410:
347:
232:
220:
2407:
151:
2293:
2918:
1859:
63:
2585:
2932:
Wytschaete 21 mi (34 km) to the north. Joffre arranged for a series of attacks on the
Western Front, after receiving information that German divisions were moving to the Russian Front. The Eighth Army was ordered to attack in Flanders and French was asked to participate with the BEF on 14 December. Joffre wanted the British to attack along all of the BEF front and especially from Warneton to Messines, as the French attacked from Wytschaete to Hollebeke. French gave orders to attack from the Lys to Warneton and Hollebeke with II and III Corps, as IV and Indian corps conducted local operations, to fix the Germans to their front.
2219:
the 6th Army. German attacks began on 18 October, coincident with the battles around Ypres and gained a foothold over the Yser at
Tervaete. The French 42nd Division at Nieuwpoort detached a brigade to reinforce the Belgians and German heavy artillery was countered on the coast, by Allied ships under British command, which bombarded German artillery positions and forced the Germans to attack further inland. On 24 October, the Germans attacked fifteen times and managed to cross the Yser on a 3.1 mi (5 km) front. The French sent the rest of the 42nd Division to the centre but on 26 October, the Belgian Commander
2956:
Bixschoote. Joffre ended attacks in the north, except for operations at Arras and requested support from French who ordered attacks on 18 December along the
British front, then restricted the attacks to support of XVI Corps by II Corps and demonstrations by II Corps and the Indian Corps. Fog impeded the Arras attack and a German counter-attack against XVI Corps led II Corps to cancel its supporting attack. Six small attacks were made by the 8th, 7th, 4th and Indian divisions, which captured little ground, all of which was found to be untenable due to mud and water-logging; Franco-British attacks in Flanders ended.
2242:
446:
390:
322:
310:
298:
286:
274:
196:
2603:
Flanders fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and both were exhausted, short of ammunition and suffering from collapses in morale, with some infantry units refusing orders. The autumn battles in
Flanders had quickly become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the summer. French, British and Belgian troops in improvised field defences repulsed German attacks for four weeks in mutually costly attacks and counter-attacks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck, with losses of up to seventy per cent.
2358:
256:
430:
357:
244:
165:
420:
372:
475:
2394:, Hollebeke and Hollebeke Château as German attacks on a line from Messines to Wytschaete and St Yves were repulsed. The British rallied opposite Zandvoorde with French reinforcements and "Bulfin's Force" a command improvised for the motley of troops. The BEF had many casualties and used all its reserves but the French IX Corps sent its last three battalions and retrieved the situation in the I Corps sector. On 31 October, German attacks near Gheluvelt broke through until a counter-attack by the
1889:), was intended to come from the offensive of the 6th Army but on 18 September, French attacks endangered the German northern flank instead and the 6th Army used the first units from Lorraine to repulse the French as a preliminary. The French used undamaged rail and communications networks, to move troops faster than the Germans but neither side could begin a decisive attack, having to send units forward piecemeal, against reciprocal attacks of the opponent, in the Race to the Sea (The name is a
178:
2147:
streams and ditches, divided into small fields with high hedges and ditches, roads were unpaved and the area was dotted with houses and farmsteads. Observation was limited by trees and open spaces could be commanded from covered positions and made untenable by small-arms and artillery fire. As winter approached, the views became more open as woods and copses were cut down by artillery bombardments and the ground became much softer, particularly in the lower-lying areas.
3126:, wrote that the II Corps battle at La Bassée was separate but the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as one battle in two parts, an offensive by III Corps and the Cavalry Corps from 12 to 18 October and the offensive by the German 6th and 4th armies from 19 October to 2 November, which after 30 October, took place north of Armentières, when the battles of Armentières and Messines merged with the First Battle of Ypres.
5093:
2317:, as the fighting further north on the Yser impeded German attacks around Ypres. German attacks were made on the right flank of the 7th Division at Gheluvelt. The British sent the remains of I Corps to reinforce IV Corps. German attacks from 25 to 26 October were made further south, against the 7th Division on the Menin Road and on 26 October part of the line crumbled until reserves were scraped up to block the gap and avoid a rout.
2204:
issued a directive that the 4th Army was to cross the Yser, advance regardless of losses and isolate
Dunkirk and Calais, then turn south towards Saint-Omer. With the 6th Army to the south, which was to deny the Allies an opportunity to establish a secure front and transfer troops to the north, the 4th Army was to inflict an annihilating blow on the French, Belgian and BEF forces in French and Belgian Flanders.
2548:
2188:, just south of Ostend. Foch intended to isolate the German III Reserve Corps, which was advancing from Antwerp, from the main German force in Flanders. French and Belgian forces were to push the Germans back against the sea, as French and British forces turned south-east and closed up to the Lys river from Menin to Ghent, to cross the river and attack the northern flank of the German armies.
482:
2097:
decentralising artillery to infantry brigades and by locating the guns in the front line but this made them more vulnerable and several batteries were overrun in the fighting between Arras and Ypres. Devolving control of the guns made concentrated artillery-fire difficult to arrange, because of a lack of field telephones and the obscuring of signal flags by mists and fog.
2260:) was due to arrive with orders to attack on 21 October. On 21 October, it had been cloudy and attempts to reconnoitre the German positions during the afternoon had not observed any German troops movements; the arrival of four new German reserve corps was discovered by prisoner statements, wireless interception and the increasing power of German attacks;
1780:. Despite the inconvenience of British troops crossing French lines of communication, when French forces were moving north after the Battle of the Aisne, Joffre agreed subject to a proviso, that French would make individual British units available for operations as soon as they arrived. On the night of
2931:
Winter operations from
November 1914 to February 1915 in the Ypres area, took place in the Attack on Wytschaete (14 December). A reorganisation of the defence of Flanders had been carried out by the Franco-British from 15 to 22 November, which left the BEF holding a homogeneous front from Givenchy to
2557:
The weather became much colder, with rain from 12 to 14 November and a little snow on 15 November. Night frosts followed and on 20 November, the ground was covered by snow. Frostbite cases appeared and the physical strain increased, among troops occupying trenches half-full of freezing water, falling
1998:
are canalised and between them, the water level underground is close to the surface, rises further in the autumn and fills any dip, the sides of which then collapse. The ground surface quickly turns to a consistency of cream cheese and on the coast movement is confined to roads, except during frosts.
2300:
Further north, French cavalry was pushed back to the Yser by the XXIII Reserve Corps and by nightfall was dug in from the junction with the
British at Steenstraat to the vicinity of Diksmuide, the boundary with the Belgian army. The British closed the gap with a small number of reinforcements and on
2203:
The XXII, XXIII, XXVI and XXVII Reserve corps, of the six new reserve corps formed from volunteers after the outbreak of the war, were ordered from
Germany to join the III Reserve Corps on 8 October. The German reserve corps infantry were poorly trained and ill-equipped but on 10 October, Falkenhayn
2096:
guns to France during
October. As the contending armies moved north into Flanders, the flat terrain and obstructed view, caused by the number of buildings, industrial concerns, tree foliage and field boundaries, forced changes in British artillery methods. Lack of observation was remedied in part by
1545:
began in
Galicia. Czernowitz in Bukovina was re-occupied by the Austro-Hungarian army on 22 August and then lost again to the Russian army on 28 October. On 29 October, the Ottoman Empire commenced hostilities against Russia, when Turkish warships bombarded Odessa, Sevastopol and Theodosia. Next day
1495:
dominated the battlefield and the ability of the armies to supply themselves and replace casualties prolonged battles for weeks. Thirty-four German divisions fought in the Flanders battles, against twelve French, nine British and six Belgian divisions, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Over
2566:
I Corps was relieved by the French IX and XVI corps and the British line was reorganised. On 16 November, Foch agreed with French to take over the line from Zonnebeke to the Ypres–Comines canal. The new British line ran 21 mi (34 km) from Wytschaete to the La Bassée Canal at Givenchy. The
2227:
gates on the coast at Nieuwpoort were opened, which flooded the area between the Yser and the railway embankment, running north from Diksmuide. On 30 October, German troops crossed the embankment at Ramscapelle (Ramskapelle) but as the waters rose, were forced back the following evening. The floods
2218:
French, British and Belgian troops covered the Belgian and British withdrawal from Antwerp towards Ypres and the Yser from Diksmuide to Nieuwpoort, on a 22 mi (35 km) front. The new German 4th Army was ordered to capture Dunkirk and Calais, by attacking from the coast to the junction with
2606:
Industrial warfare between mass armies had been indecisive; troops could only move forward over heaps of dead. Field fortifications had neutralised many classes of offensive weapon and the defensive firepower of artillery and machine-guns had dominated the battlefield; the ability of the armies to
2462:
strong, despite receiving replacements up to 28 October. Foch planned an offensive towards Messines and Langemarck for 6 November, to expand the salient around Ypres. The attack was forestalled by German attacks on the flanks from 5 to 9 November. On 9 November, the Germans attacked the French and
2288:
British divisions and five allied cavalry divisions. The British attack made early progress but the 4th army began a series of attacks, albeit badly organised and poorly supported. The German 6th and 4th armies attacked from Armentières to Messines and Langemarck. The British IV Corps was attacked
2519:
and British counter-attacks were repulsed. Next day, an unprecedented bombardment fell on British positions in the south of the salient between Polygon Wood and Messines. German troops broke through along the Menin road but could not be supported and the advance was contained by 13 November. Both
1986:(Passendale), curving north then north-west to Diksmuide where it merges with the plain. A coastal strip is about 10 mi (16 km) wide, near sea level and fringed by sand dunes. Inland the ground is mainly meadow, cut by canals, dykes, drainage ditches and roads built up on causeways. The
1475:
fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and by November both sides were exhausted. The armies were short of ammunition, suffering from low morale and some infantry units refused orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the
2947:
was only to pretend to attack and III Corps was to make demonstrations, as the corps was holding a 10 mi (16 km) front and could do no more. On the left, the French XVI Corps failed to reach its objectives and the 3rd Division got to within 50 yd (46 m) of the German line and
2175:
from Antwerp and retire to the Yser and although not formally in command of British and Belgian forces, Foch obtained co-operation from both contingents. On 10 October, Foch and French agreed to combine French, British and Belgian forces north and east of Lille, from the Lys to the Scheldt. Foch
2146:
guns, firing shrapnel at ranges lower than 1,000 yd (910 m). Artillery in German reserve units was far less efficient, due to lack of training and shells often fell short. In the lower ground between Ypres and the higher ground to the south-east and east, the ground was drained by many
2118:
issued divisional artillery orders, which stressed the concentration of the fire of the artillery, although during the battle the gunners fired on targets of opportunity, since German positions were so well camouflaged. As the fighting moved north into Belgian Flanders, the artillery found that
1640:
After the retreat of the French Fifth Army and the BEF, local operations took place from August–October. General Fournier was ordered on 25 August to defend the fortress at Maubeuge, which was surrounded two days later by the German VII Reserve Corps. Maubeuge was defended by fourteen forts, a
2602:
and further south at the Battles of Ypres. Falkenhayn then tried a limited goal of capturing Ypres and Mont Kemmel, from 19 October to 22 November. By 8 November, Falkenhayn had accepted that the coastal advance had failed and that taking Ypres was impossible. Neither side had moved forces to
2353:
guns supporting an attack to the north-west, between Gheluvelt and Messines. The XV Corps was to attack on the right flank, south of the Menin–Ypres road to the Comines–Ypres canal and the main effort was to come from there to Garde Dieu by the II Bavarian Corps, flanked by the 26th Division.
2135:
German tactics developed during the battles around Ypres, with cavalry still effective during the early manoeuvring, although just as hampered by hedges and fenced fields, railway lines and urban growth as the Allied cavalry, which made the ground far better suited to defensive battle. German
1905:
against German communications. A Franco-British offensive was substituted towards Lille and Antwerp. The allied troops managed to advance towards Lille and the Lys river but were stopped by German attacks in the opposite direction on 20 October. The "race" ended on the Belgian coast around 17
2955:
Desultory attacks were made from 15 to 16 December which, against intact German defences and deep mud, made no impression. On 17 December, XVI and II corps did not attack, the French IX Corps sapped forward a short distance down the Menin road and small gains were made at Klein Zillebeke and
2002:
In the rest of the Flanders Plain were woods and small fields, divided by hedgerows planted with trees and fields cultivated from small villages and farms. The terrain was difficult for infantry operations because of the lack of observation, impossible for mounted action because of the many
1784:
the transfer of the BEF from the Aisne front began in great secrecy. Marches were made at night and billeted troops were forbidden to venture outside in daylight. On 3 October, a German wireless message was intercepted, which showed that the BEF was still believed to be on the Aisne.
1516:) would make the cost of the war too great for the Allies, until one dropped out and made a separate peace. The remaining belligerents would have to negotiate or face the Germans concentrated on the remaining front, which would be sufficient for Germany to inflict a decisive defeat.
2624:), would make the cost of the war was too great for the Allies to bear, until one enemy negotiated an end to the war. The remaining belligerents would have to come to terms or face the German army concentrated on the remaining front and capable of obtaining a decisive victory.
2668:
The British, most of whom had experience gained through long years of campaigning against cunning opponents in close country, let the attackers get to close range then, from hedges, houses and trees, opened up with withering rifle and machine-gun fire from point blank
2463:
Belgians between Langemarck and Diksmuide, forcing them back to the Yser, where the Belgians blew the crossings. After a lull, the German attacks resumed in great force from 10 to 11 November, mainly on the 4th Army front from Langemarck to Diksmuide. On 10 November,
1553:(2–16 November) by the Russian army. On 10 October, Przemysl was surrounded again by the Russian army, beginning the Second Siege; Memel in East Prussia was occupied by the Russians a day later. Keupri-Keni was recaptured by the Ottoman army on 14 November, the
2127:
ammunition. During a general attack on 18 October, the German defenders achieved a defensive success, due to the disorganised nature of the British attacks, which only succeeded where close artillery support was available. The unexpected strength of the German
1896:
A German attack on 24 September, forced the French onto the defensive and Joffre reinforced the northern flank of the Second Army. As BEF units arrived, operations began piecemeal on the northern flank; the Belgian army refused a request by Joffre to leave the
1676:
open to the Germans, which was needed to carry supplies southward to the armies on the Aisne and transport troops of the 6th Army northwards from Lorraine to Flanders. On 7 September, the garrison surrendered, after super-heavy artillery from the
2381:
to the south-west against I Corps and the dismounted Cavalry Corps further south, came to within 1.9 mi (3 km) of Ypres along the Menin road and brought the town into range of German artillery. On 30 October, German attacks by the
2617:
and a dictated peace against France and Russia had been shown to be beyond German resources. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Allied coalition, by diplomatic as well as military action. A strategy of attrition
1540:
On 9 October, the First German offensive against Warsaw began with the battles of Warsaw (9–19 October) and Ivangorod (9–20 October). Four days later, Przemyśl was relieved by the advancing Austro-Hungarians and the Battle of Chyrow
1049:
2673:
typical of German regimental histories. The British fired short bursts at close range, to conserve ammunition. Sheldon also wrote that German troops knew the firing characteristics of machine-guns and kept still until French
2251:
The Battle of Langemarck took place from 21 to 24 October, after an advance by the German 4th and 6th armies which began on 19 October, as the left flank of the BEF began advancing towards Menin and Roeselare. On 20 October,
1476:
summer. French, British and Belgian troops, in improvised field defences, repulsed German attacks for four weeks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck (Langemark), with losses of up to
4054:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Longman.
2055:
signs, which were ignored by British lorry drivers. The difficulty of movement after the end of summer absorbed much of the labour available on road maintenance, leaving field defences to be built by front-line soldiers.
2785:
began a myth. After the war, most regiments which had fought in Flanders, referred to the singing of songs on the battlefield, a practice only plausible when used to identify units at night. In 1986, Unruh, wrote that
4142:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
1561:, next day the Battle of Cracow (15 November – 2 December) began and the Second Russian Invasion of North Hungary (15 November – 12 December) commenced. The Second German Offensive against Warsaw opened with the
1042:
2486:
On 11 November, the Germans attacked from Messines to Herenthage, Veldhoek woods, Nonne Bosschen and Polygon Wood. Massed small-arms fire repulsed German attacks between Polygon Wood and Veldhoek. The German
1546:
Stanislau in Galicia was taken by Russian forces and the Serbian army began a retreat from the line of the Drina. On 4 November, the Russian army crossed the frontier of Turkey-in-Asia and seized Azap.
1305:
2499:, some 3,000 yd (2,700 m) east of Ypres, where they were checked by the British 7th Cavalry Brigade. The remains of II Corps from La Bassée, held a 3,500 yd (3,200 m) front, with
1883:
planned to continue the withdrawal of the right flank of the German armies in France from the Aisne, to gain time for a strategic regrouping, by moving the 6th Army from Lorraine. A decisive result (
1035:
1954:
in the north-west are chalk downlands, covered with soil sufficient for arable farming. East of the line, the land declines in a series of spurs into the Flanders plain, bounded by canals linking
1448:
in Belgium made little progress beyond Ypres. The German 4th and 6th Armies took small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides, during the Battle of the Yser and further south at Ypres.
2325:
On 28 October, as the 4th Army attacks bogged down, Falkenhayn responded to the costly failures of the 4th and 6th armies by ordering the armies to conduct holding attacks while a new force,
2100:
Co-operation with French forces to share the British heavy artillery was implemented and discussions with French gunners led to a synthesis of the French practice of firing a field artillery
2654:
The British and French artillery fired as rapidly as they knew how and over every bush, hedge and fragment of wall floated a thin film of smoke, betraying a machine-gun rattling out bullets.
1776:
discussed the transfer of the BEF from the Aisne to Flanders, to unify British forces on the Continent, shorten the British lines of communication from England and to defend Antwerp and the
2106:(squall) before infantry moved to the attack and then ceasing fire, with the British preference for direct fire at observed targets, which was the beginning of the development of creeping
1732:
on 30 September and scouted the country in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created, by fitting vehicles with bullet-proof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade was sent to
2313:
temporarily. The left flank of the 7th Division was taken over by the 2nd Division, which joined in the counter-attack of the French IX Corps on the northern flank towards Roeselare and
2594:
Both sides had tried to advance after the "open" northern flank had disappeared, the Franco-British towards Lille in October, followed by attacks by the BEF, Belgians and a new French
2558:
asleep standing up and being sniped at and bombed from opposing trenches 100 yd (91 m) away. On 12 November, a German attack surprised the French IX Corps and the British
546:
6675:
4125:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.
2191:
Falkenhayn sent the 4th Army headquarters to Flanders, to take over the III Reserve Corps and its heavy artillery, twenty batteries of heavy field howitzers, twelve batteries of
6690:
2367:
On 29 October, attacks by the XXVII Reserve Corps began against I Corps north of the Menin Road, at dawn, in thick fog. By nightfall, the Gheluvelt crossroads had been lost and
6874:
1413:
battle at La Bassée could be taken as separate but that the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as one battle in two parts, an offensive by
2952:
The failure of the attack on Wytschaete resulted in the attack further south being cancelled but German artillery retaliation was much heavier than the British bombardment.
2080:
but the rate of shell manufacture had an immediate effect on operations. While the BEF was still on the Aisne front, ammunition production for field guns and howitzers was
1398:
a fourth phase with the last big German offensive, which culminated at the Battle of Nonne Bosschen on 11 November, then local operations which faded out in late November.
7312:
2571:
ordered the 4th Army to cease its attacks; the III Reserve Corps and XIII Corps were ordered to move the Eastern Front, which was discovered by the Allies on 20 November.
2483:
and XXVII Reserve Corps attacked from Nonne Bosschen (Nun's Copse) and the edge of Polygon Wood, to Gheluvelt and across the Menin Road to Shrewsbury Forest in the south.
5114:
2611:
in the Flanders battles, the French twelve, the British nine and the Belgians six, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Falkenhayn reconsidered German strategy;
6772:
4105:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: Macmillan.
2302:
4924:
6409:
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1368:, reciprocal attempts by the German and Franco-British armies to advance past the northern flank of their opponents. North of Ypres, the fighting continued in the
7322:
6851:
2301:
23 October, the French IX Corps took over the north end of the Ypres salient, relieving I Corps with the 17th Division. Kortekeer Cabaret was recaptured by the
6879:
5393:
4180:
2049:
roads ran along the frontier and inside Belgium. In France, the roads were closed by the local authorities during thaws to preserve the surface and marked by
1970:, the Lys river from Courtrai to Ghent and to the north-west lies the sea. The plain is almost flat, apart from a line of low hills from Cassel, eastwards to
7067:
6794:
6486:
5451:
1191:
539:
3064:
In, 2003 Clayton gave dates from 17 September to 7 October. In 2005, Doughty used the period from 17 September to 17 October and Foley from 17 September to
2424:
The French XVI Corps reached the area from St Eloi to Wytschaete on 1 November, to reinforce the cavalry Corps and the IX Corps attacked further north near
7174:
4281:
Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Der Herbst-Feldzug im Osten bis zum Rückzug, Im Westem bis zum Stellungskrieg Fünfter Band
1487:
and its later developments, proved to be indecisive, because field fortifications neutralised many classes of offensive weapon. The defensive firepower of
1101:
1382:
The fighting has been divided into five stages, an encounter battle from 19 to 21 October, the Battle of Langemarck from 21 to 24 October, the battles at
7327:
7082:
6837:
2935:
French emphasised that the attack would begin on the left flank, next to the French and that units must not move ahead of each other. The French and the
2335:) was assembled from XV Corps and the II Bavarian Corps, the 26th Division and the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division, under the XIII Corps headquarters. The
7077:
6767:
6718:
6633:
1158:
7317:
7307:
6921:
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2072:, forecast a long war and placed orders for the manufacture of a large number of field, medium and heavy guns and howitzers, sufficient to equip a
776:
532:
3060:
the German Official Historian, Hermann Mertz von Quirnheim, described German outflanking attempts, without labelling them. In 2001, Strachan used
2943:
was to be taken by II Corps attacking from the west and III Corps from the south, only the 3rd Division making a maximum effort. On the right the
1974:, Mont Noir, Mont Rouge, Scherpenberg and Mont Kemmel. From Kemmel, a low ridge lies to the north-east, declining in elevation past Ypres through
6762:
6127:
2132:
opposite, compounded British failings, although the partly trained, poorly led and badly equipped German reserve corps suffered high casualties.
1153:
838:
4926:
An Analysis of 1,000 Wounds and Injuries Received in Action, with Special Reference to the Theory of the Prevalence of Self-Infliction (Secret)
2412:
5558:
1502:
and the imposition of a dictated peace on France and Russia had exceeded German resources. Falkenhayn devised a new strategy to detach either
5620:
2043:. Intervening areas were agricultural, with wide roads, which in France were built on shallow foundations or were unpaved mud tracks. Narrow
4412:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London:
1689:
Small detachments of the Belgian, French and British armies conducted operations in Belgium and northern France, against German cavalry and
6822:
6752:
6391:
5610:
5521:
2256:(Langemark), north-east of Ypres, was held by a French territorial unit and the British IV corps to the south. I Corps (Lieutenant-General
3140:
was a German term for a formation larger than a corps and smaller than an army, usually improvised and not a group of armies, which was a
6846:
5744:
5198:
4286:
The World War 1914–1918 Military land operations, The Autumn Campaign in the East and the West until the Withdrawal to the Positional War
255:
183:
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Belgians held 15 mi (24 km) and the French defended some 430 mi (690 km) of the new Western front. On 17 November,
2406:
5751:
2973:
1353:
1184:
759:
2888:
casualties, that the French had many losses and that the Belgian army had been reduced to a shadow. Sheldon also noted that Colonel
2646:(1918), which the official historians used, in lieu of authoritative sources, during the writing of the 1914 volumes of the British
2292:
5403:
7072:
2798:
of German casualties at Ypres were young and inexperienced student reservists, others being active soldiers, older members of the
2142:
helmets and for officers to carry rifles to be less conspicuous. Artillery remained the main infantry-killer, particularly French
7004:
6842:
6829:
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6695:
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6137:
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5797:
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2664:
Sheldon wrote that the translation was inaccurate and ignored many references to the combined fire of rifles and machine-guns,
2559:
2306:
2115:
1745:
5111:
2598:
in Belgium. The German 4th and 6th armies took small amounts of ground at great cost to both sides, at the Battle of the Yser
1858:
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4147:
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4019:
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1825:
1817:
1749:
2636:" of accurate rapid rifle-fire, was held to have persuaded German troops that they were opposed by machine-guns. This was a
7143:
6563:
5355:
2289:
around Langemarck, where the 7th Division was able to repulse German attacks and I Corps was able to make a short advance.
1177:
169:
95:
1893:, because neither side raced to the sea but tried to outflank their opponent before they reached it and ran out of room.)
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6914:
5873:
5378:
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1602:(23 August), both armies made a rapid retreat to avoid envelopment. A counter-offensive by the French and the BEF at the
17:
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Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914
1609:
failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued beyond the Marne. From 5 to 12 September, the
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6403:
5812:
5570:
4103:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914
3068:
In 2010, Sheldon placed the "erroneously named" race, from the end of the Battle of the Marne, to the beginning of the
1549:
Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and next day, Keupri-Keni in Armenia was captured, during the
624:
6988:
6682:
6498:
5777:
5248:
4524:
Armée Belgique: The war of 1914 Military Operations of Belgium in Defence of the Country and to Uphold Her Neutrality
2917:
2861:
were incurred on the front from the Lys to Gheluvelt, from 30 October to 24 November. In 2003, Ian Beckett recorded
1449:
1059:
577:
6240:
6175:
5213:
4780:. Vol. II (facs. repr. Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press.
4202:
993:
2568:
290:
7239:
7044:
7024:
6811:
6747:
6570:
6439:
5350:
5270:
5208:
2940:
2926:
2372:
695:
5911:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7019:
6713:
5365:
5340:
5238:
4367:(in German). Translated by Wynne, G. C. (Eng. trans. Constable, London ed.). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling.
2562:
arrived at the front on 13 November and more attacks were made on the II Corps front from 14 November. Between
1773:
1441:
1437:
1418:
1364:(Nieuport) on the Belgian coast, from 10 October to mid-November. The battles at Ypres began at the end of the
260:
2349:. Strict economies were imposed on the 6th Army formations further south, to provide artillery ammunition for
1792:
and III Corps followed from 6 October, leaving a brigade behind with I Corps, which stayed until the night of
7362:
7014:
7009:
6973:
6907:
6799:
6645:
6235:
6087:
5625:
5553:
5484:
5253:
5223:
5218:
2936:
2492:
2387:
717:
495:
62:
1562:
641:
7357:
6963:
6590:
6530:
6427:
6332:
6102:
5888:
5592:
5431:
5330:
2516:
2488:
816:
646:
474:
4288:] (in German). Vol. V (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn.
2296:
German night assault on the English trenches near Langemarck, October 28 1914 (illustration by G. C. Koch)
7201:
6638:
6623:
6481:
6433:
6205:
5756:
5630:
5543:
5538:
5307:
5295:
5290:
1898:
1737:
1535:
1341:
1329:
1016:
988:
968:
801:
556:
50:
5817:
4223:
German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916
2841:, recorded that the Belgians had suffered a great number of casualties from 15 to 25 October, including
658:
7297:
7181:
7138:
6415:
6180:
6165:
6067:
5936:
5504:
5416:
5373:
4946:
2228:
reduced the fighting to local operations, which diminished until the end of the battle on 30 November.
2161:
The French, Belgian and British forces in Flanders had no organisation for unified command but General
2069:
1414:
1399:
1345:
963:
953:
931:
865:
781:
771:
744:
572:
4279:
2790:
had been enrolled in six reserve corps, four of which had been sent to Flanders, leaving a maximum of
2143:
1230:
7123:
6891:
6475:
6463:
6225:
6210:
5931:
5822:
5516:
5494:
5243:
5233:
5166:
5106:
4140:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres
2991:
2584:
1618:
1610:
1430:
1410:
1250:
1011:
983:
938:
921:
877:
791:
712:
668:
663:
501:
6077:
2775:(massacre of the innocents), in a communiqué of 11 November 1914, was misleading. Claims that up to
2039:(Menen), along the Lys river, with isolated sugar beet and alcohol refineries and a steelworks near
7332:
7098:
6585:
6575:
6504:
6457:
6445:
6385:
6200:
6195:
6117:
5526:
5499:
5203:
3123:
3115:
3013:
2647:
2129:
1425:
and 4th Army from 19 October to 2 November, which from 30 October, took place mainly north of the
1422:
1406:
1376:
978:
916:
892:
796:
722:
3089:
2984:
2948:
found uncut wire. One battalion took 200 yd (180 m) of the German front trench and took
1387:
1245:
7337:
7169:
7161:
7103:
6863:
6558:
6321:
6155:
6150:
6082:
5941:
5926:
5921:
5901:
5782:
5659:
4182:
Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre 1914–1918: avec 18 gravures hors-texte et 12 cartes
2607:
supply themselves and replace casualties kept battles going for weeks. The German armies engaged
2395:
2274:
infantry corps were now known to be north of the Lys, along with the four cavalry corps, against
1946:
The far north of France and the north-west Belgium are known as Flanders. West of a line between
1911:
1697:
1584:
1225:
1215:
1096:
943:
904:
882:
732:
673:
599:
326:
6122:
4549:
Seek Glory Now Keep Glory: The Story of the 1st Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment, 1914–1918
2241:
1506:
or France from the Allied coalition through diplomacy as well as military action. A strategy of
7352:
6936:
6660:
6595:
6451:
6185:
6112:
6062:
6047:
6029:
6002:
5916:
5883:
5548:
5509:
5489:
5300:
5193:
5143:
4666:
1349:
1235:
958:
926:
887:
855:
786:
754:
727:
700:
609:
4777:
The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
4330:
The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
4261:
A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918
3082:
2977:
2390:, on the left flank of the BEF at Gheluvelt, were repulsed but the British were pushed out of
2136:
accounts stress the accuracy of Allied sniper fire, which led troops to remove the spike from
1383:
1240:
737:
6926:
6580:
6469:
6245:
6215:
6145:
6092:
6014:
5982:
5956:
5906:
5739:
5692:
5476:
5345:
5228:
2416:
2391:
2383:
1874:
1678:
1603:
1484:
1458:
1391:
1091:
973:
948:
806:
592:
409:
346:
231:
219:
156:
3025:
German armies are rendered in numbers: "7th Army" and Allied armies in words: "Second Army".
7276:
7191:
5878:
5852:
5802:
5159:
5068:
4118:
4098:
3119:
3081:
The British Battles Nomenclature Committee (1920), recorded four simultaneous battles, the
3039:
2838:
2595:
1880:
1869:
1844:
and Armentières. I Corps arrived at Hazebrouck on 19 October and moved eastwards to Ypres.
1464:
1452:
1445:
1402:
1106:
860:
508:
302:
278:
5827:
5123:
1829:
8:
7258:
6397:
6261:
6220:
6097:
6057:
6052:
5997:
5680:
5674:
5575:
3108:
3006:
2779:
of the manpower of the reserve corps were student volunteers, who attacked while singing
2589:
After the First Battle of Ypres, trenches stretched from Switzerland to the Belgian coast
2428:(Beselare), which relieved the German pressure on both flanks of I Corps. By 3 November,
2107:
1959:
1595:
1591:
1361:
870:
826:
821:
636:
614:
248:
7211:
4822:
2520:
sides were exhausted by these efforts; German casualties around Ypres had reached about
1690:
7218:
7133:
6492:
6356:
6338:
6303:
6267:
6107:
6072:
6024:
6009:
5896:
5847:
5686:
5645:
5325:
4438:
Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War, 1914–1920
3069:
3043:
2889:
2213:
2124:
1919:
1550:
1421:
from 12 to 18 October against which the Germans retired and an offensive by the German
1369:
1255:
1113:
843:
683:
604:
2357:
2223:, ordered the Belgian army to retreat, until over-ruled by the Belgian king. Next day
2220:
2192:
2007:
Canal around Lens and Béthune was a coal-mining district full of slagheaps, pitheads (
1081:
582:
7251:
7245:
7206:
7108:
6941:
6524:
6379:
6362:
6170:
5992:
5972:
5807:
5792:
5722:
5710:
5411:
5388:
5335:
5041:
4994:
4993:. Vol. I (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Thomas Nelson and Sons.
4988:
4973:
4954:
4909:
4890:
4871:
4852:
4828:
4807:
4781:
4775:
4755:
4749:
4734:
4712:
4693:
4674:
4652:
4633:
4612:
4593:
4571:
4552:
4528:
4522:
4494:
4471:
4450:
4442:
4417:
4407:
4392:
4368:
4334:
4313:
4303:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek (Upper Austrian Provincial Library).
4289:
4264:
4245:
4226:
4194:
4162:
4143:
4126:
4106:
4084:
4076:
4055:
4034:
4015:
2065:
1915:
1756:. Naval forces collected at Dover were formed into a separate unit, which became the
1635:
1583:, from 24 August to 28 September 1914, after the success of the German armies in the
1507:
909:
850:
653:
5128:
4609:
General Sir John Cowans, G.C.B., G.C.M.G: The Quartermaster-General of the Great War
4328:
4049:
1910:
to the North Sea, was occupied by Belgian troops withdrawing from Antwerp after the
1027:
6309:
6279:
6273:
6190:
6019:
5987:
5977:
5716:
5640:
5635:
5563:
5383:
5283:
5033:
4906:
Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1914–1918
4585:
2345:(Wervik), the boundary between the 6th and 4th armies, to attack towards Ypres and
1220:
1086:
811:
587:
2769:
Sheldon wrote that a German description of the fate of the new reserve corps as a
464:
134,315 German casualties in Belgium and northern France, 15 October – 24 November
7118:
6958:
6297:
5857:
5832:
5531:
5439:
5278:
5118:
4242:
The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World
2780:
2679:
2675:
2040:
1853:
1841:
1365:
1325:
1309:
1296:
1201:
1148:
1076:
1006:
678:
54:
31:
1579:
The Great Retreat was a long withdrawal by the French and British armies to the
7347:
6951:
6931:
6602:
6315:
6160:
5951:
5842:
5698:
5602:
5585:
5098:
4951:
Command and Control on the Western Front: The British Army's Experience 1914–18
4709:
Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918
4361:
Ypres, 1914, an Official Account Published by Order of the German General Staff
4354:
4176:
2812:
of the reserve, which was composed of former soldiers from 23 to 28 years old,
2332:
2120:
1801:
1599:
1503:
1471:(Kemmelberg), from 19 October to 22 November. Neither side had moved forces to
749:
619:
505:
419:
371:
314:
236:
5037:
2024:
7291:
7062:
6350:
6344:
5787:
5704:
5615:
5045:
4998:
4832:
4759:
4616:
4446:
4338:
4293:
4110:
2823:(former soldiers from 28 to 39 years old, released from the reserve) and one
2028:
2003:
obstructions and awkward for artillery because of the limited view. South of
1971:
1777:
1769:
1713:
1614:
1574:
1337:
631:
512:
445:
389:
321:
309:
297:
285:
273:
224:
201:
110:
97:
4421:
4198:
4130:
3444:
2309:
was relieved. Next day, I Corps had been relieved and the 7th Division lost
6512:
5946:
4568:
A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War
4532:
4372:
2857:
casualties in Belgium and northern France, from 15 October to 24 November,
2375:
and 31st Division recaptured Bixschoote and Kortekeer Cabaret. Advances by
2310:
2257:
1840:
on 11 October, then moved behind the left flank of II Corps, to advance on
1757:
1729:
1669:
2531:
Ypres). The Belgian army had been reduced by half and the French had lost
2004:
1863:
German and Allied operations, Artois and Flanders, September–November 1914
6723:
6628:
6326:
5761:
5182:
2138:
1987:
1580:
1492:
1468:
1340:, Belgium. The battle was part of the First Battle of Flanders, in which
5138:
5133:
2023:
and Roubaix formed a manufacturing complex, with outlying industries at
1958:, Béthune, Saint-Omer and Calais. To the south-east, canals run between
4193:(in French). trans. T. Bentley Mott (Heinemann ed.). Paris: Plon.
2976:(BEF) occurred simultaneously during the First Battle of Flanders: the
2794:
of the reserve corps operating in Flanders made up of volunteers. Only
2633:
2496:
2253:
2196:
2077:
1983:
1975:
1837:
1833:
3690:
2176:
planned a joint advance from Ypres to Nieuwpoort, towards a line from
2111:
1813:
6518:
6285:
3016:(11 November) from the Ypres–Comines Canal north to Houthulst Forest.
2983:
from the Beuvry–Béthune road to a line from Estaires to Fournes, the
2425:
2371:
prisoners taken. French attacks further north, by the 17th Division,
2346:
2177:
2020:
1979:
1907:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1753:
1613:
ended the retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the
1488:
5021:
2892:
had recorded that up to 3 November, casualties in the 4th Army were
6778:
4929:. London: War Office. IOR/L/MIL/17/5/2402 (no ISBN). Archived from
4590:
Fire-Power: The British Army Weapons and Theories of War, 1904–1945
2997:
from the Douve to the Ypres–Comines Canal and the Battles of Ypres
2800:
2181:
1967:
1890:
1665:
1472:
4690:
Trial by Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914
1661:
1169:
4159:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Western Front 1914–18
3702:
3632:
3630:
3354:
2314:
2032:
1995:
1963:
1836:
on 13 October. III Corps began to assemble around Saint-Omer and
1733:
1717:
1673:
1653:
429:
356:
243:
164:
4263:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
4081:
Pyrrhic victory, French Strategy and Operations in the Great War
3989:
3987:
3974:
3972:
1868:
After a tour of the front on 15 September, the new chief of the
524:
3765:
2650:, the first editions of which were published in 1922 and 1925,
2342:
2224:
2185:
1951:
1902:
1821:
1705:
1701:
1554:
5151:
3627:
3200:
3198:
2547:
1800:
from 8 to 9 October and concentrated to the north-east around
1760:, to operate in the Channel and off the French-Belgian coast.
1652:
British and Belgian stragglers. The fortress blocked the main
1483:
Warfare between mass armies, equipped with the weapons of the
6946:
4970:
The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918
3984:
3969:
3719:
3717:
3171:
3159:
2036:
1955:
1947:
1725:
1709:
1657:
1558:
1496:
the winter, Falkenhayn reconsidered Germany strategy because
1357:
1333:
88:
4824:
A Short History of the 6th Division August 1914 – March 1919
4413:
3873:
3729:
3615:
3407:
3405:
3366:
3294:
3195:
2162:
1991:
1426:
3897:
3801:
3777:
3714:
3678:
3654:
3516:
3480:
3456:
3342:
3282:
3258:
3246:
2442:
battalions in the BEF which had come to France with about
67:
Positions of the Allied and German armies, 19 October 1914
3957:
3861:
3849:
3528:
3432:
3330:
3234:
2171:
on 4 October by Joffre. The Belgian army managed to save
3813:
3789:
3504:
3492:
3402:
2816:
who were inexperienced and probably 18 to 20 years old,
1922:
through Artois and Flanders, at the Battle of La Bassée
4868:
In Flanders Flooded Fields, before Ypres there was Yser
4333:. Vol. I (Hamish Hamilton ed.). Oxford: OUP.
3741:
3642:
3593:
3591:
3540:
3422:
3420:
3222:
2845:
British casualties from 14 October to 30 November were
2804:
and army reservists. Reserve Infantry Regiment 211 had
2110:. During the advance of the III Corps and an attack on
1740:
on 6 October, having landed at Dunkirk on the night of
1467:), then tried a limited offensive to capture Ypres and
3933:
3921:
3909:
3753:
3666:
3576:
3552:
3306:
3270:
2415:, Nonne Bosschen, defeating the Prussian Guard, 1914 (
4908:(Pen & Sword ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
4356:
Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914
3837:
3825:
3603:
3390:
3378:
2643:
Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914
1057:
5088:
4606:
3588:
3468:
3417:
3318:
3210:
7313:
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
5112:
Tommy's Gazetteer of French and Belgian Place Names
4277:
3885:
3564:
3360:
3183:
2921:
German soldiers in a trench at Ypres, December 1914
2542:
4493:] (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe.
4391:(1st ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military.
3945:
5069:"Siege of Maubeuge, 25 August – 7 September 1914"
4754:(online scan ed.). London: Nisbet & Co.
7289:
4673:(Wordsworth Editions ed.). London: Barker.
4649:Passchendaele and the Battles of Ypres 1914–1918
3034:Writers and historians have criticised the term
2939:were to capture Wytschaete and Petit Bois, then
2246:Battle of Langemarck, from 21 to 24 October 1914
174:
6128:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
5026:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
4945:
1405:, the British official historian, wrote in the
7323:Battles of World War I involving British India
4665:
4632:]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
4565:
2413:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
2123:had little effect on buildings and called for
5167:
4990:The History of the Second Division, 1914–1918
4884:
4804:First Ypres 1914: The Birth of Trench Warfare
4626:Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente
4584:
4405:
3177:
3165:
1656:–Paris rail line, leaving only the line from
1394:attacks at Ypres and the Battle of Gheluvelt
1275:
1185:
1133:
1043:
540:
4527:. London: W. H. & L Collingridge. 1915.
4137:
3993:
3978:
3963:
3141:
3135:
3055:
2904:
2824:
2770:
2690:
2641:
2619:
2612:
2478:
2477:German divisions of the 4th and 6th Armies,
2429:
2376:
2336:
2326:
2166:
2101:
2050:
2044:
2014:
2008:
1884:
1511:
1497:
1456:
6611:
4903:
4827:(online scan ed.). London: Hugh Rees.
4747:
4406:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922).
2877:casualties. In 2010, Jack Sheldon recorded
2539:having been killed by the end of the year.
2524:and BEF losses, August – 30 November, were
2515:The British were forced back by the German
2401:
7328:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
5174:
5160:
4630:Kurt Riezler: Diaries, Articles, Documents
4435:
4278:Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann, ed. (1929).
3867:
2076:army. The order was soon increased by the
2019:). North of the canal, the city of Lille,
1724:and on 28 September, a battalion occupied
1192:
1178:
1050:
1036:
547:
533:
2837:In 1925, the British official historian,
2495:broke through to St Eloi and advanced to
1524:
1265:
1123:
192:
7318:Battles of World War I involving Belgium
7308:Battles of World War I involving Germany
6410:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
5129:Battles: The First Battle of Ypres, 1914
4731:The Oxford Companion to Military History
4706:
4465:
4307:
4156:
3807:
3747:
3735:
3648:
3621:
3558:
3534:
3522:
3372:
3204:
2916:
2912:
2583:
2546:
2411:Fanciful painting of the 2nd Battalion,
2405:
2356:
2291:
2240:
1857:
1624:
1270:
1128:
147:
30:For a list of the Battles of Ypres, see
7303:Battles of World War I involving France
6787:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
5066:
4865:
4846:
4687:
4623:
4607:Chapman-Huston, D.; Rutter, O. (1924).
4386:
4352:
4326:
4310:Attrition: Fighting the First World War
4161:. London: Royal Artillery Institution.
4117:
4097:
4075:
4047:
4031:Paths of Glory: The French Army 1914–18
4028:
4009:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3879:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3723:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3636:
3609:
3582:
3546:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3396:
3384:
3348:
3336:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3038:and used several date ranges. In 1925,
2236:
2168:commandant le groupe des Armées du Nord
1812:and Raye, preparatory to an advance on
1681:demolished the forts. The Germans took
1379:, the Belgian army and French marines.
14:
7290:
5019:
4986:
4967:
4820:
4725:
4239:
4138:Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (1995) .
3216:
2990:from Estaires to the Douve river, the
2682:machine-guns, which had ammunition in
2320:
2088:per month were being manufactured for
1906:October, when the last open area from
1429:, when the battles of Armentières and
6740:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
6083:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
5155:
5022:"Land Transportation in the Late War"
4922:
4801:
4773:
4646:
4546:
4484:
4258:
4220:
3951:
3891:
3819:
3795:
3597:
3474:
3453:, pp. 125–172, 205–223, 225–234.
3411:
3324:
3189:
2362:Battle of Gheluvelt (1 November 1914)
2207:
2157:First Battle of Ypres order of battle
1704:, for reconnaissance sorties between
1621:was fought from 13 to 28 September.
1173:
1031:
528:
7144:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
4748:Hussey, A. H.; Inman, D. S. (1921).
4487:Langemarck: Legende und Wirklichkeit
4175:
3570:
3103:comprising the Battle of Langemarck
3001:comprising the Battle of Langemarck
2632:In 2010, Jack Sheldon wrote that a "
1390:to 2 November, coincident with more
7073:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
5874:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
4751:The Fifth Division in the Great War
4611:. Vol. I. London: Hutchinson.
4014:(pbk. ed.). London: Longmans.
2896:and that the 6th Army had suffered
1728:. The rest of the brigade occupied
1199:
24:
5813:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
4509:
2092:guns; the War Office sent another
1847:
1433:merged with the Battles of Ypres.
27:1914 battle of the First World War
25:
7374:
5084:
4566:Beckett, I.; Simpson, K. (1985).
2640:, picked out of a translation of
1914:(28 September – 10 October). The
1788:II Corps moved from the night of
1061:German invasion of Belgium (1914)
554:
6176:Second Battle of the Piave River
5798:Russian invasion of East Prussia
5091:
5067:Rickard, J. (1 September 2007).
4885:Pawly, R.; Lierneux, P. (2009).
4083:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
2543:Local operations, 12–22 November
1696:On 27 August, a squadron of the
1568:
1529:
480:
473:
444:
428:
418:
408:
388:
370:
355:
345:
320:
308:
296:
284:
272:
254:
242:
230:
218:
194:
176:
163:
149:
61:
7240:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
6440:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
5181:
5008:– via Archive Foundation.
4904:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2004) .
4887:The Belgian Army in World War I
4842:– via Archive Foundation.
4797:– via Archive Foundation.
4769:– via Archive Foundation.
4570:. Manchester University Press.
3699:, pp. xvii–xviii, 275–276.
3129:
3075:
3028:
2909:from 30 October to 3 November.
2341:was rushed up to Deûlémont and
1598:(21 August) and the BEF in the
1590:After the defeat of the French
1159:German occupation of Luxembourg
7063:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
6922:Deportations from East Prussia
6719:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
5139:Situation map 19 November 1914
5107:Spencer Jones Battles of Ypres
4491:Langemarck: Legend and Reality
3019:
2966:
2829:(enrolled but inexperienced).
1930:and the Battle of Armentières
1828:arrived a day later. GHQ left
1736:, followed by the rest of the
1444:) the Belgians and the French
1301:Première Bataille des Flandres
13:
1:
6974:Ukrainian Canadian internment
5134:Situation map 19 October 1914
4849:Boesinghe: Battleground Ypres
4389:The German Army at Ypres 1914
4012:Ypres: The First Battle, 1914
4002:
2882:
2832:
2689:
2627:
2199:, after the Siege of Antwerp
1646:
1565:(16 November – 15 December).
1519:
481:
361:
79:19 October – 22 November 1914
7129:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
6428:Estonian War of Independence
6103:Southern Palestine offensive
5147:situation map, November 1914
4870:. Pen & Sword Military.
4624:Erdmann, K. D., ed. (1972).
4470:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP.
4468:The First World War: To Arms
3153:
2574:
2201:(28 September – 10 October).
1154:German occupation of Belgium
7:
7083:USA against Austria-Hungary
6482:Turkish War of Independence
6434:Latvian War of Independence
6166:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
5757:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
5060:
5013:
4972:. Cambridge: Polity Press.
4733:. Oxford University Press.
4592:. London: Pen & Sword.
4187:The Memoirs of Marshal Foch
3101:(19 October – 22 November),
2999:(19 October – 22 November),
2974:British Expeditionary Force
2972:Four battles involving the
2927:Winter operations 1914–1915
2579:
1899:National redoubt of Belgium
1768:In late September, Marshal
1738:63rd (Royal Naval) Division
1629:
1354:British Expeditionary Force
1017:Western Front tactics, 1917
10:
7379:
7343:1914 in the United Kingdom
7166:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
6714:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
6181:Second Battle of the Marne
6068:Second battle of the Aisne
5937:Second Battle of Champagne
5778:German invasion of Belgium
4409:Principal Events 1914–1918
4244:. New York: Random House.
3711:, pp. xviii, 278–301.
3093:(13 October – 2 November),
3086:(10 October – 2 November),
3062:15 September – 17 October.
3052:17 September – 19 October,
2924:
2211:
2154:
2070:Secretary of State for War
2059:
1941:
1936:
1932:(13 October – 2 November).
1924:(10 October – 2 November),
1851:
1633:
1588:(7 August – 13 September).
1572:
1533:
29:
7272:
7231:
7152:
7091:
7053:
6997:
6986:
6947:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
6890:
6862:
6810:
6732:
6706:
6658:
6551:
6544:
6476:Irish War of Independence
6372:
6254:
6226:Armistice of Villa Giusti
6211:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
6136:
6038:
5965:
5866:
5823:First Battle of the Marne
5770:
5732:
5667:
5658:
5601:
5475:
5464:
5430:
5402:
5364:
5316:
5269:
5262:
5189:
5038:10.1080/03071842109434650
4312:. London: Little, Brown.
3178:Skinner & Stacke 1922
3166:Skinner & Stacke 1922
3099:and the Battles of Ypres
3097:(12 October – 2 November)
3048:15 September – 15 October
2995:(12 October – 2 November)
2988:(13 October – 2 November)
2981:(10 October – 2 November)
2903:of which had occurred in
2231:
1928:(12 October – 2 November)
1744:From 6 to 7 October, the
1619:First Battle of the Aisne
1611:First Battle of the Marne
1211:
1069:
564:
468:
463:
398:
335:
208:
138:
71:
60:
48:
43:
7099:Constantinople Agreement
6392:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
6255:Co-belligerent conflicts
6231:Second Romanian campaign
6201:Third Transjordan attack
5912:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
5818:Battle of Grand Couronné
4515:
4327:Raleigh, W. A. (1969) .
4048:Corbett, J. S. (2009) .
3994:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
3979:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
3964:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
3774:, pp. xxi, 447–460.
3361:Mertz von Quirnheim 1929
3118:(11 November). In 1925,
3116:Battle of Nonne Bosschen
3014:Battle of Nonne Bosschen
2959:
2686:strips, were reloading.
2648:History of the Great War
2402:Battle of Nonne Bosschen
2398:restored the situation.
2150:
1796:II Corps arrived around
1543:13 October – 2 November)
1407:History of the Great War
7162:Modus vivendi of Acroma
7114:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
6422:Greater Poland Uprising
6322:National Protection War
6206:Meuse–Argonne offensive
6156:German spring offensive
6151:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
5927:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
5902:Second Battle of Artois
5783:Battle of the Frontiers
5124:General Joffre's report
5117:20 October 2017 at the
3639:, pp. xv, 166–167.
3095:the Battle of Messines
2863:50,000 to 85,000 French
2552:Langemark, October 1914
1926:the Battle of Messines
1918:resulted in indecisive
1698:Royal Naval Air Service
1585:Battle of the Frontiers
905:German spring offensive
327:Alexander von Linsingen
291:Albrecht of Württemberg
7187:Paris Peace Conference
7175:Ukraine–Central Powers
6969:Massacres of Albanians
6937:Late Ottoman genocides
6744:Bulgarian occupations
6452:Third Anglo-Afghan War
6416:Hungarian–Romanian War
6241:Naval Victory Bulletin
6236:Armistice with Germany
6186:Hundred Days Offensive
6113:Battle of La Malmaison
6063:Second battle of Arras
6030:Battle of Transylvania
5884:Second Battle of Ypres
5752:Sarajevo assassination
5641:South African Republic
5020:Taylor, M. G. (1921).
4953:. London: Spellmount.
4821:Marden, T. O. (1920).
4774:Jones, H. A. (2002) .
4441:. London: HMSO. 1922.
4259:James, E. A. (1990) .
4221:Foley, R. T. (2007) .
3142:
3136:
3056:
2922:
2905:
2825:
2782:Deutschland über alles
2771:
2691:
2671:
2662:
2642:
2620:
2613:
2591:
2554:
2479:
2430:
2421:
2377:
2364:
2337:
2327:
2297:
2248:
2167:
2102:
2051:
2045:
2015:
2013:) and miners' houses (
2009:
1885:
1865:
1820:arrived at St Pol and
1763:
1525:Strategic developments
1512:
1498:
1457:
1314:Erste Flandernschlacht
1313:
1300:
209:Commanders and leaders
7197:Treaty of St. Germain
7170:Russia–Central Powers
7124:Sykes–Picot Agreement
6952:Pontic Greek genocide
6927:Destruction of Kalisz
6903:Eastern Mediterranean
6464:Polish–Lithuanian War
6246:Armistice of Belgrade
6216:Armistice of Salonica
6146:Operation Faustschlag
6093:Third Battle of Oituz
6015:Baranovichi offensive
5983:Lake Naroch offensive
5957:Battle of Robat Karim
5932:Vistula–Bug offensive
5907:Battles of the Isonzo
5838:First Battle of Ypres
4949:; Todman, G. (2004).
4707:Griffith, P. (1996).
4647:Evans, M. M. (1997).
4588:; Graham, D. (1982).
4466:Strachan, H. (2001).
4353:Schwink, O. (1919) .
4308:Philpott, W. (2014).
4157:Farndale, M. (1986).
4010:Beckett, I. (2006) .
3090:Battle of Armentières
2985:Battle of Armentières
2920:
2913:Subsequent operations
2666:
2652:
2614:Vernichtungsstrategie
2587:
2550:
2409:
2384:54th Reserve Division
2360:
2295:
2244:
2195:and six batteries of
1875:Oberste Heeresleitung
1861:
1824:on 9 October and the
1650: 10,000 French,
1625:Tactical developments
1604:First Battle of Guise
1499:Vernichtungsstrategie
1485:Industrial Revolution
1459:Oberste Heeresleitung
1293:First Battle of Ypres
399:Casualties and losses
44:First Battle of Ypres
7363:November 1914 events
7192:Treaty of Versailles
6908:Mount Lebanon famine
6823:in the United States
6791:Russian occupations
6505:Turkish–Armenian War
6446:Polish–Ukrainian War
6386:Ukrainian–Soviet War
6333:Central Asian Revolt
6123:Armistice of Focșani
5853:Battle of Sarikamish
5803:Battle of Tannenberg
5199:Military engagements
4987:Wyrall, E. (2002) .
4866:Van Pul, P. (2006).
4847:McGreal, S. (2010).
4688:Gardner, N. (2006).
4387:Sheldon, J. (2010).
4029:Clayton, A. (2003).
3882:, pp. xii–xiii.
3303:, pp. 405, 407.
3207:, pp. 241, 266.
3054:in 1926. In 1929 in
2886: 80,000 German
2702:August–December 1914
2438:in five days and of
2237:Battle of Langemarck
1916:outflanking attempts
1886:Schlachtentscheidung
1881:Erich von Falkenhayn
1870:German General Staff
1826:1st Cavalry Division
1818:2nd Cavalry Division
1750:3rd Cavalry Division
1465:German General Staff
1453:Erich von Falkenhayn
1436:Attacks by the BEF (
1324:was a battle of the
1012:French Army mutinies
1007:1914 Christmas truce
777:Hohenzollern Redoubt
496:class=notpageimage|
303:Rupprecht of Bavaria
279:Erich von Falkenhayn
7358:October 1914 events
7259:They shall not pass
7182:Treaty of Bucharest
7139:Treaty of Bucharest
7078:USA against Germany
7055:Declarations of war
6759:German occupations
6672:British casualties
6531:Soviet–Georgian War
6458:Egyptian Revolution
6398:Armeno-Georgian War
6262:Somaliland campaign
6221:Armistice of Mudros
6098:Battle of Caporetto
6088:Battle of Mărășești
6058:Zimmermann telegram
6053:February Revolution
5998:Battle of the Somme
5922:Bug-Narew Offensive
5897:Battle of Gallipoli
5889:Sinking of the RMS
5681:Scramble for Africa
5675:Franco-Prussian War
5331:Sinai and Palestine
4968:Wilson, T. (1986).
4851:. Pen & Sword.
4806:. Greenwood Press.
4692:. London: Pearson.
4240:Herwig, H. (2009).
4033:. London: Cassell.
3906:, pp. 466–468.
3822:, pp. 105–107.
3798:, pp. 102–104.
3786:, pp. 219–224.
3738:, pp. 277–278.
3726:, pp. 213–214.
3687:, pp. 223–224.
3663:, pp. 166–167.
3624:, pp. 275–276.
3489:, pp. 125–126.
3465:, pp. 102–103.
3414:, pp. 101–102.
3375:, pp. 266–273.
3351:, pp. 400–408.
3291:, pp. 170–202.
3267:, pp. 168–170.
3255:, pp. 375–390.
3243:, pp. 371–374.
3109:Battle of Gheluvelt
3083:Battle of La Bassée
3007:Battle of Gheluvelt
2978:Battle of La Bassée
2808:in active service,
2704:
2621:Ermattungsstrategie
2321:Battle of Gheluvelt
2165:had been appointed
1596:Battle of Charleroi
1513:Ermattungsstrategie
1375:between the German
1143:Associated articles
1001:Associated articles
718:Hartmannswillerkopf
578:Invasion of Belgium
107: /
18:Battle of Gheluvelt
7219:Treaty of Lausanne
7134:Paris Economy Pact
7068:UK against Germany
6998:Entry into the war
6964:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
6683:Ottoman casualties
6493:Franco-Turkish War
6373:Post-War conflicts
6357:Russian Revolution
6339:Invasion of Darfur
6304:Kelantan rebellion
6292:Kurdish rebellions
6268:Mexican Revolution
6108:October Revolution
6073:Kerensky offensive
6048:Capture of Baghdad
6025:Monastir offensive
6010:Brusilov offensive
5848:Battle of Kolubara
5687:Russo-Japanese War
4933:on 25 October 2023
4923:Seton, B. (1915).
4802:Lomas, D. (2004).
4667:Farrar-Hockley, A.
4547:Ashby, J. (2000).
4485:Unruh, K. (1986).
4225:. Cambridge: CUP.
3858:, pp. xi–xii.
3810:, pp. 62, 65.
3525:, pp. 67, 69.
3441:, pp. 98–102.
3339:, pp. 27–100.
3124:Official Historian
3070:Battle of the Yser
3044:official historian
2992:Battle of Messines
2923:
2906:Armeegruppe Fabeck
2898:27,000 casualties,
2890:Fritz von Lossberg
2698:
2592:
2555:
2480:Armeegruppe Fabeck
2431:Armeegruppe Fabeck
2422:
2396:2nd Worcestershire
2378:Armeegruppe Fabeck
2365:
2328:Armeegruppe Fabeck
2298:
2249:
2214:Battle of the Yser
2208:Battle of the Yser
1866:
1772:and Field Marshal
1551:Bergmann Offensive
1480:to little effect.
1370:Battle of the Yser
1356:(BEF) fought from
111:50.8641°N 2.8956°E
7298:Conflicts in 1914
7285:
7284:
7268:
7267:
7252:The Golden Virgin
7246:Mutilated victory
7227:
7226:
7207:Treaty of Trianon
7202:Treaty of Neuilly
7109:Damascus Protocol
6982:
6981:
6942:Armenian genocide
6899:Allied blockades
6871:Belgian refugees
6654:
6653:
6564:Strategic bombing
6540:
6539:
6525:Franco-Syrian War
6499:Greco-Turkish War
6487:Anglo-Turkish War
6470:Polish–Soviet War
6404:German Revolution
6380:Russian Civil War
6363:Finnish Civil War
6196:Battle of Megiddo
6171:Battle of Goychay
6118:Battle of Cambrai
6078:Battle of Mărăști
5993:Battle of Jutland
5973:Erzurum offensive
5828:Siege of Przemyśl
5808:Siege of Tsingtao
5793:Battle of Galicia
5723:Second Balkan War
5711:Italo-Turkish War
5668:Pre-War conflicts
5654:
5653:
5544:Portuguese Empire
5460:
5459:
5422:German New Guinea
5404:Asian and Pacific
4979:978-0-7456-0645-3
4960:978-1-86227-420-4
4915:978-1-84415-103-5
4896:978-1-84603-448-0
4877:978-1-84415-492-0
4858:978-1-84884-046-1
4813:978-0-275-98291-1
4787:978-1-84342-413-0
4740:978-0-19-860696-3
4718:978-0-300-06663-0
4699:978-0-582-50612-1
4680:978-1-85326-698-0
4658:978-1-85532-734-4
4639:978-3-525-35817-7
4599:978-1-84415-216-2
4577:978-0-7190-1737-7
4558:978-1-874622-45-1
4500:978-3-7637-5469-4
4477:978-0-19-926191-8
4398:978-1-84884-113-0
4319:978-1-4087-0355-7
4270:978-0-948130-18-2
4251:978-1-4000-6671-1
4232:978-0-521-04436-3
4168:978-1-870114-00-4
4149:978-0-89839-218-0
4090:978-0-674-01880-8
4061:978-1-84342-489-5
4040:978-0-304-35949-3
4021:978-1-4058-3620-3
3996:, pp. 18–20.
3981:, pp. 16–17.
3537:, pp. 69–71.
3513:, pp. 74–76.
3501:, pp. 73–74.
3231:, pp. 39–65.
3180:, pp. 14–16.
3168:, pp. 13–14.
2767:
2766:
2703:
2084:a month and only
2066:Herbert Kitchener
2052:Barrières fermėes
1920:encounter battles
1830:Fère-en-Tardenois
1645:territorials and
1636:Siege of Maubeuge
1617:river, where the
1400:Brigadier-General
1322:22 November 1914)
1286:
1285:
1167:
1166:
1025:
1024:
851:Nivelle offensive
625:Trouée de Charmes
523:
522:
500:Ypres, a Belgian
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
7370:
7212:Treaty of Sèvres
7104:Treaty of London
6995:
6994:
6773:Northeast France
6704:
6703:
6676:Parliamentarians
6609:
6608:
6571:Chemical weapons
6549:
6548:
6310:Senussi campaign
6280:Muscat rebellion
6274:Maritz rebellion
6191:Vardar offensive
6020:Battle of Romani
5988:Battle of Asiago
5978:Battle of Verdun
5942:Kosovo offensive
5717:First Balkan War
5665:
5664:
5564:Russian Republic
5473:
5472:
5267:
5266:
5209:Economic history
5176:
5169:
5162:
5153:
5152:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5032:(464): 699–722.
5009:
5007:
5005:
4983:
4964:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4919:
4900:
4881:
4862:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4817:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4744:
4722:
4711:. London: Yale.
4703:
4684:
4671:Death of an Army
4662:
4643:
4620:
4603:
4581:
4562:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4504:
4481:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4453:on 2 August 2016
4449:. Archived from
4432:
4430:
4428:
4402:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4366:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4323:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4274:
4255:
4236:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4201:. Archived from
4192:
4172:
4153:
4134:
4114:
4094:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4051:Naval Operations
4044:
4025:
3997:
3991:
3982:
3976:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3415:
3409:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3113:
3106:
3105:(21–24 October),
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3046:, used dates of
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3004:
3003:(21–24 October),
3000:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2970:
2951:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:casualties were
2848:
2844:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2778:
2774:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2685:
2684:24- and 30-round
2660:
2645:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2565:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2511:battalions with
2510:
2506:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2380:
2370:
2352:
2340:
2330:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2202:
2193:210 mm howitzers
2174:
2170:
2105:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2054:
2048:
2018:
2012:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1912:Siege of Antwerp
1888:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1743:
1723:
1720:on the night of
1688:
1684:
1683:32,692 prisoners
1651:
1648:
1644:
1608:
1589:
1544:
1515:
1501:
1479:
1462:
1397:
1396:(29–31 October),
1374:
1373:(16–31 October),
1328:, fought on the
1323:
1319:
1308:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1028:
964:St Quentin Canal
559:
549:
542:
535:
526:
525:
484:
483:
477:
449:
448:
433:
432:
423:
422:
413:
412:
393:
392:
380:Total: 4,400,000
375:
374:
366:
363:
360:
359:
350:
349:
325:
324:
313:
312:
301:
300:
289:
288:
277:
276:
259:
258:
247:
246:
235:
234:
223:
222:
204:
200:
198:
197:
186:
182:
180:
179:
168:
167:
159:
155:
153:
152:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
73:
72:
65:
41:
40:
21:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7333:1914 in Belgium
7288:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7264:
7223:
7155:
7148:
7119:Treaty of Darin
7087:
7049:
7005:Austria-Hungary
6991:
6978:
6959:Rape of Belgium
6886:
6858:
6806:
6800:Western Armenia
6795:Eastern Galicia
6728:
6702:
6666:
6665:Civilian impact
6664:
6650:
6607:
6536:
6368:
6298:Ovambo Uprising
6250:
6132:
6034:
5961:
5879:Battle of Łomża
5862:
5858:Christmas truce
5833:Race to the Sea
5766:
5728:
5650:
5621:Austria-Hungary
5597:
5532:Empire of Japan
5469:
5467:
5456:
5440:U-boat campaign
5426:
5398:
5360:
5312:
5258:
5239:Popular culture
5185:
5180:
5119:Wayback Machine
5097:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5082:
5073:
5071:
5063:
5050:
5048:
5016:
5003:
5001:
4980:
4961:
4936:
4934:
4916:
4897:
4889:. Men at Arms.
4878:
4859:
4837:
4835:
4814:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4764:
4762:
4741:
4719:
4700:
4681:
4659:
4640:
4600:
4578:
4559:
4537:
4535:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4510:Further reading
4507:
4501:
4478:
4456:
4454:
4426:
4424:
4399:
4377:
4375:
4364:
4343:
4341:
4320:
4298:
4296:
4271:
4252:
4233:
4211:
4209:
4208:on 3 March 2016
4205:
4190:
4169:
4150:
4091:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4041:
4022:
4005:
4000:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3868:War Office 1922
3866:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:, p. viii.
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:, pp. 4–5.
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3196:
3192:, pp. 1–3.
3188:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3112:(29–31 October)
3111:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3047:
3036:Race to the Sea
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3010:(29–31 October)
3009:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2949:
2929:
2915:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:10,145 wounded.
2842:
2835:
2826:Ersatzreservist
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2791:
2788:40,761 students
2787:
2776:
2700:
2696:
2683:
2680:Hotchkiss M1914
2676:Hotchkiss M1909
2661:
2658:
2630:
2608:
2600:(16–31 October)
2599:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2564:15–22 November,
2563:
2553:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2420:
2404:
2368:
2363:
2350:
2323:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2221:Félix Wielemans
2216:
2210:
2200:
2172:
2159:
2153:
2121:Shrapnel shells
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2062:
2041:Aire-sur-la-Lys
1944:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1864:
1856:
1854:Race to the Sea
1850:
1848:Race to the Sea
1832:and arrived at
1793:
1789:
1781:
1766:
1741:
1722:19/20 September
1721:
1700:(RNAS) flew to
1686:
1682:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1607:(29–30 August),
1606:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1477:
1395:
1372:
1366:Race to the Sea
1352:armies and the
1326:First World War
1321:
1317:
1304:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1207:
1203:Race to the Sea
1202:
1200:
1198:
1168:
1163:
1149:Rape of Belgium
1140:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1026:
1021:
998:
802:Vimy Ridge 1916
679:Race to the Sea
647:1st St. Quentin
569:
560:
555:
553:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
504:located in the
498:
492:
491:
490:
489:
485:
459:
443:
437:
427:
417:
407:
387:
384:
369:
364:
354:
344:
331:
319:
307:
295:
283:
271:
265:
253:
241:
229:
217:
195:
193:
189:
177:
175:
162:
150:
148:
116:50.8641; 2.8956
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
92:
66:
55:First World War
35:
32:Battle of Ypres
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7376:
7366:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7338:1914 in France
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7243:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7184:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7154:Peace treaties
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7040:United Kingdom
7037:
7032:
7030:Ottoman Empire
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7001:
6999:
6992:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6934:
6932:Sack of Dinant
6929:
6924:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6896:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6880:United Kingdom
6877:
6868:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6840:
6834:POW locations
6832:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6816:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6789:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6742:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6685:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6669:
6667:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6634:United Kingdom
6631:
6629:Ottoman Empire
6626:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6606:
6605:
6603:Trench warfare
6600:
6599:
6598:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6555:
6553:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6319:
6316:Volta-Bani War
6313:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6161:Zeebrugge Raid
6158:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6006:
6005:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5952:Battle of Loos
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5843:Black Sea raid
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5745:Historiography
5736:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5699:Bosnian Crisis
5696:
5693:Tangier Crisis
5690:
5684:
5678:
5671:
5669:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5626:Ottoman Empire
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5603:Central Powers
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5586:British Empire
5581:United Kingdom
5578:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5559:Russian Empire
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5477:Entente Powers
5470:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5445:North Atlantic
5436:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5356:Central Arabia
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5318:Middle Eastern
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5219:Historiography
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5099:Belgium portal
5086:
5085:External links
5083:
5081:
5080:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
4984:
4978:
4965:
4959:
4943:
4920:
4914:
4901:
4895:
4882:
4876:
4863:
4857:
4844:
4818:
4812:
4799:
4786:
4771:
4745:
4739:
4723:
4717:
4704:
4698:
4685:
4679:
4663:
4657:
4644:
4638:
4621:
4604:
4598:
4582:
4576:
4563:
4557:
4544:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4482:
4476:
4463:
4433:
4403:
4397:
4384:
4350:
4324:
4318:
4305:
4275:
4269:
4256:
4250:
4237:
4231:
4218:
4173:
4167:
4154:
4148:
4135:
4119:Edmonds, J. E.
4115:
4099:Edmonds, J. E.
4095:
4089:
4077:Doughty, R. A.
4073:
4060:
4045:
4039:
4026:
4020:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3983:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3942:, p. 264.
3932:
3930:, p. xiv.
3920:
3918:, p. 176.
3908:
3896:
3884:
3872:
3870:, p. 253.
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3762:, p. 448.
3752:
3750:, p. 278.
3740:
3728:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3675:, p. 202.
3665:
3653:
3651:, p. 276.
3641:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3600:, p. 102.
3587:
3585:, p. 127.
3575:
3573:, p. 143.
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3416:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3327:, p. 101.
3317:
3315:, p. 408.
3305:
3293:
3281:
3279:, p. 405.
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3219:, p. 255.
3209:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3128:
3122:, the British
3074:
3066:10–21 October.
3027:
3018:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2941:Spanbroekmolen
2925:Main article:
2914:
2911:
2879:54,000 British
2875:134,315 German
2871:55,395 British
2867:21,562 Belgian
2855:134,315 German
2847:58,155, French
2834:
2831:
2814:970 volunteers
2765:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2699:BEF casualties
2695:
2688:
2656:
2629:
2626:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2535:by September,
2505:2,000 reserves
2446:and men each,
2444:1,000 officers
2417:William Wollen
2410:
2403:
2400:
2361:
2333:Max von Fabeck
2322:
2319:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2212:Main article:
2209:
2206:
2155:Main article:
2152:
2149:
2125:high explosive
2068:, the British
2061:
2058:
1978:(Wijtschate),
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1862:
1852:Main article:
1849:
1846:
1802:Gennes-Ivergny
1794:13/14 October.
1765:
1762:
1679:Siege of Namur
1634:Main article:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1600:Battle of Mons
1573:Main article:
1570:
1567:
1563:Battle of Łódź
1534:Main article:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1455:, head of the
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:Nonne Bosschen
1273:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:La Bassée
1238:
1233:
1231:Bois-le-Prêtre
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1134:Nonne Bosschen
1131:
1126:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
997:
996:
994:Lys and Escaut
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
848:
841:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
741:
740:
730:
725:
723:Neuve Chapelle
720:
715:
704:
703:
698:
696:Winter actions
693:
692:
691:
686:
676:
671:
666:
661:
659:Grand Couronné
656:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
629:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
597:
596:
595:
590:
585:
575:
565:
562:
561:
552:
551:
544:
537:
529:
521:
520:
499:
494:
493:
487:
486:
479:
478:
472:
471:
470:
469:
466:
465:
461:
460:
458:
457:
455:
453:
451:
440:
438:
436:
435:
425:
415:
404:
401:
400:
396:
395:
385:
383:
382:
377:
367:
365: 247,000
352:
341:
338:
337:
333:
332:
330:
329:
317:
315:Max von Fabeck
305:
293:
281:
268:
266:
264:
263:
251:
239:
237:Ferdinand Foch
227:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
190:
188:
187:
184:United Kingdom
172:
160:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
58:
57:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7375:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7353:Ypres Salient
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7045:United States
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6985:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6662:
6657:
6647:
6646:United States
6644:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6596:Convoy system
6594:
6593:
6592:
6591:Naval warfare
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6351:Kaocen revolt
6349:
6346:
6345:Easter Rising
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5917:Great Retreat
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Battle of Cer
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5705:Agadir Crisis
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5593:United States
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5510:French Empire
5508:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5463:
5453:
5452:Mediterranean
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5432:Naval warfare
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5308:Italian Front
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5296:Eastern Front
5294:
5292:
5291:Western Front
5289:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Puppet states
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5145:Der Weltkrieg
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5089:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4947:Sheffield, G.
4944:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4374:
4370:
4365:(online scan)
4362:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3905:
3900:
3894:, p. 65.
3893:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3846:, p. xi.
3845:
3840:
3834:, p. 94.
3833:
3828:
3821:
3816:
3809:
3808:Philpott 2014
3804:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3748:Strachan 2001
3744:
3737:
3736:Strachan 2001
3732:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3649:Strachan 2001
3645:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3622:Strachan 2001
3618:
3612:, p. 79.
3611:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3561:, p. 71.
3560:
3559:Farndale 1986
3555:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3535:Farndale 1986
3531:
3524:
3523:Farndale 1986
3519:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3399:, p. 98.
3398:
3393:
3387:, p. 59.
3386:
3381:
3374:
3373:Strachan 2001
3369:
3363:, p. 14.
3362:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3205:Strachan 2001
3201:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3120:James Edmonds
3117:
3110:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3071:
3058:
3057:Der Weltkrieg
3045:
3041:
3040:James Edmonds
3037:
3031:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2950:42 prisoners.
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2907:
2901:17,250 losses
2891:
2840:
2839:James Edmonds
2830:
2827:
2821:
2803:
2802:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2615:
2604:
2597:
2586:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2549:
2540:
2518:
2498:
2494:
2493:26th Division
2490:
2484:
2481:
2456:18 battalions
2432:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:30th Division
2385:
2379:
2374:
2373:18th Division
2359:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2290:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2082:10,000 shells
2079:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:Passchendaele
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:Mont des Cats
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1934:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1779:
1778:Channel Ports
1775:
1771:
1770:Joseph Joffre
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1714:Royal Marines
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1685:and captured
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1643:30,000 French
1637:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1575:Great Retreat
1569:Great Retreat
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1536:Eastern Front
1530:Eastern Front
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Field Marshal
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Cavalry Corps
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:James Edmonds
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:in France to
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:West Flanders
1335:
1331:
1330:Western Front
1327:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Meuse-Argonne
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:
908:
907:
906:
903:
902:
901:
900:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:Passchendaele
881:
879:
876:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
834:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:2nd Champagne
743:
739:
736:
735:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
713:1st Champagne
711:
710:
709:
708:
702:
699:
697:
694:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
632:Great Retreat
630:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
568:
563:
558:
557:Western Front
550:
545:
543:
538:
536:
531:
530:
527:
514:
513:West Flanders
510:
507:
503:
497:
476:
467:
462:
456:
454:
452:
447:
442:
441:
439:
431:
426:
421:
416:
414:50,000–85,000
411:
406:
405:
403:
402:
397:
391:
386:
381:
378:
373:
368:
358:
353:
348:
343:
342:
340:
339:
334:
328:
323:
318:
316:
311:
306:
304:
299:
294:
292:
287:
282:
280:
275:
270:
269:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:
245:
240:
238:
233:
228:
226:
225:Joseph Joffre
221:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
203:
191:
185:
173:
171:
166:
161:
158:
146:
145:
143:
142:
137:
129:
126:
125:
120:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
51:Western Front
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
7257:
7250:
7238:
6845: /
6777:
6612:Conscription
6576:Cryptography
6513:Iraqi Revolt
5947:Siege of Kut
5890:
5837:
5468:participants
5417:German Samoa
5351:South Arabia
5144:
5072:. Retrieved
5051:11 September
5049:. Retrieved
5029:
5025:
5002:. Retrieved
4989:
4969:
4950:
4935:. Retrieved
4931:the original
4925:
4905:
4886:
4867:
4848:
4836:. Retrieved
4823:
4803:
4791:. Retrieved
4776:
4763:. Retrieved
4750:
4730:
4708:
4689:
4670:
4648:
4629:
4625:
4608:
4589:
4567:
4548:
4536:. Retrieved
4523:
4490:
4486:
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4451:the original
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4408:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4360:
4355:
4342:. Retrieved
4329:
4309:
4297:. Retrieved
4285:
4280:
4260:
4241:
4222:
4210:. Retrieved
4203:the original
4186:
4181:
4158:
4139:
4122:
4102:
4080:
4065:. Retrieved
4050:
4030:
4011:
3966:, p. 4.
3959:
3954:, p. 6.
3947:
3940:Sheldon 2010
3935:
3928:Sheldon 2010
3923:
3916:Beckett 2006
3911:
3904:Edmonds 1925
3899:
3887:
3880:Sheldon 2010
3875:
3863:
3856:Sheldon 2010
3851:
3844:Sheldon 2010
3839:
3832:Schwink 1919
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3784:Beckett 2006
3779:
3772:Edmonds 1925
3767:
3760:Edmonds 1925
3755:
3743:
3731:
3724:Beckett 2006
3709:Edmonds 1925
3704:
3697:Edmonds 1925
3692:
3685:Sheldon 2010
3680:
3673:Edmonds 1925
3668:
3661:Edmonds 1925
3656:
3644:
3637:Edmonds 1925
3617:
3610:Sheldon 2010
3605:
3583:Edmonds 1925
3578:
3566:
3554:
3547:Sheldon 2010
3542:
3530:
3518:
3511:Edmonds 1925
3506:
3499:Edmonds 1925
3494:
3487:Edmonds 1925
3482:
3470:
3463:Doughty 2005
3458:
3451:Edmonds 1925
3446:
3439:Doughty 2005
3434:
3429:, p. x.
3427:Sheldon 2010
3397:Doughty 2005
3392:
3385:Clayton 2003
3380:
3368:
3356:
3349:Edmonds 1926
3344:
3337:Edmonds 1925
3332:
3320:
3313:Edmonds 1926
3308:
3301:Edmonds 1926
3296:
3289:Corbett 2009
3284:
3277:Edmonds 1925
3272:
3265:Corbett 2009
3260:
3253:Raleigh 1969
3248:
3241:Raleigh 1969
3236:
3229:Edmonds 1925
3224:
3212:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3143:Heeresgruppe
3131:
3077:
3042:the British
3035:
3030:
3021:
2968:
2954:
2945:5th Division
2937:3rd Division
2934:
2930:
2881:casualties,
2869:casualties,
2865:casualties,
2836:
2819:
2799:
2781:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2638:false notion
2637:
2631:
2609:34 divisions
2605:
2593:
2560:8th Division
2556:
2517:4th Division
2489:3rd Division
2485:
2423:
2366:
2324:
2311:Polygon Wood
2307:2nd Division
2303:1st Division
2299:
2258:Douglas Haig
2250:
2217:
2190:
2160:
2137:
2134:
2116:4th Division
2099:
2064:In October,
2063:
2001:
1945:
1895:
1873:
1867:
1787:
1782:1/2 October,
1767:
1758:Dover Patrol
1746:7th Division
1742:4/5 October.
1695:
1670:Valenciennes
1641:garrison of
1639:
1578:
1548:
1539:
1493:machine guns
1482:
1478:70 per cent,
1435:
1381:
1292:
1290:
1260:
1142:
1141:
1118:
1071:
1000:
999:
959:Saint-Mihiel
927:Belleau Wood
910:
898:
897:
888:La Malmaison
844:
832:
831:
797:Kink Salient
765:
764:
760:Gas: Wieltje
706:
705:
688:
566:
502:municipality
379:
139:Belligerents
49:Part of the
36:
6875:Netherlands
6852:Switzerland
6733:Occupations
6724:Spanish flu
6501:(1919–1922)
6495:(1918–1921)
6489:(1918–1923)
6478:(1919–1921)
6472:(1919–1921)
6466:(1919–1920)
6442:(1918–1920)
6436:(1918–1920)
6430:(1918–1920)
6412:(1918–1920)
6394:(1918–1920)
6388:(1917–1921)
6382:(1917–1921)
6329:(1916-1918)
6327:Arab Revolt
6318:(1915–1917)
6312:(1915–1917)
6300:(1914-1917)
6294:(1914–1917)
6288:(1914–1921)
6282:(1913–1920)
6270:(1910–1920)
6264:(1900–1920)
5762:July Crisis
5683:(1880–1914)
5346:Mesopotamia
5224:Home fronts
5183:World War I
4586:Bidwell, S.
3217:Herwig 2009
3137:Armeegruppe
2873:losses and
2810:299 members
2796:30 per cent
2792:30 per cent
2777:75 per cent
2596:Eighth Army
2537:265,000 men
2533:385,000 men
2513:17,500 men.
2458:were under
2450:fewer than
2440:84 infantry
2369:600 British
2338:Armeegruppe
2197:100 mm guns
2180:(Roulers),
2144:75 mm field
2139:Pickelhaube
2074:24-division
2025:Armentières
1879:), General
1790:3/4 October
1774:John French
1712:and Ypres.
1557:proclaimed
1469:Mont Kemmel
1446:Eighth Army
1442:John French
1409:, that the
1388:Armentières
1246:Armentières
1216:1st Picardy
979:2nd Cambrai
817:Boar's Head
807:Mont Sorrel
261:John French
114: /
7292:Categories
7092:Agreements
6892:War crimes
6768:Luxembourg
6661:Casualties
5539:Montenegro
5374:South West
5254:Technology
5244:Propaganda
5234:Opposition
4727:Holmes, R.
4651:. Osprey.
4551:. Helion.
4003:References
3952:James 1990
3892:Unruh 1986
3820:Foley 2007
3796:Foley 2007
3598:Foley 2007
3475:James 1990
3412:Foley 2007
3325:Foley 2007
3190:James 1990
2894:62,000 men
2851:86,237 men
2833:Casualties
2772:Kindermord
2692:Kindermord
2634:mad minute
2628:Mad minute
2529:(54,105 at
2522:80,000 men
2497:Zwarteleen
2436:17,250 men
2392:Zandvoorde
2254:Langemarck
2173:80,000 men
2090:60-pounder
2086:100 shells
2078:War Office
1994:and upper
1976:Wytschaete
1838:Hazebrouck
1834:Saint-Omer
1752:landed at
1716:landed at
1592:Fifth Army
1520:Background
1463:(OHL, the
1362:Nieuwpoort
1318:19 October
1266:Langemarck
1124:Langemarck
1107:Buggenhout
792:Wulverghem
755:3rd Artois
733:2nd Artois
701:1st Artois
130:Indecisive
99:50°51′51″N
6989:Diplomacy
6696:Olympians
6619:Australia
6586:Logistics
6519:Vlora War
6448:(1918–19)
6424:(1918–19)
6418:(1918–19)
6406:(1918–19)
6353:(1916–17)
6335:(1916–17)
6286:Zaian War
6276:(1914–15)
6003:first day
5891:Lusitania
5719:(1912–13)
5713:(1911–12)
5701:(1908–09)
5695:(1905–06)
5677:(1870–71)
5466:Principal
5326:Gallipoli
5229:Memorials
5214:Geography
5204:Aftermath
5046:0035-9289
4999:800898772
4833:752897173
4760:865491406
4669:(1998) .
4617:792870994
4447:610661991
4339:785856329
4294:838299944
4111:220044986
3571:Foch 1931
3154:Footnotes
2724:September
2575:Aftermath
2509:25 German
2501:7,800 men
2454:of which
2434:had lost
2426:Becelaere
2351:250 heavy
2347:Poperinge
2331:(General
2178:Roeselare
2094:101 heavy
2021:Tourcoing
2005:La Bassée
1980:Gheluvelt
1962:, Lille,
1908:Diksmuide
1810:Le Boisle
1806:Gueschart
1798:Abbeville
1754:Zeebrugge
1687:450 guns.
1508:attrition
1489:artillery
1415:III Corps
1384:La Bassée
1306:‹See Tfd›
1271:Gheluvelt
1261:1st Ypres
1129:Gheluvelt
1119:1st Ypres
974:5th Ypres
954:2nd Somme
932:2nd Marne
922:3rd Aisne
871:The Hills
866:2nd Aisne
827:Fromelles
822:1st Somme
772:The Bluff
738:Hébuterne
728:2nd Ypres
689:1st Ypres
669:1st Aisne
664:1st Marne
637:Le Cateau
615:Charleroi
600:Frontiers
394:5,400,000
351:3,989,103
102:2°53′44″E
91:, Belgium
7277:Category
6864:Refugees
6830:Italians
6819:Germans
6779:Ober Ost
6559:Aviation
5660:Timeline
5631:Bulgaria
5412:Tsingtao
5389:Togoland
5336:Caucasus
5271:European
5263:Theatres
5115:Archived
5061:Websites
5014:Journals
4729:(2001).
4422:17673086
4199:86058356
4179:(1931).
4177:Foch, F.
4131:58962523
4121:(1926).
4101:(1925).
4079:(2005).
3114:and the
3012:and the
2820:Landwehr
2801:Landwehr
2748:December
2740:November
2657:—
2580:Analysis
2569:Albrecht
2507:against
2452:300 men,
2386:and the
2305:and the
2182:Thourout
2130:4th Army
2108:barrages
1968:Courtrai
1891:misnomer
1842:Bailleul
1748:and the
1666:Brussels
1630:Flanders
1473:Flanders
1431:Messines
1423:6th Army
1417:and the
1411:II Corps
1377:4th Army
1251:Messines
984:Courtrai
939:Soissons
878:Messines
845:Alberich
654:Maubeuge
610:Ardennes
605:Lorraine
573:Moresnet
509:province
336:Strength
249:Albert I
84:Location
7015:Germany
6915:Germany
6843:Germany
6763:Belgium
6748:Albania
6707:Disease
6687:Sports
6639:Ireland
6552:Warfare
6545:Aspects
5740:Origins
5733:Prelude
5636:Senussi
5616:Germany
5611:Leaders
5549:Romania
5490:Belgium
5485:Leaders
5384:Kamerun
5366:African
5301:Romania
5279:Balkans
5194:Outline
5074:5 March
5004:5 March
4937:5 March
4838:5 March
4793:5 March
4765:5 March
4538:5 March
4533:8651831
4457:5 March
4427:5 March
4378:29 June
4373:3288637
4344:5 March
4299:5 March
4212:5 March
4067:5 March
2853:and of
2806:166 men
2751:11,079
2743:24,785
2735:30,192
2732:October
2727:15,189
2719:14,409
2659:Sheldon
2526:89,964;
2472:⁄
2460:100 men
2315:Torhout
2283:⁄
2269:⁄
2112:Méteren
2060:Tactics
2033:Halluin
2029:Comines
1996:Scheldt
1964:Roubaix
1942:Terrain
1937:Prelude
1814:Béthune
1734:Antwerp
1718:Dunkirk
1674:Cambrai
1654:Cologne
1594:at the
1450:General
1350:Belgian
1332:around
1097:Antwerp
1072:Battles
949:Ailette
917:The Lys
911:Michael
893:Cambrai
787:Hulluch
782:St Eloi
674:Antwerp
506:Flemish
376:163,897
202:Germany
170:Belgium
53:of the
7035:Russia
7010:France
6838:Canada
6753:Serbia
6624:Canada
6581:Horses
6533:(1921)
6527:(1920)
6521:(1920)
6515:(1920)
6507:(1920)
6460:(1919)
6454:(1919)
6400:(1918)
6365:(1918)
6359:(1917)
6347:(1916)
6341:(1916)
6306:(1915)
5725:(1913)
5707:(1911)
5689:(1905)
5646:Darfur
5571:Serbia
5554:Russia
5517:Greece
5505:France
5495:Brazil
5341:Persia
5284:Serbia
5044:
4997:
4976:
4957:
4912:
4893:
4874:
4855:
4831:
4810:
4784:
4758:
4737:
4715:
4696:
4677:
4655:
4636:
4615:
4596:
4574:
4555:
4531:
4497:
4474:
4445:
4420:
4395:
4371:
4363:]
4337:
4316:
4292:
4267:
4248:
4229:
4197:
4189:]
4165:
4146:
4129:
4109:
4087:
4058:
4037:
4018:
2859:46,765
2818:1,499
2762:95,654
2716:August
2708:Month
2669:range.
2448:75 had
2343:Werviq
2232:Battle
2225:sluice
2186:Gistel
2114:, the
2103:rafale
2016:corons
2010:fosses
1952:Calais
1903:sortie
1822:Hesdin
1816:. The
1730:Cassel
1706:Bruges
1702:Ostend
1555:Sultan
1504:Russia
1392:Allied
1346:French
1342:German
1310:German
1297:French
1226:Albert
1221:Flirey
1087:Dinant
1077:Haelen
989:Sambre
944:Amiens
812:Verdun
642:Étreux
588:Dinant
450:80,000
434:21,562
424:58,155
199:
181:
157:France
154:
127:Result
7348:Ypres
7232:Other
7025:Japan
7020:Italy
6847:camps
6691:Rugby
5527:Japan
5522:Italy
5500:China
5394:North
4628:[
4516:Books
4489:[
4359:[
4284:[
4206:(PDF)
4191:(PDF)
4185:[
2960:Notes
2757:Total
2151:Plans
2037:Menin
1956:Douai
1948:Arras
1877:, OHL
1726:Lille
1710:Ghent
1691:Jäger
1662:Liège
1658:Trier
1615:Aisne
1581:Marne
1559:Jihad
1358:Arras
1336:, in
1334:Ypres
1236:Arras
1092:Namur
1082:Liège
856:Arras
839:Ancre
593:Namur
583:Liège
488:Ypres
89:Ypres
6812:POWs
6138:1918
6040:1917
5966:1916
5867:1915
5771:1914
5576:Siam
5379:East
5076:2015
5053:2019
5042:ISSN
5006:2015
4995:OCLC
4974:ISBN
4955:ISBN
4939:2015
4910:ISBN
4891:ISBN
4872:ISBN
4853:ISBN
4840:2015
4829:OCLC
4808:ISBN
4795:2015
4782:ISBN
4767:2015
4756:OCLC
4735:ISBN
4713:ISBN
4694:ISBN
4675:ISBN
4653:ISBN
4634:ISBN
4613:OCLC
4594:ISBN
4572:ISBN
4553:ISBN
4540:2015
4529:OCLC
4495:ISBN
4472:ISBN
4459:2015
4443:OCLC
4429:2015
4418:OCLC
4414:HMSO
4393:ISBN
4380:2015
4369:OCLC
4346:2015
4335:OCLC
4314:ISBN
4301:2015
4290:OCLC
4265:ISBN
4246:ISBN
4227:ISBN
4214:2015
4195:OCLC
4163:ISBN
4144:ISBN
4127:OCLC
4107:OCLC
4085:ISBN
4069:2015
4056:ISBN
4035:ISBN
4016:ISBN
3107:the
3088:the
3050:and
3005:the
2711:No.
2678:and
2503:and
2491:and
2184:and
2163:Foch
2046:pavé
2035:and
1992:Yser
1982:and
1966:and
1960:Lens
1950:and
1901:and
1672:and
1491:and
1440:Sir
1386:and
1291:The
1256:Yser
1114:Yser
1102:Nete
899:1918
861:Vimy
833:1917
766:1916
750:Loos
707:1915
684:Yser
620:Mons
567:1914
76:Date
5034:doi
1988:Lys
1764:BEF
1660:to
1427:Lys
511:of
7294::
5040:.
5030:66
5028:.
5024:.
4416:.
3986:^
3971:^
3716:^
3629:^
3590:^
3419:^
3404:^
3197:^
2883:c.
2465:12
2031:,
2027:,
1990:,
1808:,
1804:,
1708:,
1693:.
1668:,
1664:,
1647:c.
1348:,
1344:,
1320:–
1316:,
1312::
1303:,
1299::
362:c.
6663:/
5175:e
5168:t
5161:v
5078:.
5055:.
5036::
4982:.
4963:.
4941:.
4918:.
4899:.
4880:.
4861:.
4816:.
4743:.
4721:.
4702:.
4683:.
4661:.
4642:.
4619:.
4602:.
4580:.
4561:.
4542:.
4503:.
4480:.
4461:.
4431:.
4401:.
4382:.
4348:.
4322:.
4273:.
4254:.
4235:.
4216:.
4171:.
4152:.
4133:.
4113:.
4093:.
4071:.
4043:.
4024:.
3146:.
3072:.
2618:(
2474:2
2470:1
2467:+
2419:)
2285:3
2281:1
2278:+
2276:7
2271:2
2267:1
2264:+
2262:5
1872:(
1510:(
1295:(
1193:e
1186:t
1179:v
1051:e
1044:t
1037:v
548:e
541:t
534:v
34:.
20:)
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