1917:
other nonofficial special-service vehicles, while volunteer firefighters use red, blue, or green, depending on jurisdiction. In the US it is a violation of the DOT (Department of
Transportation) Uniform Vehicle Code for any non-emergency vehicle (Police/Fire/Ambulance) to operate forward-facing red lights of any kind. Cars in the US only have red tail lights, and no blue lights; a vehicle displaying a red (forward-facing) light (flashing or not) coming towards a driver, or from behind the driver (in rearview mirror) indicates that an official emergency vehicle is coming, requiring the driver to yield, pull off to the side of the road, or otherwise get out of its way. Some US states allow emergency vehicles to have blue lights that can be turned on to warn drivers of an emergency vehicle in action; blue and red lights can be combined, forward- and/or rear-facing. In the UK, doctors may use green warning lights; although these do not allow the user to claim any exemption from road traffic regulations (compared to the blue lights used by statutory emergency services when responding to calls). Special warning lights, usually amber, are also sometimes mounted on slow or wide vehicles such as
1712:" (also called "reflex reflectors") produce no light of their own, but rather reflect incident light towards its source, such as another driver's headlights. They are regulated as automotive lighting devices, and specified to account for the separation between a vehicle's headlights and its driver's eyes. Thus, vehicles can remain conspicuous even with their lights off. Regulations worldwide require all vehicles and trailers to be equipped with rear-facing red retroreflectors; in countries where UN Regulation No. 48 is applied, these must be triangular on trailers and non-triangular on vehicles other than trailers. Since 1968, US regulations also require side-facing retroreflectors, amber in front and red in the rear. Sweden, South Africa, and other countries have at various times required white front-facing retroreflectors.
1821:
opened. Many vehicles have expanded this feature, causing the overhead interior light to remain on after all doors are closed, allowing passengers to fasten seat belts with added illumination. The extended lighting cycle usually ends when the vehicle's ignition has begun, or a gradual reduction in light emitted after a couple of minutes if the car is not started, called "theater" lighting. Interior lighting has been added on some vehicles at the bottom edge of the dashboard, illuminating the floor for front passengers, or underneath the front seats at the rear, illuminating the floor for rear passengers. This type of convenience lighting approach is also sometimes used to illuminate interior or exterior door handles, exterior step running boards, or electric window switches.
409:
612:
the headlights are being used. Front amber side markers in the United States may be wired to flash in synchronous phase or opposite-phase with the turn signals; nevertheless, they are not required to flash at all. Side markers are permitted but not required on cars and light passenger vehicles outside the United States and Canada. If installed, they are required to be brighter and visible through a larger horizontal angle than US side markers, may flash only in synchronous phase with the turn signals (but are not required to flash), and they must be amber at the front and rear, except rear side markers may be red if they are grouped, combined, or reciprocally incorporated with another rear lighting function that is required to be red.
1231:
1449:
they must be symmetrical with respect to the vehicle's centreline. Proponents of twin rear fog lights say two lights provide vehicle distance information not available from a single light. Proponents of the single rear fog light say dual rear fog lights closely mimic the appearance of illuminated stop lights (which are mandatorily installed in pairs), reducing the conspicuity of the stop lights' message when the rear fogs are activated. To provide some safeguard against rear fog lights being confused with stop lights, UN Regulation 48 requires a separation of at least 10 cm between the closest illuminated edges of any stop light and any rear fog light.
1476:
equipped with combination red brake/turn signal lights and white reversing lights. Those countries' regulations permitted the amber rear turn signals to light up steadily as reversing lights, so automakers and importers were able to combine the (mandatorily amber) rear turn signal and (optionally amber) reversing light function, and so comply with the regulations without the need for additional lighting devices. Both countries now require white reversing lights, and the combination amber turn/reverse light is no longer permitted on new vehicles. The US state of
Washington currently permits reversing lights to emit white or amber light.
1125:
276:"Driving light" is a term hailing from the early days of night time driving, when it was relatively rare to encounter an opposing vehicle. Only on occasions when opposing drivers passed each other would the low (dipped or "passing") beam be used. The high beam was therefore known as the "driving beam", and this terminology is still found in international UN Regulations, which do not distinguish between a vehicle's primary (mandatory) and auxiliary (optional) upper/driving beam lights. The "driving light" term has been supplanted in US regulations by the functionally descriptive term "auxiliary high-beam light".
995:
1361:
improvement. The systems used by BMW, Volvo, and
Mercedes differ not only in operational mode (growing vs. intensifying vs. flashing, respectively), but also in such parameters as the deceleration threshold of activation. Data is being collected and analyzed in an effort to determine how such a system might be implemented to maximize a safety benefit, if such a benefit can be realized with visual emergency braking displays. An experimental study at the University of Toronto has tested stop lights which gradually and continuously grow in illuminated area with increasing braking.
1016:
1100:
858:
720:
749:
360:
677:, the signal lights and heating element turned on. The heat caused the bimetallic strip to bend such that it threw the leaf spring over centre, opening the circuit and breaking power to the heating element and the signal lights. When the bimetallic strip cooled down, it would pull the leaf spring back over centre in the other direction, closing the contacts and again sending power to the lights and heating element. The cycle would repeat until the power to the thermal flasher was switched off by the stalk switch.
2269:
466:
2283:
1458:
218:
479:
1682:
186:
1691:
6627:
289:
254:
1433:
1645:
1380:
426:
6647:
2137:
increased dramatically. For this reason, LED signal lights must remain compliant with the intensity requirements for the functions they produce after one minute and after thirty minutes of continuous operation. In addition, UN Regulation 112 contains a set of tests for LED modules, including colour rendering, UV radiation, and temperature stability tests. According to UN Regulations 112 and 123, mechanical, electromechanical or other devices for
1284:(from 1974 to 1976) had similar dual high-mounted supplemental stop/turn lights as standard equipment; these were located on the outside of the vehicle below the bottom of the rear glass. This type of configuration was not widely adopted at the time. Car and lighting manufacturers in Germany experimented with dual high-mount supplemental stop lights in the early 1980s, but this effort, too, failed to gain wide popular or regulatory support.
1035:, and New Zealand. Proponents of red rear turn signals have claimed that they are less costly to manufacture, and automakers use the turn signal colour as a styling element to differentiate vehicles of different model years. Proponents of amber rear turn signals say they are more easily discernible as turn signals. It has been recognised since the 1960s that amber turn signals are more quickly spotted than red ones. A 2008 US study by the
639:
1052:
1553:
579:, arguing that the UK requirement for dim-dip was illegal under EC directives prohibiting member states from enacting vehicle lighting requirements not contained in pan-European EC directives. As a result, the UK requirement for dim-dip was quashed. Nevertheless, dim-dip systems remain permitted, and while such systems are not presently as common as they once were, dim-dip functionality was fitted on many new cars well into the 1990s.
1166:, though they are often informally called brake lights. They are required to be fitted in multiples of two, symmetrically at the left and right edges of the rear of every vehicle. International UN regulations No. 7 specify a range of acceptable intensity for a stop light of 60 to 185 candela. In North America, where the UN regulations are not recognised, the acceptable range for a single-compartment stop light is 80 to 300 candela.
1875:
1136:
combined with the vehicle's stop lights or be separate from them. In combined-function installations, the lights produce brighter red light as stop lights and dimmer red light as rear position lights. Regulations worldwide stipulate minimum intensity ratios between the bright (stop) and dim (position) modes, so that a vehicle displaying rear position lights will not be mistakenly interpreted as showing stop lights and vice versa.
2036:
593:
1324:
and the emergency braking logic defined by regulation No. 13 (heavy vehicles), 13H (light vehicles), or 78 (motorcycles) is activated; the ESS may be displayed when a light vehicle's deceleration is greater than 6 m/s (20 ft/s) or a heavy vehicle's deceleration is greater than 4 m/s (13 ft/s), and the ESS must be discontinued once the vehicle's deceleration drops below 2.5 m/s (8.2 ft/s).
647:
29:
6637:
785:
712:(as well as the 75 and 95), which used them at the front as well as at the rear from 1932 until 1935. The modern flashing turn signal was patented in 1938, and shortly after, most major automobile manufacturers offered this optional feature before it became mandatory in 1967. As of 2013, most countries require turn signals on all new vehicles that are driven on public roadways. Alternative systems of
323:
1519:
861:
860:
866:
864:
859:
1942:
865:
825:. The signal operates for however long the driver holds the lever partway towards the left or right turn signal detent. Some vehicles have an automatic lane-change indication feature; tapping the lever partway towards the left or right signal position and immediately releasing it causes the applicable turn indicators to flash three to five times.
863:
1956:
They may have an illuminated "Taxi" sign, a light to signal that they are ready to take passengers, or off duty, or an emergency panic light the driver can activate in the event of a robbery to alert passersby to call the police. Depending on local regulations, the "Taxi" sign may also be required to
1820:
Most cars have at least one "dome light" (or "courtesy light") located in or near the ceiling of the passenger compartment, to provide illumination by which to fasten seatbelts and enter or exit the car. These often have an option to automatically switch on when the front (or any) passenger doors are
1491:
is illuminated either by a single or a pair of yellow or white light(s), affixed within the indentation of the trunk or bumper. It is designed to light the surface of the plate without creating light directly visible to the rear of the vehicle, and must be illuminated whenever the position lights are
1475:
Reversing lights are required to produce white light by US and international UN regulations. However, some countries have at various times permitted amber reversing lights. In
Australia and New Zealand, for example, vehicle manufacturers were faced with the task of localizing American cars originally
1356:
Other methods of severe braking indication have also been implemented; some Volvo models make the stop lights brighter, and some BMWs have "Adaptive Brake Lights" that effectively increase the size of the stop lights under severe braking by illuminating them at brighter-than-normal intensity. As long
1323:
Emergency stop signalling is a lighting function wherein the vehicle's stop (brake) lights and/or hazard/turn indicators flash in phase at 3 to 5 Hz under heavy or urgent braking. The emergency stop signal is automatically activated if the vehicle speed is greater than 50 km/h (31 mph)
1218:
The CHMSL is intended to provide a warning to drivers whose view of the vehicle's left and right stop lights is blocked by interceding vehicles. It also provides a redundant stop light signal in the event of a stop light malfunction. In North
America, where rear turn signals are permitted to emit red
880:
turn signals are a feature on some cars, wherein the turn signal function is provided by multiple lit elements that illuminate sequentially rather than simultaneously. The visual effect is one of outward motion in the direction of the intended turn or lane change. Sequential turn signals were factory
812:
vehicles, the turn indicator stalk is usually located to the left of the steering wheel. In right-hand-drive vehicles, there is less consistency; it may be located to the left or to the right of the steering wheel. Regulations do not specify a mandatory location for the turn signal control, only that
622:
Side marker lights can be seen as the successor to "cowl lights" used on vehicles during the 1920s to 1930s, which were a pair of small lights installed at the top edges of the cowl between the hood and the windshield, and would serve as a reference point for oncoming traffic where the widest part of
559:
the driver switched on the position lights (called sidelights in the UK). Dim-dip was intended to provide a nighttime "town beam" with intensity between that of contemporary parking lights commonly used in city traffic after dark, and dipped beams; the former were considered insufficiently intense to
508:
Front, side, and rear position lights are permitted, required, or forbidden to illuminate in combination with daytime running lights, depending on the jurisdiction and the DRL implementation. Likewise, according to jurisdictional regulations, DRLs mounted within a certain distance of turn signals are
446:
In
Germany, the StVZO (Road Traffic Licensing Regulations) calls for a different function provided by these lights: with the vehicle's ignition switched off, the operator may activate a low-intensity white light at the front and red light at the rear on either the left or right side. This function is
370:
On some models, cornering lights provide steady-intensity white light for lateral illumination in the direction of an intended turn or lane change. They are generally actuated in conjunction with the turn signals, and they may be wired to also illuminate when the vehicle is shifted into reverse gear.
338:
of many cars. Since as early as the 2020s, several car manufacturers have noticeably omitted the front fog lights from many of their latest models, as more recent high-tech lighting technologies such as DRLs and LEDs connected to automatic high-beam systems negate the use of fog lights. However, some
208:
standards instead of UN ECE regulations. These standards contain regulations for dipped beam headlights that also specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cut-off; the half of the beam closest to oncoming drivers is also flat and low, but not as low as prescribed in UN ECE regulations. The half of the
200:
for dipped beam headlights specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cut-off; the half of the beam closest to oncoming drivers is flat and low, while the half of the beam closest to the outside of the road slopes up and towards the near side of the roadway. This permits a functional compromise where it
103:
is credited with introducing an innovative version of the signalling arm in 1914, a predecessor to the modern turn signal, and a mechanical brake signal. She did not patent these inventions, however, and received no credit or profit from them. Tail lights and brake lights were introduced around 1915,
1827:
Map lights are aimed at specific passenger positions and allow for reading without glare distraction to the driver. Some vehicles have "approach lighting" or "puddle lights" (lights that illuminate the ground outside the doors) in the exterior mirrors or lower edges of the doors, as well as interior
1652:
The hazard warning signal (sometimes called "hazard warning flashers", "hazard warning lights", "emergency lights", "4-way flashers", "hazards", or "flashers") is provided by flashing all of a vehicle's left and right turn signals simultaneously and in phase. Hazard warning signals first appeared as
1526:
UN Regulation 48 requires vehicles exceeding 2.10 metres (83 in) in width to be equipped with white front and red rear end-outline marker lights on both the left and right, which, like North
American identification lights, are intended to indicate a vehicle's overall width and height. The front
1006:
Until the early 1960s, most front turn signals worldwide emitted white light and most rear turn signals emitted red light. The
American auto industry voluntarily adopted amber front turn signals for most vehicles beginning in the 1963 model year, though the advent of amber signals was accompanied by
816:
Virtually all vehicles (except many motorcycles and commercial semi-tractors) have a turn indicator self-cancelling feature that returns the lever to the neutral (no signal) position as the steering wheel approaches the straight-ahead position after a turn has been made. Beginning in the late 1960s,
795:
Turn signals are required to blink on and off, or "flash", at a steady rate of between 60 and 120 pulses per minute (1–2 Hz). International UN Regulations require that all turn signals flash in simultaneous phase; US regulations permit side marker lights wired for side turn signal functionality
739:
After turn signals were introduced regulations were brought in requiring them and laying out specifications that had to be met. Ultimately standards governed minimum and maximum permissible intensity levels, minimum horizontal and vertical angles of visibility, and minimum illuminated surface area,
547:
regarding the installation of lighting equipment. A dim-dip device operates the dipped beam headlights at between 10% and 20% of normal low-beam intensity. Running lights permitted as an alternative to dim-dip were required to emit at least 200 candela straight ahead, and no more than 800 candela in
433:
Front position lights (known as parking lights in North
America and front sidelights in the UK) provide nighttime standing-vehicle conspicuity. They are designed to use little electricity so they can be left on when parked for prolonged periods of time. Despite the UK term, these are not the same as
399:
devices are lights and reflectors that make a vehicle conspicuous and visible with respect to its presence, position, direction of travel, change in direction, or deceleration. Such lights may light steadily, blink, or flash, depending on their intended and regulated function. Most must be fitted in
2136:
LED lighting systems are sensitive to heat. Due to the negative influences of heat on the stability of photometric performance and the light transmitting components, the importance of thermal design, stability tests, usage of low-UV-type LED modules and UV-resistance tests of internal materials has
1720:
International UN Regulations explicitly permit vehicle signal lights with intensity automatically increased during bright daylight hours when sunlight reduces the effectiveness of the stop lights, and automatically decreased during hours of darkness when glare could be a concern. Regulations in the
1509:
In the US and Canada, vehicles over 80 inches (2.032 m) wide must be equipped with three amber front and three red rear identification lights spaced 6–12 inches (15–30 cm) apart at the centre of the front and rear of the vehicle, as high as practicable. The front identification lights are
1420:
provide functional rear fog lights on their North
American models. Some vehicles from non-European brands which are adaptions of European-market offerings, such as the first-generation Ford Transit Connect, have come standard with rear fog lights, or vehicles with European-market counterparts, such
800:
indicator is required, to advise the driver when the turn signals are activated and operating. This usually takes the form of one green light on the dashboard on cars from the 1950s or older, or two green indicator lights on cars from the 1960s to the present, and a rhythmic ticking sound generated
611:
retroreflectors on vehicles manufactured after 1 January 1970. These side-facing devices make the vehicle's presence, position and direction of travel clearly visible from oblique angles. The lights are wired to illuminate whenever the vehicles' parking lights and tail lights are on, including when
1916:
The prescribed colours differ by jurisdiction; in most countries, blue and red special warning lights are used on police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles. In the United States and some other jurisdictions, amber lights are for tow trucks, private security personnel, construction vehicles, and
1668:
Apart from its use as emergency lighting, a single flash of the hazard lights is used to show gratitude to yielding drivers in several countries. However, in the United Kingdom, they must not be used except to warn others of either a temporary obstruction when the vehicle is stationary or a hazard
1664:
In vehicles with separate left and right green turn signal tell-tale on the dashboard, both left and right indicators may flash to provide a visual indication of the hazard flashers' operation. In vehicles with a single green turn signal tell-tale on the dashboard, a separate red tell-tale must be
1387:
In Europe and other countries adhering to UN Regulation 48, vehicles must be equipped with one or two bright red "rear fog lamps", which serve as high-intensity rear position lights to be activated in poor visibility conditions to make the vehicle more visible from the rear. The allowable range of
1307:
wore off as most vehicles on the road came to be equipped with a CHMSL, the crash-avoidance benefit declined. However, said benefit has not declined to zero, and a CHMSL has become so inexpensive to incorporate into a vehicle that it remains a cost-effective collision avoidance feature even at the
848:
bus drivers, among others, are trained to step continuously on the right directional switch while servicing a bus stop, to signal other road users they are intentionally dwelling at the stop, allowing following buses to skip that stop. This method of signalling requires no special arrangements for
657:
Direction indicator lights or turn signals, informally known as directional signals, directionals, blinkers, or indicators, are blinking lights mounted near the left and right front and rear corners of a vehicle, and sometimes on the sides or on the side mirrors of a vehicle (where they are called
209:
beam closest to the outside of the road is also flat, but higher than the half closest to oncoming vehicles. This results in substantially increased glare for oncoming drivers and also poorer illumination of the near side of the roadway in comparison to headlights conforming to UN ECE regulations.
1734:
Some jurisdictions, such as the US states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho, permit vehicles to be equipped with auxiliary rear signal systems displaying green light when the accelerator is depressed, yellow light when the vehicle is coasting, and red light when the brake is depressed. Such systems
1660:
This function is meant to indicate a hazard such as a vehicle stopped in or near moving traffic, a disabled vehicle, a vehicle moving substantially slower than the flow of traffic such as a truck climbing a steep grade, the presence of stopped or slow traffic ahead on a high-speed road and/or the
1448:
in the country in which the vehicle is registered. This is to maximise the sight line of following drivers to the rear fog light. In many cases, a single reversing light is mounted on the passenger side of the vehicle, positionally symmetrical with the rear fog. If two rear fog lights are fitted,
1039:
suggests vehicles with amber rear signals rather than red ones are up to 28% less likely to be involved in certain kinds of collisions, a followup 2009 NHTSA study determined there to be a significant overall safety benefit to amber rather than red rear turn signals, US studies in the early 1990s
504:
Prior to the DRL mandate, countries requiring daytime lights permitted low beam headlights to provide that function. National regulations in Canada, Sweden, Norway, Slovenia, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark require hardwired automatic DRL systems of varying specification. DRLs are permitted in many
4064:
the agency believes improved safety (measured as the reduction in the number of rear-end crashes that resulted in property damage or injury) can be achieved with amber rear turn signal lamps at a cost comparable to red rear turn signal lamp configurations. This is supported by the observation of
1264:
vans. The height of the CHMSL is also regulated, both in absolute terms and with respect to the mounting height of the vehicle's conventional left and right stop lights. Depending on the left and right lights' height, the lower edge of the CHMSL may be just above the left and right lights' upper
279:
Many countries regulate the installation and use of driving lights. For example, in Russia, each vehicle may have no more than three pairs of driving lights (including the original lights), and in Paraguay, auxiliary driving lights must be off and covered with opaque material when the vehicle is
2132:
LED lights are used for flashing beacon lights on vehicles such as maintenance trucks. Previously, traditional light sources required the engine to continue running to ensure that the battery would not become depleted if the lights were to be used for more than a few hours. The energy-efficient
804:
Turn signals are, in almost every case, activated by a horizontal stalk protruding from the side of the steering column, though on some vehicles it protrudes from the dashboard. The driver raises or lowers the outboard end of the stalk in accord with the clockwise or anticlockwise direction the
699:
to flash the lights, and use speakers to produce the distinctive clicking sound associated with turn signals, which was previously made by a relay or the leaf spring in a thermal flasher. If the stalk switch is not moved beyond the fixed left/right position and allowed to flip back, the control
374:
American technical standards contain provisions for front cornering lights as well as rear cornering lights. Cornering lights have traditionally been prohibited under international UN Regulations, though provisions have recently been made to allow them as long as they are only operable when the
153:
light. No other colours are permitted except on emergency vehicles. Vehicle lighting colour specifications can differ somewhat in countries that have not signed the 1949 and/or 1968 Conventions; examples include turn signals and side marker lights in North America, as described in those lights'
1135:
Conspicuity for the rear of a vehicle is provided by rear position lights (also called tail lights). These are required to produce only red light and to be wired such that they are lit whenever the front position lights are lit, including when the headlights are on. Rear position lights may be
735:
rather than flashing lights. They were commonly mounted high up behind the front doors and swung out to a horizontal position. They were fragile and could be easily broken off, and also had a tendency to stick in the closed or open position. They could be fitted with a fixed or flashing light.
1990:
have been used. Standardized type numbers are used by manufacturers to identify bulbs with the same specifications. Bases may be bayonet-type with one or two contacts, plastic or glass wedges, or dual wire loops or ferrules used on tubular "festoon" lights. Screw-base lights are never used in
1360:
The idea behind such emergency braking indicator systems is to catch following drivers' attention with increased urgency. However, there remains considerable debate over whether the system offers a measurable increase in safety. To date, studies of vehicles with ESS have not shown significant
759:
In most countries, cars must be equipped with side-mounted turn signal repeaters to make the turn indication visible laterally (i.e. to the sides of the vehicle) rather than just to the front and rear of the vehicle. These are permitted, but not required in the United States and Canada. As an
342:
An SAE study has shown that in the United States, more people inappropriately use their fog lights in dry weather than use them properly in poor weather. Because of this, use of the fog lights when visibility is not seriously reduced is often prohibited in most jurisdictions; for example, in
434:
the side marker lights described below. The front position lights on any vehicle must emit white light, with the exception of motorcycles, which may have amber front position lights. In the US, Canada, Mexico, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia (only if combined with a side marker),
618:
45/01 provides for two different kinds of side marker light: a type for trucks and other large vehicles producing amber light to the front and red to the rear with no requirement to emit light to the side (intended for showing the overall length of long vehicles from in front and behind a
500:
to UN Regulation 48 on or after 7 February 2011, and large vehicles (trucks and buses) type approved since August 2012, must be equipped with DRLs. Functional piggybacking, such as using the headlights, front turn signals, or fog lights as DRLs, is not permitted; the EU Directive requires
5425:"Green Front Brake Light for Vehicles Currently Tested in Slovakia. An experiment in testing a fourth brake light in the front of the car, in between lights, is currently underway. The aim is to increase traffic and pedestrian safety to decrease casualties of pedestrians and drivers"
1991:
automobile applications due to their loosening under vibration. Signal lights with internal or external coloured lenses use colourless bulbs; conversely, lights with colourless lenses may use red or amber bulbs to provide light of the required colours for the various functions.
1357:
as the brighter-than-normal stop lights are within the regulated maximum intensity for stop lights in general, this kind of implementation does not require specific regulatory approval, since the stop lights continue to operate in accord with general stop light regulations.
1250:
have the CHMSL on a stalk fixed to the spare wheel carrier. Trucks, vans, and commercial vehicles sometimes have the CHMSL mounted to the trailing edge of the vehicle's roof. The CHMSL is required by regulations worldwide to be centred laterally on the vehicle, though
1040:
demonstrated improvements in the speed and accuracy of drivers' reactions to the stop lights of vehicles ahead when the turn signals were amber rather than red, and NHTSA determined in 2015 that amber rear turn signals can be provided at comparable cost to red ones.
1747:
Since the late 1960s, there have been proposals to introduce a front-mounted brake light, where green or blue lights would indicate to pedestrians at crossings that an approaching vehicle is slowing down. A small subjective survey was undertaken in the US in 1971.
1966:
658:
repeaters). They are activated by the driver on one side of the vehicle at a time to advertise intent to turn or change lanes towards that side, or used simultaneously as a hazard warning signal to warn other drivers of a vehicle parked on the road (see below).
225:
High beam (also called main beam, driving beam, or full beam) headlights provide an intense, centre-weighted distribution of light with no particular glare control. Therefore, they are only suitable for use when alone on the road, as the glare they produce will
1653:
aftermarket accessories in the early 1950s; by the late 1960s, regulations around the world came to require all new vehicles to be so equipped. Operation of the hazard flashers must be from a control independent of the turn signal control, and an audiovisual
193:
Low beam (also called dipped beam, passing beam, or meeting beam) headlights provide adequate forward and lateral illumination without dazzling other road users with excessive glare. This beam is specified for use whenever other vehicles are present ahead.
1388:
intensity for a rear fog light is 150 to 300 candela, within the range of a US stop light. Rear fog lights are not required equipment in the US, but they are permitted, and they are found almost exclusively on European-brand vehicles in North America.
1500:
Large vehicles such as trucks and buses are in many cases required to carry additional lighting devices beyond those required on passenger vehicles. The specific requirements vary according to the regulations in force where the vehicle is registered.
813:
it be visible and operable by the driver, and—at least in North America—that it be labelled with a specific symbol if it is not located on the left side of the steering column. The international UN Regulations do not include analogous specifications.
493:(DRLs). Depending on the regulations of the country for which the vehicle is built, these may be functionally dedicated lights, or the function may be provided by the low beam or high beam headlights, the front turn signals, or the front fog lights.
2077:. Adoption of LEDs for other signal functions on passenger cars is gradually increasing with demand for the technology and related styling updates. The first car registered to drive on the road with full LED rear lights was Land Rover's LCV 2/3
346:
The respective purposes of front fog lights and driving lights are often confused, due in part to the misconception that fog lights are always selective yellow, while any auxiliary light that makes white light is a driving light. Automakers and
2235:
vehicles, for turquoise lights in accordance with SAE standard J3134, to indicate to outside observers that the car's self-driving system is engaged. Mercedes is the first car manufacturer to equip their self-driving vehicles with such lights.
1812:, among other bodies, has commissioned studies of vehicle signal systems and configurations to determine the most promising avenues and best practices for enhanced crash avoidance via optimized vehicle conspicuity and signal lighting systems.
2252:
to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributivity light dashboard displays, and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lighting such items as door locks, window controls, and
1011:
took effect for the 1968 model year, whereupon amber became the only permissible front turn-signal colour. Currently, most countries outside the United States and Canada require that all front, side and rear turn signals produce amber light.
560:
provide improved conspicuity in conditions requiring it, while the latter were considered too glaring for safe use in built-up areas. The UK was the only country to require such dim-dip systems, though vehicles so equipped were sold in other
2062:) and can benefit from considerably more compact packaging compared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a potential safety benefit when employed in stop lights; when power is applied, they rise to full intensity approximately 250
333:
In most countries, weather conditions rarely necessitate the use of front fog lights and there is no legal requirement for them, so their primary purpose is frequently cosmetic. They are often available as optional extras or only on higher
1443:
Most jurisdictions permit rear fog lights to be installed either singly or in pairs. If a single rear fog is fitted, most jurisdictions require it to be located at or to the driver's side of the vehicle's centreline—whichever side is the
339:
manufacturers who still offer fog lights as standard equipment in certain model trims have diversified its use to function also as an automatic lighting delay for vehicles, to light up surroundings and roadside curbs after being parked.
447:
used when parking in narrow unlit streets to provide parked-vehicle conspicuity to approaching drivers. This function, which is optional under UN and US regulations, is served passively in the United States by mandatory side marker
438:
they may emit amber light on any vehicle. The "city light" terminology for front position lights derives from the practice, formerly adhered to in cities like Moscow, London and Paris, of driving at night in urban areas using these
108:
headlights were introduced in 1936 and standardized as the only acceptable type in the US in 1940. Self-cancelling turn signals were developed in 1940. By 1945, headlights and signal lights were integrated into the body styling.
1665:
provided for hazard flasher indication. Because the hazard flasher function operates the vehicle's left and right turn signals, a left or a right turn signal function may not be provided while the hazard flashers are operating.
862:
4008:
To avoid imposing an unreasonable cost to society, NHTSA's lighting regulation continues to allow for the lower cost rear signal (…) Such a configuration can be achieved using just two bulbs and a two color (red and white)
1207:), is sometimes informally called the "centre brake light", the "third brake light", the "eye-level brake light", the "safety brake light", or the "high-level brake light". The CHMSL may use one or more filament bulbs or
2166:
fill gas. Traditional HID lights, such as those used for general lighting, have a long warm-up time. Headlights must provide light very shortly after they are turned on, and the xenon gas serves to reduce warm-up time.
400:
pairs—one left and one right—though some vehicles have multiple pairs (such as two left and two right stop lights) and/or redundant light sources (such as one left and one right stop light, each containing two bulbs).
1074:
The international regulation on motor vehicle bulbs requires manufacturers to test bulbs for colour endurance. However, no test protocol or colour durability requirement is specified. Discussion is ongoing within the
1031:, Israel, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the US, the rear signals may be amber or red. Additionally, red turn signals can also be found in countries with trade agreements with the US such as Mexico and
1367:
One potential problem with flashing stop lights in the United States and Canada is regulations that permit flashing stop lights to be used as rear turn signal and hazard lights, in lieu of separate dedicated lights.
383:
Police cars, emergency vehicles, and vehicles competing in road rallies are sometimes equipped with an auxiliary spotlight, sometimes called an "alley light", in a swivel-mounted housing attached to one or both
4382:
Sivak, Michael; Schoettle, B.; Flannagan, Michael J.; Minoda, T. (July 2005). Effectiveness of clear-lens turn signals in direct sunlight (Report). The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
371:
Some modern vehicles activate the cornering light on one or the other side when the steering wheel input reaches a predetermined angle in that direction, regardless of whether a turn signal has been activated.
1758:. Field tests were done in Germany in 2017, as well as in Slovakia in 2022 and 2023. More tests are planned in Italy. Expert analysts have found severe flaws in these tests and the accompanying safety claims.
1255:
permits lateral offset of up to 15 cm if the vehicle's lateral centre is not coincident with a fixed body panel, but instead separates movable components such as doors. Such an offset can be seen on the
1071:. With accumulated heat-cool cycles, though, some of these coatings may flake off the bulb glass, or the colour may fade. This causes the turn signal to emit white light rather than the required amber light.
2081:
in the 1990s. At the time, the only light function that was difficult to reproduce was the reverse light, as white LEDs did not yet exist. The reverse function was only achievable with the introduction of
2016:
and other forward illumination functions. Some recent vehicles use small halogen bulbs for exterior signalling and marking functions, as well. The first halogen light approved for automotive use was the
1840:, and other storage compartments. Modern pickup trucks usually have one or more white cargo lights that illuminate the bed of the truck, often controlled in conjunction with the interior dome lighting.
1226:
a temporary 24-month exemption in January 2006 to the steady-light requirement to evaluate whether a flashing CHMSL provides an emergency stop signal that effectively reduces the likelihood of a crash.
319:
They are sometimes used in place of dipped-beam headlights, reducing glare from fog or falling snow, although the legality of using front fog lights without low-beam headlights varies by jurisdiction.
543:
regulations briefly required vehicles first used on or after 1 April 1987 to be equipped with a "dim-dip" device or special low-intensity running lights, except such vehicles as complying fully with
801:
electromechanically or electronically by the flasher. It is also required that the vehicle operator be alerted by much faster- or slower-than-normal flashing in the event a turn signal light fails.
261:
Auxiliary high beam lights may be fitted to provide high-intensity light to enable the driver to see at longer range than the vehicle's high beam headlights. Such lights are most notably fitted on
5396:
3650:
5507:
201:
is possible to substantially prevent glare for oncoming drivers, while still allowing adequate illumination for drivers to see pedestrians, road signs, hazards, etc. on their side of the road.
343:
Australia, "The driver of a vehicle must not use any fog light fitted to the vehicle unless the driver is driving in fog, mist or under other atmospheric conditions that restrict visibility."
5360:"Mehr Sicherheit durch eine vordere Bremsleuchte? Eine alte Idee, neu entdeckt / Wissenschaftliche Studie belegt Nutzen speziell für die Sicherheit von Fußgängern / Noch viele offene Fragen"
4630:
740:
to ensure that they are visible at all relevant angles, do not dazzle those who view them, and are suitably conspicuous in all conditions ranging from full darkness to full direct sunlight.
58:
ahead for the driver, and making the vehicle visible to others, with indications to them of turning, slowing or stopping, etc., with lights also indicating the size of some large vehicles.
5337:
1986:
was for a long time the only light source used in automotive lighting. Incandescent bulbs are still commonly used in turn signals to stop hyper-flashing of the turn signal flashers. Many
1824:
LED light sources appear increasingly as interior convenience lights in various locations, especially with finely focused lighting on console control surfaces and in cabin storage areas.
5589:
1178:
since 1998, a central stop (brake) light mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lights is also required. The so-called "centre high mount stop lamp", or CHMSL (pronounced
4403:"Ditective 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment"
5302:
3572:
984:
are designed such that the first lit segment of the multi-unit light is considered as the official turn signal, with the segments illuminated afterward considered as auxiliary lights.
2070:
theoretically provides following drivers more time to react to the stop light signal, but has not been shown to make cars with LED stop lights less likely to be struck from behind.
1043:
There is some evidence that turn signals with colourless clear lenses and amber bulbs may be less conspicuous in bright sunlight than those with amber lenses and colourless bulbs.
1238:
On passenger cars, the CHMSL may be placed above the back glass, affixed to the vehicle's interior just inside the back glass, or integrated into the vehicle's deck lid or into a
716:
were used earlier and remain common for bicycles. Hand signals are also sometimes used when regular vehicle lights are malfunctioning or for older vehicles without turn signals.
2113:
used two strips of optically focused high-intensity LEDs for its daytime running lights. Optional on the R8 outside North America were the world's first LED headlights, made by
3745:
1539:
45/01 provides for side marker lights on trucks and other large vehicles producing amber light to the front and red to the rear with no requirement to emit light to the side.
844:
buses). The foot-activated signals allow bus drivers to keep both hands on the steering wheel while watching the road and scanning for passengers as they approach a bus stop.
4826:
3889:
1299:
mandated that all new passenger cars come equipped with a CHMSL. The requirement was extended to light trucks and vans for the 1994 model year. Early studies involving
623:
the body was. These were sometimes used in tandem with fender lights during the same time period, when fenders were separate from the body and only covered the wheels.
1535:
US and Canadian regulations require large vehicles to be equipped with amber side marker lights and reflectors mounted midway between the front and rear side markers.
4286:
Luoma, Juha; Flannagan, Michael J.; Sivak, Michael; Aoki, Masami; Traube, Eric C. (January 1997). "Effects of Turn-Signal Colour on Reaction Times to Brake Signals".
3934:
1276:
could be ordered with optional supplemental high-mounted stop and turn signal lights integrated into the left and right interior trim surrounding the rear glass. The
4202:
5367:
3353:
1272:
was equipped with only one stop light, mounted centrally and higher than the left and right rear lights, which did not produce a stop light function. The 1968–1971
3328:
1032:
528:
In the US, daytime running lights may emit either amber or white light, and may produce up to 7,000 candela. This has provoked a large number of complaints about
121:
tail lights were installed on mass-production automobiles, with LED headlights subsequently being introduced in the 2000s as more powerful LEDs became available.
4910:
4609:
978:
has been officially interpreted as requiring all light sources in an active turn signal to illuminate simultaneously. Some vehicles, such as the 2010 and later
304:
light, and were designed for use at low speed to increase the illumination directed towards the road surface and verges in conditions of poor visibility due to
54:
and signaling devices mounted to or integrated into its front, rear, sides, and, in some cases, top. Various devices have the dual function of illuminating the
2551:
760:
alternative in both the United States and Canada, the front amber side marker lights may be wired to flash with the turn signals, but this is not mandatory.
3771:
986:
Other US vehicles with sequential turn signals comply by illuminating all elements of the turn signal simultaneously, before sequentially turning them off.
2349:
1510:
typically mounted atop the cab of the vehicle. The purpose of these lights is to alert other drivers to the presence of a wide (and usually tall) vehicle.
544:
233:
197:
1721:
US and by the UN contain provisions for determining the minimum and maximum acceptable intensity for lights that contain more than a single light source.
5269:
5432:
2398:
5389:
3658:
3279:
5503:
1084:
Rather than using an amber bulb, some signal lights contain an inner amber plastic enclosure between a colourless bulb and the colourless outer lens.
89:
for headlights and oil lamps for tail lights. It did not have all-electric lighting as a standard feature until several years after its introduction.
3976:
5046:
296:
Front fog lights provide a wide, bar-shaped beam of light with a sharp cutoff at the top, and are generally aimed and mounted low. They may produce
772:. Since then, many automakers have been incorporating side turn signal devices into the mirror housings rather than mounting them on the vehicle's
3461:
5333:
4751:"NHTSA Technical Report Number DOT HS 808 696: The Long-Term Effectiveness of Center High Mounted Stop Lamps in Passenger Cars and Light Trucks"
5582:
2569:"UN Regulation 112, "Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps""
2328:
1809:
1292:
1036:
4790:
3111:"Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 13/00 - Installation of Lighting and Light Signalling Devices on other than L-Group Vehicles) 2005"
2726:"UN Regulation 113, "Motor vehicle headlamps emitting a symmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps""
1617:
1064:
5295:
1847:
in modern vehicles are illuminated when the headlights are turned on, and the intensity of light can be adjusted by the driver for comfort.
4631:"Mercedes-Benz, U.S.A. LLC; Grant of Application for a Temporary Exemption From Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 (71 FR 4961)"
2098:
LEDs in a defined distributed pattern behind a lens, white light was produced that conformed to the legal requirements of a reverse light.
5536:
4879:
3195:
501:
functionally specific daytime running lights compliant with UN Regulation 87 and mounted to the vehicle in accord with UN Regulation 48.
1751:
In 2014, the idea was suggested by Slovakian Lubomir Marjak (of manufacturing company Lumaco, which makes front brake lights) to German
5668:
5236:
4521:
1624:
708:
Electric turn signal lights date from as early as 1907. Possibly the first factory installation of illuminated turn signals was on the
4930:
1162:
and warn vehicles behind to prepare to stop. These are formally called "stop lamps" in technical standards and regulations and in the
603:
In the United States, amber front and red rear side marker lights and retroreflectors are required. The law initially required lights
5828:
5482:
2826:
1008:
975:
237:
205:
509:
permitted or required to extinguish or dim down to parking light intensity individually when the adjacent turn signal is operating.
3823:"Letter of interpretation to Charles I. Sassoon, Panor Corp, of FMVSS Number 108 re Maxxima Lamp M40130R (sequential turn signals)"
2764:"Reglamento General de Tránsito-Asunción, Artículo 186 (General Traffic Regulations-Asuncion, Article 186 — Spanish language)"
2763:
5703:
3066:"J2442: Harmonized Provisions for Installation of Exterior Lamps and Retro-Reflecting Devices on Road Vehicles Except Motorcycles"
6033:
2413:
2102:
351:
parts and accessories suppliers frequently refer interchangeably to "fog lights" and "driving lights" (or "fog/driving lights").
5930:
5807:
5765:"Vehicle Headlighting | The Long and Lighted Road: Lighting and Driving | Lighting Futures | Programs | LRC"
5134:
4819:
1468:
To warn adjacent vehicle operators and pedestrians of a vehicle's rearward motion, and to provide illumination to the rear when
1174:
In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying
3945:
3848:"Letter of interpretation to W. E. Baldwin, of K-R Industries re paragraph S4.5.11(e) of Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. l08"
3170:
5453:
5301:(Technical Memorandum). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: Highway Safety Research Institute (HSRI). HuF-TM-1.
3710:
3218:
1851:
automobiles, for example, have an aircraft-style "night panel" function that shuts off all interior illumination save for the
4657:
3405:
129:
The colour of light emitted by vehicle lights is largely standardized by established conventions, first codified in the 1949
4209:
3509:
Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 45/01 – Lighting and Light Signalling Devices not Covered by ECE Regulations) 2006
3487:
Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 45/01 – Lighting and Light Signalling Devices not Covered by ECE Regulations) 2006
2472:
1574:
1158:
Red steadily lit rear lights, brighter than the rear position lights, are activated when the driver applies the vehicle's
6505:
5359:
4542:
3786:
3261:
1987:
4368:
4272:
1953:
for street hire are distinguished by special lights affixed to the vehicle's roof in accordance with local regulations.
1479:
Some car models have white reversing lights in the front turn indicators that switch on with the rear reversing lights.
4402:
3611:
3297:
2884:
1311:
A NHTSA report suggests that a vehicle equipped with a CHMSL has 23.7% less risk to be involved as a lead vehicle in a
1277:
1020:
408:
3138:
548:
any direction. In practice, most vehicles were equipped with the dim-dip option rather than dedicated running lights.
1600:
1303:
and other fleet vehicles found that a third high-level stop light reduced rear-end collisions by about 50%. Once the
1163:
134:
130:
1582:
1437:
817:
using the direction-indicator lights to signal for a lane change was facilitated by the addition of a spring-loaded
269:
or imitating such cars. They are common in countries with large stretches of unlit roads, or in regions such as the
6676:
2885:"New South Wales Government – NSW legislation Road Rules 2008 Part 13 Lights and warning devices Clause 218–1"
1661:
presence of stopped or slow traffic ahead on unpredictable natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, landslides.
1261:
1081:, the UNECE working group on vehicular lighting regulation, to develop and implement a colour durability standard.
3232:
2002:) are used for stop, turn, reversing and rear fog lights, while bulbs of 4 to 10 W, producing 40 to 130
5848:
Caleffi, Felipe; Rodrigues, Lauren da Silva; Stamboroski, Joice da Silva; Pereira, Brenda Medeiros (2024-04-01).
2968:
2073:
LEDs were first applied to automotive lighting in centre high-mount stop lamps (CHMSLs), beginning with the 1986
1613:
Until about the 1970s in France, Spain, Morocco, and possibly other countries, many commercial vehicles and some
162:
Forward illumination is provided by high- ("main", "full", "driving") and low- ("dip", "dipped", "passing") beam
3757:
1222:
The CHMSL is generally required to illuminate steadily and not permitted to flash, though US regulators granted
6530:
5390:"The Front Brake Light. Its conception and theoretical and experimental evidence for increasing traffic safety"
3868:
3093:
2371:
1578:
5262:
6608:
6525:
6442:
5424:
4253:"Measurement of Effectiveness of Rear-Turn-Signal Systems Accidents from an Analysis of Actual Accident Data"
2725:
2568:
2390:
2155:
1067:
directive, banned cadmium because of its toxicity. Amber glass made without cadmium is relatively costly, so
114:
4065:
vehicle manufacturers changing the rear turn signal lamp color for a vehicle model from one year to the next
2006:(3 to 10 mscp) are used for tail lights, parking lights, side marker lights and side turn signal repeaters.
1855:(unless attention is called to a critical situation on another gauge) to improve the driver's night vision.
1007:
legal stumbles in some states and front turn signals were still legally permitted to emit white light until
6640:
4732:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment (48 FR 48235)"
4465:
2126:
2117:. The low and high beams, along with the position (parking) light and front turn signal, all use LEDs. The
1469:
1445:
1281:
1219:
light, the CHMSL also helps to disambiguate brake lights from rear position lights and turn signal lights.
809:
769:
565:
99:—signalling arms that flipped up, which later were lighted—were introduced in about 1900. Silent film star
5028:
4972:
4482:
4420:
3311:
3027:
2808:
2588:
1472:, each vehicle must be equipped with one or two rear-mounted, rear-facing reversing (or "backup") lights.
776:. Some evidence suggests that mirror-mounted turn signals may be more effective than fender-mounted ones.
6389:
6026:
4773:"Report No DOT HS 807 076, The Effectiveness of Center High Mounted Stop Lamps, A Preliminary Evaluation"
833:
4448:
3249:
3007:"SAE Standard J1373, "Rear Cornering Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less than 9.1 m in Overall Length""
1905:
are usually equipped with intense warning lights of particular colours. These may be motorised rotating
6591:
4850:
3457:
2675:
Relative merits of the U.S. and ECE high-beam maximum intensities and of two- and four-headlamp systems
2125:
Platinum used LEDs for the low and high beams, as well as for the position and side marker lights. The
1869:
1488:
1312:
1257:
66:
5890:
5849:
4322:
3796:. New York City, New York, USA: New York City Transit Authority Department of Buses: 7. Archived from
6671:
4676:
2656:
2051:
1462:
576:
266:
93:
for automobile headlights were first fitted around 1908 and became commonplace in 1920s automobiles.
5956:"The Long and Lighted Road: Lighting and Driving | Lighting Futures | Programs | LRC"
5764:
4867:
2257:. Distributive exterior lighting has also been explored, with high-intensity central light sources.
1230:
964:. These cams would actuate switches to turn on the lights in sequence. Later Ford cars and the 1969
661:
For many years, turn signals' on-off operation was activated by a thermal flasher unit which used a
5159:
4501:"J586: Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less than 2032 mm in Overall Width - SAE International"
3890:"The 2020 Chevy C8 Corvette Found a Way Around the U.S. Ban on Sequential Turn Signals @ Top Speed"
1793:
1736:
1563:
1331:
approved rules making emergency stop signals mandatory on new vehicles sold in the European Union.
1077:
1028:
898:
632:
33:
4798:
4750:
4567:
100 Years of Hella: From a Lamp Workshop to Global Supplier to the Automobile Industry (1899–1999)
3434:
902:
607:
retroreflectors on vehicles manufactured after 1 January 1968. This was amended to require lights
6346:
4772:
4694:
3233:"European Commission - Press release - New cars equipped with daytime running lights as of today"
1983:
1627:. This could be operated by the driver to indicate that it was safe for the following vehicle to
1567:
1536:
615:
561:
3758:"Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101: Location and Identification of Controls and Displays"
3543:
1234:
The rear end of a Renault Master. The offset third brake light above the door handle is visible.
994:
436:
South Korea, North Korea, Vietnam, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and much of the Middle East,
6563:
6209:
6019:
4868:
NHTSA analysis of flashing central 3rd stop light ideas, U.S. Federal Register, pp. 65510-65511
2114:
1654:
1145:
1116:
999:
841:
797:
789:
688:
chip to generate square waves to the relay coil, causing the relay contacts to open and close.
348:
20:
5532:
5070:
4886:
4711:
4050:
3994:
3110:
1796:
in 2018. The only production car to feature a built-in front brake light (as of 2023) was the
517:
UN Regulation 87 stipulates that DRLs must emit white light with an intensity of at least 400
6084:
5707:
4184:
3961:
3920:
3903:
3573:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment"
2462:
2297:
2254:
1247:
1059:
The amber bulbs commonly used in turn signals with colourless lenses are no longer made with
965:
894:
845:
685:
505:
countries where they are not required, but prohibited in other countries not requiring them.
5752:
5740:
5240:
1124:
1015:
6510:
5808:"Two States OK Mercedes-Benz's Turquoise Lights Signaling Hands-Free Driving | Motor Trend"
5656:
Effectiveness of LED Stop Lamps for Reducing Rear-End Crashes: Analyses of State Crash Data
5008:"RCW 46.37.100: Color of clearance lamps, side marker lamps, back-up lamps, and reflectors"
4934:
3094:"UN Regulation 53, "Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices for L3 vehicles""
2202:
2047:
1755:
1208:
651:
552:
490:
460:
5478:
5336:. Panorama > Innovation (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR).
3651:"We've All Been Living A Lie About Which Car Was The First With Modern-Style Turn Signals"
1099:
8:
6603:
6472:
6452:
6404:
6172:
5782:
5728:
5208:
5183:
5007:
4466:"UN Regulation 7: Front and rear position lamps, stop lamps and end-outline marker lamps"
1328:
1093:
753:
696:
572:
413:
2770:
2201:
Neon lights offer the same nearly instant rise time as LEDs, but require a high-voltage
1055:
The colour coating has started to flake off this PY27/7W bulb, a relatively new problem.
6409:
6283:
5528:
4731:
4303:
3685:
2589:"UN Regulation 98, "Motor vehicle headlamps equipped with gas-discharge light sources""
2552:"ISO 2575:2010, "Road vehicles – Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales""
2249:
2074:
2040:
1789:
1752:
1129:
949:
440:
166:, which may be augmented by auxiliary fog lights, driving lights, or cornering lights.
5113:
3139:"R-2003-28: State of the art with respect to implementation of daytime running lights"
3006:
2437:
2121:
features LED low beam, position and side marker lights in North America, and the 2009
6646:
6311:
6042:
5934:
5912:
5871:
5088:
4716:
4653:
4570:
4360:
4307:
4264:
4165:
4161:
3507:
3485:
3354:"NHTSA Docket 4124, Rulemaking to Reduce DRL Glare (aborted), with public complaints"
2985:
2787:
2742:
2468:
2344:
2187:
2122:
1882:
1837:
1426:
1269:
1104:
957:
692:
100:
62:
5955:
4037:, A Car Place, by Daniel Stern, dated 4 January 2018, last accessed 15 February 2020
719:
6575:
6558:
6351:
6316:
6126:
6116:
6079:
5985:
5902:
5861:
5682:
5638:
4384:
4352:
4295:
4256:
4157:
4092:
3716:
2860:
2678:
2511:
2334:
2323:
2318:
2302:
2288:
2232:
2214:
1930:
1296:
1273:
1181:
882:
837:
818:
773:
765:
748:
670:
596:
326:
301:
270:
150:
40:
5263:"Applications of Cars With Front Stop Lamp. Technological Novelty of Road Traffic"
3409:
3044:
2696:
2050:(LEDs) have increasingly been used in automotive lighting. They offer a very long
2021:, which used 55 Watts producing 1500 lumens and was introduced in Europe in 1962.
1429:
also had dual rear fog lights installed in the rear bumper as standard equipment.
1023:
was built with amber rear turn signals from 2006–2008 and red ones from 2009–2014.
1002:
has a US-spec red left rear turn signal and an international-spec amber right one.
948:
Two different systems were employed. The earlier, fitted to the 1965 through 1968
396:
359:
236:
permit higher-intensity high-beam headlights than allowed under U.S. and Canadian
6520:
6447:
6263:
6192:
3822:
3384:
1848:
1413:
1349:
were among the earlier automakers to begin equipping vehicles with ESS. In 2013,
1252:
1175:
961:
674:
662:
4522:"New Zealand vehicle inspection requirements manual, sec. 4-14: Reversing Lamps"
3439:. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DOT HS 806 430
6467:
6369:
6273:
6268:
5866:
5655:
4234:
2489:
2308:
1774:
1709:
1304:
953:
890:
886:
619:
combination) and the U.S. type amber front/red rear lights for passenger cars.
540:
529:
448:
375:
vehicle is travelling at less than 40 kilometres per hour (about 25 mph).
5907:
5395:. Bonn, Germany: Bonner Institut für Rechts- und Verkehrspsychologie (BIRVp).
5029:"UN Regulation 4, "Illumination of rear registration plates of motor vehicles"
4989:
4777:
Office of Standards Evaluation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
4546:
4421:"UN Regulation 37, Filament lamps of power-driven vehicles and their trailers"
4110:
3797:
3672:
3265:
2844:
Sivak, M.; Flannagan, M. J.; Traube, E. C.; Hashimoto, H.; Kojima, S. (1997).
1364:
The ESS is not expensive because it reuses existing warning and stop signals.
6665:
6630:
6419:
6384:
6379:
6331:
6303:
6278:
6204:
6187:
6136:
6099:
6089:
6071:
6006:
5916:
5875:
4364:
4348:
4268:
4252:
4081:
3847:
3636:
2845:
2245:
2220:
2183:
2158:, or HID lights, sometimes referred to as "xenon lights", are modified metal
2118:
1797:
1699:
1457:
1401:
1397:
1338:
1243:
1239:
1223:
1152:
972:
control module with no moving parts to wear, break, or go out of adjustment.
906:
761:
731:
Some cars from about 1900 to through 1966 used retractable semaphores called
497:
465:
364:
142:
47:
5558:"NHTSA studies vehicle safety and driver behavior to reduce vehicle crashes"
4588:
4299:
1315:
and 16.0% less risk to be involved as a middle vehicle in such a collision.
926:
6596:
6553:
6535:
6326:
6321:
6288:
6182:
6177:
6158:
6143:
6131:
6121:
6106:
6094:
6062:
4169:
4034:
3145:
2414:"Florence Lawrence: Automotive Inventor and the "World's First Movie Star""
2339:
2282:
2063:
2055:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1681:
1614:
1422:
979:
942:
732:
724:
713:
483:
478:
385:
110:
86:
82:
4021:
3144:. The Netherlands: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research. Archived from
2244:
In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent via
217:
6650:
6462:
6457:
6394:
6374:
6245:
5334:"Für mehr Verkehrssicherheit: Slowakei bringt vordere Bremsleuchte voran"
4388:
4240:(Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DOT HS 811 115.
4148:
Allen, Merrill J. (December 1964). "Misuse of red light on automobiles".
3065:
2682:
2274:
2078:
2054:, extreme vibration resistance, high colour durability, high efficiency (
1999:
1886:
1852:
1833:
1762:
1690:
1393:
1069:
most amber bulbs are now made with clear glass dipped in an amber coating
934:
829:
666:
185:
105:
96:
5597:
Research by Lighting Research Center of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
4951:
4349:"World Harmonization and Procedures for Lighting and Signaling Products"
4136:
An evaluation of rear-end signal system characteristics in night driving
599:
with headlights, amber front position lights, and side marker lights lit
227:
6424:
6341:
6293:
6240:
6153:
6148:
4574:
4500:
4351:. SAE Technical Paper Series (Report). Vol. 1. SAE International.
4255:. SAE Technical Paper Series (Report). Vol. 1. SAE International.
2497:
2224:
2150:
2106:
2030:
1894:
1628:
1620:
1432:
1417:
1405:
1288:
969:
914:
910:
709:
5607:
4235:
The Effectiveness of Amber Rear Turn Signals for Reducing Rear Impacts
3586:
3406:"Memorandum submitted by the Institution of Public Lighting Engineers"
2986:"SAE Standard J852, "Front Cornering Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles""
2305:(laws and recommendations can be similar to automotive specifications)
684:; one of many control strategies with relay-type flashers is to use a
288:
253:
6570:
6224:
6197:
6167:
3746:
U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101: Controls and displays
3312:"UN Regulation 87, "Daytime running lamps for power-driven vehicles""
2175:
2133:
nature of LEDs allows them to continue flashing with the engine off.
2067:
1922:
1902:
1890:
1844:
1782:
1778:
1644:
1379:
1212:
425:
335:
180:
6011:
2066:(¼ second) faster than incandescent bulbs. This effectively instant
1552:
1092:"Tail lamp" redirects here. For the tail lamp on rail vehicles, see
1051:
784:
388:, aimed by a handle protruding through the pillar into the vehicle.
117:(HID) headlights were produced starting in 1991. In 1993, the first
6515:
6399:
6255:
6214:
5989:
5854:
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition)
5642:
4356:
4260:
4096:
3715:, Ref 2005-01-0449, Society of Automotive Engineers, archived from
2864:
2313:
2138:
2013:
1970:
1898:
1874:
1669:
ahead on a dual carriageway with a speed limit of at least 50 mph.
1063:
glass, since various regulations worldwide, including the European
877:
727:
deploys from a vehicle's side to indicate a turn in that direction.
638:
262:
175:
163:
118:
78:
51:
37:
5847:
4610:"NHTSA explication of requirement for stop lamps to burn steadily"
3175:
International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles
1353:
introduced the concept on some of their Australian-market models.
137:. With some regional exceptions, lights facing rearward must emit
6336:
6219:
6111:
5557:
4203:"The Influence of Rear Turn Signal Characteristics on Crash Risk"
2191:
2110:
2035:
2018:
1926:
1829:
1530:
1409:
1060:
938:
930:
871:
646:
592:
522:
518:
212:
5977:
3028:"UN Regulation 119, "Cornering lamps for power-driven vehicles""
1518:
391:
104:
and by 1919, low-beam or dipped beam headlights were available.
28:
5850:"Small-scale self-driving cars: A systematic literature review"
5783:"BMW Z8 (2000 - 2003) used car review | Car review | RAC Drive"
5626:
4486:
3772:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Controls and Displays"
2228:
2195:
2159:
1334:
822:
412:
Front position light lit within front light assembly on a 2018
90:
5978:"Low Beam Head Lamp Design Using Distributive Lighting System"
3436:
An Evaluation of Side Marker Lamps For Cars, Trucks, and Buses
3219:"European Commission Enterprise and Industry web page on DRLs"
2496:. United Nations Conference on Road Traffic. 1949 – via
2461:
Woerdenweber, Burkard; Wallaschek, Jörg; Boyce, Peter (2010).
1199:
1115:"Tail lights" redirects here. For the song by Macklemore, see
489:
Some countries permit or require vehicles to be equipped with
5332:
Allweiß, Marianne (2023-05-19). Written at Prague, Czechia.
4381:
2843:
2179:
2163:
2129:
used entirely LED lights, even in the most basic trim level.
2091:
1994:
Typically, bulbs of 21 to 27 watts producing 280 to 570
1342:
1187:
1159:
681:
297:
146:
4055:, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015-12-16
3999:, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015-12-16
2859:. SAE 970657. Vol. 1. Society of Automotive Engineers.
1527:
clearance lights may be amber in Australia and New Zealand.
322:
6414:
5296:"Subjective evaluation of the front-mounted braking signal"
3935:
Amber Waves of Pain: When Front Turn Signals Changed Colour
2488:
2460:
2141:
must withstand endurance tests and function failure tests.
2095:
2083:
2059:
1950:
1702:
trucks without (top) and with (bottom) direct illumination
1389:
1300:
922:
918:
313:
309:
55:
4079:
2105:
was the first passenger car with LED taillights. The 2002
764:
introduced side turn signal repeaters integrated into the
6053:
5388:
Schubert, Wolfgang; Kirschbaum, Bernhard (October 2018).
5381:
3963:
CODE DE LA ROUTE – Arrêté grand-ducal du 23 novembre 1955
3721:
2850:
2109:
was an early adopter of LED front turn signals. The 2007
2087:
1350:
1346:
1190:
1144:"Brake lights" redirects here. For the Game mixtape, see
952:-built cars and the 1971–1972 Nissan Cedric, employed an
680:
Thermal flashers gradually gave way to electromechanical
551:
The dim-dip systems were not intended for daytime use as
305:
265:
cars, and are occasionally fitted to production vehicles
141:
light, side-facing lights and all turn signals must emit
138:
5889:
Hirte, Georg; Laes, Renée; Gerike, Regine (2023-10-01).
5583:
Evaluation of Light-Emitting Diode Beacon Light Fixtures
5077:. Vol. 158, no. 2. February 1951. p. 141.
4952:"J593: Backup Lamp (Reversing Lamp) - SAE International"
4671:
4669:
4111:"The Senseless Ambiguity of North American Turn Signals"
2846:"Fog Lamps: Frequency of Installation and Nature of Use"
1965:
81:
before the availability of electric lighting. The first
5588:(Report). New York State Department of Transportation.
4677:"High Level or Supplemental Brake Lamps - AUTO BREVITY"
4285:
3612:"Here's Why Your Turn Signals Make That Clicking Noise"
1941:
5581:
Bullough, John; Skinner, Nicholas P. (December 2009).
5535:. Mondial Paris Motor Show, Paris, France: GFG Style.
5358:
Glaser, Beate M. (2017-07-13). Galifi, Roberto (ed.).
4080:
Hitzemeyer, E. G.; Wilde, H.; Ellenburger, D. (1977).
3686:"Trafficators/flippers: how old cars used to indicate"
1648:
ISO symbol for hazard warning signal, UNECE 121 symbol
1169:
779:
5829:"Mercedes to differentiate AVs with turquoise lights"
5135:"The truth behind the hazard light 'thank you' flash"
4666:
2231:, the only states where it is legal to operate their
2178:
tubes were introduced into series production for the
1242:. Other specialised fitments are sometimes seen; the
1196:
1110:
5931:"Designing Advanced Automotive Illumination Systems"
2350:
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
2264:
1308:
long-term enduring crash-reduction benefit of 4.3%.
587:
5895:
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
5287:
5047:"Why Can't Those 3 Upper ID Lights Be Mounted Low?"
4516:
4514:
3946:"New Amber Turn Signals Causing Unexpected Turmoil"
3787:"Talking Technical: Bus Directional/Signals Lights"
3712:
Geometric Visibility of Mirror-Mounted Turn Signals
3512:, Government of Australia, 2006-04-26, para. 45.3.3
3490:, Government of Australia, 2006-04-26, para. 45.3.1
1739:accessories, but are today seldom seen in traffic.
1715:
1193:
1184:
796:to flash in opposite-phase. An audio and/or visual
5387:
5294:Post, David V.; Mortimer, Rudolf G. (1971-04-08).
4851:"Emergency Stop Signal explained | CarAdvice"
4738:, vol. 48, no. 202, pp. 48235–48244
3533:UNECE 1958 agreement, addendum 120, regulation 121
3428:
3426:
1815:
821:signal-on position just shy of the left and right
555:. Rather, they operated if the engine was running
181:Low beam (dipped beam, passing beam, meeting beam)
3977:"Direction indicator lamps - NZTA Vehicle Portal"
2743:"SAE Standard J581, "Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps""
2372:"The Strange but True History of the Turn Signal"
2190:with a neon tube spanning the width of the trunk
2144:
1777:to showcase the potential applications for their
575:successfully prosecuted the UK government in the
273:that receive fewer daylight hours during winter.
6663:
5366:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Autoveritas GmbH.
5327:
5325:
5323:
4511:
4091:. Vol. 1. Society of Automotive Engineers.
4052:New Car Assessment Program, Request For Comments
3996:New Car Assessment Program, Request For Comments
3794:The Leader – Department of Buses Newsletter
1729:
1482:
1425:, have an option for them. The final generation
1383:ISO symbol for rear fog lights, UNECE 121 symbol
691:Modern cars now use a relaxation oscillator and
5888:
5751:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
5739:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
5727:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
5580:
5496:
5471:
5418:
5416:
4749:Kahane, Charles J.; Hertz, Ellen (March 1998).
4637:, vol. 71, no. 19, pp. 4961–4963
4569:. Management Board of Hella KG Hueck & Co.
4251:Taylor, Gordon W.; Ng, Winson K. (1981-02-01).
3423:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3132:
3130:
836:, have turn signals activated by floor-mounted
700:module will only flash the lights three times.
133:and later specified in the 1968 United Nations
5624:
4990:"Preventing accidents with amber turn signals"
3385:"UK Dim-Dip Running Lights Regulatory History"
2709:
2329:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
2024:
1810:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1531:Intermediate side marker lights and reflectors
1318:
1293:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1037:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
752:Mirror-mounted side turn signal repeater on a
631:"Blinker" redirects here. For other uses, see
213:High beam (main beam, driving beam, full beam)
19:For the company owned by Magneti Marelli, see
6027:
5948:
5320:
5160:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989"
4931:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989"
4589:"NHTSA denial of petition for flashing CHMSL"
4320:
4075:
4073:
4045:
4043:
3869:"Ford Unveils the New Pony: The 2010 Mustang"
3708:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3544:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989"
3360:. US Department of Transportation. 1998-08-07
3335:. US Department of Transportation. 1998-01-09
2657:"FMVSS No. 108: Lamps and Reflective Devices"
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
1139:
840:on the floor near the driver's left foot (on
650:Illuminated front and side turn signals on a
642:ISO symbol for turn signals, UNECE 121 symbol
496:Passenger cars and small delivery vans first
443:lights rather than the vehicle's headlights.
392:Conspicuity, signal and identification lights
204:The United States and Canada use proprietary
113:headlights were developed in Europe in 1960.
5669:"The First Vehicle with All-LED Tail Lights"
5576:
5574:
5413:
5351:
5293:
5254:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4035:Turn signals — amber or red? Yes, it matters
3371:
3329:"NHTSA Docket 3319 for DRL Glare Complaints"
3211:
3127:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2039:Light-emitting diode (LED) tail lights of a
1634:
1513:
1452:
673:. When activated by the stalk switch on the
5625:Flannagan, Michael; Sivak, Michael (1989).
4748:
3904:"Detroit Report: Safer directionals coming"
3741:
3739:
3171:"LILAC—Low Intensity Large Area City light"
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
1863:
1803:
1581:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
145:light, and lights facing forward must emit
6034:
6020:
5454:"Doing the Right New Lights the Right Way"
4695:"1968 Ford Thunderbird Optional Equipment"
4070:
4040:
4023:Turn Signals—Amber Or Red? Yes, It Matters
3648:
3597:
3560:
3196:"StVZO §51c Parkleuchten, Park-Warntafeln"
3136:
2527:
2438:"Florence Lawrence - Lemelson-MIT Program"
2012:lights are a very common light source for
1957:display a number identifying the vehicle.
852:
124:
5906:
5865:
5753:Regulations 121–140 (Accessed 12.04.2015)
5741:Regulations 101–120 (Accessed 12.04.2015)
5571:
5521:
5431:. Warsaw, Poland: Instytut Jagielloński.
4553:
4449:"GRE 52nd session, informal document #27"
4294:(1). UMTRI, Taylor & Francis: 62–68.
4082:"What Color Should Rear Turn Signals Be?"
2827:"Why Fog Lamps Are Starting to Disappear"
2369:
1601:Learn how and when to remove this message
454:
5826:
5527:
4946:
4944:
4641:
4564:
4346:
4250:
4134:Rockwell, T. H., Safford, R. R. (1969):
3820:
3750:
3736:
3480:
3478:
2887:. NSW Government (Australia). 2012-12-14
2598:
2512:"U.N. Convention on Road Traffic (1968)"
2239:
2034:
1964:
1940:
1873:
1761:Front brake lights were demonstrated in
1698:Red rear side marker retroreflectors on
1643:
1639:
1517:
1504:
1456:
1431:
1378:
1229:
1123:
1098:
1050:
1014:
993:
856:
783:
747:
718:
645:
637:
591:
477:
464:
424:
420:
407:
358:
321:
287:
252:
216:
184:
27:
5975:
5331:
5089:"SAE J910:Hazard Warning Signal Switch"
4967:
4965:
4647:
4565:Burghoff, Wilhelm; et al. (1999).
4182:
3529:
3527:
3525:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2697:"ISO 7000:2012-0639, "Long-range lamp""
2454:
2186:. Notable later uses included the 1998
1724:
1542:
512:
157:
6664:
5805:
5729:Regulations 1–20 (Accessed 20.08.2012)
5422:
5357:
5260:
4770:
4407:Official Journal of the European Union
3709:Flannagan, M. J.; Reed, M. P. (2005),
3432:
3088:
3086:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2809:"UNECE Regulation 19, Front Fog Lamps"
2788:"SAE Standard J583, "Front Fog Lamps""
2583:
2581:
2563:
2561:
1977:
1858:
1623:had a green light mounted on the rear
805:steering wheel is about to be turned.
768:in 1998, starting with its facelifted
6041:
6015:
5666:
5218:. Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles
4941:
4729:
4628:
4321:Van Iderstine, Richard (2004-11-04).
4232:
4147:
3845:
3784:
3579:
3475:
3460:. Daniel Stern Lighting. 2002-12-12.
3188:
3058:
2672:
2504:
2481:
2388:
1742:
1262:first-generation Ford Transit Connect
989:
469:ISO symbol for daytime running lights
6636:
4962:
4648:Gaudean, George J. (December 1996).
3642:
3522:
3168:
3020:
2824:
2718:
2464:Automotive Lighting and Human Vision
2411:
2382:
2198:, which made extensive use of neon.
1973:reflector to achieve a directed beam
1579:adding citations to reliable sources
1546:
1495:
1046:
743:
6609:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
4973:"UN Regulation 23: Reversing Lamps"
4458:
3821:Glassman, Jacqueline (2003-05-22).
3304:
3250:EU to make DRLs mandatory from 2011
3083:
2898:
2801:
2578:
2558:
1170:Center high mount stop lamp (CHMSL)
788:Two types of dashboard turn signal
780:Electrical connection and switching
354:
283:
243:
69:to warn drivers of their presence.
13:
5984:. Vol. 1. SAE International.
5071:"Car Lights Flash Warning Signals"
4911:"NHTSA response to MBUSA petition"
4791:"EU Legislation on Vehicle Safety"
3924:magazine, August 1962, pp. 70, 182
3871:. nationalspeedinc.com. 2008-11-18
3382:
2405:
1672:
1374:
1111:Rear position lights (tail lights)
1078:Groupe des Rapporteurs d'Éclairage
16:Lighting system of a motor vehicle
14:
6688:
6000:
5976:Jenkins, D.; et al. (1996).
5933:. Ptbmagazine.com. Archived from
5827:Thompson, Michelle (2023-12-28).
5560:. US Department of Transportation
4771:Kahane, Charles J. (March 1987),
3262:"AL-Automotive Lighting DRL info"
2491:Geneva Convention on Road Traffic
1878:Light bar on a British police car
1327:In February 2019, members of the
1164:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
588:Side marker lights and reflectors
535:
482:LED daytime running lights on an
248:
135:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
131:Geneva Convention on Road Traffic
6645:
6635:
6626:
6625:
6052:Part of a series of articles on
5969:
5923:
5891:"Working from self-driving cars"
5882:
5841:
5820:
5799:
5775:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5721:
5696:
5675:
5660:
5649:
5618:
5600:
5595:from the original on 2013-07-29.
5550:
5446:
5239:. State of Idaho. Archived from
5229:
5201:
5176:
5152:
5127:
5106:
5081:
5063:
5044:
5038:
5021:
5000:
4982:
4923:
4903:
4872:
4861:
4843:
4812:
4783:
4764:
4742:
4723:
4705:
4687:
4371:from the original on 2009-02-13.
4275:from the original on 2007-09-28.
4162:10.1097/00006324-196412000-00001
3649:Torchinsky, Jason (2023-08-23).
3433:Kahane, Charles J. (July 1983).
2401:from the original on 2023-04-03.
2281:
2267:
1960:
1936:
1716:Variable-intensity signal lights
1689:
1680:
1657:must be provided to the driver.
1551:
1180:
1027:In Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the
257:ISO symbol for long-range lights
154:sections later in this article.
6007:Turn signal patent, issued 1909
5627:"An Improved Braking Indicator"
5539:from the original on 2023-05-20
5510:from the original on 2023-05-20
5485:from the original on 2022-11-05
5435:from the original on 2023-05-20
5402:from the original on 2023-05-19
5370:from the original on 2023-05-20
5340:from the original on 2023-05-20
5308:from the original on 2023-05-20
5275:from the original on 2023-05-19
4832:from the original on 2007-03-18
4622:
4602:
4581:
4535:
4493:
4475:
4441:
4413:
4395:
4375:
4340:
4314:
4279:
4244:
4226:
4195:
4176:
4141:
4128:
4103:
4014:
3987:
3969:
3955:
3939:
3928:
3914:
3896:
3882:
3861:
3839:
3814:
3778:
3764:
3702:
3678:
3665:
3629:
3536:
3500:
3464:from the original on 2006-08-20
3450:
3398:
3346:
3321:
3290:
3272:
3254:
3243:
3225:
3162:
3103:
3037:
2999:
2978:
2877:
2837:
2818:
2780:
2756:
2735:
2703:
2689:
2666:
2208:
1832:. Many cars have lights in the
1816:Interior and convenience lights
1258:third-generation Renault Master
1103:Double taillights mounted on a
626:
473:
292:ISO symbol for front fog lights
5633:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
5268:. Split, Croatia: HRT Zagreb.
5190:. Washington State Legislature
4712:"'71 Cars: GM's Family Movers"
4543:"Motor Vehicle Rules in India"
3981:vehicleinspection.nzta.govt.nz
3846:Jones, Erika Z. (1988-11-03).
3408:. Daniel Stern. Archived from
2430:
2363:
2145:High intensity discharge (HID)
1843:Most gauges and controls on a
1836:, the engine compartment, the
1735:have in the past been sold as
960:, a set of three slow-turning
870:Sequential turn signals on an
849:self-cancellation or passing.
838:momentary-contact footswitches
521:on axis and no more than 1200
429:ISO symbol for position lights
67:distinctive lighting equipment
1:
6443:Approach and departure angles
5806:Banner, Justin (2023-12-19).
5423:Hochel, Martin (2023-02-23).
4150:American Journal of Optometry
2825:Cobb, James G. (2017-06-29).
2389:Gross, Jessica (2013-07-14).
2370:Motavalli, Jim (2019-10-03).
2356:
2170:
1730:Multicolour auxiliary signals
1483:Rear registration plate light
378:
169:
5667:Davis, Steven (2022-11-01).
5184:"Revised Code of Washington"
4797:. 2019-08-06. Archived from
4795:Vehicular Technology Society
4545:. 2011-08-21. Archived from
4485:. 2011-08-09. Archived from
4347:Dorleans, Guy (1997-02-24).
4183:Francis, Devon (June 1961).
3458:"Flashing Side marker Lamps"
3358:DOT Docket Management System
3333:DOT Docket Management System
3137:Commandeur, Jacques (2008).
2467:. Springer. pp. 95–96.
2418:Historic Vehicle Association
2391:"Who Made That Turn Signal?"
2180:centre high-mount stop light
2127:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)
1781:material, as well as in the
1280:(from 1971 to 1978) and the
893:between 1967 and 1970, 1969
703:
363:A cornering light on a 1983
7:
6506:Automotive light bulb types
5608:"Dome Light | dc taxi"
5209:"Oregon Vehicle Code, 2015"
4026:, acarplace.com, 2018-01-04
3785:Cuomo, Ronald (June 2003).
3298:"E.U. Directive 2008/89/EC"
2395:The New York Times Magazine
2260:
2101:In North America, the 2000
2025:Light-emitting diodes (LED)
1436:Single rear fog light on a
1319:Emergency stop signal (ESS)
10:
6693:
5982:SAE Technical Paper Series
5867:10.1016/j.jtte.2023.09.005
5704:"Kia Opirus press release"
5685:. Ask.cars.com. 2008-09-16
5683:"What are LED taillights?"
4524:. Ltsa.govt.nz. 2012-07-24
4138:, pp. 12–13, 17, 33, 41–42
4089:SAE Technical Paper Series
2857:SAE Technical Paper Series
2212:
2148:
2028:
2000:mean spherical candlepower
1870:Emergency vehicle lighting
1867:
1461:Lit reversing lights on a
1150:
1143:
1140:Stop lights (brake lights)
1128:Full LED rear lights on a
1114:
1091:
881:fitted to 1965–1971-model
630:
582:
458:
173:
72:
18:
6621:
6584:
6546:
6496:
6485:
6435:
6362:
6302:
6254:
6233:
6070:
6061:
6049:
5908:10.1016/j.tra.2023.103785
5506:. Rohm & Haas. 1969.
5481:. Rohm & Haas. 1967.
4880:"Dynamic stop lamp study"
4825:. Volvo Cars of America.
3910:. April 1962. p. 70.
2412:Paul, John (2016-03-23).
1969:Light source placed in a
1635:Emergency warning devices
1514:End-outline marker lights
1463:Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren
1453:Reversing (backup) lights
1421:as the second generation
577:European Court of Justice
280:operated in urban areas.
77:Early road vehicles used
6526:high-intensity discharge
4591:. Regulations.justia.com
4483:"Mot Test Brakes lights"
4323:"Washington Post Online"
2156:High-intensity discharge
1945:An illuminated taxi sign
1864:Emergency vehicle lights
1804:Research and development
1794:Mondial Paris Motor Show
1522:End outline marker light
1446:prevailing driver's side
1287:Effective with the 1986
1151:Not to be confused with
633:Blinker (disambiguation)
403:
221:ISO symbol for high beam
115:High-intensity discharge
6677:Automotive technologies
4820:"The All-New Volvo S80"
4699:automotivemileposts.com
4681:automotivemileposts.com
4300:10.1080/001401397188378
2710:General Motors (1965).
1984:incandescent light bulb
1933:in certain conditions.
1828:lighting activated via
1087:
853:Sequential turn signals
189:ISO symbol for low beam
125:Colour of light emitted
6210:Stressed member engine
5671:. Halo-Headlights.com.
4650:Motor Vehicle Lighting
3952:, 23 March 1963, p. 65
3045:"Sidelight definition"
2115:AL-Automotive Lighting
2043:
1974:
1946:
1879:
1649:
1537:Australian Design Rule
1523:
1465:
1440:
1384:
1235:
1146:Brake Lights (mixtape)
1132:
1107:
1056:
1024:
1003:
1000:Mercedes-Benz ML-Class
874:
792:
756:
728:
654:
643:
616:Australian Design Rule
600:
491:daytime running lights
486:
470:
455:Daytime running lights
430:
417:
367:
330:
293:
258:
222:
190:
43:
21:AL-Automotive Lighting
6342:Windshield/windscreen
5116:. Sae.org. 1996-08-01
4652:. SAE International.
4329:. The Washington Post
3673:U.S. patent 2,122,508
3284:drivingvisionnews.com
2790:. Sae.org. 2005-09-08
2298:Automotive lamp types
2240:Distributive lighting
2223:received approval in
2048:light-emitting diodes
2038:
1968:
1944:
1913:, or arrays of LEDs.
1899:snow-removal vehicles
1877:
1647:
1640:Hazard warning signal
1521:
1505:Identification lights
1460:
1438:Mercedes-Benz M-Class
1435:
1382:
1248:Land Rover Freelander
1233:
1215:as its light source.
1127:
1102:
1054:
1018:
997:
869:
846:New York City Transit
787:
751:
722:
686:relaxation oscillator
649:
641:
597:1974 Plymouth Valiant
595:
481:
468:
428:
421:Front position lights
411:
362:
325:
291:
256:
220:
188:
31:
6511:Daytime running lamp
5261:Poljak, Ivo (2009).
5114:"SAE J1690:Flashers"
4730:NHTSA (1983-10-18),
4629:NHTSA (2006-01-30),
4233:Allen, Kirk (2009).
3966:, Artt. 41 and 41bis
3690:Join me in the 1900s
3169:Reid, J. A. (1978).
2673:Rumar, Kåre (2000).
1765:including the 1967
1756:Dieter-Lebrecht Koch
1725:Experimental systems
1575:improve this section
1543:Rear overtake lights
1291:, the United States
513:Intensity and colour
461:Daytime running lamp
158:Forward illumination
6473:Weight distribution
6405:Omniview technology
5631:SAE Technical Paper
5529:Giugiaro, Giorgetto
5458:Driving Vision News
3850:. Isearch.nhtsa.gov
3637:U.S. patent 912,831
3587:"SAE International"
3072:. SAE International
2151:Headlamp § HID
2031:Headlamp § LED
1978:Incandescent lights
1859:On service vehicles
1329:European Parliament
1278:Oldsmobile Toronado
1094:End-of-train device
754:Volkswagen Golf Mk5
697:body control module
573:European Commission
414:Dodge Grand Caravan
36:rear lighting on a
6592:Registration plate
5429:3Seas Europe (3SE)
5164:legislation.gov.uk
3548:legislation.gov.uk
3115:legislation.gov.au
3113:. Infrastructure.
2969:"UN Regulation 48"
2831:The New York Times
2219:In December 2023,
2075:Chevrolet Corvette
2044:
1975:
1947:
1883:Emergency vehicles
1880:
1790:Giorgetto Giugiaro
1769:and the and 1969
1753:EU parliamentarian
1743:Front brake lights
1650:
1524:
1489:registration plate
1466:
1441:
1385:
1236:
1133:
1130:BMW 7 Series (G11)
1108:
1057:
1025:
1004:
990:Turn signal colour
875:
793:
757:
729:
655:
644:
601:
525:in any direction.
487:
471:
431:
418:
368:
331:
294:
259:
234:UN ECE Regulations
223:
198:UN ECE regulations
191:
63:emergency vehicles
44:
6659:
6658:
6617:
6616:
6481:
6480:
6312:Glass run channel
6246:Trunk/boot/dickie
6043:Automotive design
5010:. Apps.leg.wa.gov
4956:standards.sae.org
4717:Popular Mechanics
4659:978-1-56091-753-3
4505:standards.sae.org
3950:The Reading Eagle
3922:Popular Mechanics
3827:Isearch.nhtsa.gov
3070:standards.sae.org
3047:. Ldoceonline.com
2712:Optics and Wheels
2345:Twilight Sentinel
2188:Lincoln Mark VIII
2162:lights employing
2123:Cadillac Escalade
1931:mobility scooters
1792:and shown at the
1706:
1705:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1496:On large vehicles
1427:Oldsmobile Aurora
1105:road-rail vehicle
1047:Colour durability
958:reduction gearing
956:driving, through
883:Ford Thunderbirds
867:
834:those in New York
766:side-view mirrors
744:Side turn signals
693:solid-state relay
566:left-hand traffic
101:Florence Lawrence
6684:
6672:Automotive lamps
6649:
6639:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6576:Window deflector
6559:Side-view mirror
6494:
6493:
6117:Continental tire
6080:Backbone chassis
6068:
6067:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6013:
6012:
5994:
5993:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5706:. Archived from
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5664:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5420:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5401:
5394:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5329:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5307:
5300:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5267:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5237:"Idaho Statutes"
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4933:. Archived from
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4885:. Archived from
4884:
4876:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4779:, Washington, DC
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4736:Federal Register
4727:
4721:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4635:Federal Register
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4562:
4551:
4550:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4391:. UMTRI-2005-19.
4379:
4373:
4372:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4327:Vehicle Lighting
4318:
4312:
4311:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4214:
4208:. Archived from
4207:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4185:"Amber to turn?"
4180:
4174:
4173:
4145:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4047:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3983:. December 2019.
3973:
3967:
3959:
3953:
3943:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3791:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3748:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3657:. Archived from
3646:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3608:
3595:
3594:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3264:. Archived from
3258:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2854:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2769:. Archived from
2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2474:978-3-54036697-3
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2442:lemelson.mit.edu
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2335:Navigation light
2324:Lighting-up time
2319:Hidden headlamps
2303:Bicycle lighting
2291:
2289:Transport portal
2286:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2215:Self-driving car
2103:Cadillac Deville
2086:LEDs; by mixing
2010:Tungsten-halogen
1767:Explorer IV
1693:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1555:
1547:
1297:Transport Canada
1274:Ford Thunderbird
1253:UN Regulation 48
1211:, or a strip of
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1176:UN Regulation 48
1070:
985:
868:
671:bimetallic strip
545:UN Regulation 48
437:
355:Cornering lights
327:Selective yellow
302:selective yellow
284:Front fog lights
271:Nordic countries
244:Auxiliary lights
151:selective yellow
6692:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6613:
6580:
6542:
6490:
6488:
6477:
6448:Breakover angle
6431:
6358:
6298:
6250:
6229:
6057:
6045:
6040:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5974:
5970:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5940:
5938:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5887:
5883:
5846:
5842:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5812:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5791:
5789:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5713:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5688:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5650:
5623:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5592:
5585:
5579:
5572:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5542:
5540:
5526:
5522:
5513:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5414:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5373:
5371:
5356:
5352:
5343:
5341:
5330:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5246:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5168:
5166:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5144:
5142:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5119:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5098:
5096:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5075:Popular Science
5069:
5068:
5064:
5055:
5053:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5013:
5011:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4862:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4804:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4769:
4765:
4756:
4754:
4747:
4743:
4728:
4724:
4710:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4646:
4642:
4627:
4623:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4563:
4554:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4319:
4315:
4284:
4280:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4189:Popular Science
4181:
4177:
4156:(12): 695–699.
4146:
4142:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4058:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4029:
4027:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4002:
4000:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3956:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3915:
3908:Popular Science
3902:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3831:
3829:
3819:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3244:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2410:
2406:
2387:
2383:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2242:
2217:
2211:
2173:
2153:
2147:
2033:
2027:
1980:
1963:
1939:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1818:
1806:
1775:Rohm & Haas
1771:Explorer V
1745:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1710:Retroreflectors
1675:
1673:Retroreflectors
1642:
1637:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1572:
1556:
1545:
1533:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1485:
1455:
1377:
1375:Rear fog lights
1371:
1321:
1313:chain collision
1183:
1179:
1172:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1122:
1113:
1097:
1090:
1068:
1049:
1021:Honda Ridgeline
992:
983:
911:Nissan Bluebird
899:Japanese-market
891:Shelby Mustangs
887:Mercury Cougars
857:
855:
842:left-hand drive
810:left-hand drive
782:
746:
706:
695:built into the
675:steering column
663:heating element
636:
629:
590:
585:
564:countries with
538:
515:
476:
463:
457:
449:retroreflectors
435:
423:
406:
394:
381:
357:
286:
251:
246:
230:other drivers.
215:
183:
178:
172:
160:
127:
75:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6690:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6547:Other elements
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6491:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6468:Turning radius
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6370:Bumper sticker
6366:
6364:
6363:Other elements
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6146:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6002:
6001:External links
5999:
5996:
5995:
5990:10.4271/960489
5968:
5947:
5922:
5881:
5860:(2): 271–292.
5840:
5819:
5798:
5774:
5756:
5744:
5732:
5720:
5695:
5674:
5659:
5648:
5643:10.4271/890189
5617:
5599:
5570:
5549:
5533:"Sibylla GG80"
5531:, ed. (2018).
5520:
5495:
5470:
5445:
5412:
5380:
5350:
5319:
5286:
5253:
5228:
5200:
5175:
5151:
5126:
5105:
5080:
5062:
5037:
5020:
4999:
4981:
4961:
4940:
4937:on 2015-05-03.
4922:
4902:
4871:
4860:
4842:
4811:
4782:
4763:
4741:
4722:
4720:, October 1970
4704:
4686:
4665:
4658:
4640:
4621:
4601:
4580:
4552:
4549:on 2011-08-21.
4534:
4510:
4492:
4489:on 2011-08-09.
4474:
4457:
4440:
4412:
4394:
4374:
4357:10.4271/970913
4339:
4313:
4278:
4261:10.4271/810192
4243:
4225:
4194:
4175:
4140:
4127:
4102:
4097:10.4271/770812
4069:
4039:
4013:
3986:
3968:
3954:
3938:
3927:
3913:
3895:
3881:
3860:
3838:
3813:
3777:
3763:
3749:
3735:
3701:
3677:
3664:
3661:on 2023-08-23.
3641:
3628:
3596:
3578:
3559:
3535:
3521:
3499:
3474:
3449:
3422:
3397:
3383:Gaynor, Mark.
3370:
3345:
3320:
3303:
3289:
3271:
3268:on 2009-04-29.
3253:
3242:
3224:
3210:
3187:
3161:
3126:
3102:
3082:
3057:
3036:
3019:
2998:
2977:
2897:
2876:
2865:10.4271/970657
2836:
2817:
2800:
2779:
2776:on 2008-10-29.
2755:
2734:
2717:
2702:
2688:
2665:
2597:
2577:
2557:
2526:
2503:
2480:
2473:
2453:
2429:
2404:
2381:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Blackout light
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2278:
2262:
2259:
2246:optical fibres
2241:
2238:
2210:
2207:
2172:
2169:
2146:
2143:
2026:
2023:
1988:types of bulbs
1979:
1976:
1962:
1959:
1938:
1935:
1868:Main article:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1744:
1741:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1671:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1609:
1608:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1532:
1529:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1484:
1481:
1454:
1451:
1376:
1373:
1320:
1317:
1305:novelty effect
1270:Volkswagen Bus
1171:
1168:
1141:
1138:
1112:
1109:
1089:
1086:
1048:
1045:
991:
988:
970:transistorised
954:electric motor
854:
851:
781:
778:
770:E-Class (W210)
745:
742:
705:
702:
628:
625:
589:
586:
584:
581:
537:
536:Dim-dip lights
534:
514:
511:
475:
472:
459:Main article:
456:
453:
422:
419:
405:
402:
393:
390:
380:
377:
356:
353:
285:
282:
250:
249:Driving lights
247:
245:
242:
214:
211:
182:
179:
174:Main article:
171:
168:
159:
156:
126:
123:
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6689:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6634:
6632:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6484:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6385:Hood ornament
6383:
6381:
6380:Front-end bra
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:Quarter glass
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6188:Quarter panel
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:Body-on-frame
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6008:
6005:
6004:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5958:. Lrc.rpi.edu
5957:
5951:
5937:on 2011-10-04
5936:
5932:
5926:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5830:
5823:
5809:
5802:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5710:on 2014-07-25
5709:
5705:
5699:
5684:
5678:
5670:
5663:
5657:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5575:
5559:
5553:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5484:
5480:
5479:"Explorer IV"
5474:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5417:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5369:
5365:
5364:UnfallZeitung
5361:
5354:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5243:on 2009-02-07
5242:
5238:
5232:
5217:
5210:
5204:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5115:
5109:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5030:
5024:
5009:
5003:
4995:
4994:acarplace.com
4991:
4985:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4912:
4906:
4892:on 2008-10-29
4888:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4864:
4856:
4855:CarAdvice.com
4852:
4846:
4828:
4821:
4815:
4801:on 2019-11-01
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4752:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4611:
4605:
4590:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4467:
4461:
4450:
4444:
4429:
4422:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4390:
4389:2027.42/57446
4386:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4236:
4229:
4215:on 2012-07-12
4211:
4204:
4198:
4191:. p. 40.
4190:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4131:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4010:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3892:. 2019-07-22.
3891:
3885:
3870:
3864:
3849:
3842:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3803:on 2008-10-29
3799:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:. 2003-09-23.
3773:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3726:on 2007-09-30
3723:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3575:. 2007-12-04.
3574:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3412:on 2016-03-22
3411:
3407:
3401:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3197:
3191:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3151:on 2012-02-18
3147:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3029:
3023:
3008:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2886:
2880:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2810:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2744:
2738:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2683:2027.42/49438
2680:
2676:
2669:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:Mercedes-Benz
2216:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:Ford Explorer
2181:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:Lexus LS 600h
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1967:
1961:Light sources
1958:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1937:Taxi displays
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:mobile cranes
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1798:Bricklin SV-1
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1700:Ford F-series
1697:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1605:
1602:
1594:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1560:This section
1558:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:Mercedes-Benz
1395:
1391:
1381:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Mercedes-Benz
1336:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1282:Buick Riviera
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1244:Jeep Wrangler
1241:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:Mercedes-Benz
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1153:Traffic light
1147:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:GCC countries
1022:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1001:
996:
987:
981:
977:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
943:Ford Mustangs
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Nissan Laurel
904:
903:Nissan Cedric
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
873:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:transit buses
826:
824:
820:
814:
811:
806:
802:
799:
791:
786:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Mercedes-Benz
755:
750:
741:
737:
734:
726:
721:
717:
715:
711:
701:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
653:
648:
640:
634:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
598:
594:
580:
578:
574:
571:In 1988, the
569:
567:
563:
558:
554:
549:
546:
542:
533:
531:
526:
524:
520:
510:
506:
502:
499:
498:type approved
494:
492:
485:
480:
467:
462:
452:
450:
444:
442:
427:
415:
410:
401:
398:
389:
387:
376:
372:
366:
365:Oldsmobile 98
361:
352:
350:
344:
340:
337:
328:
324:
320:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
281:
277:
274:
272:
268:
264:
255:
241:
239:
238:FMVSS / CMVSS
235:
231:
229:
219:
210:
207:
206:FMVSS / CMVSS
202:
199:
195:
187:
177:
167:
165:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
87:carbide lamps
84:
80:
79:fuelled lamps
70:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
48:motor vehicle
42:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
6597:vanity plate
6536:trafficators
6497:
6347:washer fluid
6327:Power window
6322:Opera window
6234:Compartments
6122:Crumple zone
6107:Cabrio coach
6051:
5981:
5971:
5960:. Retrieved
5950:
5939:. Retrieved
5935:the original
5925:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5832:. Retrieved
5822:
5811:. Retrieved
5801:
5790:. Retrieved
5786:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5712:. Retrieved
5708:the original
5698:
5687:. Retrieved
5677:
5662:
5651:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5562:. Retrieved
5552:
5541:. Retrieved
5523:
5512:. Retrieved
5504:"Explorer V"
5498:
5487:. Retrieved
5473:
5462:. Retrieved
5460:. 2020-07-07
5457:
5448:
5437:. Retrieved
5428:
5404:. Retrieved
5383:
5372:. Retrieved
5363:
5353:
5342:. Retrieved
5317:(1+16 pages)
5310:. Retrieved
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5256:
5245:. Retrieved
5241:the original
5231:
5220:. Retrieved
5215:
5203:
5192:. Retrieved
5187:
5178:
5167:. Retrieved
5163:
5154:
5143:. Retrieved
5141:. 2022-02-22
5138:
5129:
5118:. Retrieved
5108:
5097:. Retrieved
5095:. 1988-10-01
5092:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5054:. Retrieved
5051:Truckinginfo
5050:
5040:
5023:
5012:. Retrieved
5002:
4993:
4984:
4955:
4935:the original
4925:
4914:. Retrieved
4905:
4894:. Retrieved
4887:the original
4874:
4863:
4854:
4845:
4834:. Retrieved
4814:
4803:. Retrieved
4799:the original
4794:
4785:
4776:
4766:
4755:. Retrieved
4744:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4707:
4698:
4689:
4680:
4649:
4643:
4634:
4624:
4613:. Retrieved
4604:
4593:. Retrieved
4583:
4566:
4547:the original
4537:
4526:. Retrieved
4504:
4495:
4487:the original
4477:
4460:
4443:
4432:. Retrieved
4430:. 2012-07-03
4427:
4415:
4409:, 2011-07-01
4406:
4397:
4377:
4342:
4331:. Retrieved
4326:
4316:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4246:
4228:
4217:. Retrieved
4210:the original
4197:
4188:
4178:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4135:
4130:
4119:. Retrieved
4117:. 2018-07-14
4114:
4105:
4088:
4063:
4057:, retrieved
4051:
4028:, retrieved
4022:
4016:
4007:
4001:, retrieved
3995:
3989:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3930:
3921:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3884:
3873:. Retrieved
3863:
3852:. Retrieved
3841:
3830:. Retrieved
3826:
3816:
3805:. Retrieved
3798:the original
3793:
3780:
3766:
3752:
3728:, retrieved
3717:the original
3711:
3704:
3693:. Retrieved
3689:
3680:
3667:
3659:the original
3655:The Autopian
3654:
3644:
3631:
3620:. Retrieved
3618:. 2017-03-17
3615:
3590:
3581:
3551:. Retrieved
3547:
3538:
3514:, retrieved
3508:
3502:
3492:, retrieved
3486:
3466:. Retrieved
3452:
3441:. Retrieved
3435:
3414:. Retrieved
3410:the original
3400:
3389:. Retrieved
3362:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3337:. Retrieved
3332:
3323:
3306:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3266:the original
3256:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3213:
3202:. Retrieved
3190:
3179:. Retrieved
3174:
3164:
3153:. Retrieved
3146:the original
3118:. Retrieved
3114:
3105:
3074:. Retrieved
3069:
3060:
3049:. Retrieved
3039:
3022:
3011:. Retrieved
3001:
2990:. Retrieved
2980:
2889:. Retrieved
2879:
2868:. Retrieved
2856:
2839:
2830:
2820:
2803:
2792:. Retrieved
2782:
2771:the original
2758:
2747:. Retrieved
2737:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2691:
2674:
2668:
2518:. Retrieved
2506:
2490:
2483:
2463:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:
2432:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:
2407:
2394:
2384:
2375:
2365:
2340:Train lights
2250:light guides
2243:
2233:self-driving
2218:
2209:Self Driving
2200:
2182:on the 1995
2174:
2154:
2135:
2131:
2100:
2072:
2064:milliseconds
2052:service life
2046:Since 1993,
2045:
2008:
1993:
1981:
1955:
1948:
1915:
1887:fire engines
1881:
1842:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1807:
1788:designed by
1786:Sibylla GG80
1785:
1773:designed by
1770:
1766:
1763:concept cars
1760:
1750:
1746:
1733:
1719:
1707:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1618:Sovtransavto
1612:
1597:
1588:
1573:Please help
1561:
1534:
1525:
1508:
1499:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1442:
1423:Chrysler 300
1386:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1310:
1286:
1267:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1173:
1157:
1134:
1117:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1058:
1042:
1026:
1005:
980:Ford Mustang
974:
947:
945:since 2010.
885:, 1967–1973
876:
827:
815:
807:
803:
794:
758:
738:
733:trafficators
730:
714:hand signals
707:
690:
679:
660:
656:
652:Toyota Vista
627:Turn signals
621:
614:
608:
604:
602:
570:
562:Commonwealth
556:
550:
539:
527:
516:
507:
503:
495:
488:
484:Audi A4 (B8)
474:Installation
445:
432:
395:
382:
373:
369:
345:
341:
332:
318:
295:
278:
275:
267:derived from
260:
232:
224:
203:
196:
192:
161:
128:
97:Trafficators
95:
83:Ford Model T
76:
60:
45:
32:Extensively
25:
6531:sealed beam
6463:Roll center
6458:Ride height
6395:Japan black
6390:Instruments
6375:Curb feeler
6241:Hood/bonnet
5769:lrc.rpi.edu
5612:dfhv.dc.gov
5139:The Spinoff
5045:Berg, Tom.
4115:youtube.com
2376:cartalk.com
2275:Cars portal
2255:cup holders
2079:concept car
1929:, and even
1895:police cars
1853:speedometer
1737:aftermarket
1621:road trains
1213:neon tubing
1033:South Korea
935:Toyota C-HR
725:trafficator
667:leaf spring
397:Conspicuity
349:aftermarket
336:trim levels
240:standards.
106:Sealed beam
6666:Categories
6317:Greenhouse
5962:2010-11-24
5941:2010-11-24
5901:: 103785.
5834:2024-05-17
5813:2024-05-17
5792:2017-11-12
5714:2014-07-19
5689:2009-05-01
5564:2022-04-15
5543:2023-05-20
5514:2023-05-20
5489:2023-05-20
5464:2023-12-09
5439:2023-05-20
5406:2023-05-19
5374:2023-05-20
5344:2023-05-20
5312:2023-05-20
5279:2023-05-19
5247:2008-11-09
5222:2018-07-19
5194:2011-12-24
5169:2024-05-30
5145:2022-02-23
5120:2010-11-24
5099:2010-11-24
5056:2016-09-29
5014:2010-11-24
4916:2010-11-24
4896:2008-04-17
4836:2007-03-25
4805:2019-11-01
4757:2006-04-26
4615:2010-11-24
4595:2010-11-24
4575:B000JP6DB6
4528:2018-10-22
4434:2024-05-03
4367:. 970913.
4333:2006-08-14
4288:Ergonomics
4271:. 810192.
4219:2012-06-07
4121:2022-09-23
4059:2020-02-15
4030:2020-02-15
4003:2020-02-15
3875:2014-12-10
3854:2010-11-24
3832:2010-11-24
3807:2008-07-12
3730:2006-08-14
3695:2023-11-16
3622:2022-11-03
3553:2022-09-20
3516:2020-02-15
3494:2020-02-15
3468:2006-08-14
3443:2009-07-18
3416:2021-07-28
3391:2006-08-14
3387:. D. Stern
3364:2014-12-10
3339:2014-12-10
3204:2010-11-24
3181:2009-07-18
3155:2010-11-24
3120:2020-02-14
3076:2017-10-25
3051:2010-11-24
3013:2010-11-24
2992:2010-11-24
2891:2012-12-31
2870:2006-08-14
2794:2010-11-24
2749:2010-11-24
2699:. ISO.org.
2554:. ISO.org.
2520:2015-09-06
2498:Wikisource
2447:2017-10-25
2423:2017-10-25
2357:References
2225:California
2213:See also:
2194:, and the
2176:Neon light
2171:Neon tubes
2149:See also:
2139:headlights
2107:Kia Opirus
2029:See also:
2014:headlights
1998:(22 to 45
1923:excavators
1903:tow trucks
1891:ambulances
1591:March 2015
1406:Land Rover
1289:model year
915:Volkswagen
901:1971–1972
878:Sequential
832:, such as
790:tell-tales
710:Talbot 105
379:Spotlights
329:fog lights
170:Headlights
164:headlights
6571:Tow hitch
6489:equipment
6415:Tire/tyre
6274:Gull-wing
6264:Butterfly
6225:Trunk lid
6168:Monocoque
6072:Framework
5917:0965-8564
5876:2095-7564
5787:rac.co.uk
5284:(8 pages)
4428:unece.org
4365:0148-7191
4308:109337803
4269:0148-7191
4099:. 770812.
3237:europa.eu
3177:: 675–680
3009:. Sae.org
2988:. Sae.org
2745:. Sae.org
2677:. UMTRI.
2068:rise time
2041:BMW 330Ci
1971:parabolic
1949:Standard
1845:dashboard
1838:glove box
1800:of 1974.
1783:GFG Style
1779:plexiglas
1655:tell-tale
1562:does not
1487:The rear
1470:reversing
1268:The 1952
1009:FMVSS 108
976:FMVSS 108
895:Imperials
819:momentary
798:tell-tale
441:intensity
386:A-pillars
34:redundant
6631:Category
6516:Headlamp
6498:Lighting
6487:Exterior
6453:Overhang
6436:Geometry
6420:run-flat
6400:Nerf bar
6215:Subframe
6183:Platform
6173:Overhang
6085:Beltline
5590:Archived
5537:Archived
5508:Archived
5483:Archived
5433:Archived
5397:Archived
5368:Archived
5338:Archived
5303:Archived
5270:Archived
4827:Archived
4369:Archived
4273:Archived
4170:14233725
3720:(paper,
3616:Jalopnik
3462:Archived
2849:(paper,
2399:Archived
2314:Headlamp
2261:See also
1951:taxicabs
1927:tractors
1909:, xenon
1885:such as
1629:overtake
1301:taxicabs
966:Imperial
939:Peugeots
933:models,
669:, and a
176:Headlamp
52:lighting
41:tour bus
6641:Commons
6337:Sunroof
6289:Suicide
6284:Sliding
6279:Scissor
6220:Tonneau
6205:Spoiler
6112:Chassis
5093:sae.org
4753:. NHTSA
4085:(paper)
3591:sae.org
3280:"Login"
2331:(NHTSA)
2203:ballast
2192:decklid
2111:Audi R8
1911:strobes
1907:beacons
1830:key fob
1808:The US
1625:offside
1583:removed
1568:sources
1410:Porsche
1240:spoiler
1061:cadmium
968:used a
937:, some
931:Porsche
913:, some
872:Audi A6
823:detents
774:fenders
704:History
583:Lateral
523:candela
519:candela
111:Halogen
91:Dynamos
73:History
6651:Portal
6521:hidden
6269:Canopy
6178:Pillar
6159:shaker
6144:Grille
6137:skirts
6132:ponton
6127:Fender
6100:Dagmar
6095:Bumper
5915:
5874:
4656:
4573:
4363:
4306:
4267:
4168:
2493:
2471:
2229:Nevada
2196:BMW Z8
2160:halide
1996:lumens
1615:Soviet
1416:, and
1394:Jaguar
1335:Toyota
1265:edge.
1160:brakes
897:, the
682:relays
228:dazzle
6604:Theft
6585:Legal
6564:power
6425:spare
6410:Parts
6352:wiper
6304:Glass
6256:Doors
6154:scoop
5593:(PDF)
5586:(PDF)
5400:(PDF)
5393:(PDF)
5306:(PDF)
5299:(PDF)
5273:(PDF)
5266:(PDF)
5212:(PDF)
5032:(PDF)
4976:(PDF)
4890:(PDF)
4883:(PDF)
4830:(PDF)
4823:(PDF)
4469:(PDF)
4452:(PDF)
4424:(PDF)
4304:S2CID
4238:(PDF)
4213:(PDF)
4206:(PDF)
4009:lens.
3801:(PDF)
3790:(PDF)
3315:(PDF)
3199:(PDF)
3149:(PDF)
3142:(PDF)
3097:(PDF)
3031:(PDF)
2972:(PDF)
2812:(PDF)
2774:(PDF)
2767:(PDF)
2729:(PDF)
2714:. GM.
2660:(PDF)
2592:(PDF)
2572:(PDF)
2515:(PDF)
2164:xenon
2092:green
2056:lumen
1834:trunk
1492:lit.
1418:Volvo
1343:Volvo
998:This
927:Škoda
828:Some
530:glare
404:Front
298:white
263:rally
147:white
143:amber
85:used
65:have
61:Many
6554:Horn
6294:Swan
6198:rack
6193:Roof
6149:Hood
6063:Body
6054:cars
5913:ISSN
5872:ISSN
4654:ISBN
4571:ASIN
4361:ISSN
4265:ISSN
4166:PMID
2469:ISBN
2227:and
2096:blue
2094:and
2084:blue
2060:Watt
1982:The
1901:and
1849:Saab
1566:any
1564:cite
1414:Saab
1402:Mini
1390:Audi
1345:and
1295:and
1260:and
1246:and
1209:LEDs
1088:Rear
1065:RoHS
1019:The
962:cams
950:Ford
941:and
929:and
923:SEAT
919:Audi
909:and
553:DRLs
439:low-
314:snow
310:dust
56:road
50:has
38:Thai
5986:doi
5903:doi
5899:176
5862:doi
5639:doi
5216:Law
5188:Law
4385:hdl
4353:doi
4296:doi
4257:doi
4158:doi
4093:doi
3722:PDF
2861:doi
2851:PDF
2679:hdl
2248:or
2088:red
1577:by
1351:Kia
1347:BMW
1118:Ben
808:In
609:and
557:and
312:or
306:fog
300:or
149:or
139:red
119:LED
6668::
5980:.
5911:.
5897:.
5893:.
5870:.
5858:11
5856:.
5852:.
5785:.
5767:.
5637:.
5629:.
5610:.
5573:^
5456:.
5427:.
5415:^
5362:.
5322:^
5214:.
5186:.
5162:.
5137:.
5091:.
5073:.
5049:.
4992:.
4964:^
4954:.
4943:^
4853:.
4793:.
4775:,
4734:,
4714:,
4697:.
4679:.
4668:^
4633:,
4555:^
4513:^
4503:.
4426:.
4405:,
4359:.
4325:.
4302:.
4292:40
4290:.
4263:.
4187:.
4164:.
4154:41
4152:.
4113:.
4087:.
4072:^
4062:,
4042:^
4006:,
3979:.
3948:,
3906:.
3825:.
3792:.
3738:^
3688:.
3653:.
3614:.
3599:^
3589:.
3562:^
3546:.
3524:^
3477:^
3425:^
3373:^
3356:.
3331:.
3282:.
3235:.
3173:.
3129:^
3085:^
3068:.
2900:^
2855:.
2829:.
2600:^
2580:^
2560:^
2529:^
2440:.
2416:.
2397:.
2393:.
2374:.
2205:.
2090:,
2019:H1
2004:lm
1925:,
1921:,
1897:,
1893:,
1889:,
1631:.
1412:,
1408:,
1404:,
1400:,
1396:,
1392:,
1341:,
1337:,
1200:əl
1188:tʃ
982:,
925:,
921:,
917:,
905:,
889:,
723:A
665:,
605:or
568:.
541:UK
532:.
451:.
416:SE
316:.
308:,
46:A
6035:e
6028:t
6021:v
5992:.
5988::
5965:.
5944:.
5919:.
5905::
5878:.
5864::
5837:.
5816:.
5795:.
5771:.
5717:.
5692:.
5645:.
5641::
5635:1
5614:.
5567:.
5546:.
5517:.
5492:.
5467:.
5442:.
5409:.
5377:.
5347:.
5315:.
5282:.
5250:.
5225:.
5197:.
5172:.
5148:.
5123:.
5102:.
5059:.
5034:.
5017:.
4996:.
4978:.
4958:.
4919:.
4899:.
4857:.
4839:.
4808:.
4760:.
4701:.
4683:.
4662:.
4618:.
4598:.
4577:.
4531:.
4507:.
4471:.
4454:.
4437:.
4387::
4355::
4336:.
4310:.
4298::
4259::
4222:.
4172:.
4160::
4124:.
4095::
3878:.
3857:.
3835:.
3810:.
3760:.
3724:)
3698:.
3625:.
3593:.
3556:.
3471:.
3446:.
3419:.
3394:.
3367:.
3342:.
3317:.
3300:.
3286:.
3239:.
3221:.
3207:.
3184:.
3158:.
3123:.
3099:.
3079:.
3054:.
3033:.
3016:.
2995:.
2974:.
2894:.
2873:.
2863::
2853:)
2833:.
2814:.
2797:.
2752:.
2731:.
2685:.
2681::
2662:.
2594:.
2574:.
2523:.
2500:.
2477:.
2450:.
2426:.
2378:.
2058:/
1708:"
1604:)
1598:(
1593:)
1589:(
1585:.
1571:.
1203:/
1197:z
1194:m
1191:ɪ
1185:ˈ
1182:/
1155:.
1148:.
1121:.
1096:.
635:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.