748:
Hirayama and Ikeda accompanied the BIA. With
Anstice's force and the Indian troops attacking Shwedaung from two sides, the roadblocks were soon cleared, but a lucky shot from a Japanese anti-tank gun knocked out a tank on a vital bridge and forced the British to retreat across open fields where Bo Yan Naing ambushed them with 400 men. Eventually the British and Indian force broke free and continued their retreat, having lost ten tanks, two field guns and 350 men killed or wounded. The BIA's casualties were heavy; 60 killed, 300 wounded, 60 captured and 350 missing, who had deserted. Hirayama and Ikeda were both killed. Most of the BIA's casualties resulted from inexperience and lack of equipment. Though Burmese political leader
1289:
769:
76:
716:
36:
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89:
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57:
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956:, the Karen-populated area in the east of Burma. In December 1944, the AFO contacted the Allies indicating their readiness to launch a national uprising which would include the BNA. The situation was not immediately considered favourable by the British for a revolt by the BNA and there were internal disputes about supporting the BNA among them; the British had reservations over dealing with Aung San. In contrast to Force 136, Civil Affair officers of
1380:
358:. Foreign goods were boycotted and the association set up village courts and rejected the British courts of law claiming that a fair trial had a better chance under the control of Burmese people. Student protests, backed by the Buddhist clergy, also led to "National schools" being created in protest against the colonial education system. As a result the British to imposed restrictions on free speech and an increase of the police force.
318:) to British officials. These greetings would demonstrate Burmese submission and respect to British rule. In addition, the act stated that villages would provide lodging and food upon the arrival of colonial military or civil officials. Lastly, against mounting rebellions, the British adopted a “strategic hamlet” strategy, whereby villages were burned and uprooted families who had supplied villages with
972:"I would accept help and that of his army only on the clear understanding that it implied no recognition of any provisional government. ... The British Government had announced its intention to grant self-government to Burma within the British Commonwealth, and we had better limit our discussion to the best method of throwing the Japanese out of the country as the next step toward self-government."
430:, which opposed cooperation with the British war effort unless Burma was guaranteed independence immediately after the war and threatened to increase its anti-British and anti-war campaign. The British denied the Freedom Bloc's demands and much of its leadership was imprisoned until after the Japanese invasion in 1942. The Thakins looked elsewhere for support and planned on setting up ties with the
526:
1335:(PVO), ostensibly a veterans organisation for ex-BNA, but in reality, a paramilitary force who were openly drilling in uniform with numbers eventually reaching 50,000. It was to replace the BNA as a major deterrence against both the British and his communist rivals in the AFPFL. Aung San became head of the AFPFL in 1946 and continued the more peaceful struggle for
802:"Independence is not the kind of thing you can get by begging for it from other people. You should proclaim it yourselves. The Japanese refuse to give it? Very well then, tell them that you will cross over to someplace like Twante and proclaim it and set up your government. What's the difficulty about that? If they start shooting, you shoot back."
922:"It was not long before Aung San found that what he meant by independence had little relation to what the Japanese were prepared to give—that he had exchanged an old master for an infinitely more tyrannical new one. As one of his leading followers once said to me, "If the British sucked our blood, the Japanese ground our bones!"
310:, with large consequences in the dynamics of Burmese society and was particularly devastating to Buddhist monks who were dependent on the sponsorship of the monarchy. British control increased over time, for example, in 1885 under the Colonial Village Act, all Burmese, except for Buddhist monks, were required to
466:
and he produced a plan for clandestine operations in Burma. The
Japanese knew little about Burma at the time and had few contacts within the country. The top Japanese agent in the country was Naval Reservist Kokubu Shozo, who had been resident there for several years and had contacts with most of the
329:
Future changes to Burma included the establishment of land titles, payment of taxes to the
British, records of births and deaths and the introduction of census that included personal information, including information pertaining to jobs and religion. The census was especially hard on Burmese identity
349:
moneylenders who were taking advantage of the economic situation in the villages. At the same time, thousands of Indian labourers migrated to Burma and, because of their willingness to work for less money, quickly displaced
Burmese farmers, who instead began to take part in crime. All this, combined
910:
maintained a large presence and continued to act arbitrarily, despite Japan no longer having official control over Burma. The resulting hardships and
Japanese militaristic attitudes turned the majority Burman population against the Japanese. The insensitive attitude of the Japanese Army extended to
776:
As the invasion speedily continued in Japan's favour, more and more territory fell into
Japanese hands who disregarded the agreement for Burma's independence. As the BIA's ranks had swelled with thousands of unorganised army and volunteers, with plenty of weapons spread throughout the country which
1359:
The BIA was the first major step of the towards
Burmese independence without colonial powers involved, even though this result never genuinely occurred under the BIA or its successors. The army’s formation helped to create strong ties between the military and the government which are still present
838:
and the new force of 3,000 men were recruited and trained by
Japanese instructors as regular army battalions instead of a guerrilla force during the second half of 1942. After the change in leadership, Aung Sun tried to push for what he considered the true mission of the army, which was not just a
171:
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on 8 March, the BIA numbered 10,000–12,000, and eventually expanded to between 18,000 and 23,000. Many of the volunteers who joined the BIA were however not officially recruited, but rather officials or even criminal gangs who took to calling themselves BIA to further their own activities. The
747:
battalions was sent to clear
Shwedaung, which lay on Anstice's line of retreat and was held by the II Battalion of the Japanese 215th Regiment, commanded by Major Misao Sato, and 1,300 men belonging to the BIA under Bo Yan Naing, one of the Thirty Comrades. Two Japanese liaison officers named
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population. As more people joined the rebellion it evolved into a nationwide revolt which only ended after Hsaya San was captured after two years of insurrection. He and many other rebel leaders were executed and imprisoned after the rebellion was put down. The Hsaya rebellion sparked a large
552:
in time-honoured
Burmese military tradition – pledging "eternal loyalty" among themselves and to the cause of Burmese independence. The BIA initially numbered 227 Burmese and 74 Japanese. Some of the Burmese soldiers were second-generation residents in Thailand, who could not speak Burmese.
269:) during a joint Allied–Burmese victory parade in Rangoon on 23 June 1945. Following the war, after tense negotiations, it was decided that the PBF would be integrated into a new Burma Army under British control, but many veterans would continue under old leadership in the paramilitary
911:
the BNA. Even the officers of the BNA were obliged to salute low-ranking privates of the Imperial Japanese Army as their superiors. Aung San soon became disillusioned about Japanese promises of true independence and of Japan's ability to win the war. As the British General in the
1364:. Many scholars attribute the failure of the BIA due to the lack of resources, lack of strong administrative control and the failure to include both the highland and lowland regions of Burma. However, the BIA became the first truly national Burmese army and remains honoured in
683:, where he died in 1923. Propaganda claiming that Bo Mo Gyo was to lead the resistance into restoring the throne soon spread throughout Burma, which helped to provide a format for the Burmese villagers to accept the involvement of Japanese help in overthrowing the British.
407:
working for the cause of an independent Burma. While at university, he became an influential political leader and created a new platform for educated nationalistic students who were intent upon a Burmese Independent state. In 1938 he joined the radical, anti-colonial
1311:
were Lord Mountbatten acknowledged the BNA's contribution the victory in Burma to ease tensions. The British offered for around 5,000 veterans and 200 officers of the PBF to form the core of a post-war Burma Army under British command into which colonial
980:. Instead, on 27 March, they openly declared war on the Japanese and rose up in a country-wide rebellion. BNA units were deployed all over the country under ten different regional commands (see table below). Those near the British front-lines around the
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The Japanese were routed from most of Burma by May 1945. Negotiations then began with the British over the disarming of the AFO, which earlier in March the same year had been transformed into a united front comprising the Patriotic Burmese Forces,
702:
or unorganised recruits, but rather the actions of a subset of regular BIA and their Japanese officers. Elements of the BIA in Irrawaddy destroyed 400 Karen villages with a death toll reaching 1,800. In one instance, which was also described in
707:, one of the Thirty Comrades, memoirs, Colonel Suzuki personally ordered the BIA to destroy two large Karen villages and killing all within as an act of retribution after one of his officers was killed in an attack by anti-Japanese resistance.
781:
began undermining the creation of a Burmese government. Thakin Tun Oke had been selected to be the political administrator and government organiser. BIA attempted to form local governments in Burma. Attempts over the administration of
675:
Japanese provided few weapons to the BIA, but they armed themselves from abandoned or captured British weapons. With the help of a propaganda campaign from the BIA, Suzuki was welcomed by the Burmese people since word was spread that "
1856:
Its founders, known as the Thirty Comrades, established the army in 1941 with a ghoulish ceremony in Bangkok, where they drew each other's blood with a single syringe, mixed it in a silver bowl and drank it to seal their vow of
1280:
gotten their way, the BNA would have been declared illegal and dissolved. Aung San would have been arrested as a traitor for his cooperation with the Japanese and charged with war crimes. However, Supreme Allied Commander
548:(BIA) was officially formed. The Thirty Comrades, as well as Colonel Suzuki, had their blood drawn from their arms in syringes, then poured into a silver bowl and mixed with liquor from which each of them drank –
374:
sparked a rebellion by mobilising peasants in rural Burma after protests against taxes and British disrespect towards Buddhism. The Burmese colonial army under British rule included only minorities such as the
931:
During 1944, the BNA made contacts with other political groups inside Burma, such as the communists who had taken to the hills in the initial invasion. In August 1944, a popular front organisation called the
996:(PBF) in 23 June 1945. At the first meeting, the AFO represented itself to the British as the provisional government of Burma with Thakin Soe as Chairman and Aung San as a member of its ruling committee.
497:, which was to support Burmese resistance groups and to close the Burma Road to China. In pursuing those goals, it would recruit potential independence fighters in Burma and train them in Japans ally
350:
with Burma's exclusion from British proposals for limited self-government in Indian provinces (of which Burma was part of at the time), led to one of the earliest political nationalist groups, the
560:
in January 1942, initially as intelligence-gatherers, saboteurs and foragers. The leader of the Burma Independence Army were declared with Keiji Suzuki as Commander-in-Chief, with Aung San as
342:
was particularly distasteful to native residents of Burma. These changes led to a greater distrust of the British and in turn harsher mandates as they became aware of Burmese resistance.
895:(BNA). The BNA eventually consisted of seven battalions of infantry and a variety of supporting units with a strength which grew to around 11,000–15,000 men. Most were from the majority
952:. The initial contacts were always indirect. Force 136 was also able to make contacts with members of the BNA's Karen unit in Rangoon through agents dropped by parachute into the
3236:
968:, including a 1942 murder case in which he had personally executed a civilian, the Headman of Thebyugone village, in front of a large crowd. General William Slim later wrote:
218:
after training the Burmese nationalists in 1941. The BIA's attempts at establishing a government during the invasion led to it being dissolved by the Japanese and the smaller
984:
requested arms and supplies from Allied units operating in this area. They also seized control of the civil institutions in most of the main towns. 27 March is now marked as
679:" (Suzuki) was a decedent of the Prince of Myingun, a Burmese prince in the direct line of succession to the Burmese throne who had been exiled after a failed rebellion to
906:
Although Burma was nominally self-governing, the power of the State of Burma to exercise its sovereignty was largely circumscribed by wartime agreements with Japan. The
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had flatly refused Burmese requests and even forbade them to enter the town. Many in the BIA considered the Japanese suppression of them to be based on notions of
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1933:
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led to widespread chaos, looting and killings were common. The Japanese army command formed an administration on their own terms and the commanders of the
1327:
Aung San was offered the rank of Deputy Inspector General of the Burma Army, but which he declined upon the return of Governor Dorman-Smith's government.
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battalions would be integrated. In the end, only a small number of PBF troops were selected for the army, with most being sent home with two months pay.
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military group composed of the Thakins, but an army of "true patriots irrespective of political creed or race and dedicated to national independence".
257:, who needed their assistance against retreating Japanese forces and to ease the strain between the army's leadership and the British. As part of the
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during 1944, on 27 March 1945, the BNA revolted against the Japanese. The army received recognition as an ally from Supreme Allied Commander,
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When the British noticed with alarm that PBF troops were withholding weapons, ready to go underground, tense negotiations in a conference in
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was anxious to avoid a civil war and to secure the cooperation of Aung San, who had authority over thousands of highly politicised troops.
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2797:
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within Burmese society today. In addition, the BIA did achieve results in its need to unite the Burmese as a single nation instead of
3176:
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As the Japanese and the BIA entered Burma, the BIA gained a lot of support from the civilian population and were bolstered by many
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258:
988:, a national holiday in Myanmar. Aung San and others subsequently began negotiations with Mountbatten and officially joined the
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steadily tightened its grip on the country and implemented significant changes to Burmese government and economy compared to
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Throughout the invasion, the swelling numbers of the BIA were involved in attacks on minority populations (particularly the
3171:
1344:
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2920:
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1307:, were held in September 1945. Aung San, six PBF commanders and four political representatives of the AFPFL met with the
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in 1940, intent to make contact with them in order to discuss investments into an independent Burmese Army. In 1940, the
513:
in leadership, espionage, guerrilla warfare and political tactics. Colonel Suzuki assumed the Burmese name "Bo Mo Gyo" (
493:. After discussions at the Imperial General Headquarters, it was decided in February 1941 to form an organisation named
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and others later eulogised the BIA's participation in the battle, the official Japanese history never mentioned them.
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443:
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191:
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891:(who would much later become the dictator of Burma after World War II) became Commander-in-Chief of the expanded
822:, recalled Suzuki to Japan. In its place the Japanese created civil organisations designed to guide Burma toward
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300:
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instead got the position while Aung San became a civilian political leader in the AFPFL and the leader of the
3114:
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Paddock, Richard C. (27 January 2018). "For Myanmar's Army, Ethnic Bloodletting Is Key to Power and Riches".
1614:
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military interest in Southeast Asia had increased, the British were overtly providing military assistance to
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volunteers. This caused their numbers to grow to such a level that by the time the Japanese forces reached
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226:) formed in its place. As Japan guided Burma towards nominal independence, the BDA was expanded into the
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3129:
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as Chief of Staff, led by several Japanese commanders. An officers' training school was established in
815:
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210:. It was the first post-colonial army in Burmese history. The BIA was formed from a group known as the
203:
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367:
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944:, as leader. Through the communists, Aung San were eventually able to make contact with the British
505:. Aung San and 29 others, the future officers and core of the Burma Independence Army, known as the
3191:
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2737:
2732:
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564:. When the army entered into Burma it was made up of 2,300 men and organised in the following way.
447:
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293:
879:, an outspoken anti-colonial politician imprisoned by the British before the war. Aung San became
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3057:
3039:
3034:
2953:
2910:
2900:
2885:
2765:
2727:
2689:
1308:
961:
794:. However, the BIA's attempts at creating a government were dared by Colonel Suzuki, who said to
338:
and not compatible with the British imposed census. British insistence upon western medicine and
330:
due to the variation of names and the habit of villagers to move between various families. These
1964:
2709:
989:
907:
778:
215:
2207:
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after the overwhelming victory of the AFPFL in the April 1947 constituent assembly elections.
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In late March 1945, the BNA paraded in Rangoon and marched out ostensibly to take part in the
2915:
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1743:
1492:
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anti-British political groups. Suzuki visited Burma secretly, posing as a journalist for the
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195:
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The first major organised armed rebellion occurred between 1930 and 1932 and was called The
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8:
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502:
478:
423:
109:
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1957:
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British Counter-Insurgency Narratives and The Construction of a Twentieth Century Rebel
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35:
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refugees fleeing from the Japanese. The worst atrocities against the Karens in the
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The BIA formed was broken into six units which were assigned to participate in the
419:
404:
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Themes and Theories in Modern Japanese History: Essays in Memory of Richard Storry
3124:
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Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma's Prisoner of Conscience
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855:, which was commonly used by the BIA and later adopted as the flag of the
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485:. The Japanese later made contact with Aung San in China who had reached
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emergence of organised anti-colonial politics in Burma during the 1930s.
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One action in which the BIA played a major part was at Shwedaung, near
482:
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450:. In particular, they were sending war materials via the newly opened
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was granted nominal independence by Japan and became a member of the
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731:, in Southern Burma. On 29 March 1942, a detachment from the British
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in Japan, was given the task of devising a strategy for dealing with
2057:
Burma and Japan Since 1940: From 'Co-Prosperity' to 'Quiet Dialogue'
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314:(a greeting hitherto used only for important elders, monks and the
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Would infiltrate Rangoon and move into Burma for guerilla actions
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route into Burma as combat teams with most of the Japanese forces
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Beeikman, Sarpay (1972). "Dobama Asi-ayong Thamaing". I and II.
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A major issue in the early 1900s was land alienation by Indian
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the Japanese Commander of the 15th Army, Lieutenant-General
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when he was detained by Suzuki. Suzuki and Aung San flew to
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2093:. Men-At-Arms, number 532. Osprey Publishing. p. 27.
842:
2472:
Burma : the challenge of change in a divided society
2405:
Burma : the challenge of change in a divided society
1659:
Nyunt, Khin Maung (April 1968). "Supannaka Galuna Raja".
1648:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
830:(BDA), placed under the command of Colonel Aung San with
826:. the BIA was disarmed and disbanded on 24 July. Now the
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population, but there was one battalion raised from the
2521:
The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB)
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Military units and formations of Burma in World War II
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Burmese people and soldiers of the BIA with their flag
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and replacing them with British approved appointees.
2339:
1375:
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Keiji Suzuki, Aung San, Set Kya and Thakin Tun Oke.
477:, in September 1940, meeting with political leaders
2549:
Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation
2206:Sue Henny; Jean-Pierre Lehmann (17 December 2013).
810:. His efforts were too late and interrupted by the
521:
Formation and action of the Burma Independence Army
273:(PVO) in the unstable situation of post-war Burma.
2540:Aung Sun and The Struggle for Burmese Independence
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1956:
1907:Aung Sun and The Struggle for Burmese Independence
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194:and revolutionary army that fought for the end of
3242:Military units and formations established in 1941
1355:Significance of the Burma Independence Army today
806:Aung San tried to establish a training school in
698:south of Rangoon cannot however be attributed to
3213:
2199:
2008:Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
1247:Aung San (in bright khaki) with British officers
622:and carry out relations with the Burmese people
2558:Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
2441:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2032:Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
1598:Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma
509:, left Burma in April 1941 and were trained on
2743:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
2615:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy
540:and Britain. On 28 December, at a ceremony in
2599:
2483:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
2331:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
2279:
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2005:
1926:"The Man Behind the Burma Independence Army"
1682:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–15.
1564:
1502:
1500:
1295:, Supreme Allied Commander in Southeast Asia
2546:
2392:. Westport: Praeger Publishers. p. 35.
2299:Aung, Bo Yan (1962). "Our Lonely Mission".
2232:
1882:
1880:
1837:. Cornell University Press. pp. 47–51.
1822:. Westport: Praeger Publishers. p. 34.
1727:. Westport: Praeger Publishers. p. 28.
1712:. Westport: Praeger Publishers. p. 24.
1697:(PhD Dissertation). University of Michigan.
1600:. Cornell University Press. pp. 24–30.
1150:
2606:
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2303:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands: 41–42.
2289:, Cassell & Company, 2nd edition, 1956
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1565:Prager-Nyein, Susanne (7 September 2015).
772:Second flag of the Burma Independence Army
34:
3227:Burmese collaborators with Imperial Japan
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1546:(Scarecrow Press, 2006), 123–26 and 354.
1544:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
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883:in the new regime, with the new rank of
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636:Would enter Burma from Nat Eidaung near
524:
446:against which Japan was fighting in the
354:, who had split off from the apolitical
169:
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2560:. London and New Jersey: Zed Books Ltd.
2518:
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2478:
2474:. New York: Macmillan Press. p. 5.
2442:Bayly, Christopher; Tim Harper (2005).
2407:. New York: Macmillan Press. p. 5.
2345:
2235:Burma: Japanese Military Administration
2054:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1909:. Thailand: Silkworm Books. p. 78.
1847:
1807:. Cornell University Press. p. 48.
1787:
1772:
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1643:
843:Transition into the Burma National Army
536:On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the
352:General Council of Burmese Associations
292:before. The British removed and exiled
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873:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
867:, on 1 August 1943, the newly created
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1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1658:
1604:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1447:
633:, Bo La Yaung, and Captain Kawashima
395:
2298:
1913:
1409:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
1262:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
978:battles then raging in Central Burma
764:Tension between the Japanese and BIA
259:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
2921:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
2537:
2369:from the original on 2 January 2019
2133:
2010:. London and New Jersey: Zed Books.
1954:
1904:
1777:. Queensland Press. pp. 11–13.
1625:from the original on 7 October 2021
1615:"The initial impact of colonialism"
517:), for his work with Minami Kikan.
13:
2523:. Cornell Southeast Asia Program.
1980:
1963:. Yale University Press. pp.
1567:"The birth of Burma's modern army"
1549:
926:
719:The Burma Independence Army enter
361:
14:
3263:
2675:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1868:
1792:. Queensland Press. pp. 7–9.
1119:
1084:
422:, the Thakins, combined with the
46:28 December 1941 – September 1945
16:Revolutionary army formed in 1941
2771:Russian Liberation People's Army
2283:Field Marshal Sir William Slim,
2256:
2161:
2113:
2089:Jowett, Phillip (25 June 2020).
1577:from the original on 12 May 2021
1378:
649:Bo Min Gaung, and Lt. Hirayama.
356:Young Men's Buddhist Association
290:Burma under the Konbaung dynasty
87:
74:
55:
2783:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
2492:. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
2490:Burma: Ethnicity and Insurgency
2415:
2396:
2390:Burma: Ethnicity and Insurgency
2381:
2351:
2292:
2265:
2250:
2241:
2226:
2170:
2155:
2146:
2107:
2082:
2073:
2048:
2023:
2014:
1971:
1948:
1936:from the original on 3 May 2018
1898:
1889:
1862:
1841:
1826:
1820:Burma: Ethnicity and Insurgency
1811:
1796:
1781:
1731:
1725:Burma: Ethnicity and Insurgency
1716:
1710:Burma: Ethnicity and Insurgency
1701:
1485:
1473:
1333:People's Volunteer Organisation
875:. Its Head of State became Dr.
271:People's Volunteer Organisation
2425:Burma: The Longest War 1941–45
2212:. A&C Black. p. 233.
1693:Maitrii V. Aung-Thwin (2001).
1686:
1671:
1652:
1637:
1589:
1426:
284:began in 1824 after which the
261:, the BNA was re-labelled the
249:After secret contact with the
1:
2844:Collaborationist Chinese Army
1516:
1449:[bəma̰əmjóðátaʔmədɔ̀]
1362:many different smaller states
887:and Bo Let Ya as his Deputy.
460:Imperial General Headquarters
418:). After the outbreak of the
204:their conquest of the country
3222:1941 establishments in Burma
2091:Japan's Asian Allies 1941–45
1238:
964:(SEAC) wanted him tried for
743:. Another detachment of two
660:, the southern tip of Burma
178:as Minister of Defence, 1943
7:
2685:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
2551:. Cornell University Press.
2547:Silverstein, Josef (1977).
2542:. Thailand: Silkworm Books.
2465:. Cornell University Press.
2309:10.1007/978-94-015-3029-3_8
2055:Seekins, Donald M. (2007).
1371:
940:, a founding member of the
739:was retreating from nearby
618:Would go together with the
10:
3268:
2874:First Indian National Army
2565:Suu Kyi, Aung San (1984).
2488:Fredholm, Michael (1993).
2461:Callahan, Mary P. (2003).
2388:Fredholm, Michael (1993).
2311:(inactive 17 March 2024).
1818:Fredholm, Michael (1993).
1803:Callahan, Mary P. (2003).
1788:Suu Kyi, Aung San (1984).
1773:Suu Kyi, Aung San (1984).
1723:Fredholm, Michael (1993).
1708:Fredholm, Michael (1993).
1596:Callahan, Mary P. (2003).
816:Japanese invasion of Burma
647:Bo Yan Naing, Bo Lin Yone,
387:and isolated the majority
214:under the auspices of the
2943:
2823:
2639:
2629:
2625:
2481:A History Of Modern Burma
2479:Charney, Michael (2009).
1680:A History of Modern Burma
1678:Charney, Michael (2009).
1646:A History Of Modern Burma
1644:Charney, Michael (2009).
1437:
1266:British Governor of Burma
934:Anti-Fascist Organisation
458:, a staff officer at the
334:were very different from
155:
145:
140:
123:
115:
101:
69:
50:
42:
33:
28:
23:
2793:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2738:National Republican Army
2733:Latvian Auxiliary Police
2658:Albanian Fascist Militia
2519:Lintner, Bertil (1990).
2502:Burma: The Forgotten War
2142:. Yale University Press.
1508:Communist Party of Burma
1419:
994:Patriotic Burmese Forces
942:Communist Party of Burma
448:Second Sino-Japanese War
263:Patriotic Burmese Forces
108:(until 19 August 1945),
2911:Royal Thai Armed Forces
2901:Manchukuo Imperial Army
2886:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
2834:Burma Independence Army
2766:Russian Liberation Army
2728:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
2690:Belarusian Home Defence
2654:Albanian collaborators
2574:Tucker, Shelby (2000).
2259:The Roots Of Revolution
2177:Wintle, Justin (2008).
2152:Bayly and Harper, p.172
2116:The Roots of Revolution
1886:Bayly and Harper, p.170
1833:Callahan, Mary (2009).
962:South East Asia Command
735:commanded by Brigadier
546:Burma Independence Army
503:Japanese occupied China
184:Burma Independence Army
119:~11,000–15,000 soldiers
24:Burma Independence Army
3252:Wars involving Myanmar
2896:Malayan Volunteer Army
2762:Russian collaborators
2710:Finnish Defence Forces
2556:Smith, Martin (1991).
2538:Naw, Angelene (2001).
2427:. J.M. Dent and Sons.
2030:Smith, Martin (1991).
1905:Naw, Angelene (2001).
1751:Cite journal requires
1445:Burmese pronunciation:
1309:Supreme Allied Command
1296:
1248:
974:
936:(AFO) was formed with
924:
908:Imperial Japanese Army
860:
804:
788:Japanese 55th Division
773:
760:
724:
620:Japanese 55th Division
533:
216:Imperial Japanese Army
179:
65:(until 19 August 1945)
29:ဗမာ့လွတ်လပ်ရေးတပ်မတော်
2916:Russian Fascist Party
2705:Croatian Armed Forces
2470:Carey, Peter (1997).
2423:Allen, Louis (1984).
2403:Carey, Peter (1997).
2138:Breakthrough in Burma
2006:Martin Smith (1991).
1959:Breakthrough in Burma
1493:Burma Socialist Party
1439:ဗမာ့အမျိုးသားတပ်မတော်
1291:
1270:Reginald Dorman-Smith
1246:
970:
920:
850:
800:
771:
758:
718:
528:
515:Commander Thunderbolt
282:British rule in Burma
196:British rule in Burma
173:
97:(after 27 March 1945)
84:(until 27 March 1945)
2881:Inner Mongolian Army
2869:Indian National Army
2753:Royal Hungarian Army
2748:Romanian Land Forces
1404:Indian National Army
1337:Burmese independence
1272:, still in exile in
733:7th Armoured Brigade
562:Senior Staff Officer
412:party (known as the
301:separated government
2926:Takasago Volunteers
2854:Gando Special Force
2778:Security Battalions
2569:. Queensland Press.
2446:. London: Penguin.
2286:Defeat into Victory
2059:. Nias Monographs.
1873:. pp. 195–200.
1542:Donald M. Seekins,
1351:on 4 January 1948.
1148:Thakin Ba Thein Tin
1008:Military commander
893:Burma National Army
881:Minister of Defence
711:Battle of Shwedaung
479:Thakin Kodaw Hmaing
434:. Aung San flew to
277:Background of Burma
228:Burma National Army
156:Minister of Defence
2788:Slovene Home Guard
2237:. pp. 11, 16.
1932:. 25 August 2017.
1851:The New York Times
1297:
1260:, and renamed the
1249:
1011:Political adviser
861:
828:Burma Defence Army
792:racial superiority
774:
761:
737:John Henry Anstice
725:
534:
432:Chinese communists
403:was a nationalist
396:Aung San and Japan
370:. The former monk
322:, sending them to
220:Burma Defence Army
180:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3188:
3044:
2939:
2938:
2827:collaborationists
2803:Wehrmacht foreign
2798:Waffen-SS foreign
2714:
2648:collaborationists
2511:978-0-7195-6576-2
2318:978-94-015-1855-0
2301:Aung San of Burma
2233:Trager and Yoon.
2219:978-1-78093-971-1
2166:. pp. 40–41.
2118:. pp. 29–30.
2066:978-87-91114-98-4
1293:Louis Mountbatten
1283:Louis Mountbatten
1264:(AFPFL). Had the
1236:
1235:
1190:Thakin Kyaw Nyein
664:
663:
652:Would go through
558:invasion of Burma
444:Nationalist China
198:by assisting the
165:
164:
3259:
3186:
3042:
2758:Royal Iraqi Army
2712:
2637:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:. Penguin Books.
2576:Among Insurgents
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2515:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2444:Forgotten Armies
2438:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2322:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2269:
2263:
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2248:
2245:
2239:
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2224:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2134:Maw, Ba (1968).
2131:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1955:Maw, Ba (1968).
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1778:
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1761:
1760:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1571:endofempire.asia
1562:
1547:
1540:
1510:
1504:
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1452:
1451:
1446:
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1441:
1440:
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1388:
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1381:
1185:
1181:
1157:
1153:
1126:
1122:
1091:
1087:
999:
998:
986:Armed Forces Day
958:Lord Mountbatten
863:After a year of
690:) and preyed on
567:
566:
532:as Major General
424:Poor Man's Party
420:Second World War
410:Dohbama Asiayone
405:student activist
255:Lord Mountbatten
93:
91:
90:
80:
78:
77:
61:
59:
58:
38:
21:
20:
3267:
3266:
3262:
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3256:
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3210:
3201:
2964:Italian Albania
2935:
2819:
2644:
2621:
2612:
2582:
2531:
2512:
2504:. John Murray.
2454:
2435:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2401:
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2386:
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2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2297:
2293:
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2271:Naw 2001 p81–89
2270:
2266:
2255:
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2247:Naw 2001 p84–92
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2231:
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2200:
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2171:
2160:
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2123:
2112:
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2101:
2087:
2083:
2079:Allen, pp.62–63
2078:
2074:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2004:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1871:Bogyoke Aun Sun
1869:Gaung, Bo Min.
1867:
1863:
1846:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1816:
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1801:
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1490:
1486:
1481:Karen Ethnicity
1478:
1474:
1469:Thirty Comrades
1466:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1414:Thirty Comrades
1384:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1357:
1347:finally became
1241:
1183:
1179:
1155:
1151:
1124:
1120:
1089:
1085:
1077:Irrawaddy Delta
1056:Irrawaddy Delta
982:Irrawaddy River
929:
927:Change of sides
845:
766:
713:
696:Irrawaddy Delta
648:
615:Bo Hpone Myint
604:and Lt. Tanaka
589:Would take the
582:
523:
507:Thirty Comrades
473:under the name
470:Yomiuri Shimbun
398:
368:Hsaya Rebellion
364:
362:Hsaya Rebellion
336:Western culture
279:
212:Thirty Comrades
206:in 1942 during
168:
88:
86:
85:
82:Empire of Japan
75:
73:
56:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3247:State of Burma
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Burma campaign
3229:
3224:
3207:
3206:
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2959:German Albania
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2948:
2946:Axis countries
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2931:Vanguard Youth
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2680:Armistice Army
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2663:Balli Kombëtar
2660:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2623:
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2619:Imperial Japan
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2463:Making Enemies
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2363:britannica.com
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2192:978-1602392663
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2164:Japan's Scheme
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2041:978-0862328696
2040:
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2013:
1979:
1970:
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1835:Making Enemies
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1399:Burma Campaign
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1394:State of Burma
1390:
1389:
1386:Myanmar portal
1373:
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1276:, and General
1258:the Socialists
1254:the Communists
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1006:
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913:Burma Campaign
869:State of Burma
857:State of Burma
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779:Fifteenth Army
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174:Major General
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3043:(until 1944)
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2713:(until 1944)
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2489:
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2416:Bibliography
2404:
2398:
2389:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2362:
2353:
2348:, p. 8.
2346:Lintner 1990
2341:
2327:cite journal
2300:
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2284:
2267:
2258:
2252:
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2201:
2185:. Skyhorse.
2180:
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2148:
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2109:
2090:
2084:
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2020:Naw 2001 p76
2016:
2007:
1977:Naw 2001 p81
1973:
1958:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1929:
1906:
1900:
1895:Naw 2001 p77
1891:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1834:
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1744:cite journal
1733:
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1627:. Retrieved
1618:
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1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1543:
1487:
1475:
1428:
1358:
1326:
1298:
1278:William Slim
1250:
1082:Saw Kyar Doe
993:
975:
971:
930:
921:
916:William Slim
905:
892:
862:
851:Flag of the
827:
824:puppet state
820:Shōjirō Iida
814:. After the
805:
801:
775:
726:
685:
676:
665:
561:
555:
549:
545:
535:
530:Keiji Suzuki
514:
495:Minami Kikan
494:
474:
468:
456:Keiji Suzuki
428:Freedom Bloc
413:
399:
365:
344:
328:
311:
280:
266:
262:
248:
240:puppet state
231:
227:
223:
219:
208:World War II
192:pro-Japanese
187:
183:
181:
128:World War II
106:Regular army
18:
3160:Byelorussia
3130:Philippines
3120:Netherlands
2813:Ostlegionen
2632:Axis forces
1467:One of the
1366:Burma today
1349:independent
1224:Upper Burma
1209:Bo Hmu Aung
1117:Thakin Chit
1105:, south of
1103:Hanthawaddy
1028:Tharrawaddy
859:(1943–1945)
581:First &
573:Commanders
550:thway thauk
340:inoculation
324:lower Burma
246:, in 1943.
124:Engagements
3216:Categories
3110:Luxembourg
2359:"Aung San"
2257:Than, Ba.
2114:Than, Ba.
1629:10 January
1517:References
1339:until his
1229:Bo Ba Htoo
1176:Bo Ye Htut
1066:Thakin Soe
1054:, eastern
1005:Geography
966:war crimes
938:Thakin Soe
903:minority.
865:occupation
836:Mingaladon
705:Kyaw Zaw's
483:Thakin Mya
454:. Colonel
452:Burma Road
332:traditions
297:Thibaw Min
141:Commanders
70:Allegiance
3187:(limited)
3090:Indonesia
3068:Indochina
3018:Manchukuo
2986:Lithuania
2944:Lists by
2849:Gakutotai
2630:Lists by
2373:1 January
1940:1 January
1581:2 January
1329:Bo Let Ya
1239:Aftermath
946:Force 136
889:Bo Ne Win
832:Bo Let Ya
812:Kempeitai
677:Bo Mo Gyo
631:Bo Let Ya
602:Bo Ne Win
372:Hsaya San
303:from the
234:) of the
3192:Thailand
3172:Chechnya
3150:Slovakia
3073:Cambodia
3023:Mongolia
2998:Bulgaria
2891:Makapili
2839:Chinilpa
2825:Japanese
2700:Chetniks
2567:Aung San
2500:(2004).
2367:Archived
1934:Archived
1857:loyalty.
1790:Aung San
1775:Aung San
1623:Archived
1575:Archived
1372:See also
1171:Meiktila
1167:Pyinmana
1144:Tin Tun
1112:Kyaw Zaw
1075:Western
1037:Aung San
918:put it:
784:Moulmein
499:Thailand
440:Japanese
401:Aung San
347:Chettiar
305:Buddhist
200:Japanese
190:) was a
176:Aung San
160:Aung San
3177:Ukraine
3165:Belarus
3140:Romania
3083:Vietnam
3058:Hungary
3040:Finland
3035:Denmark
3030:Croatia
2993:Belgium
2976:Estonia
2954:Albania
2646:Italian
1965:140–141
1433:Burmese
1107:Toungoo
1024:Henzada
1002:Region
992:as the
960:in the
853:Thakins
741:Paungde
721:Rangoon
700:dacoits
672:Rangoon
612:Fourth
591:Mae Sot
583:Second
542:Bangkok
415:Thakins
320:Headmen
286:British
251:British
51:Country
3197:Taiwan
3145:Serbia
3135:Poland
3125:Norway
3115:Malaya
3053:Greece
3048:France
3008:Ceylon
2981:Latvia
2641:German
2527:
2508:
2450:
2431:
2315:
2216:
2189:
2162:Yoon.
2097:
2063:
2038:
1320:, and
1318:Kachin
1305:Ceylon
1220:No. 8
1200:Thayet
1196:No. 7
1163:No. 6
1140:Mergui
1132:No. 5
1099:No. 4
1072:No. 3
1061:Ne Win
1052:Pyapon
1048:No. 2
1032:Insein
1016:No. 1
990:Allies
877:Ba Maw
786:, the
750:Ba Maw
745:Indian
692:Indian
688:Karens
681:Saigon
654:Ranong
644:Sixth
627:Fifth
598:Third
544:, the
385:Kachin
316:Buddha
312:Shikko
308:Sangha
244:Ba Maw
242:under
150:Ba Maw
92:
79:
60:
43:Active
3184:Spain
3105:Korea
3100:Italy
3063:India
3013:China
3003:Burma
2864:Heiho
1420:Notes
1345:Burma
1314:Karen
1301:Kandy
1274:Simla
1204:Minbu
1184:]
1180:[
1156:]
1152:[
1136:Tavoy
1125:]
1121:[
1090:]
1086:[
1020:Prome
950:India
901:Karen
897:Bamar
808:Bhamo
798:that:
729:Prome
668:Bamar
638:Tavoy
576:Task
570:Unit
491:Tokyo
436:China
389:Bamar
377:Karen
3095:Iraq
3078:Laos
2906:PETA
2723:Hiwi
2617:and
2525:ISBN
2506:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2375:2019
2333:link
2313:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2036:ISBN
1942:2019
1757:help
1631:2019
1583:2019
1322:Chin
1256:and
796:U Nu
487:Amoy
481:and
383:and
381:Chin
299:and
294:King
238:, a
182:The
116:Size
102:Role
2643:and
2305:doi
1661:GMR
948:in
501:or
267:PBF
232:BNA
224:BDA
202:in
188:BIA
3218::
2365:.
2361:.
2329:}}
2325:{{
2276:^
2124:^
1982:^
1928:.
1915:^
1879:^
1854:.
1765:^
1748::
1746:}}
1742:{{
1665:II
1663:.
1621:.
1617:.
1606:^
1573:.
1569:.
1551:^
1525:^
1499:^
1479:A
1456:^
1443:,
1435::
1316:,
1303:,
1268:,
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
379:,
2607:e
2600:t
2593:v
2533:.
2514:.
2456:.
2437:.
2377:.
2335:)
2321:.
2307::
2222:.
2195:.
2103:.
2069:.
2044:.
1967:.
1944:.
1759:)
1755:(
1667:.
1633:.
1585:.
1202:–
1182:b
1169:–
1154:e
1138:–
1123:d
1088:c
265:(
230:(
222:(
186:(
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