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410:
returned to neutral together. Although they can be flown left or right in any aeroplane with the proper technique, a hammerhead is best flown to the left with a clockwise rotating prop, and to the right with an anticlockwise rotating prop (as in a
Yakovlev type), due to propeller torque/gyroscopic effects.
404:
which is a misnomer because the aircraft never actually stalls. The manoeuvre is performed when the aeroplane decelerates through 20 - 30kts (more or less, depending on the aeroplane flown) of airspeed. The cartwheel portion of the hammerhead is performed with full rudder and full opposite aileron.
249:
until it has turned 180deg and is pointing straight down, facing the direction from which the aircraft came. The aircraft gains speed, and the pilot continues and returns to level flight, travelling in the opposite direction from which the maneuver began. It is also known as a "tailslide", from the
207:
A loop is when the pilot pulls the plane up into the vertical, continues around until they are heading back in the same direction, like making a 360 degree turn, except it is in the vertical plane instead of the horizontal. The pilot will be inverted (upside down) at the top of the loop. A loop can
905:
719:; family of autorotational, tumbling figures. In all varieties, the aircraft appears to tumble out of control. For example, one style involves the aircraft tumbling (simultaneously) nose over tail and wingtip over wingtip in a negative-g, gyroscopic condition. Introduced by Czechoslovaks such as
409:
moment and a degree of forward stick will be required to keep the aeroplane from coming off-line over the top. The yaw is stopped with opposite rudder while the ailerons and elevator remain in position, then once the yaw is stopped and the aeroplane is pointed down vertically, all controls are
245:) is performed by pulling the aircraft up until it is pointing straight up (much like the beginning of a loop), but the pilot continues to fly straight up until their airspeed has dropped to a certain critical point. The pilot then uses the rudder to rotate the aircraft around its
508:
Fly the vertical attitude plus or minus 45°. As for vertical lines the attitude of the aircraft is judged, not the flightpath as viewed by a ground observer, which may differ depending on whether the figure is flown into or with the wind, and the wind strength.
332:
5/8s of a loop to the 45 degree line, 1/2 roll,3/4s of a loop to the 45 degree line, 1/2 roll, 1/8s of a loop to level flight (half of the Cuban Eight is called a "half Cuban Eight", and the figure can be flown backwards, known as a "Reverse Cuban Eight").
983:
908:
831:; throttle off, wings-level stall, allowing the plane to side-slip in one direction, then countering the slip with rudder before a spin develops, allowing it to side-slip to the other direction, countering with rudder again, diving to exit the maneuver.
907:
823:; dive followed by extreme nose up attitude (not necessarily vertical). Consists of an initial airspeed gain resulting in an increased rate of climb, followed by airspeed loss and decreased rate of climb, returning to the original speed and altitude.
913:
911:
906:
659:
1/4 looping up, straight vertical (full power) until the aircraft loses momentum. The aircraft falls backwards, tail first, until the nose drops through the horizon to a vertical down position. 1/4 loop (push or pull) to recover to level flight.
912:
208:
also be performed by rolling inverted and making the same maneuver but diving towards the ground. It can be visualized as making a loop of ribbon, hence the name it is given (there is an animation depicting a loop on the bottom of this page).
773:; 360° revolution about the longitudinal axis at maximum roll rate. It consists of a pitch-up followed by a roll which is uncontrolled in the pitch axis, resulting in an initial climb, and then descent to the original altitude.
910:
837:; tailslide performed with aileron added in the direction of the engine torque. The aircraft climbs in the vertical until forward momentum is lost, and rolls due to the torque of the engine as it tailslides.
543:
movement is used at all points in the loop to draw the circle, so that the aeroplane canopy is pointing inwards. Both the inside and outside loop are sometimes casually referred to as a 'loop the loop'.
400:
axis, the nose falls through the horizon and points towards the ground, a momentary pause is made to draw the vertical down line, and 1/4 loop to level flight. This figure is sometimes called a
308:
Consists of a maximum climb, maximum bank combination to obtain the greatest altitude gain for a given airspeed and at the same time making a 180° course reversal. (Low, positive
178:
with several others. Nearly all aircraft are capable of performing aerobatics maneuvers of some kind, although it may not be legal or safe to do so in certain aircraft.
909:
627:
A family of auto-rotational maneuvers, consisting of normal or "flat" spins, either upright or inverted. Two components must exist to spin an aircraft: 1) critical
569:
flight, canopy pointing out of the loop. Loop can be above or below the straight and level entry altitude, from erect or inverted attitude. (Draws extreme negative
789:; slow roll, stopping momentarily at various points during the roll. Common variations include a two-point roll, three-point roll, four-point roll, etc...
442:
1/2 looping up followed by half a roll. There should be no pause between the end of the looping section and the start of the roll to erect flight.
1219:
765:; a combination of a loop and a roll. The flight path during a barrel roll has the shape of a horizontal corkscrew and follows a helical path.
682:
A family of rapid autorotational or "horizontal spins," not unlike spins. Rotation is induced by a rapid pitch input followed by rapid
223:. It can be done in increments of 360 degrees (i.e. four short 90 degree rolls will bring the aircraft back to its upright position).
868:
491:). The attitude of the aircraft is judged, not the flightpath, therefore the aircraft may drift downwind during a vertical maneuver.
107:
1236:
740:
79:
1090:
1075:
1027:
396:
1/4 loop (pull or push) to vertical, as momentum/airspeed decreases, rudder is applied and the aircraft rotates around its
86:
781:; roll around the longitudinal axis slowly, maintaining level flight by cross-controlling the elevator and rudder inputs.
60:
17:
272:
Reading the diagrams, a figure begins at the small solid circle and ends at the short vertical line. Inverted flight (
1080:
126:
705:; extreme nose down attitude (not necessarily vertical), resulting in an increase in both airspeed and descent rate.
93:
371:
From level flight pull to the 45° up line, 1/2 roll to inverted 45° up line, then 5/8s of a loop to level flight.
1138:
1070:
75:
64:
352:
From level flight, 5/8s loop to the inverted 45° line, 1/2 roll to erect down 45° line, pull to level flight.
1214:
803:; inside loop, 1/2 roll (inverts the aircraft), inside loop (towards the ground) 1/2 roll on top of the loop
1739:
1231:
711:; 1/4 looping up, wingover (left or right), 1/2 looping down+up, wingover (right or left), 1/4 looping down
739:. The nose then falls back to the horizontal, and the aircraft accelerates away in the original direction
1718:
1095:
686:
input, thus stalling one wing further than the other. This imbalance in lift causes the high speed roll.
1262:
1052:
1044:
856:
880:
598:
flight. (The pilot pushes the stick forward and draws a half circle in the sky from the top down).
1020:
258:
Most of these can be entered either erect or inverted, flown backwards or have extra rolls added.
250:
yawing turn, which is different from the typical method of turning an aircraft in the pitch axis.
930:
749:; post-stall maneuver similar to Pugachev's Cobra, but going to 360° pitch angle, flying a "loop"
246:
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31:
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461:
Essentially an
Immelmann in reverse. Half roll (from erect to inverted) followed by positive
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777:
622:
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8:
1198:
1168:
1163:
1013:
727:
1507:
204:
Most aerobatic figures are composites of these basic maneuvers with rolls superimposed.
1602:
1542:
1527:
1467:
1267:
487:
Fly the aircraft so that the fuselage is perpendicular to the ground (along the wings'
1567:
1477:
1352:
757:; Rotational motion around the longitudinal axis (the nose rotates around its center).
753:
1492:
1437:
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986:(guidelines include descriptions and illustrations of figures used by USAF pilots on
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Gyroscopic forces from the propeller during the rapid rate of yaw will produce a
279:) is depicted by dashed red lines. The small arrow indicates a rolling maneuver.
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The UK Utterly
Butterly display team perform an aerobatic maneuver with their
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to give a half loop. Converts altitude to airspeed, and reverses direction.
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US Air Force e-publishing docs related to
Aircraft demonstrations
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273:
269:, and so some do not have diagrams to accompany the description.
234:
a single wing, causing the plane to descend spiraling around its
220:
1148:
797:; flying in a zigzagging pattern, either horizontal or rolling.
745:
731:; the nose of the aircraft is pulled up suddenly. The aircraft
1005:
999:
995:
991:
987:
631:(COA), which means that the aircraft is stalled, and 2)
253:
30:"Aerial maneuver" redirects here. For other uses, see
265:
symbols have been included. Not all the figures are
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:Flight path putting aircraft in unusual attitudes
1731:
1021:
590:Half an outside loop starting from upright,
314:maneuver can be performed in all aircraft.)
181:Aerobatics consist of five basic maneuvers:
174:can be performed by a single aircraft or in
1028:
1014:
439:; Roll-off-the-top; half loop, half roll
230:is more complex, involving intentionally
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
964:
138:
215:is simply rotating the plane about its
14:
1732:
1237:International Miniature Aerobatic Club
1220:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
1009:
965:Williams, Neil (1975). "Chapter 23".
862:half roll - positive loop - half roll
185:Lines (both horizontal and vertical),
1091:Red Bull Air Race World Championship
1076:FAI European Aerobatic Championships
254:Table of the basic aerobatic figures
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
24:
874:Falling leaf, with flares deployed
815:) at the top of a 1/4 looping (up)
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1081:FAI World Aerobatic Championships
977:
811:; left or right 180° tight turn (
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
41:
561:A vertical circle entered from
531:A vertical circle entered from
52:needs additional citations for
1071:European Gliding Championships
1035:
958:
241:A hammerhead (also known as a
147:, at an air display in England
13:
1:
1215:British Aerobatic Association
951:
679:Snap roll; Flick roll; Flick
674:Snap Roll; Flick roll; Flick
1232:International Aerobatic Club
427:; Roll-off-the-top; Split S
317:(Not a competition figure.)
7:
1114:Loop (inside & outside)
1096:World Gliding Championships
924:
10:
1756:
1263:Princess Basmah Bani Ahmad
1053:List of aerobatic aircraft
29:
1706:
1245:
1207:
1104:
1061:
1043:
673:
648:
611:
522:
478:
423:
384:
321:
297:
158:in unusual attitudes, in
154:are flight paths putting
367:Reverse Half Cuban Eight
931:Basic fighter maneuvers
385:Hammerhead; Stall Turn
261:Where appropriate, the
238:in a corkscrew motion.
32:Basic fighter maneuvers
936:Competition aerobatics
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668:
643:
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581:
552:
517:
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473:
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168:competition aerobatics
148:
1179:Stall turn/hammerhead
969:. Airlife Publishing.
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340:
142:
1573:Maciej Pospieszyński
1333:Giovanni De Briganti
1086:FAI World Grand Prix
407:pitching and rolling
76:"Aerobatic maneuver"
61:improve this article
1740:Aerobatic maneuvers
1199:Zurabatic cartwheel
539:flight. A positive
267:competition figures
152:Aerobatic maneuvers
18:Aerobatic manoeuvre
1603:Betty Skelton Erde
1543:Alexandr Panfierov
1528:Catherine Maunoury
1268:Lincoln J. Beachey
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669:
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149:
1727:
1726:
1698:Janusz Żurakowski
1493:Alejandro Maclean
1438:Svetlana Kapanina
1363:Markus Feyerabend
1348:Matthias Dolderer
1338:Tommaso Dal Molin
1328:Mario de Bernardi
1253:Cecilia R. Aragon
1227:
914:
699:
698:
621:; Inverted spin;
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1747:
1578:Sergey Rakhmanin
1558:František Peřina
1533:Yoshihide Muroya
1513:Mikhail Mamistov
1508:Stanisław Makula
1483:Leo Loudenslager
1368:Gerhard Fieseler
1283:Marta Bohn-Meyer
1223:
1194:Whifferdill turn
1030:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1006:
971:
970:
962:
946:Whifferdill turn
916:
915:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
728:Pugachev's Cobra
348:Half Cuban Eight
282:
281:
145:Boeing Stearmans
132:
125:
121:
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45:
37:
21:
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1754:
1750:
1749:
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1746:
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1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1702:
1668:Frank Versteegh
1633:Reinhold Tiling
1568:Peter Podlunšek
1478:François Le Vot
1458:Anatoly Kvochur
1418:Nader Jahanbani
1413:Nicolas Ivanoff
1398:Charlie Hillard
1378:Michael Goulian
1353:Wilhelm DĂĽerkop
1308:Kirby Chambliss
1288:Cristian Bolton
1241:
1203:
1139:Hesitation roll
1100:
1057:
1039:
1034:
980:
975:
974:
963:
959:
954:
941:Flight dynamics
927:
920:
917:
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786:Hesitation roll
737:angle of attack
629:angle of attack
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1693:Walter Wolfrum
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Patty Wagstaff
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1645:
1643:Sean D. Tucker
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1600:
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1590:
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1580:
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1560:
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1553:Adolphe PĂ©goud
1550:
1548:Ivy May Pearce
1545:
1540:
1538:Pyotr Nesterov
1535:
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1505:
1500:
1495:
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1448:Petr Kopfstein
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1303:Mikaël Brageot
1300:
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1278:Ladislav Bezák
1275:
1273:PĂ©ter Besenyei
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1225:Aresti Catalog
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1204:
1202:
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1191:
1186:
1181:
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1159:Cobra maneuver
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1144:Immelmann turn
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978:External links
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801:Standing eight
798:
790:
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758:
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742:
735:up to 90–120°
724:
721:Ladislav Bezák
712:
706:
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670:
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655:Bell Tailslide
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489:zero lift axis
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437:Immelmann turn
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117:September 2015
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1719:Radio control
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1688:Neil Williams
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1628:Victor Tchmal
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1598:Klaus Schrodt
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1563:Tom Poberezny
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1523:Scott Manning
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1443:Sándor Katona
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1433:Jurgis Kairys
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1388:Wayne Handley
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1293:Paul Bonhomme
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886:Climbing spin
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723:, and others.
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587:English bunt
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558:Outside loop
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292:Aresti Symbol
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1683:Kermit Weeks
1673:Pavel Vlasov
1663:Juan Velarde
1623:Chris Sperou
1613:Martin Ĺ onka
1608:Skip Stewart
1588:Olaf Schmidt
1518:Mike Mangold
1503:Jerzy Makula
1453:Charlie Kulp
1373:Jozef Gabris
1358:Walter Extra
1134:Falling leaf
1119:Aileron roll
1105:
1063:Competitions
966:
960:
898:English bunt
834:
828:Falling leaf
826:
818:
806:
800:
794:The Scissors
792:
784:
776:
770:Aileron roll
768:
760:
752:
744:
726:
714:
708:
702:
528:Inside loop
505:45° up line
484:Vertical up
401:
390:Hammerhead;
322:Cuban Eight
310:
288:Description
285:Figure Name
275:
271:
260:
257:
240:
225:
219:, using the
210:
206:
203:
200:hammerheads.
180:
151:
150:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1658:Gabor Varga
1648:Nick Turvey
1638:Ferenc TĂłth
1583:Amelia Reid
1498:Pete McLeod
1428:Steve Jones
1423:Petr Jirmus
1408:Bevo Howard
1323:Vicki Cruse
1318:Marion Cole
1313:Julie Clark
1298:Pip Borrman
1258:Hannes Arch
1129:Cuban eight
1124:Barrel roll
850:Inside loop
835:Torque roll
762:Barrel roll
328:Cuban Eight
1653:Ernst Udet
1618:Gene Soucy
1593:Art Scholl
1488:Nancy Lynn
1468:Amanda Lee
1463:Nigel Lamb
1403:Bob Hoover
1037:Aerobatics
967:Aerobatics
952:References
919:Lazy eight
820:Zoom climb
709:Lazy eight
649:Tailslide
594:and erect
565:and erect
535:and erect
402:stall turn
392:Stall Turn
298:Chandelle
243:stall turn
197:spins, and
172:Aerobatics
87:newspapers
1473:Jim LeRoy
1393:Ray Hanna
1383:Matt Hall
1343:Glen Dell
1184:Tailslide
1106:Maneuvers
778:Slow roll
623:Flat spin
479:Up lines
433:Immelmann
425:Immelmann
304:Chandelle
274:negative
217:roll axis
176:formation
164:dogfights
160:air shows
1734:Category
1189:Scissors
1154:Lomcovak
1045:Aircraft
925:See also
808:Wingover
716:Lomcovak
592:straight
563:straight
541:pitching
533:straight
247:yaw axis
236:yaw axis
232:stalling
221:ailerons
156:aircraft
1174:Split S
1002:planes)
733:pitches
457:Split S
101:scholar
1246:Pilots
1149:Kulbit
746:Kulbit
617:Erect
188:loops,
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1707:Other
612:Spin
596:level
567:level
537:level
523:Loop
463:pitch
192:rolls
108:JSTOR
94:books
1169:Spin
1164:Slip
1000:F-22
996:F-16
992:F-15
988:A-10
754:Roll
703:Dive
619:spin
228:spin
213:roll
80:news
813:yaw
684:yaw
633:yaw
398:yaw
166:or
63:by
1736::
1714:3D
998:,
994:,
990:,
635:.
573:)
435:;
226:A
211:A
170:.
162:,
1228:)
1222:(
1029:e
1022:t
1015:v
571:G
311:g
276:g
194:,
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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