Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

1023:, but the rebels were victorious (early 701). Al-Hajjaj abandoned Basra to the rebels, and Ibn al-Ash'ath entered the city in triumph. Reinforced with Syrian troops, al-Hajjaj managed to score a minor victory, after which the bulk of the rebel army left Basra for their natural stronghold, Kufa. Al-Hajjaj recaptured Basra and pursued Ibn al-Ash'ath to Kufa, encamping near the city. Ibn al-Ash'ath's progress had sufficiently alarmed the Umayyad court that they sought a negotiated settlement, even though they kept sending Syrian reinforcements to al-Hajjaj. Abd al-Malik offered to dismiss al-Hajjaj, appoint Ibn al-Ash'ath as governor over one of the Iraqi towns, and raise the Iraqis' pay so that they received the same amount as the Syrians. Ibn al-Ash'ath was inclined to accept, but the more radical of his followers, especially the scholars known as 912:); the latter named his first-born son after al-Hajjaj, who in turn named three of his sons after members of the dynasty. Abd al-Malik also named one of his sons al-Hajjaj. This close relationship is further evidenced by the many surviving letters exchanged between al-Hajjaj and Abd al-Malik. Al-Hajjaj's relationship with the latter was much different than with al-Walid, with whom the correspondence was restricted to their official functions. On the other hand, while Abd al-Malik was able to restrain his over-zealous governor whenever he was "extortionate in the raising of taxes, was too liberal with public resources, or was shedding more blood than was necessary" (A. Dietrich), al-Walid considered himself in al-Hajjaj's debt because he had championed the succession of al-Walid against Abd al-Malik's brother 1053:, situated midway between Basra and Kufa, where he moved his seat. There he gathered all Syrian troops present in Iraq, ostensibly in order to rein in the Syrians and prevent excess at the expense of the populace, but in reality his aim was to isolate the Syrians from the locals and solidify their loyalty to him. Henceforth, Iraq passed under virtual Syrian occupation, and the Iraqis, regardless of social status, were deprived of any real power in the governance of the region. Al-Hajjaj was now the undisputed master not only of Iraq, but of the entire Islamic East; only the governor of Khurasan, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, retained some autonomy. Although Yazid was able to refuse several summons to Wasit, finally in 704 al-Hajjaj persuaded the Caliph to dismiss him, and Yazid was imprisoned. 1376:, was a stomach cancer. The following year, al-Walid died as well, and his brother Sulayman came to power. As the heir apparent, Sulayman had allied with many of al-Hajjaj's opponents, particularly Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, whom he appointed governor of Iraq just after his accession. Possibly having been convinced by such allies that al-Hajjaj had provoked hatred among the Iraqis toward the Umayyads as opposed to fostering their loyalty, the caliph deposed the late viceroy's appointees and allies in the province and throughout the eastern Caliphate. This was likely due to their connection with al-Hajjaj personally. Among those who fell from grace was Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, who was dismissed from his governorship of Sindh and executed in Wasit. 1383:, al-Hajjaj was "harsh and at times hard, but not cruel; neither was he petty or bigoted". Though he was criticized in the early Muslim sources for his bombardment of Mecca and the Ka'aba during his siege of Ibn al-Zubayr, "other shameful deeds" al-Hajjaj was held responsible for are the "inventions and fabrications of the hatred of his enemies". Among these was a charge by an anonymous source recorded by al-Tabari that al-Hajjaj massacred between 11,000 and 130,000 men in Basra following his suppression of Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt, in contrast to the older traditional Muslim sources, which held that al-Hajjaj granted a general pardon in Kufa and Basra after his victory for rebels who renounced Ibn al-Ash'ath. 1012:

letter after letter to his commander, demanding an immediate assault against the Zunbil. The tone of these letters was extremely offensive, and he threatened to dismiss Ibn al-Ash'ath and appoint his brother Ishaq to command the expedition instead. Al-Hajjaj's harsh tone and unreasonable demands, as well as the army's evident reluctance to continue such a protracted and arduous campaign so far from their homes, provoked a widespread mutiny, led by Ibn al-Ash'ath. The rebel army marched back to Iraq, growing to over 100,000 strong in the process as they were joined by other malcontents. It transformed from a mutiny against al-Hajjaj—denounced as an enemy of God and a latter-day

883: 1145: 1214: 775: 1455:(d. 1064), al-Hajjaj had four sons: his eldest Muhammad, and Abd al-Malik, Aban and Sulayman (or al-Walid). The latter three were named after members of the Umayyad dynasty. Al-Tabari mentions a son named Abd Allah. Muhammad died during al-Hajjaj's lifetime and his descendants were recorded living in Damascus as late as the 9th century. Abd al-Malik also had descendants recorded living in the 9th century, in Basra, while Aban and Sulayman (or al-Walid) died without progeny. 730:, Abd al-Malik entrusted him to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca. In late 691 he set out from Kufa at the head of 2,000 Syrian troops. After taking over Ta'if unopposed, he halted there as Abd al-Malik had charged him to try to secure Ibn al-Zubayr's capitulation by diplomatic means if possible, and to avoid the shedding of blood in Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr rejected the Umayyad offers, and al-Hajjaj, after receiving reinforcements and the Caliph's permission, moved to 847:, while the average Kufan was given land as a stipend for military service; but as the size of the stipend was determined by the earliness of conversion to Islam, many received only minuscule grants. Finally, the Kufans were largely left out of the spoils of conquest in the East; it was the Basrans who secured the lion's share, taking over far more extensive and richer territory like Khurasan or Sindh, while the Kufans were left with the mountains of 40: 3404: 802:) had not been a success and when he died in early 694, al-Hajjaj, whose ability and loyalty had been amply demonstrated, was appointed to the crucial office. The governorship of Iraq was indeed "the most important and responsible administrative post of the Islamic state" (A. Dietrich), as it comprised not only Iraq proper, but also included the lands conquered by troops from the two 'garrison towns' ( 1034:

to renouncing Islam; those who refused were executed. The remnants of the rebel army fled to Basra, but were soon evicted and pursued by the Syrians to Khuzistan and Sistan. There Ibn al-Ash'ath sought refuge with the Zunbil, but was either assassinated by the latter or committed suicide to avoid being surrendered to al-Hajjaj. Most of his remaining followers tried to reach

622:(Book of songs), al-Hajjaj acknowledged: "I took to flight ... but later, I made good my fault by renewing the attack. For a sheikh takes to flight only once". He and his father were among the few to survive the battle at al-Rabadha, where Hubaysh, the commander of the expedition, was slain fighting forces loyal to the Mecca-based anti-Umayyad caliph 1395:, an aide of Caliph Mu'awiya and onetime governor of Kufa. Before being appointed governor of Iraq, he was also wed to another daughter of Nu'man, Hamida, after she had been divorced by Rawh ibn Zinba; al-Hajjaj divorced Hamida during his governorship in Iraq. During his governorship of Medina, al-Hajjaj married Umm al-Julas, a daughter of 1095:. Although al-Hajjaj himself undertook no campaign during these years, his role was essential: not only did he select the generals who carried out these campaigns, but also "prepared them very carefully, sparing no expense, since he calculated that with victory he would recover his expenses many times over" (A. Dietrich). 1160:, and hence were initially opposed by many theologians who argued that they would also be used by infidels, but they quickly became a success and "helped to promote the circulation of money and the stabilization of economic conditions" (Dietrich). Al-Hajjaj also ordered the translation of the tax registers ( 1033:

in April 701, and al-Hajjaj and his more disciplined Syrians scored a crushing victory. Kufa surrendered afterward, and al-Hajjaj further undercut Ibn al-Ash'ath's support by promising amnesty to those who surrendered, providing however that they acknowledged that their rebellion had been tantamount

977:

for an excuse to break them". The explosion came in 699: when he had been conferred the governorships of Khurasan and Sistan, al-Hajjaj had given it to al-Muhallab, but in Sistan, the situation was far more unstable, and the country had to be essentially reconquered. An army under the local governor

948:

had instead, upon the death of Bishr, left the camp and were idling in the cities. In order to restore discipline, al-Hajjaj announced that any man who did not within three days return to the camp would be put to death and his property be left open to plunder. This proved effective, but when he went

1011:

Ibn al-Ash'ath led his army to Sistan, and, as Dietrich writes, "at first carried out his campaign carefully and according to orders; he pacified each territory as it was conquered, ensured supplies and accustomed his troops gradually to the different climatic conditions". Al-Hajjaj, however, sent

976:

These campaigns eradicated the Kharijite rebellion, but came at a cost to his relationship with the Iraqis: the campaigns against the Kharijites were extremely unpopular, and measures like the reductions in pay, according to Kennedy, " almost to have goaded the Iraqis into rebellion, as if looking

1175:

Following his victory over the Iraqis, al-Hajjaj began a series of reforms aimed at restoring tranquility and prosperity to the troubled province after almost twenty years of civil war and rebellions. He invested much effort in reviving agriculture, especially in the Sawad, and thereby increasing

746:

was also targeted, despite the presence of the assembled pilgrims. When a sudden thunderstorm broke out, which his soldiers interpreted as divine wrath, he was able to rally them and convince them that it was actually a sign of victory. Finally, in October 692, after seven months of siege and the

1116:(modern Sri Lanka) as well as the female pilgrims on board who were captured. Upon hearing of the matter, al-Hajjaj wrote a letter to the Raja, and upon unsuccessful resolution being reached, launched a military attack. Other reasons attributed to al-Hajjaj's interest was gaining a foothold in 859:, but in 697/8 he received these two provinces as well, expanding his rule over the entire eastern half of the Caliphate. He remained in this post until his death in 714, and throughout this period, encompassing the remainder of Abd al-Malik's reign and most of that of his successor 1351:('script') of early "defective" Arabic so that consonants such as these five letters ـبـ ـتـ ـثـ ـنـ ـيـ (y, n, th, t, b) could be distinguished from one another. However, some historians believe these language reforms occurred earlier in Syria or Iraq before the advent of Islam. 916:, and the new Caliph allowed his powerful governor free rein and relied heavily on his counsel even in the appointment and dismissal of officials. If his meddling in the succession had secured him the favour of al-Walid, it had also caused the declared enmity of al-Walid's brother 834:

and political dissent in Iraq, particularly in Kufa. This discontent was driven by various tribal, economic, and political factors. The population of Kufa contained people from almost all Arab tribes, but also many of those undesired elsewhere, such as the vanquished of the

694:, was impressed with al-Hajjaj's military capabilities and thinking. Upon Rawh's recommendation, Abd al-Malik appointed al-Hajjaj to enforce the Caliph's authority over a large army he mobilized for an expedition against the Zubayrid ruler of Iraq, Ibn al-Zubayr's brother 939:

Arriving at Kufa, al-Hajjaj gave an inaugural sermon at the local mosque that has become famous and is "often cited as an example of Arab eloquence" (G. R. Hawting). The situation he found there was one of disorder. The troops of Basra and Kufa, ostensibly garrisoned at

896:

Al-Hajjaj was, in the words of A. Dietrich, "the most loyal servant that a dynasty could wish for", and his loyalty was reciprocated by Abd al-Malik with his full trust. The relationship was further strengthened through family ties: al-Hajjaj's daughter wed

1301:, which was known for polemically showcasing the negative aspects of Umayyad rule, would have taken the opportunity to show that the Umayyads had corrupted the Quran. One of the Christian sources was a letter reported by the 8th-century Armenian priest 949:

to the troops to distribute the pay, al-Hajjaj faced another mutiny under Ibn al-Jarud for making pay cuts that the troops refused to accept. These problems overcome, al-Hajjaj sent the troops against the Kharijites. In 696 al-Muhallab defeated the

1367:

When I meet God and find favour with Him, therein shall be the joy of my soul. The eternity of God sufficeth me, and I therefore place not my hopes on mortals. Those who were before us have tasted of death, and after them we also shall taste

485:

Al-Hajjaj was a highly capable though ruthless statesman, strict in character, and a harsh and demanding master. Widely feared by his contemporaries, he became a deeply controversial figure and an object of deep-seated enmity among later,

1317:, who denied that Levond had reported it. Neal Robinson argues that even if the letter was authentic, the activity of al-Hajjaj would have been limited to destroying sectarian writings and early codices which preserved the 1007:

who composed it" (Hawting), that it became known in history as the "Peacock Army". This expedition marked the beginning of a rebellion that came close to destroying not only al-Hajjaj's, but also Umayyad, power in Iraq.

725:

As a result of his success suppressing the Caliph's mutinous troops, Abd al-Malik entrusted al-Hajjaj with command of the army's rear-guard. He achieved further feats of valour, so that after the defeat of Mus'ab at the

1188:, he spared no expense to repair embankments when they broke, awarded uncultivated lands to deserving Arabs, and took measures to reverse the flow of the rural population to the cities, especially the new converts ( 1274:). On the other hand, a number of authors argue that it is difficult to assess any role had by al-Hajjaj, though they argue for the plausibility of a widely known account that has him ordering the grammarian and 538:

in 661. Al-Hajjaj's ancestry was not particularly distinguished: the Abu Aqil family was poor and its members had worked as stone carriers and builders. His mother, al-Fari'a, had been married and divorced by

412:(western Arabia) in 692–694, and the practical viceroy of a unified Iraqi province and the eastern parts of the Caliphate in 694. Al-Hajjaj retained the last post under Abd al-Malik's son and successor 1440:, divorced her in 708/09 because she cried audibly at the torture of her brother Yazid in al-Hajjaj's prison. With his marriage to Umm Banin bint al-Mughira ibn Abd al-Rahman, a great-granddaughter of 698:, in 689/90. The Caliph was satisfied by the rapidity and efficiency with which al-Hajjaj restored discipline during a mutiny by the troops. During Abd al-Malik's siege of the rebel leader of the 1001:) to lead an army against the Zunbil. This army was drawn from the Kufan soldiery, and such was the splendour of its equipment, or perhaps the "proud and haughty manner of the Kufan soldiers and 634:

region 240 kilometres (150 mi) south of Ta'if, was unremarkable. Al-Hajjaj abandoned the post, considering it beneath his ambition. An Arabic proverb later developed out of this anecdote:

1436:; the modern historian Shiv Rai Chowdhry argues the latter account is more credible. During his rule in Iraq, al-Hajjaj married Hind, a daughter of al-Muhallab, but according to the historian 1333:

concluding that its composition dated to the beginning of the 10th century. Moreover, other authors have rejected that the letter had any factual basis, arguing that it was a polemical work.

1287:

argued that al-Hajjaj seemed "to have made an entirely new recension of the Qur'an", basing his argument on a Muslim source and two Christian sources. The Muslim source is a hadith report in

1297:. Doubting the authenticity of the hadith report, Radwan argues that the codex of Uthman, a caliph favored by al-Hajjaj, had already been memorised by thousands of Muslims and that the 1098:

The relationship between al-Hajjaj and Muhammad ibn al-Qasim has always been one of great debate. Many accounts list al-Hajjaj as being his uncle or father-in-law. According to the

830:, comprising half of the Caliphate's territory and producing more than half its income. In addition, the post was of particular political sensitivity due to the long history of 1124:) and Sindh, protecting the maritime interests of the caliphate, and punishing the armies of Sindh for participating alongside the Persians in various battles such as those at 747:

defection of several thousand of his supporters, including two of his sons, Ibn al-Zubayr was killed alongside his last remaining loyal followers, fighting around the Ka'aba.

478:

whose ranks spanned the Arab troops, Muslim converts and religious elites of Iraq. Consequently, al-Hajjaj further tightened control over the province, founding the city of

1156:

coins still used until then. He established mints at Kufa and later in Wasit and decreed strict punishments for counterfeiters. The new coins contained the name of

2624:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIII: The Zenith of the Marwānid House: The Last Years of ʿAbd al-Malik and the Caliphate of al-Walīd, A.D. 700–715/A.H. 81–95

1972:

Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. Commissioners Press 1900, Section 18

762:(693 and 694 CE), and restored the Ka'aba to the shape and dimensions it had originally, rejecting the alterations made by Ibn al-Zubayr following the 518:

are located). He belonged to the family of Abu Aqil, called after al-Hajjaj's paternal great-grandfather. The family was part of the Banu Awf branch of the

1280:

Nasr ibn Asim al-Laythi to introduce new vowel diacritics, a story that is unchallenged, despite the strong hostility of Muslim sources towards al-Hajjaj.

818:

and the other eastern provinces of the Caliphate. The governor of Iraq was therefore in charge of a huge super-province or vice-royalty stretching from

3063: 1359:

Al-Hajjaj died in Wasit in May or June 714 at the age of 53 or 54. On his deathbed, he appointed his son Abd Allah to replace him as leader of the

470:(poll tax) nominally reserved for non-Muslim subjects, and oversaw large-scale canal digging projects. In 701, al-Hajjaj, with reinforcements from 2875: 3481: 610:

army dispatched by Yazid defeated the local defenders of Medina who had discarded the Caliph's authority, al-Hajjaj fought in the brigade of

3193: 1975: 1029:, refused, believing that the offered terms revealed the government's weakness, and pushed for outright victory. The two armies met in the 990: 2457: 3284: 931:, whom al-Hajjaj had imprisoned. The possibility of Sulayman's accession so frightened al-Hajjaj that he wished not to outlive al-Walid. 766:

in 683. Al-Hajjaj was able to restore peace in the Hejaz, but his severity occasioned the frequent personal intervention of the Caliph.

3456: 2553: 1291:, which details eleven changes. Researcher Umar Ibn Ibrahim Radwan, argues that the changes could be categorised as differences in the 1066: 1104:, the oldest chronicle of the Arab conquest of Sindh, the primary reason al-Hajjaj ordered an expedition against the region's ruler 1432:

hold that Abd al-Malik ordered al-Hajjaj to divorce her and return her dowry after petitions by her father and the Umayyad prince

856: 1049:

The failure of Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt led to the tightening of Umayyad control over Iraq. In 702 al-Hajjaj founded the city of

587:

After a short, undetermined period, al-Hajjaj and his father left their teaching jobs and took up military service under Caliph

3056: 1238:

As part of his efforts to strengthen uniformity in the state, he also tried to introduce a definitive, uniform version of the

3213: 3178: 2910: 2829: 2808: 2758: 2734: 2701: 2632: 2493: 2370: 2346: 3496: 3018: 54: 3491: 3471: 2896: 2794: 2687: 2575: 2479: 572:('little dog'), with which he was later derisively referred to. His early life is obscure, except for his having been a 3486: 3407: 2608: 1184:(land tax). He began to restore and expand the network of canals in lower Iraq. According to the 9th-century historian 1071:

As governor of Iraq and viceroy of the East, al-Hajjaj supervised a major wave of expansion. He appointed his kinsman

3049: 2991: 2656: 2442: 114: 450:. To revive agricultural production and increase tax revenue, al-Hajjaj expelled non-Arab, Muslim converts from the 3441: 3436: 3349: 3001: 1072: 2670: 1062: 1038:, but were defeated by al-Muhallab's son, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, who surrendered those of north Arab provenance ( 176: 2769: 786:

In early 694, Abd al-Malik sent al-Hajjaj to govern Iraq. This involved combining the governorships of Kufa and

3203: 3188: 1392: 1415: 711: 703: 581: 272: 576:

in his hometown—another source of derision to his enemies—where he taught his pupils to copy and recite the

3258: 3198: 2962:

Klasova, Pamela (2022). "A Tyrant's Legacy in Medieval Syria: Al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf on Trial in Ibn ʿAsākir's

1396: 958: 851:

and central Persia as their city's sole dependencies. Al-Hajjaj's purview originally excluded Khurasan and

426:

As governor of Iraq and the east, al-Hajjaj instituted key reforms. Among these were the minting of silver

1229:(examples in blue) indicate short vowels which have been used in the Quran but not in most written Arabic. 1152:

Already in 695, al-Hajjaj began minting the new gold and silver coins, which superseded the Byzantine and

1144: 3208: 969:

with the aid of Syrian troops. In the same year, al-Hajjaj suppressed the rebellion of the governor of

611: 3223: 1210:, despite its imposition being traditionally restricted to the non-Muslim subjects of the Caliphate. 1129: 3389: 3337: 3117: 2883: 2785: 2678: 2466: 1030: 978: 945: 917: 886: 882: 691: 531: 3218: 2356: 540: 2362:

The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads

3132: 3107: 2726:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

2314: 954: 695: 644: 623: 599: 390: 75: 19: 1973: 3466: 3446: 3367: 3309: 3238: 1225:(examples in red) was added in later Arabic so that consonant letters could be distinguished. * 1121: 1088: 913: 718:

in the summer of 691, al-Hajjaj was sent as an emissary of the Caliph alongside the theologian

527: 375: 344: 2819: 2562: 3228: 2627:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1403:. This followed his divorce of Umm Kulthum bint Abd Allah ibn Ja'far, a grandniece of Caliph 928: 901:, a son of al-Walid, while the daughter of his brother Muhammad was wed to the future caliph 735: 627: 606:(682) and of al-Rabadha (684)—both near Medina—but without distinction. At al-Harra, where a 2503:

Crone, Patricia (1994). "Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?".

2395:

Donner, Fred M. (2008). "The Quran in Recent Scholarship". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.).

1133: 758:(central Arabia). As governor, al-Hajjaj led the Hajj in person in the years 73 and 74 3476: 3451: 3357: 3233: 3147: 2407:(September–December 1965). "Muḥammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī and the Arab Conquest of Sind". 2317:(October 1953). "Muhammad ibn al-Qasim: A Study of His Family Background and Personality". 1441: 1330: 1306: 1043: 791: 763: 731: 8: 3461: 3431: 3426: 2387: 1326: 1113: 898: 827: 654:) acceded to the caliphate, al-Hajjaj left his hometown and went to the Umayyad capital, 614:. He fled the field in that engagement. According to verses compiled in the 10th-century 603: 598:), who was facing increasing opposition to his rule in the Hejaz. He participated in the 2937: 1242:

so as to eliminate theological quarrels. Al-Hajjaj's version also probably included new

1221:(in black) was the only script found in the earliest surviving fragments of the Quran. * 3253: 3028: 2789: 2528: 2470: 2416: 2404: 1080: 523: 482:

to house the loyalist Syrian troops whom he thereafter relied on to enforce his rule.

430:

with strictly Muslim religious formulas instead of the coins' traditional, pre-Islamic

423:), whose decision-making was heavily influenced by al-Hajjaj, until his death in 714. 107: 3072: 2943: 2933: 2906: 2825: 2804: 2754: 2730: 2697: 2652: 2628: 2604: 2585: 2532: 2520: 2489: 2438: 2366: 2342: 1380: 1313:. Jefferey notes the authenticity of the letter is disputed by historians, including 1298: 1243: 1213: 779: 707: 535: 475: 386: 232: 210: 1414:). While al-Mas'udi holds al-Hajjaj divorced Umm Kulthum to humiliate the family of 522:

tribe. Members of the Thaqif attained high military and administrative ranks in the

3377: 2984: 2777: 2512: 1433: 1288: 1197: 1125: 795: 727: 164: 1246:. He declared this version to be the only valid one, while prohibiting the use of 3279: 2840: 2773: 2748: 2744: 2724: 2720: 2646: 2622: 2598: 2541: 2432: 2381: 2360: 2336: 1979: 1444:, al-Hajjaj became one of the few non-Qurayshites to marry into the aristocratic 1425: 1400: 1314: 844: 799: 677: 617: 431: 366: 335: 3372: 3362: 3097: 2891: 2879: 2781: 2682: 2674: 2570: 2566: 2474: 2462: 2452: 2428: 1284: 1169: 719: 443: 2750:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

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in which it had hitherto been kept, so that he could supervise it personally.

39: 3420: 3243: 3087: 3011: 2947: 2887: 2642: 2589: 2558: 2546:. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 631. 2524: 2516: 1373: 1360: 1247: 973:, al-Mutarrif ibn al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, who had allied with the Kharijites. 871: 681: 666:(select troops) of the Caliph. However, according to a different account, by 607: 548: 471: 95: 2920:

Wansbrough, John (1978). "Review of Hagarism: The Making of Islamic World".

1343:, al-Hajjaj improved written Arabic by adding diacritical marks to the bare 1200:, al-Hajjaj, with the support of Abd al-Malik, was the first to collect the 3183: 3041: 2666: 2618: 1445: 1429: 1185: 823: 759: 573: 534:. The tribe's political influence continued to grow with the advent of the 2003: 2001: 1999: 1321:(Quranic chapters) in a different order. The other Christian source is an 3384: 3248: 3173: 3137: 1322: 1148:

Silver dirham following Sasanian motives, struck in the name of al-Hajjaj

1084: 819: 667: 319: 228: 2942:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 2858:

Aara' al-Mustashriqin Hawl al-Qur'an al-Karim wa Tafsir: Dirasah Wa Naqd

2420: 750:

As a reward, Abd al-Malik gave al-Hajjaj the governorship of the Hejaz,

3327: 3112: 1996: 1253: 1105: 1100: 982: 970: 860: 836: 413: 144: 794:

twenty years earlier. The caliph had previously appointed his brother

351:

Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-Thaqafī

3152: 3142: 1437: 1112:, resulting in the capturing of gifts to the caliph from the king of 1076: 966: 941: 831: 755: 743: 715: 526:

and played important command and economic roles during and after the

332:

Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi

2338:

The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation

3304: 3127: 3102: 1452: 1153: 1020: 902: 815: 655: 499: 202: 1233: 957:

as their anti-caliph, and in spring 697 another Kharijite leader,

3122: 3092: 2383:

Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf (An Examination of His Works and Personality)

1613: 1310: 1013: 950: 588: 487: 2867:

Discovering the Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text

1372:

The cause of his death, according to the 13th-century historian

981:

had suffered a heavy defeat against the ruler of the kingdom of

855:, which were governed by the largely ineffectual Umayyad prince 843:, many of these were assigned by the Umayyads to princes of the 3403: 3332: 3299: 3274: 3168: 2244: 1720: 1718: 1302: 1179: 1117: 996: 986: 889: 852: 811: 774: 661: 631: 519: 515: 507: 490:

writers, who ascribed to him persecutions and mass executions.

427: 403: 3314: 3294: 3289: 2154: 1363:. He penned a letter to al-Walid, which concluded as follows: 1318: 1239: 1201: 1191: 1163: 1157: 1136:

and also the granting of refuge to fleeing rebel chieftains.

1109: 1050: 1039: 1035: 962: 848: 840: 805: 787: 751: 577: 511: 503: 479: 465: 459: 451: 447: 437: 409: 400:), who successively promoted him as the head of the Caliph's 261:

Umm al-Banin bint al-Mughira ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Makhzumiyya

206: 2648:

The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750

2207: 2205: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2033: 2031: 1790: 1788: 1715: 993:, the most pre-eminent member of the Kufan aristocracy (the 734:. The Umayyad troops bombarded the city with catapults from 446:

to Arabic; and the introduction of a uniform version of the

2217: 1932: 1930: 1469: 1467: 1346: 1092: 739: 699: 544: 455: 2851:. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Islamic Studies: 125–136. 2234: 2232: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1730: 474:, crushed a mass rebellion led by the Kufan Arab nobleman 2600:

The Umayyad Caliphate, 65–86/684–705: (A Political Study)

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Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi § Conquest of Sindh

2365:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2326:

Beeston; Johnstone; Serjeant (1983). G. R. Smith (ed.).

2325: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2007: 1927: 1915: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1464: 934: 798:

governor of Kufa, but this "experiment in family rule" (

462:

to their villages of origin and collected from them the

2229: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2101: 2089: 1860: 1858: 1800: 1630: 1628: 1603: 1601: 1576: 1574: 1486: 1484: 1482: 680:, Abd al-Malik's half-brother and one-time governor of 543:, a member of the Thaqif who was appointed governor of 2968:

Journal of Late Antique, Islamic and Byzantine Studies

2922:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

2013: 1954: 1870: 1831: 1754: 1700: 1652: 1586: 1496: 870:), he would be "the dominant feature in the sources" ( 2434:

Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity

2292: 2142: 2060: 1942: 1891: 1843: 1742: 1520: 2280: 2256: 2113: 1855: 1640: 1625: 1598: 1571: 1508: 1479: 1419: 1344: 1329:. The dating of the letter is disputed, the Arabist 1292: 1275: 1251: 1205: 1189: 1177: 1161: 1024: 1002: 994: 927:). Sulayman furthermore had championed the cause of 803: 685: 671: 659: 635: 615: 567: 463: 435: 401: 380: 349: 2651:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 2334: 1984: 1688: 1619: 1391:Al-Hajjaj's first wife was Umm Aban, a daughter of 1063:

Qutayba ibn Muslim § Conquests in Central Asia

340:أبو محمد الحجاج بن يوسف بن الحكم بن أبي عقيل الثقفي 252:

Umm Kulthum bint Abd Allah ibn Ja'far ibn Abi Talib

2552: 2456: 2335:Biesterfeldt, Hinrich; Günther, Sebastian (2018). 2328:Arabic Literature To The End Of The Ummayad Period 1448:clan; two of his sons also married into the clan. 1336:According to the Islamic historical tradition, in 1139: 580:. His father Yusuf ibn al-Hakam and elder brother 498:Al-Hajjaj was born in ca. 661 in the city of 311:Al-Fari'a bint Hammam ibn Urwa al-Thaqafi (mother) 2543:Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1 839:. Although it dominated the fertile lands of the 640:("as insignificant as Tabala is to al-Hajjaj"). 3418: 626:. Al-Hajjaj's first public post, as governor of 385:), was the most notable governor who served the 1234:Uniformity of the Quran and grammatical reforms 769: 255:Umm al-Julas bint Abd Allah ibn Khalid ibn Asid 1418:(the father of Ali), accounts recorded in the 1305:to have been written by the Byzantine emperor 670:(d. 889), al-Hajjaj started his career in the 3057: 2753:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press. 877: 3071: 790:, which had not been done since the days of 246:Umm Aban bint Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansariyya 2355: 1724: 1259: 3064: 3050: 2932: 2919: 2897:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2795:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2688:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2576:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2480:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2211: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2037: 1196:). According to the 9th-century historian 566:As a boy, al-Hajjaj acquired the nickname 249:Hamida bint Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansariyya 2905:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 120–121. 2817: 2696:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 137–140. 2437:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2083: 1056: 991:Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath 2873: 2864: 2550: 2539: 2403: 2379: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2223: 2136: 2095: 2022: 1909: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1794: 1779: 1682: 1670: 1658: 1607: 1592: 1580: 1565: 1502: 1473: 1212: 1143: 1016:—to a full-blown anti-Umayyad movement. 881: 773: 561: 25:Umayyad governor and viceroy (c.661-714) 2961: 2743: 2719: 2710: 2641: 2584:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 39–43. 2148: 2054: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1921: 1897: 1885: 1849: 1748: 1736: 1709: 1108:, was the pirate raid off the coast of 857:Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid 309:Yusuf ibn al-Hakam al-Thaqafi (father) 3482:One Thousand and One Nights characters 3419: 2855: 2767: 2511:(1). Walter de Gruyter and Co.: 1–57. 2394: 2313: 2298: 2107: 2071: 2008:Beeston, Johnstone & Serjeant 1983 1514: 1490: 1019:Al-Hajjaj tried to stop the rebels at 18:For other people named al-Hajjaj, see 3045: 2838: 2821:The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'an 2715:. New York: Russell F. Moore Company. 2665: 2617: 2596: 2502: 2451: 2427: 2286: 2124: 1990: 1864: 1694: 1646: 1634: 935:Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt and aftermath 434:design; changing the language of the 408:(select troops), the governor of the 2860:. Vol. 1. Riyadh: Dar al-Tibah. 2803:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 432. 2729:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 2488:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 357. 389:. He began his service under Caliph 2397:The Quran in its Historical Context 1379:In the assessment of the historian 1354: 370: 339: 258:Hind bint al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 13: 2955: 2841:"Early Life of al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf" 822:to the still expanding borders in 14: 3508: 3457:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate 3037: 2856:Radwan, Umar Ibn Ibrahim (1992). 738:, not letting up even during the 722:to negotiate a peace with Zufar. 3402: 3002:Yazid ibn Abi Kabshah al-Saksaki 1073:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi 38: 2818:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (2006). 2307: 1966: 1620:Biesterfeldt & Günther 2018 1409: 1140:Domestic government and reforms 922: 907: 865: 649: 637:ahwan ʿala al-Hajjaj min Tabala 593: 553: 418: 395: 177:Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki 149: 137: 80: 3229:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 3214:Second siege of Constantinople 3204:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 3189:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 2824:. Cambridge University Press. 584:were also teachers in Ta'if. 1: 3179:First siege of Constantinople 2939:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 2597:Dixon, 'Abd al-Ameer (1971). 2554:"al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ b. Yūsuf" 2540:De Slane, Mac Guckin (1842). 2330:. Cambridge University Press. 1458: 1434:Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya 1337: 1042:) but let the southern Arab ( 712:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi 602:, fighting in the battles of 547:by the first Umayyad caliph, 442:(tax registers) of Iraq from 355: 273:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi 220: 195: 55:Umayyad governor of the Hejaz 3259:Umayyad rule in North Africa 3199:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 2839:Oseni, Zakariyau I. (1982). 1397:Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid 989:, and now al-Hajjaj ordered 959:Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani 770:Viceroy of Iraq and the East 690:, the Caliph's main adviser 7: 3497:Umayyad governors of Medina 2380:Chowdhry, Shiv Rai (1972). 1451:According to the historian 1420: 1393:Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari 1345: 1293: 1276: 1252: 1206: 1190: 1178: 1162: 1025: 1003: 995: 804: 686: 672: 660: 636: 616: 568: 493: 464: 436: 402: 381: 350: 44:Seal of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 10: 3513: 3492:Umayyad governors of Mecca 3472:People of the Second Fitna 3234:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 3209:Umayyad campaigns in India 2458:"al-Muhallab b. Abī Ṣufra" 1060: 892:minted by al-Hajjaj in 695 878:Relations with the caliphs 810:) of Kufa and Basra, i.e. 612:Hubaysh ibn Dulja al-Qayni 17: 3487:Umayyad governors of Iraq 3400: 3390:Painting of the Six Kings 3348: 3267: 3161: 3080: 3025: 3016: 3008: 2998: 2989: 2981: 2357:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya 1386: 1031:Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim 979:Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra 946:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 782:) in the late 9th century 692:Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami 325: 315: 305: 279: 268: 239: 216: 191: 186: 182: 170: 158: 131: 120: 113: 101: 89: 71: 60: 53: 49: 37: 30: 3373:Great Mosque of Damascus 3219:Umayyad invasion of Gaul 3194:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 2876:"ʿAbd al-Masīḥ al-Kindī" 2711:Jeffrey, Arthur (1952). 2517:10.1515/islm.1994.71.1.1 1075:to lead the conquest of 115:Umayyad governor of Iraq 3442:8th-century Arab people 3437:7th-century Arab people 2865:Robinson, Neal (1996). 2713:The Qur'an as Scripture 2253:, pp. 34, 151–152. 1978:19 October 2017 at the 1168:) into Arabic from the 953:who had rallied around 684:. The commander of the 658:, where he entered the 624:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 600:Second Muslim Civil War 3368:Great Mosque of Aleppo 3224:Second Arab–Khazar War 1370: 1230: 1149: 1079:(northwestern India), 1057:Campaigns of expansion 961:, was defeated on the 914:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan 893: 783: 528:early Muslim conquests 295:Sulayman (or al-Walid) 3338:Arab–Sasanian coinage 3239:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 2874:Troupeau, G. (1986). 2551:Dietrich, A. (1971). 1365: 1327:Abd al-Masih al-Kindi 1216: 1147: 929:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab 885: 777: 562:Early life and career 541:al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba 3358:Umayyad architecture 1442:al-Harith ibn Hisham 1309:addressed to Caliph 1204:(poll tax) from the 1176:revenue through the 1087:(Central Asia), and 955:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a 792:Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan 3320:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 2964:History of Damascus 2768:Lecker, M. (2000). 2405:Gabrieli, Francesco 2388:University of Delhi 2315:Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh 2226:, pp. 51, 152. 2163:, pp. 257–258. 1739:, pp. 241–242. 828:Indian subcontinent 764:first Umayyad siege 382:al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 363:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 361:), known simply as 235:, Umayyad Caliphate 32:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 3310:Qays–Yaman rivalry 3254:Abbasid Revolution 3029:Yahya ibn al-Hakam 3019:Governor of Medina 2934:Wellhausen, Julius 2643:Hawting, Gerald R. 2057:, pp. 99–120. 1828:, pp. 41, 42. 1399:, a member of the 1231: 1150: 1081:Qutayba ibn Muslim 894: 784: 530:, particularly in 108:Yahya ibn al-Hakam 3414: 3413: 3073:Umayyad Caliphate 3035: 3034: 3026:Succeeded by 2999:Succeeded by 2912:978-90-04-07819-2 2831:978-0-521-53934-0 2810:978-90-04-11211-7 2760:978-0-306-81740-3 2736:978-0-582-40525-7 2703:978-90-04-08112-3 2634:978-0-88706-721-1 2603:. London: Luzac. 2495:978-90-04-09419-2 2372:978-0-7914-1827-7 2348:978-90-04-35621-4 2341:. Leiden: Brill. 2277:, pp. 33–34. 2110:, pp. 35–36. 1939:, pp. 68–69. 1924:, pp. 67–68. 1912:, pp. 40–41. 1797:, pp. 41–42. 1727:, pp. 57–67. 1685:, pp. 13–14. 1673:, pp. 12–13. 1476:, pp. 39–40. 1381:Julius Wellhausen 1323:apologetic letter 780:Lower Mesopotamia 708:Upper Mesopotamia 536:Umayyad Caliphate 524:nascent Caliphate 387:Umayyad Caliphate 379: 348: 329: 328: 211:Umayyad Caliphate 3504: 3406: 3378:Dome of the Rock 3324:Umayyad coinage 3066: 3059: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3009:Preceded by 2992:Governor of Iraq 2985:Bishr ibn Marwan 2982:Preceded by 2979: 2978: 2975: 2951: 2929: 2916: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2845:Studies in Islam 2835: 2814: 2790:Heinrichs, W. P. 2764: 2740: 2716: 2707: 2662: 2638: 2614: 2593: 2556: 2547: 2536: 2499: 2471:Heinrichs, W. P. 2460: 2448: 2424: 2400: 2391: 2376: 2352: 2331: 2322: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2058: 2052: 2041: 2035: 2026: 2020: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1868: 1862: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1798: 1792: 1783: 1777: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1725:Blankinship 1994 1722: 1713: 1707: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1569: 1563: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1477: 1471: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1355:Death and legacy 1350: 1342: 1339: 1296: 1289:Sunan Abu Dawood 1283:The orientalist 1279: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1244:vowel diacritics 1209: 1198:Ibn Abd al-Hakam 1195: 1183: 1167: 1089:Mujja'a ibn Si'r 1028: 1006: 1000: 926: 924: 911: 909: 869: 867: 809: 796:Bishr ibn Marwan 742:pilgrimage; the 736:Mount Abu Qubays 728:Battle of Maskin 689: 675: 665: 653: 651: 639: 621: 597: 595: 571: 557: 555: 469: 441: 422: 420: 407: 399: 397: 384: 374: 372: 360: 357: 353: 343: 341: 225: 222: 200: 197: 187:Personal details 173: 165:Bishr ibn Marwan 161: 153: 151: 141: 139: 125: 104: 92: 84: 82: 65: 42: 28: 27: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3396: 3344: 3280:Umayyad dynasty 3263: 3157: 3076: 3070: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3014: 3004: 2995: 2987: 2974:(1–2): 133–166. 2958: 2956:Further reading 2913: 2880:Bosworth, C. E. 2832: 2811: 2782:Bosworth, C. E. 2761: 2737: 2704: 2675:Bosworth, C. E. 2659: 2635: 2611: 2496: 2463:Bosworth, C. E. 2445: 2429:Crone, Patricia 2373: 2349: 2319:Islamic Culture 2310: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2212:Wellhausen 1927 2210: 2203: 2197:Wellhausen 1927 2195: 2191: 2185:Wellhausen 1927 2183: 2179: 2173:Wellhausen 1927 2171: 2167: 2161:Wellhausen 1927 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2061: 2053: 2044: 2038:Wansbrough 1978 2036: 2029: 2021: 2014: 2006: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1980:Wayback Machine 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1871: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1801: 1793: 1786: 1778: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1716: 1708: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1599: 1595:, pp. 8–9. 1591: 1587: 1579: 1572: 1564: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1480: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1426:Ibn Abd Rabbihi 1421:Kitab al-aghani 1408: 1401:Umayyad dynasty 1389: 1357: 1340: 1315:John Wansbrough 1299:Abbasid dynasty 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1236: 1142: 1069: 1061:Main articles: 1059: 985:, known as the 937: 921: 906: 880: 864: 800:Hugh N. Kennedy 772: 678:Aban ibn Marwan 648: 618:Kitab al-aghani 592: 564: 552: 496: 452:garrison cities 417: 394: 358: 310: 301: 264: 227: 223: 201: 198: 171: 159: 148: 143: 136: 126: 121: 102: 90: 79: 66: 61: 45: 33: 26: 23: 12: 11: 5: 3510: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3412: 3411: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3363:Desert castles 3354: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3038:External links 3036: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2930: 2917: 2911: 2884:van Donzel, E. 2871: 2862: 2853: 2836: 2830: 2815: 2809: 2786:van Donzel, E. 2774:Bearman, P. J. 2765: 2759: 2741: 2735: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2679:van Donzel, E. 2663: 2657: 2639: 2633: 2621:, ed. (1990). 2615: 2610:978-0718901493 2609: 2594: 2548: 2537: 2500: 2494: 2467:van Donzel, E. 2449: 2443: 2425: 2415:(3): 281–295. 2401: 2392: 2377: 2371: 2353: 2347: 2332: 2323: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2301:, p. 249. 2291: 2289:, p. 139. 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2241:, p. 152. 2228: 2216: 2214:, p. 256. 2201: 2199:, p. 255. 2189: 2187:, p. 258. 2177: 2175:, p. 260. 2165: 2153: 2141: 2139:, p. 362. 2129: 2127:, p. 216. 2112: 2100: 2098:, p. 120. 2088: 2086:, p. 166. 2084:McAuliffe 2006 2076: 2074:, p. 430. 2059: 2042: 2040:, p. 156. 2027: 2012: 2010:, p. 243. 1995: 1983: 1965: 1963:, p. 102. 1953: 1941: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1888:, p. 101. 1869: 1867:, p. 357. 1854: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1816:, p. 155. 1799: 1784: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1714: 1712:, p. 100. 1699: 1687: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1649:, p. 124. 1639: 1637:, p. 129. 1624: 1622:, p. 953. 1612: 1597: 1585: 1570: 1519: 1517:, p. 432. 1507: 1505:, p. 282. 1495: 1493:, p. 243. 1478: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1412: 656–661 1388: 1385: 1361:Friday prayers 1356: 1353: 1325:attributed to 1285:Arthur Jeffery 1235: 1232: 1141: 1138: 1058: 1055: 936: 933: 925: 715–717 910: 720–724 887:Sasanian-style 879: 876: 868: 705–715 771: 768: 720:Raja ibn Haywa 702:tribes of the 652: 685–705 596: 680–683 563: 560: 556: 661–680 495: 492: 476:Ibn al-Ash'ath 421: 705–715 398: 685–705 371:الحجاج بن يوسف 359: 661–714 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 307: 303: 302: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 283: 281: 277: 276: 270: 266: 265: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 243: 241: 237: 236: 218: 214: 213: 193: 189: 188: 184: 183: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 162: 156: 155: 152: 705–715 140: 685–705 135:Abd al-Malik ( 133: 129: 128: 118: 117: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 93: 87: 86: 83: 685–705 73: 69: 68: 58: 57: 51: 50: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3509: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3467:City founders 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3447:Arab generals 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3244:Berber Revolt 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3012:Tariq ibn Amr 3007: 3003: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Bianquis, Th. 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2745:Kennedy, Hugh 2742: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2721:Kennedy, Hugh 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2658:0-415-24072-7 2654: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619:Hinds, Martin 2616: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:Ménage, V. L. 2560: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2444:0-521-52940-9 2440: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:East and West 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2275:Chowdhry 1972 2271: 2264: 2263:Chowdhry 1972 2259: 2252: 2251:Chowdhry 1972 2247: 2240: 2239:Chowdhry 1972 2235: 2233: 2225: 2224:Chowdhry 1972 2220: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2151:, p. 92. 2150: 2145: 2138: 2137:De Slane 1842 2133: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2096:Troupeau 1986 2092: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2025:, p. 56. 2024: 2023:Robinson 1996 2019: 2017: 2009: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1993:, p. 14. 1992: 1987: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1962: 1957: 1951:, p. 69. 1950: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1910:Dietrich 1971 1906: 1900:, p. 67. 1899: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1852:, p. 66. 1851: 1846: 1840:, p. 42. 1839: 1838:Dietrich 1971 1834: 1827: 1826:Dietrich 1971 1822: 1815: 1814:Chowdhry 1972 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795:Dietrich 1971 1791: 1789: 1782:, p. 41. 1781: 1780:Dietrich 1971 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1751:, p. 58. 1750: 1745: 1738: 1733: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1697:, p. 93. 1696: 1691: 1684: 1683:Chowdhry 1972 1679: 1672: 1671:Chowdhry 1972 1667: 1661:, p. 12. 1660: 1659:Chowdhry 1972 1655: 1648: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1608:Chowdhry 1972 1604: 1602: 1594: 1593:Chowdhry 1972 1589: 1582: 1581:Chowdhry 1972 1577: 1575: 1568:, p. 40. 1567: 1566:Dietrich 1971 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1503:Gabrieli 1965 1499: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1475: 1474:Dietrich 1971 1470: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1374:Ibn Khallikan 1369: 1364: 1362: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1009: 1005: 999: 998: 992: 988: 984: 980: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 943: 932: 930: 919: 915: 904: 900: 891: 888: 884: 875: 873: 872:G. R. Hawting 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 807: 801: 797: 793: 789: 781: 778:Map of Iraq ( 776: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 723: 721: 717: 716:al-Qariqisiya 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 683: 679: 674: 669: 664: 663: 657: 646: 641: 638: 633: 629: 625: 620: 619: 613: 609: 605: 601: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 570: 559: 550: 546: 542: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 491: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 467: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 439: 433: 429: 424: 415: 411: 406: 405: 392: 388: 383: 377: 368: 364: 352: 346: 337: 333: 324: 321: 318: 314: 308: 304: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284: 282: 278: 274: 271: 267: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 199: 661 CE 194: 190: 185: 181: 178: 175: 169: 166: 163: 157: 146: 134: 130: 124: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 100: 97: 96:Tariq ibn Amr 94: 88: 77: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 29: 21: 16: 3319: 3184:Second Fitna 3108:Abd al-Malik 3017: 2990: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2938: 2925: 2921: 2902: 2895: 2869:. SCM Press. 2866: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2820: 2800: 2793: 2749: 2725: 2712: 2693: 2686: 2647: 2623: 2599: 2581: 2574: 2542: 2508: 2504: 2485: 2478: 2433: 2412: 2408: 2399:. Routledge. 2396: 2382: 2361: 2337: 2327: 2318: 2308:Bibliography 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2219: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2149:Kennedy 2004 2144: 2132: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2055:Jeffrey 1952 1986: 1968: 1961:Kennedy 2004 1956: 1949:Hawting 2000 1944: 1937:Hawting 2000 1922:Hawting 2000 1917: 1905: 1898:Hawting 2000 1893: 1886:Kennedy 2004 1850:Hawting 2000 1845: 1833: 1821: 1749:Hawting 2000 1744: 1737:Kennedy 2007 1732: 1710:Kennedy 2004 1690: 1678: 1666: 1654: 1642: 1615: 1610:, p. 9. 1588: 1583:, p. 4. 1510: 1498: 1450: 1446:Banu Makhzum 1430:Ibn al-Athir 1390: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1358: 1335: 1282: 1237: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1186:al-Baladhuri 1174: 1151: 1099: 1097: 1070: 1048: 1018: 1010: 975: 938: 895: 824:Central Asia 785: 749: 732:attack Mecca 724: 645:Abd al-Malik 642: 586: 574:schoolmaster 565: 497: 484: 425: 391:Abd al-Malik 362: 331: 330: 292:Abd al-Malik 172:Succeeded by 122: 103:Succeeded by 76:Abd al-Malik 62: 15: 3452:Banu Thaqif 3385:Umayyad art 3249:Third Fitna 3174:First Fitna 3138:Al-Walid II 3098:Mu'awiya II 2892:Pellat, Ch. 2683:Pellat, Ch. 2580:Volume III: 2571:Schacht, J. 2567:Pellat, Ch. 2484:Volume VII: 2475:Pellat, Ch. 2299:Baloch 1953 2108:Donner 2008 2072:Radwan 1992 1515:Lecker 2000 1491:Baloch 1953 1122:Balochistan 1085:Transoxiana 1083:to conquer 820:Mesopotamia 668:Ibn Qutayba 643:Soon after 320:Banu Thaqif 160:Preceded by 91:Preceded by 3462:Chach Nama 3432:714 deaths 3427:661 births 3421:Categories 3328:Gold dinar 3268:Government 3113:Al-Walid I 3088:Mu'awiya I 2692:Volume VI: 2386:(Thesis). 2321:: 242–271. 2287:Hinds 1991 2125:Hinds 1990 1991:Crone 1994 1865:Crone 1993 1695:Dixon 1971 1647:Crone 1980 1635:Oseni 1982 1459:References 1341: 700 1331:Paul Kraus 1248:Ibn Mas'ud 1106:Raja Dahir 1101:Chach Nama 983:Zabulistan 861:al-Walid I 837:Ridda wars 549:Mu'awiya I 414:al-Walid I 224: 714 145:Al-Walid I 3285:Governors 3153:Marwan II 3143:Yazid III 2948:752790641 2901:Volume V: 2888:Lewis, B. 2799:Volume X: 2671:"Makhzūm" 2667:Hinds, M. 2590:495469525 2559:Lewis, B. 2533:154370527 2525:0021-1818 2505:Der Islam 2453:Crone, P. 1438:al-Tabari 1416:Abu Talib 1130:Qadisiyya 967:Khuzistan 965:river in 942:Ramhurmuz 832:Kharijism 756:al-Yamama 682:Palestine 506:(western 376:romanized 345:romanized 306:Parent(s) 298:Abd Allah 275:(brother) 269:Relations 226:(aged 53) 123:In office 63:In office 3305:al-Haras 3128:Yazid II 3118:Sulayman 3103:Marwan I 3023:693–694 2996:694–714 2936:(1927). 2903:Khe–Mahi 2894:(eds.). 2792:(eds.). 2770:"Thakīf" 2747:(2007). 2723:(2004). 2694:Mahk–Mid 2685:(eds.). 2669:(1991). 2645:(2000). 2573:(eds.). 2477:(eds.). 2455:(1993). 2431:(1980). 2421:29754928 2359:(1994). 1976:Archived 1453:Ibn Hazm 1269:readings 1154:Sasanian 1134:Nahawand 1114:Serendib 918:Sulayman 903:Yazid II 826:and the 816:Khurasan 656:Damascus 604:al-Harra 582:Muhammad 510:, where 494:Ancestry 432:Sasanian 286:Muhammad 280:Children 132:Monarchs 3477:Tabi‘un 3350:Culture 3162:History 3148:Ibrahim 3123:Umar II 3093:Yazid I 3081:Caliphs 2486:Mif–Naz 1424:and by 1311:Umar II 1307:Leo III 1294:qira'at 1263: 1227:Harakat 1170:Persian 1126:Salasal 1040:Mudaris 1014:Pharaoh 971:Mada'in 951:Azariqa 845:dynasty 630:in the 589:Yazid I 502:in the 488:Abbasid 444:Persian 428:dirhams 378:: 347:: 240:Spouses 127:694–714 72:Monarch 67:692–694 3333:Dirham 3315:Mawali 3300:Shurta 3275:Caliph 3169:Uthman 3133:Hisham 3075:topics 2946: 2909: 2890:& 2828: 2807: 2788:& 2757: 2733: 2700: 2681:& 2655: 2631: 2607: 2588: 2582:H–Iram 2569:& 2531: 2523: 2492: 2473:& 2441: 2419: 2369: 2345: 1387:Family 1303:Levond 1254:qira'a 1207:mawali 1192:mawali 1180:kharaj 1118:Makran 1065:, and 1046:) go. 1044:Yamani 1026:qurrāʾ 1021:Tustar 1004:ashrāf 997:ashrāf 987:Zunbil 963:Dujayl 944:under 899:Masrur 890:dirham 853:Sistan 812:Persia 754:, and 744:Ka'aba 704:Jazira 696:Mus'ab 687:shurta 673:shurta 662:shurta 632:Tihama 628:Tabala 608:Syrian 569:Kulayb 520:Thaqif 516:Medina 508:Arabia 404:shurta 367:Arabic 336:Arabic 20:Hajjaj 3408:Media 3295:Barid 3290:Diwan 2878:. In 2772:. In 2673:. In 2557:. In 2529:S2CID 2461:. In 2417:JSTOR 1319:suras 1240:Quran 1223:Iʿjām 1202:jizya 1164:diwan 1158:Allah 1110:Debal 1077:Sindh 1051:Wasit 1036:Herat 849:Jibal 841:Sawad 806:amsar 788:Basra 752:Yemen 714:, in 578:Quran 512:Mecca 504:Hejaz 500:Ta'if 480:Wasit 472:Syria 466:jizya 460:Basra 448:Quran 438:diwan 410:Hejaz 316:Tribe 229:Wasit 207:Hejaz 203:Ta'if 2944:OCLC 2907:ISBN 2826:ISBN 2805:ISBN 2755:ISBN 2731:ISBN 2698:ISBN 2653:ISBN 2629:ISBN 2605:ISBN 2586:OCLC 2521:ISSN 2490:ISBN 2439:ISBN 2367:ISBN 2343:ISBN 1428:and 1347:rasm 1277:qari 1260:lit. 1219:Rasm 1132:and 1093:Oman 740:Hajj 700:Qays 545:Kufa 532:Iraq 514:and 486:pro- 458:and 456:Kufa 289:Aban 233:Iraq 217:Died 192:Born 2966:". 2801:T–U 2513:doi 1405:Ali 1368:it. 1250:'s 1091:to 874:). 710:), 676:of 558:). 454:of 3423:: 2970:. 2926:41 2924:. 2899:. 2886:; 2882:; 2849:19 2847:. 2843:. 2797:. 2784:; 2780:; 2776:; 2690:. 2677:; 2578:. 2565:; 2561:; 2527:. 2519:. 2509:71 2507:. 2482:. 2469:; 2465:; 2413:15 2411:. 2231:^ 2204:^ 2115:^ 2062:^ 2045:^ 2030:^ 2015:^ 1998:^ 1929:^ 1872:^ 1857:^ 1802:^ 1787:^ 1756:^ 1717:^ 1702:^ 1627:^ 1600:^ 1573:^ 1522:^ 1481:^ 1466:^ 1410:r. 1338:c. 1128:, 923:r. 908:r. 866:r. 814:, 760:AH 650:r. 594:r. 554:r. 419:r. 396:r. 373:, 369:: 356:c. 354:; 342:, 338:: 231:, 221:c. 209:, 205:, 196:c. 150:r. 142:) 138:r. 81:r. 3065:e 3058:t 3051:v 2972:1 2950:. 2928:. 2915:. 2834:. 2813:. 2763:. 2739:. 2706:. 2661:. 2637:. 2613:. 2592:. 2535:. 2515:: 2498:. 2447:. 2423:. 2390:. 2375:. 2351:. 2265:. 1407:( 1272:' 1266:' 1258:( 1217:* 1120:( 920:( 905:( 863:( 706:( 647:( 591:( 551:( 416:( 393:( 365:( 334:( 154:) 147:( 85:) 78:( 22:.

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Knowledge

Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

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