deep hatred of the liberals who were taking power, Cauchy left France to go abroad, leaving his family behind. He spent a short time at
597:. He quit his engineering job, and received a one-year contract for teaching mathematics to second-year students of the École Polytechnique. In 1816, this Bonapartist, non-religious school was reorganized, and several liberal professors were fired; Cauchy was promoted to full professor.
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2754:(Memorandum on the connections that exist between the residue calculus and the limit calculus, and on the advantages that these two calculi offer in solving algebraic and transcendental equations], presented to the Academy of Sciences of Turin, November 27, 1831.
1801:. In 1829 he defined for the first time a complex function of a complex variable in another textbook. In spite of these, Cauchy's own research papers often used intuitive, not rigorous, methods; thus one of his theorems was exposed to a "counter-example" by
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and the theory of higher-order algebraic equations). He attempted admission to the First Class of the Institut de France but failed on three different occasions between 1813 and 1815. In 1815 Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, and the newly installed king
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984:. The rudiments of this theorem can already be found in a paper that the 24-year-old Cauchy presented to the Académie des Sciences (then still called "First Class of the Institute") on August 11, 1814. In full form the theorem was given in 1825.
846:, substituting the notion of the continuity of geometrical displacements for the principle of the continuity of matter. He wrote on the equilibrium of rods and elastic membranes and on waves in elastic media. He introduced a 3 × 3 symmetric
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is easily determined from the position of the sun. Since it was thought that position at sea was best determined by astronomical observations, the Bureau had developed into an organization resembling an academy of astronomical sciences.
2124:. Their life there during that time was apparently hard; Augustin-Louis's father, Louis François, spoke of living on rice, bread, and crackers during the period. A paragraph from an undated letter from Louis François to his mother in
589:, who was an associate professor at the École Polytechnique, asked to be exempted from his teaching duties for health reasons. Cauchy was by then a rising mathematical star. One of his great successes at that time was the proof of
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called him a "bigoted Catholic" and added he was "mad and there is nothing that can be done about him", but at the same time praised him as a mathematician. Cauchy's views were widely unpopular among mathematicians and when
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married on April 4, 1818, with great Roman Catholic ceremony, in the Church of Saint-Sulpice. In 1819 the couple's first daughter, Marie Françoise Alicia, was born, and in 1823 the second and last daughter, Marie Mathilde.
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742:. The purpose of this institute was to counter the effects of the absence of Catholic university education in France. These activities did not make Cauchy popular with his colleagues, who, on the whole, supported
656:(who ruled Turin and the surrounding Piedmont region) for a chair of theoretical physics, which was created especially for him. He taught in Turin during 1832–1833. In 1831, he was elected a foreign member of the
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member of the Bureau, did not receive payment, could not participate in meetings, and could not submit papers. Still Cauchy refused to take any oaths; however, he did feel loyal enough to direct his research to
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The function f(x) is continuous with respect to x between the given limits if, between these limits, an infinitely small increment in the variable always produces an infinitely small increment in the function
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Mémoire sur les rapports qui existent entre le calcul des Résidus et le calcul des Limites, et sur les avantages qu'offrent ces deux calculs dans la résolution des équations algébriques ou transcendantes
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Cauchy married Aloise de Bure in 1818. She was a close relative of the publisher who published most of Cauchy's works. They had two daughters, Marie Françoise Alicia (1819) and Marie Mathilde (1823).
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After finishing school in 1810, Cauchy accepted a job as a junior engineer in Cherbourg, where Napoleon intended to build a naval base. Here Cauchy stayed for three years, and was assigned the
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with little. I should tell you that for my children's pap I still have a bit of fine flour, made from wheat that I grew on my own land. I had three bushels, and I also have a few pounds of
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project, and worked at the Harbor of Cherbourg. Although he had an extremely busy managerial job, he still found time to prepare three mathematical manuscripts, which he submitted to the
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Cauchy returned to Paris and his position at the Academy of Sciences late in 1838. He could not regain his teaching positions, because he still refused to swear an oath of allegiance.
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Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy publiées sous la direction scientifique de l'Académie des sciences et sous les auspices de M. le ministre de l'Instruction publique (27 volumes)
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M. Barany claims that the École mandated the inclusion of infinitesimal methods against Cauchy's better judgement. Gilain notes that when the portion of the curriculum devoted to
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propagation, which obtained the Grand Prix of the French Academy of Sciences in 1816. Cauchy's writings covered notable topics. In the theory of series he developed the notion of
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1730:. Judith Grabiner wrote Cauchy was "the man who taught rigorous analysis to all of Europe". The book is frequently noted as being the first place that inequalities, and
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ideals of the French Revolution. When a chair of mathematics became vacant at the Collège de France in 1843, Cauchy applied for it, but received just three of 45 votes.
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Cauchy was a prolific worker; he wrote approximately eight hundred research articles and five complete textbooks on a variety of topics in the fields of mathematics and
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His greatest contributions to mathematical science are enveloped in the rigorous methods which he introduced; these are mainly embodied in his three great treatises:
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The conservative political climate that lasted until 1830 suited Cauchy perfectly. In 1824 Louis XVIII died, and was succeeded by his even more conservative brother
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in 1794, it was safe for the family to return to Paris. There, Louis-François Cauchy found a bureaucratic job in 1800, and quickly advanced his career. When
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1776:. The consensus is that Cauchy omitted or left implicit the important ideas to make clear the precise meaning of the infinitely small quantities he used.
608:. During these years Cauchy was highly productive, and published one important mathematical treatise after another. He received cross-appointments at the
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was made chair in mathematics before him he, and many others, felt his views were the cause. When Libri was accused of stealing books he was replaced by
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as pairs of real numbers. He also wrote on the theory of groups and substitutions, the theory of functions, differential equations and determinants.
1204:{\displaystyle f(z)=\varphi (z)+{\frac {B_{1}}{z-a}}+{\frac {B_{2}}{(z-a)^{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {B_{n}}{(z-a)^{n}}},\quad B_{i},z,a\in \mathbb {C} ,}
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In any event, he inherited his father's staunch royalism and hence refused to take oaths to any government after the overthrow of Charles X.
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In 1831, while in Turin, Cauchy submitted two papers to the Academy of Sciences of Turin. In the first he proposed the formula now known as
472:(14 July 1789), which broke out one month before Augustin-Louis was born. The Cauchy family survived the revolution and the following
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during his illness and leading Hermite to become a faithful Catholic. It also inspired Cauchy to plead on behalf of the Irish during the
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His father's dismissal is sometimes seen as the cause of the deep hatred of the French Revolution that Cauchy felt all through his life.
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came to power in 1799, Louis-François Cauchy was further promoted, and became Secretary-General of the Senate, working directly under
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and defended them at the academy when it was politically unwise to do so. His zeal for his faith may have led to his caring for
3010:. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Cauchy, Augustin-Louis. Springer. pp. 10, 285.
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995:—isolated singularities, i.e., points where a function goes to positive or negative infinity. If the complex-valued function
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639:. Riots, in which uniformed students of the École Polytechnique took an active part, raged close to Cauchy's home in Paris.
1817:
In a paper published in 1855, two years before Cauchy's death, he discussed some theorems, one of which is similar to the "
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is somewhere in this region. The contour integral is taken counter-clockwise. Clearly, the integrand has a simple pole at
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rather than Cauchy, which caused a rift between Liouville and Cauchy. Another dispute with political overtones concerned
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In 1834, his wife and two daughters moved to Prague, and Cauchy was reunited with his family after four years in exile.
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Barany, Michael (2013), "Stuck in the Middle: Cauchy's Intermediate Value Theorem and the History of Analytic Rigor",
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In the revolutionary years the French Académie des Sciences was known as the "First Class" of the Institut de France.
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2137:. It is as white as snow and very good, too, especially for very young children. It, too, was grown on my own land.
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Mémoire sur l'emploi des equations symboliques dans le calcul infinitésimal et dans le calcul aux différences finis
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being the first mathematician besides Cauchy to make a substantial contribution (his work on what are now known as
738:, a school in Paris run by Jesuits, for training teachers for their colleges. He took part in the founding of the
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Augustin-Louis Cauchy grew up in the house of a staunch royalist. This made his father flee with the family to
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3289:(1989), "Definite values of infinite sums: aspects of the foundations of infinitesimal analysis around 1820",
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1656:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\oint _{C}f(z)dz=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\underset {z=a_{k}}{\mathrm {Res} }}f(z),}
730:. The confounded membership of the Bureau lasted until the end of 1843, when Cauchy was replaced by Poinsot.
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1999:
Sur la mecanique celeste et sur un nouveau calcul qui s'applique a un grand nombre de questions diverses etc
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control systems. Thus Cauchy's work has a strong impact on both pure mathematics and practical engineering.
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2017:
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On Celestial Mechanics and on a new calculation which is applicable to a large number of diverse questions
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1948:] (in French). submitted to the Académie des Sciences on February 28: Paris, De Bure frères. 1825.
722:. In 1840, he presented a dozen papers on this topic to the academy. He described and illustrated the
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766:. Cauchy remained a professor at the university until his death at the age of 67. He received the
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A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors;
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2963:(2012). "Who gave you the Cauchy--Weierstrass tale? The dual history of rigorous calculus".
1997:
515:(School for Bridges and Roads). He graduated in civil engineering, with the highest honors.
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adapting. Nevertheless, he completed the course in 1807, at age 18, and went on to the
429:"More concepts and theorems have been named for Cauchy than for any other mathematician (in
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1939:
1880:. Académie des sciences (France). 1882–1938 – via Ministère de l'éducation nationale.
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Barany, Michael (2011), "God, king, and geometry: revisiting the introduction to Cauchy's
1977:
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8:
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1821:" in many modern textbooks on complex analysis. In modern control theory textbooks, the
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1365:{\displaystyle {\underset {z=a}{\mathrm {Res} }}f(z)=\lim _{z\rightarrow a}(z-a)f(z),}
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arguments were introduced into calculus. Here Cauchy defined continuity as follows:
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480:, where Cauchy received his first education, from his father. After the execution of
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Cauchy around 1840. Lithography by Zéphirin Belliard after a painting by Jean Roller.
1726:(of earlier authors such as Euler and Lagrange) and its replacement by geometry and
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2006:] (in French). presented to the Academy of Sciences of Turin, October 11. 1831.
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492:(who is now better known for his work on mathematical physics). The mathematician
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Topics in Mathematical Analysis, A Volume Dedicated to the Memory of A. L. Cauchy
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414:. Cauchy also contributed to a number of topics in mathematical physics, notably
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in 1811, and in several other elegant problems. More important is his memoir on
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touching three given circles—which he discovered in 1805, his generalization of
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Math and mathematicians : the history of math discoveries around the world
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1871: (archived July 24, 2007)(Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1882–1974)
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1860:. It took almost a century to collect all his writings into 27 large volumes:
818:. In the theory of numbers and complex quantities, he was the first to define
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Gilain, C. (1989), "Cauchy et le Course d'Analyse de l'École Polytechnique",
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754:. Early 1852 the President made himself Emperor of France, and took the name
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3104:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 555–556.
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Bradley, Robert E.; Sandifer, Charles Edward (2010). Buchwald, J. Z. (ed.).
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Cauchy's father was a highly ranked official in the Parisian police of the
394:. He was one of the first to rigorously state and prove the key theorems of
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Bulletin de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de l'École polytechnique
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2917:. Translated by Frank Ragland. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Springer. p. 134.
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CR Ac ad. Sci. Paris, t. XVII, 449–458 (1843) credited as originating the
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Boyer, C.: The concepts of the calculus. Hafner Publishing Company, 1949.
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1941:
Mémoire sur les intégrales définies, prises entre des limites imaginaires
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La vie et les travaux du baron Cauchy: membre de l'académie des sciences
1483:{\displaystyle f(a)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\oint _{C}{\frac {f(z)}{z-a}}dz,}
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1899:. Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale, Debure frères, Libraires du Roi et de la
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to become the science tutor of the thirteen-year-old Duke of Bordeaux,
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Other significant contributions include being the first to prove the
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occurred in France. Charles X fled the country, and was succeeded by
391:
3363:. Singapore, New Jersey, London: World Scientific Co. Archived from
3163:
The Life and Works of Baron Cauchy: Member of the Academy of Scinces
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in the form that is still taught. Also Cauchy's well-known test for
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The genius of Cauchy was illustrated in his simple solution of the
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The History of the Theory of Structures. Searching for Equilibrium
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1946:
A Memorandum on definite integrals taken between imaginary limits
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and died of a bronchial condition at 4 a.m. on 23 May 1857.
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alone there are sixteen concepts and theorems named for Cauchy)."
202:
1265:. Clearly, the residue is in the case of a simple pole equal to
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Sur un nouveau genre de calcul analogue au calcul infinitésimal
1856:
Cauchy was very productive, in number of papers second only to
1218:) is analytic (i.e., well-behaved without singularities), then
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
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and a claim on inelastic shocks. Cauchy was later shown, by
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890:. The first pivotal theorem proved by Cauchy, now known as
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Cauchy is most famous for his single-handed development of
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652:, and after some time there, he accepted an offer from the
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285:
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Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathematique (Volume 4)
2040:
Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathematique (Volume 3)
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Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathematique (Volume 2)
2026:
Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathematique (Volume 1)
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of numbers, an innovation presented in England in 1727 by
660:, and the following year a Foreign Honorary Member of the
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316:
282:
2407:(16th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
1829:, which can be used to predict the stability of negative
1704:
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of a function. This concept concerns functions that have
499:
On Lagrange's advice, Augustin-Louis was enrolled in the
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He was an equally staunch Catholic and a member of the
386:; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French
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in this case meant the rejection of the principle of
1716:
Cauchy stressed the importance of rigor in analysis.
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on and within the non-self-intersecting closed curve
905:
862:, and his results are nearly as valuable as those of
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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chose to become a Republic, under the Presidency of
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1924:
Leçons sur les applications de calcul infinitésimal
1805:, later fixed by the introduction of the notion of
580:
354:
307:
273:
3332:
3129:– via American Council of Learned Societies.
3059:
3007:Cauchy's Cours d'analyse: An Annotated Translation
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2732:
2704:
1748:
1655:
1482:
1364:
1203:
945:
543:) were accepted; the third one (on directrices of
3443:
3053:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2877:
2111:
3894:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
3810:
2196:List of topics named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy
1812:
1317:
1234:= 1, the pole is called simple. The coefficient
3058:Bruno, Leonard C.; Baker, Lawrence W. (2003) .
3003:
2551:
1896:Cours d'analyse de l'École royale polytechnique
3899:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
3250:
2699:De la pression ou tension dans un corps solide
814:and discovered many of the basic formulas for
3914:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3515:
1505:and within the region bounded by the contour
987:In 1826 Cauchy gave a formal definition of a
183:Grand Prize of L'Académie Royale des Sciences
30:"Cauchy" redirects here. For other uses, see
3202:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
3170:This article incorporates material from the
2468:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1241:is called by Cauchy the residue of function
3381:"Cauchy's Conception of Rigour in Analysis"
3108:
2955:
2763:
2504:
842:of light. He also contributed research in
679:, a title by which Cauchy set great store.
3522:
3508:
3057:
2626:
2582:
2539:
2527:
47:
3909:Academic staff of the University of Turin
3889:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
3335:The Origins of Cauchy's Rigorous Calculus
3239:
3213:
2978:
2601:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
2426:
2424:
1194:
701:In August 1839 a vacancy appeared in the
3476:Augustin-Louis Cauchy – Œuvres complètes
3378:
3330:
3285:
3088:
2912:
2871:
2775:
2563:
2492:
2404:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
1844:
1703:
692:
496:was also a friend of the Cauchy family.
3455:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
3353:
2596:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C"
2251:Cauchy formula for repeated integration
1982:. Vol. Seconde Année. Paris. 1827.
1825:is quite frequently used to derive the
1708:The title page of a textbook by Cauchy.
1521:. In the second paper he presented the
1382:by the modern notation of the residue.
14:
3811:
3317:
3221:
3199:
3154:
2859:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2738:
2722:
2710:
2694:
2662:
2421:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1938:
1889:
775:72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower
449:
217:École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées
175:Marie Françoise Alicia, Marie Mathilde
120:École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées
3634:Infinitesimal strain theory (physics)
3503:
3491:Augustin-Louis Cauchy – Cauchy's Life
3385:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
3133:
3040:
2883:
2847:
2389:
2171:Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja
2066:(Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1895)
667:In August 1833 Cauchy left Turin for
662:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
539:. Cauchy's first two manuscripts (on
381:
3859:Foreign members of the Royal Society
3165:] (in French). Gauthier-Villars.
2931:
2895:
2588:
1749:{\displaystyle \delta -\varepsilon }
881:
850:of numbers that is now known as the
830:In the theory of light he worked on
468:, but lost this position due to the
2063:Nouveaux exercices de mathématiques
1779:
946:{\displaystyle \oint _{C}f(z)dz=0,}
518:
24:
3834:19th-century French mathematicians
3529:
3192:
3137:Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty
3116:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2915:Augustin-Louis Cauchy: A Biography
1877:Œuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy
1840:
1693:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1284:
1281:
1278:
826:Wave theory, mechanics, elasticity
568:was re-established in March 1816;
564:took the restoration in hand. The
25:
3925:
3736:Transcendental law of homogeneity
3629:Constructive nonstandard analysis
3573:The Method of Mechanical Theorems
3560:Criticism of nonstandard analysis
3437:
1989:Leçons sur le calcul différentiel
1850:Leçons sur le calcul différentiel
1789:condition for the existence of a
658:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
3844:École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
3587:
3466:Cauchy criterion for convergence
3281:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3155:Valson, Claude-Alphonse (1868).
3047:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2146:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
1222:is said to have a pole of order
869:
581:Professor at École Polytechnique
344:
303:
269:
27:French mathematician (1789–1857)
3619:Synthetic differential geometry
3251:Benis-Sinaceur, Hourya (1973).
3178:", which is licensed under the
3113:. In Gillispie, Charles (ed.).
2744:
2656:
2632:
2608:from the original on 2022-10-09
2331:Cauchy's theorem (group theory)
1167:
964:) is a complex-valued function
876:Fermat polygonal number theorem
3428:New International Encyclopedia
3422:"Cauchy, Augustin Louis"
3095:"Cauchy, Augustin Louis"
3041:Brock, Henry Matthias (1908).
2455:
2383:
2363:
2354:
2112:Politics and religious beliefs
1992:. Paris: De Bure frères. 1829.
1666:where the sum is over all the
1647:
1641:
1572:
1566:
1454:
1448:
1408:
1402:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1332:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1152:
1139:
1105:
1092:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1024:
925:
919:
858:, he originated the theory of
764:American Philosophical Society
734:prestige and knowledge to the
476:during 1793–94 by escaping to
13:
1:
3788:Analyse des Infiniment Petits
3624:Smooth infinitesimal analysis
3486:Mathematics Genealogy Project
3472: (archived June 17, 2005)
3260:Revue d'Histoire des Sciences
3044:"Augustin-Louis Cauchy"
2342:
2080:Faculté des sciences de Paris
2072:(for the École Polytechnique)
2050:(Paris: Bachelier, 1840–1847)
1813:Argument principle, stability
785:
685:
614:Faculté des sciences de Paris
3879:French mathematical analysts
3331:Grabiner, Judith V. (1981).
2376:
2241:Cauchy's functional equation
2095:(for the Collège de France).
1678:) on and within the contour
736:École Normale Écclésiastique
513:École des Ponts et Chaussées
444:
7:
3140:. Oxford University Press.
2552:Bradley & Sandifer 2010
2471:– via dictionary.com.
2326:Cauchy's theorem (geometry)
2266:Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem
2188:
2179:Jean-Marie Constant Duhamel
2148:. He also had links to the
1827:Nyquist stability criterion
980:is taken along the contour
724:signed-digit representation
626:
10:
3930:
3849:École Polytechnique alumni
3478:(in 2 series) Gallica-Math
3109:Freudenthal, Hans (2008).
2905:
2437:Collins English Dictionary
1979:Exercices de mathematiques
1969:Exercices de mathematiques
1784:He was the first to prove
1697:
501:École Centrale du Panthéon
213:École Centrale du Panthéon
146:Intermediate value theorem
29:
3780:
3752:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
3744:
3673:
3642:
3596:
3585:
3537:
3066:. Detroit, Mich.: U X L.
3016:10.1007/978-1-4419-0549-9
2989:10.1007/s10699-011-9235-x
2311:Cauchy–Schwarz inequality
2211:Cauchy's convergence test
2206:Cauchy boundary condition
2058:(Imprimerie Royale, 1821)
1934:His other works include:
1823:Cauchy argument principle
1819:Principle of the argument
1387:Cauchy's integral formula
1003:) can be expanded in the
893:Cauchy's integral theorem
240:
226:
208:
194:
187:
179:
171:
163:
142:Implicit function theorem
125:
115:
105:
83:
58:
46:
39:
3460:University of St Andrews
3339:. Cambridge: MIT Press.
3241:10.1016/j.hm.2010.12.001
3111:"Cauchy, Augustin-Louis"
2913:Belhoste, Bruno (1991).
2347:
2306:Cauchy–Riemann equations
2301:Cauchy–Rassias stability
2271:Cauchy momentum equation
2016:: CS1 maint: location (
1958:: CS1 maint: location (
1799:Cauchy condensation test
595:polygonal number theorem
383:[oɡystɛ̃lwikoʃi]
3904:French textbook writers
3450:"Augustin-Louis Cauchy"
3101:Encyclopædia Britannica
2764:Borovik & Katz 2012
2261:Cauchy–Hadamard theorem
2158:Great Famine of Ireland
1917:Le Calcul infinitésimal
1684:Pierre Alphonse Laurent
1509:and the complex number
972:(contour) lying in the
888:complex function theory
834:wave theory and on the
780:
773:His name is one of the
402:), pioneered the field
32:Cauchy (disambiguation)
3864:French Roman Catholics
3681:Standard part function
3291:Arch. Hist. Exact Sci.
3134:Kline, Morris (1982).
3119:. New York: Scribner.
2966:Foundations of Science
2941:. Simon and Schuster.
2627:Bruno & Baker 2003
2583:Bruno & Baker 2003
2540:Bruno & Baker 2003
2528:Bruno & Baker 2003
2281:Cauchy principal value
2256:Cauchy–Frobenius lemma
2139:
1853:
1797:stems from this book:
1750:
1709:
1690:, published in 1843).
1657:
1604:
1484:
1366:
1205:
947:
752:Napoleon III of France
698:
454:Cauchy was the son of
231:Francesco Faà di Bruno
3819:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3767:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3579:Cavalieri's principle
3482:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3379:Smithies, F. (1986).
3272:10.3406/rhs.1973.3315
3176:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3050:Catholic Encyclopedia
2862:, p. 13, Vol. 1.
2336:Maclaurin–Cauchy test
2296:Cauchy's radical test
2236:Cauchy–Euler equation
2130:
1848:
1774:non-standard analysis
1751:
1723:Generality of algebra
1707:
1658:
1584:
1485:
1367:
1206:
948:
896:, was the following:
792:problem of Apollonius
703:Bureau des Longitudes
696:
566:Académie des Sciences
535:(First Class) of the
456:Louis François Cauchy
250:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
134:Mathematical analysis
41:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
18:Augustin Louis Cauchy
3609:Nonstandard calculus
3604:Nonstandard analysis
3446:Robertson, Edmund F.
3228:Historia Mathematica
2674:. pp. 978–979.
2644:search.amphilsoc.org
2640:"APS Member History"
2276:Cauchy–Peano theorem
2201:Cauchy–Binet formula
2183:Jean-Victor Poncelet
2105:operational calculus
2093:Mathematical physics
2070:Courses of mechanics
1891:"Analyse Algébrique"
1795:absolute convergence
1734:
1532:
1396:
1272:
1257:then the residue of
1018:
903:
852:Cauchy stress tensor
697:Cauchy in later life
439:mathematical physics
3874:History of calculus
3793:Elementary Calculus
3674:Individual concepts
3614:Internal set theory
3444:O'Connor, John J.;
3253:"Cauchy et Bolzano"
2766:, pp. 245–276.
2226:Cauchy distribution
1901:Bibliothèque du Roi
1253:is non-singular at
740:Institut Catholique
720:celestial mechanics
553:symmetric functions
505:École Polytechnique
450:Youth and education
416:continuum mechanics
406:, and the study of
221:École Polytechnique
154:Limit (mathematics)
3884:Linear algebraists
3686:Transfer principle
3550:Leibniz's notation
3397:10.1007/BF00357440
3303:10.1007/BF00329867
3182:but not under the
2957:Borovik, Alexandre
2938:Men of Mathematics
2401:(eds.). "Cauchy".
2397:; Hartman, James;
2221:Cauchy determinant
2055:Analyse algèbrique
1854:
1831:feedback amplifier
1807:uniform continuity
1765:Analyse Algébrique
1746:
1710:
1653:
1636:
1480:
1375:where we replaced
1362:
1331:
1299:
1201:
943:
709:coordinate, since
699:
631:In July 1830, the
585:In November 1815,
537:Institut de France
529:Saint-Cloud Bridge
408:permutation groups
398:(thereby creating
235:Viktor Bunyakovsky
3806:
3805:
3721:Law of continuity
3711:Levi-Civita field
3696:Increment theorem
3655:Hyperreal numbers
3208:(10): 1334–1338,
3147:978-0-19-503085-3
3126:978-0-684-10114-9
3025:978-1-4419-0548-2
2681:978-3-433-03229-9
2542:, pp. 65–66.
2231:Cauchy's equation
2166:Niels Henrik Abel
2122:French Revolution
1606:
1551:
1501:) is analytic on
1469:
1430:
1316:
1276:
1162:
1115:
1074:
1007:of a singularity
882:Complex functions
744:the Enlightenment
610:Collège de France
470:French Revolution
244:
243:
227:Doctoral students
189:Scientific career
130:Civil engineering
16:(Redirected from
3921:
3869:French geometers
3762:Pierre de Fermat
3757:Abraham Robinson
3597:Related branches
3591:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3495:Robin Hartshorne
3462:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3350:
3338:
3327:
3313:
3282:
3280:
3257:
3244:
3243:
3218:
3217:
3215:10.1090/noti1049
3166:
3151:
3130:
3105:
3097:
3085:
3065:
3054:
3046:
3037:
3000:
2982:
2961:Katz, Mikhail G.
2952:
2928:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2508:
2505:Freudenthal 2008
2502:
2496:
2490:
2473:
2472:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2387:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2175:Joseph Liouville
2150:Society of Jesus
2088:
2021:
2015:
2007:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1912:
1909:Internet Archive
1881:
1786:Taylor's theorem
1780:Taylor's theorem
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1603:
1598:
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1561:
1552:
1550:
1536:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1470:
1468:
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1443:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1415:
1371:
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1368:
1363:
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1210:
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1202:
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1177:
1176:
1163:
1161:
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1159:
1137:
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1127:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1052:
978:contour integral
952:
950:
949:
944:
915:
914:
654:King of Sardinia
622:
547:) was rejected.
527:project and the
519:Engineering days
423:Hans Freudenthal
412:abstract algebra
404:complex analysis
390:, engineer, and
385:
380:
374:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
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350:
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331:
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284:
281:
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268:
260:
150:Spectral theorem
138:Gradient descent
90:
68:
66:
51:
37:
36:
21:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3839:Corps des ponts
3809:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3798:Cours d'Analyse
3776:
3740:
3731:Microcontinuity
3716:Hyperfinite set
3669:
3665:Surreal numbers
3638:
3592:
3583:
3555:Integral symbol
3533:
3528:
3470:Wayback Machine
3440:
3435:
3419:
3370:
3368:
3355:Rassias, Th. M.
3347:
3278:
3255:
3224:Cours d'analyse
3195:
3193:Further reading
3190:
3148:
3127:
3074:
3026:
2949:
2925:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
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2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:, p. 11, "
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:, p. 42, "
2693:
2689:
2682:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2638:
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2611:
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2589:
2581:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
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2534:
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2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2476:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2316:Cauchy sequence
2216:Cauchy (crater)
2191:
2185:, to be wrong.
2154:Charles Hermite
2114:
2082:
2009:
2008:
1951:
1950:
1874:
1869:Wayback Machine
1843:
1841:Published works
1815:
1782:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1714:Cours d'Analyse
1702:
1700:Cours d'Analyse
1696:
1694:Cours d'Analyse
1629:
1625:
1618:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1588:
1557:
1553:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1523:residue theorem
1458:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1414:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1381:
1320:
1288:
1277:
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1273:
1270:
1269:
1240:
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1151:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1019:
1016:
1015:
910:
906:
904:
901:
900:
884:
872:
828:
820:complex numbers
800:Euler's formula
788:
783:
688:
633:July Revolution
629:
616:
583:
557:symmetric group
533:Première Classe
521:
474:Reign of Terror
452:
447:
378:
372:
347:
338:
337:
336:
329:
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302:
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272:
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262:
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140:
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132:
116:Alma mater
101:
92:
88:
79:
70:
64:
62:
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42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3881:
3876:
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3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3772:Leonhard Euler
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3745:Mathematicians
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
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3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3643:Formalizations
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
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3582:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:Infinitesimals
3527:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3473:
3463:
3439:
3438:External links
3436:
3434:
3433:
3417:
3376:
3351:
3345:
3328:
3315:
3297:(3): 195–245,
3283:
3248:
3245:
3234:(3): 368–388,
3219:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3167:
3152:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3106:
3092:, ed. (1911).
3090:Chisholm, Hugh
3086:
3072:
3055:
3038:
3024:
3001:
2973:(3): 245–276.
2953:
2947:
2929:
2923:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:, p. 273.
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2850:, p. 176.
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2743:
2731:
2715:
2703:
2687:
2680:
2655:
2631:
2619:
2587:
2568:
2566:, p. 134.
2556:
2544:
2532:
2509:
2497:
2474:
2454:
2420:
2413:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Cauchy surface
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Cauchy product
2288:
2286:Cauchy problem
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Cauchy horizon
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2076:Higher algebra
2073:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1972:. Paris. 1826.
1964:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1913:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1858:Leonhard Euler
1842:
1839:
1814:
1811:
1781:
1778:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1728:infinitesimals
1698:Main article:
1695:
1692:
1688:Laurent series
1664:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1491:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1238:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
954:
953:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
913:
909:
883:
880:
871:
868:
864:Siméon Poisson
827:
824:
794:—describing a
787:
784:
782:
779:
762:Member of the
687:
684:
673:Henri d'Artois
637:Louis-Philippe
628:
625:
582:
579:
545:conic sections
520:
517:
451:
448:
446:
443:
435:
434:
242:
241:
238:
237:
228:
224:
223:
210:
206:
205:
196:
192:
191:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
167:Aloise de Bure
165:
161:
160:
127:
126:Known for
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
93:
91:(aged 67)
85:
81:
80:
71:
69:21 August 1789
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3926:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Differentials
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3367:on 2012-03-25
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3346:0-387-90527-8
3342:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:(2): 97–112.
3265:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2948:9780671628185
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2924:3-540-97220-X
2920:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2872:Belhoste 1991
2868:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2776:Grabiner 1981
2772:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:Kurrer, K.-E.
2659:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2629:, p. 68.
2628:
2623:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2585:, p. 67.
2584:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:Belhoste 1991
2560:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2530:, p. 66.
2529:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2493:Chisholm 1911
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2443:
2442:HarperCollins
2439:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2414:0-521-81693-9
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:Jones, Daniel
2386:
2382:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:potato starch
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907: at the
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1833:and negative
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:in the point
1225:
1221:
1217:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
974:complex plane
971:
967:
963:
959:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
922:
916:
911:
907:
899:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
879:
877:
870:Number theory
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
778:
776:
771:
769:
765:
759:
757:
753:
747:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
725:
721:
715:
712:
708:
704:
695:
691:
683:
680:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
640:
638:
634:
624:
620:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
587:Louis Poinsot
578:
575:
574:Gaspard Monge
571:
570:Lazare Carnot
567:
563:
558:
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
514:
508:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Ancien Régime
462:
459:
457:
442:
440:
432:
428:
427:
426:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:real analysis
397:
393:
389:
388:mathematician
384:
376:
375:
365:
341:
334:
333:
324:
300:
299:
290:
266:
259:
255:
251:
248:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
158:See full list
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
86:
82:
78:
74:
61:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
3766:
3706:Internal set
3691:Hyperinteger
3660:Dual numbers
3571:
3564:
3453:
3426:
3391:(1): 41–61.
3388:
3384:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3359:
3334:
3323:
3319:
3294:
3290:
3287:Laugwitz, D.
3263:
3259:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3205:
3201:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3136:
3114:
3099:
3061:
3048:
3006:
2970:
2964:
2937:
2914:
2891:
2879:
2874:, p. 3.
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2667:
2658:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:
2634:
2622:
2612:13 September
2610:. Retrieved
2590:
2559:
2554:, p. 9.
2547:
2535:
2500:
2466:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2435:
2402:
2399:Setter, Jane
2395:Roach, Peter
2385:
2365:
2356:
2164:suppressed.
2162:
2143:
2140:
2131:
2115:
2098:
2092:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1928:La géométrie
1927:
1923:
1916:
1895:
1884:
1876:
1855:
1849:
1816:
1783:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:In his book
1711:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1008:
1005:neighborhood
1000:
996:
986:
981:
977:
969:
961:
957:
955:
891:
885:
873:
840:polarization
829:
789:
772:
760:
756:Napoleon III
748:
732:
716:
707:longitudinal
700:
689:
681:
666:
641:
630:
603:
599:
584:
549:
532:
522:
509:
498:
463:
460:
453:
436:
420:
249:
245:
209:Institutions
188:
89:(1857-05-23)
3829:1857 deaths
3824:1789 births
3566:The Analyst
3172:Citizendium
2933:Bell, E. T.
2860:Valson 1868
2836:Cauchy 1829
2824:Cauchy 1821
2812:Barany 2013
2800:Gilain 1989
2788:Barany 2011
2739:Cauchy 1831
2723:Cauchy 1826
2711:Cauchy 1825
2695:Cauchy 1827
2120:during the
2083: [
1930:(1826–1828)
1772:notions of
1261:is zero at
966:holomorphic
812:convergence
728:John Colson
617: [
562:Louis XVIII
525:Ourcq Canal
482:Robespierre
199:Mathematics
106:Nationality
87:23 May 1857
3813:Categories
3545:Adequality
3371:2011-01-27
3073:0787638137
3034:2009932254
2884:Brock 1908
2848:Kline 1982
2670:. Berlin:
2649:2024-04-24
2343:References
856:elasticity
836:dispersion
786:Early work
768:Last Rites
686:Last years
612:, and the
431:elasticity
65:1789-08-21
3781:Textbooks
3726:Overspill
3413:120781880
3311:120890300
3174:article "
2997:119320059
2980:1108.2885
2896:Bell 1986
2377:Citations
2078:(for the
2012:cite book
1954:cite book
1744:ε
1741:−
1738:δ
1670:poles of
1586:∑
1555:∮
1545:π
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832:Fresnel's
804:polyhedra
606:Charles X
541:polyhedra
445:Biography
392:physicist
3405:41133794
3357:(1989).
3276:Archived
3082:41497065
2935:(1986).
2750:Cauchy,
2666:(2018).
2603:Archived
2463:"Cauchy"
2447:3 August
2432:"Cauchy"
2393:(2003).
2189:See also
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711:latitude
645:Fribourg
627:In exile
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486:Napoleon
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396:calculus
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3468:at the
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490:Laplace
478:Arcueil
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180:Awards
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