441:(1949) points out that although throughout history women and slaves have been considered property, all people have now been granted rights and freedoms. Leopold notes that today land is still considered property as people once were. He asserts that ethics should be extended to the land as "an evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity". He argues that while people's instincts encourage them to compete with others, their ethics encourage them to co-operate with others. He suggests that "the land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land". In a sense this attitude would encourage humans to co-operate with the land rather than compete with it.
769:
729:
environment, then that results in setting humans apart from other species and assigning more power to them. This then takes us back to the basic beliefs of anthropocentrism. Watson also claims that the extinction of species is "Nature's way" and that if humans were to instigate their own self-destruction by exploiting the rest of nature, then so be it. Therefore, he suggests that the real reason humans should reduce their destructive behavior in relation to other species is not because we are equals but because the destruction of other species will also result in our own destruction. This view also brings us back to an anthropocentric perspective.
496:
3231:
741:
337:
to deny it to nonhuman animals simply because they were not human. However, not all biological entities are sentient, consider: algae, plants and trees, fungi, lichens, mollusks, protozoa, for example. For an ethical theory to be biocentric, it must have a reason for extending ethical inclusion to the entire biosphere (as in Taylor and
Schweitzer). The requirement for environmental ethics to move beyond sentience as criteria for inclusion in the moral realm is discussed in
679:'s teachings encourage people "to live simply, to cherish tranquility, to appreciate the natural cycle of life". Buddhism emphasizes that everything in the universe affects everything else. "Nature is an ecosystem in which trees affect climate, the soil, and the animals, just as the climate affects the trees, the soil, the animals and so on. The ocean, the sky, the air are all interrelated, and interdependent—water is life and air is life."
783:
203:
301:
and subjective. Conventional ethics concerned itself exclusively with human beings—that is to say, morality applied only to interpersonal relationships—whereas
Schweitzer's ethical philosophy introduced a "depth, energy, and function that differ from the ethics that merely involved humans". "Reverence for life" was a "new ethics, because it is not only an extension of ethics, but also a transformation of the nature of ethics".
755:
623:. The Rigveda states that trees and plants possess divine healing properties. It is still popularly believed that every tree has a Vriksa-devata (a tree deity). Trees are ritually worshiped through prayer, offerings, and the sacred thread ceremony. The Vriksa-devata worshiped as manifestations of the Divine. Tree planting is considered a religious duty.
300:
Albert
Schweitzer's "reverence for life" principle was a precursor of modern biocentric ethics. In contrast with traditional ethics, the ethics of "reverence for life" denies any distinction between "high and low" or "valuable and less valuable" life forms, dismissing such categorization as arbitrary
556:(God), not humans, and to assume that non-human animals and plants exist merely to benefit humankind leads to environmental destruction and misuse. As all living organisms exist to praise God, human destruction of other living things prevents the earth's natural and subtle means of praising God. The
682:
Although this holistic approach is more ecocentric than biocentric, it is also biocentric, as it maintains that all living things are important and that humans are not above other creatures or nature. Buddhism teaches that "once we treat nature as our friend, to cherish it, then we can see the need
336:
Singer's work, while notable in the canon of environmental ethics, should not be considered as fully biocentric. Singer's ethics is extended from humans to nonhuman animals because the criterion for moral inclusion (sentience) is found in both humans and nonhuman animals, thus it would be arbitrary
188:
The most important of these four main pillars is likely the idea that human beings are not inherently superior to other living things. People have divergent views on many specific aspects of almost everything. Not all biocentrists even subscribe to the abstract concept of value, which is why heavy
703:
expresses grave misgivings about notions of the environment inspired by ecocentrism and biocentrism". This, he stated, was because "such notions eliminate the difference of identity and worth between the human person and other living things. In the name of a supposedly egalitarian vision of the
273:
Biocentric ethics differs from classical and traditional ethical thinking. Rather than focusing on strict moral rules, as in
Classical ethics, it focuses on attitudes and character. In contrast with traditional ethics, it is nonhierarchical and gives priority to the natural world rather than to
728:
Richard Watson suggests that if this is the case, then "Human ways—human culture—and human actions are as natural as the ways in which any other species of animals behaves". He goes on to suggest that if humans must change their behavior to refrain from disturbing and damaging the natural
712:
Biocentrism has faced criticism for a number of reasons. Some of this criticism grows out of the concern that biocentrism is an anti-human paradigm and that it will not hesitate to sacrifice human well-being for the greater good. Biocentrism has also been criticized for its
413:
If we choose to let conjecture run wild, then animals, our fellow brethren in pain, diseases, death, suffering and famine—our slaves in the most laborious works, our companions in our amusement—they may partake of our origin in one common ancestor—we may be all netted
612:(the cycle of life, death and rebirth) encompasses reincarnation into non-human forms. It is believed that one lives 8,400,000 lifetimes before one becomes a human. Each species is in this process of samsara until one attains
261:
Biocentrism views individual species as parts of the living biosphere. It observes the consequences of reducing biodiversity on both small and large scales and points to the inherent value all species have to the environment.
588:(nature), is the "material cause" of the universe. However, Brahman and Prakrti are not considered truly divided: "They are one in the same, or perhaps better stated, they are the one in the many and the many in the one."
603:
warns, "the wicked person who kills animals which are protected has to live in hell fire for the days equal to the number of hairs on the body of that animal". The essential aspect of this doctrine is the belief that the
352:(1986). Taylor maintains that biocentrism is an "attitude of respect for nature", whereby one attempts to make an effort to live one's life in a way that respects the welfare and inherent worth of all
329:
Using sentience as a criterion of moral importance entails that we extend the same basic moral consideration (i.e. "basic principle of equality") to other sentient creatures that we do to human beings.
641:(non-violence), the central teaching of Jainism, means more than not hurting other humans. It means intending not to cause physical, mental or spiritual harm to any part of nature. In the words of
482:). Article 71 states that nature "has the right to integral respect for its existence and for the maintenance and regeneration of its life cycles, structure, functions and evolutionary processes".
428:. This publication sparked the beginning of biocentrist views by introducing evolution and "its removal of humans from their supernatural origins and placement into the framework of natural laws".
132:
that "extend the status of moral object from human beings to all living things in nature". Biocentric ethics calls for a rethinking of the relationship between humans and nature. It states that
564:
was once asked whether there would be a reward for those who show charity to nature and animals, to which he replied, "for charity shown to each creature with a wet heart , there is a reward."
265:
The environment is seen for what it is; the biosphere within which we live and depend on the maintaining of its diversity for our health. From these observations the ethical points are raised.
1520:
683:
to change from the attitude of dominating nature to an attitude of working with nature—we are an intrinsic part of all existence rather than seeing ourselves as in control of it."
82:
Biocentrism does not imply the idea of equality among the animal kingdom, for no such notion can be observed in nature. Biocentric thought is nature-based, not human-based.
256:
1158:
304:
Similarly, Peter Singer argues that non-human animals deserve the same equality of consideration that we extend to human beings. His argument is roughly as follows:
645:: 'You are that which you wish to harm.' Compassion is a pillar of non-violence. Jainism encourages people to practice an attitude of compassion towards all life.
2084:
652:
is also very important in
Jainism. This states that all of nature is bound together, and that "if one does not care for nature one does not care for oneself.".
1789:
724:, which sees humans as having a higher status than other species, biocentrism puts humans on a par with the rest of nature, and not above it. In his essay
576:: Hinduism contains many elements of biocentrism. In Hinduism, humans have no special authority over other creatures, and all living things have souls ('
2943:
444:
Outside of formal philosophical works biocentric thought is common among pre-colonial tribal peoples who knew no world other than the natural world.
595:
god grants, they are subject to a "higher and more authoritative responsibility for creation". The most important aspect of this is the doctrine of
1775:
1733:
1089:
2792:
1524:
1085:
363:
This community consists of a system of interdependence between all members, both physically, and in terms of relationships with other species.
2948:
2189:
1191:
717:; emphasizing too much on the importance of individual life and neglecting the importance of collective groups, such as an ecosystem.
3013:
2928:
1383:
515:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
3196:
2249:
475:
who may want to exploit natural resources and land space, and to also use the environment as a dumping ground for toxic waste.
2933:
659:. Jainism discourages wasting the gifts of nature, and encourages its practitioners to reduce their needs as far as possible.
2938:
2923:
2887:
2158:
2135:
2073:
2046:
2012:
1334:
1302:
1165:
1141:
1069:
1006:
947:
220:
2996:
1689:
704:"dignity" of all living creatures, such notions end up abolishing the distinctiveness and superior role of human beings."
3059:
2877:
2540:
2899:
2099:
1405:
1131:
370:
centre of life", that is, each organism has a purpose and a reason for being, which is inherently "good" or "valuable".
992:
937:
663:, a great proponent of Jainism, once stated "There is enough in this world for human needs, but not for human wants."
3136:
2872:
2822:
1879:
1848:
1817:
1556:
1500:
1468:
1441:
1366:
530:
242:
968:
2918:
2882:
2065:
381:
traces today's biocentric philosophies, which he sees as part of a recovery of a sense of kinship between man and
2986:
2906:
2269:
2254:
877:
3032:
2849:
2588:
2182:
224:
3260:
2434:
2340:
897:
144:, any actions which negatively affect the living systems of which we are a part adversely affect us as well,
3042:
2606:
2557:
2545:
2479:
2350:
479:
332:
Therefore, we ought to extend to animals the same equality of consideration that we extend to human beings.
2991:
2969:
2844:
2817:
2736:
2285:
2211:
2259:
1358:
1326:
600:
560:
acknowledges that humans are not the only all-important creatures and emphasizes a respect for nature.
509:
114:
59:
to all living things. It is an understanding of how the earth works, particularly as it relates to its
3020:
2894:
2762:
2671:
2611:
2408:
2175:
1650:
468:
455:
In recent years (as of 2011), cities in Maine, Pennsylvania, New
Hampshire and Virginia have adopted
3008:
3001:
2981:
2797:
2782:
2777:
2626:
2583:
2552:
2383:
2335:
2325:
2315:
847:
504:
424:
290:
140:
by humans, but that humans are simply one species amongst many, and that because we are part of an
94:
1573:
635:: The Jaina tradition exists in tandem with Hinduism and shares many of its biocentric elements.
3037:
2772:
2731:
2413:
2355:
2295:
592:
213:
2038:
3216:
3080:
2767:
2696:
2646:
2562:
2244:
2239:
1871:
1865:
1840:
1834:
1809:
1803:
1548:
1542:
1433:
1427:
1294:
963:
912:
394:
312:
is the only criterion of moral importance that includes all humans and excludes all non-humans.
2119:
1406:""When Nature Holds the Mastery": The Development of Biocentric Thought in Industrial America"
3255:
2834:
2701:
2666:
2651:
2616:
2578:
2345:
2310:
2264:
2146:
2057:
2004:
774:
452:
The paradigm of biocentrism and the values that it promotes are beginning to be used in law.
2022:
2787:
2601:
2504:
2305:
2300:
2127:
1199:
1056:
872:
812:
360:
Humans are members of a community of life along with all other species, and on equal terms.
129:
1605:
720:
A more complex form of criticism focuses on the contradictions of biocentrism. Opposed to
8:
3151:
2726:
2711:
2621:
2398:
832:
827:
797:
437:
106:
20:
577:
435:
has also been associated with biocentrism. The essay "The Land Ethic" in
Leopold's book
3235:
3166:
3101:
2489:
2031:
1290:
1283:
1079:
867:
746:
495:
282:
98:
3171:
2964:
2656:
2514:
2378:
2320:
2234:
2154:
2131:
2069:
2042:
2008:
1997:
1875:
1844:
1813:
1769:
1727:
1670:
1552:
1496:
1464:
1437:
1362:
1330:
1298:
1137:
1112:
1065:
1002:
943:
696:
591:
However, while
Hinduism does not give the same direct authority over nature that the
278:
2085:"Taking Nature's Rights Seriously: The Long Way to Biocentrism in Environmental Law"
1355:
Nature's
Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (Studies in Environment and History)
3121:
3075:
2829:
2752:
2721:
2691:
2661:
2499:
2198:
1973:
1942:
1911:
1662:
1260:
802:
721:
605:
552:: In Islam, biocentric ethics stem from the belief that all of creation belongs to
460:
68:
1666:
1022:
478:
The first country to include rights of nature in its constitution is
Ecuador (see
3211:
3201:
3146:
3106:
3085:
2911:
2706:
2484:
2459:
2429:
2229:
2029:
Reichmann, James B. (2000). "Anthropocentrism, Biocentrism, and Envirocentrism".
1977:
1946:
1915:
1627:
1571:
1521:"125 Cities Passed Laws Placing Rights of Citizens, Nature Ahead of Corporations"
1490:
1458:
1264:
1195:
998:
862:
857:
852:
842:
692:
649:
353:
110:
3176:
2839:
2757:
2681:
2509:
2444:
2330:
1753:
1350:
902:
788:
760:
656:
419:
398:
378:
345:
294:
153:
56:
1719:
609:
3249:
3230:
3116:
3025:
2807:
2469:
2464:
2439:
1674:
1225:
817:
740:
714:
619:
Another doctrinal source for the equal treatment of all life is found in the
390:
386:
90:
32:
3156:
3141:
3131:
3111:
2854:
2812:
2716:
2474:
2393:
822:
807:
432:
367:
286:
102:
86:
64:
2023:
A bolder One Health: expanding the moral circle to optimize health for all
2686:
2535:
2519:
2454:
2403:
892:
882:
837:
700:
472:
137:
76:
3206:
3126:
3047:
2974:
2494:
2449:
907:
402:
227: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
48:
341:'s 1981 paper "The Nature and Possibility of an Environmental Ethic".
16:
Ethical point of view that extends inherent value to all living things
3161:
3052:
1651:"When Less is More: Cultivating a Community in Relationship with God"
1108:
557:
338:
323:
149:
141:
60:
44:
1248:
608:
incarnates into the forms of various species. The Hindu belief in
202:
2802:
2676:
2167:
1961:
1930:
1899:
782:
672:
642:
573:
561:
157:
1536:
1534:
2290:
2082:
1055:
Yu, Lei, Mouchang, Yi (2009). "13. Biocentric Ethical Theories".
887:
632:
620:
585:
581:
161:
2062:
Ecological sustainability and integrity: concepts and approaches
184:
Human beings are not inherently superior to other living things.
1867:"Biocentrism" in "Green Ethics and Philosophy: An A-to-Z Guide"
1805:"Biocentrism" in "Green Ethics and Philosophy: An A-to-Z Guide"
1720:"Faiths and Ecology: What Does Jainism teach us about ecology?"
1531:
1429:"Biocentrism" in "Green Ethics and Philosophy: An A-to-Z Guide"
676:
660:
638:
613:
596:
382:
181:
All living organisms pursue their own "good" in their own ways.
133:
52:
1628:"Ecology and the Teachings of the Prophets Muhammad and Jesus"
994:
Environmental ethics: an overview for the twenty-first century
553:
549:
172:
72:
192:
464:
319:
as a criterion of moral importance is completely arbitrary.
257:
Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics
156:, and that humans are not "superior" to other species in a
85:
Advocates of biocentrism often promote the preservation of
1995:
Agar, Nicholas (2001). "Recent defenses of biocentrism".
456:
344:
Biocentrism is most commonly associated with the work of
1103:
1101:
1099:
1832:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1572:
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY LEGISLATIVE AND OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE.
1540:
1113:"Revolutionary Ecology: Biocentrism & Deep Ecology"
1249:"The Nature and Possibility of an Environmental Ethic"
1123:
935:
931:
929:
1870:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc. pp.
1808:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc. pp.
1432:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc. pp.
1096:
984:
401:
as an important spokesman for the biocentric view in
1587:
1323:
Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics
1129:
736:
373:
Humans are not inherently superior to other species.
350:
Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics
178:
All species are part of a system of interdependence.
2028:
1999:
Life's intrinsic value: science, ethics, and nature
1484:
1482:
1480:
1226:"Philosophy Notes: Singer, "All Animals Are Equal""
926:
167:The four main pillars of a biocentric outlook are:
97:. The term has also been employed by advocates of "
2092:Georgetown International Environmental Law Journal
2030:
1996:
1893:
1891:
1282:
1159:"Biocentric Ethics and the Inherent Value of Life"
1133:The complete idiot's guide to understanding ethics
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
322:Of the remaining criteria we might consider, only
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1314:
936:Derr, Patrick George; Edward M. McNamara (2003).
3247:
2055:
1962:"A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism"
1931:"A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism"
1900:"A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism"
1477:
1384:"Notebook B: [Transmutation of species]"
1276:
1274:
2793:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
2117:
2033:Evolution, animal 'rights,' and the environment
1888:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1722:. Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC).
1349:
1037:
79:extends inherent value to the whole of nature.
1994:
1704:
990:
726:A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism
3094:
2183:
2144:
1754:"Faiths and Conservation: Buddhist Statement"
1648:
1271:
326:is a plausible criterion of moral importance.
152:. Biocentrists observe that all species have
2083:Susan Emmenegger; Axel Tschentscher (1994).
1774:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1740:
1732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1343:
171:Humans and all other species are members of
1514:
1512:
1088:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2190:
2176:
1792:, 1 January 2010, accessed 13 January 2024
1790:Message for the Celebration of World Peace
1751:
1717:
1219:
1217:
1084:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
268:
1836:Green Issues and Debates: An A-to-Z Guide
1574:"CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR"
1544:Green Issues and Debates: An A-to-Z Guide
1495:. Random House Digital Inc. p. 239.
1463:. Random House Digital Inc. p. 237.
1117:Alarm: A Journal of Revolutionary Ecology
1107:
956:
531:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
193:Relationship with animals and environment
189:emphasis is placed on the fourth pillar.
1756:. Alliance of Religions and Conservation
1518:
1509:
942:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21.
297:'s ethics of biocentric egalitarianism.
3197:Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour
2124:Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions
2060:. In Lemons, John; et al. (eds.).
1649:Graham McMinn, Lisa (20 October 2018).
1488:
1456:
1214:
1054:
395:Christian ethic of dominion over nature
3248:
2058:"Biocentrism and ecological integrity"
1959:
1928:
1897:
1320:
1130:Ingram, David; Jennifer Parks (2002).
2171:
2003:. Columbia University Press. p.
1863:
1801:
1425:
1280:
1246:
1058:Environment and Development - Vol. II
128:The term biocentrism encompasses all
2197:
1519:Merchant, Brian (10 February 2011).
939:Case studies in environmental ethics
489:
407:Notebook on Transmutation of Species
225:adding citations to reliable sources
196:
136:does not exist simply to be used or
1687:
1625:
1223:
1192:"Biocentric (Life-Centered) Ethics"
1189:
1156:
655:Another essential Jain teaching is
584:(God) is the "efficient cause" and
51:sense, as well as literally, is an
13:
1988:
1839:. SAGE Publications Inc. pp.
1752:Palmer, Finlay, Martin, Victoria.
1718:Palmer, Finlay, Martin, Victoria.
1547:. SAGE Publications Inc. pp.
1403:
1381:
1285:Ecological ethics: an introduction
19:For the cosmological concept, see
14:
3272:
2823:Environmental resource management
405:thought and quotes from Darwin's
385:, to the reaction by the British
3229:
1833:Schiffman & Robbins (2011).
1690:"Hinduism, Jainism, and Ecology"
1541:Schiffman & Robbins (2011).
781:
767:
753:
739:
695:tradition of Christian thought,
494:
315:Using membership in the species
201:
71:, which centers on the value of
2270:Human impact on the environment
2255:List of environmental conflicts
1953:
1922:
1857:
1826:
1795:
1782:
1681:
1642:
1619:
1565:
1450:
1419:
1397:
1375:
1240:
878:Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
686:
212:needs additional citations for
2589:List of environmental killings
1183:
1150:
1015:
969:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
485:
1:
2435:Bright green environmentalism
2151:The intrinsic value of nature
2122:. In Keller, David R. (ed.).
1667:10.1080/15363759.2018.1500806
919:
898:Religion and environmentalism
123:
101:biocentrism", which combines
2607:Environmentalism of the poor
2480:Free-market environmentalism
1978:10.5840/enviroethics19835325
1947:10.5840/enviroethics19835325
1916:10.5840/enviroethics19835325
1265:10.5840/enviroethics19813131
1136:. Alpha Books. p. 201.
991:Robin Attfield, ed. (2003).
707:
480:2008 Constitution of Ecuador
7:
2818:Natural resource management
2737:Sustainability organization
2213:Outline of environmentalism
1164:. umass.edu. Archived from
732:
666:
567:
277:Biocentric ethics includes
67:. It stands in contrast to
55:point of view that extends
10:
3277:
1655:Christian Higher Education
1359:Cambridge University Press
1327:Princeton University Press
626:
308:Membership in the species
254:
18:
3225:
3189:
3068:
2957:
2900:Anti-incinerator movement
2865:
2763:Climate change mitigation
2745:
2672:Cultural environmentalism
2639:
2612:Environmental stewardship
2597:
2571:
2528:
2422:
2409:Resacralization of nature
2371:
2364:
2278:
2222:
2207:
2120:"Egalitarian Biocentrism"
2056:Sterba, James P. (1998).
1023:"Left Biocentrism Primer"
699:noted that "the Church’s
471:of nature, especially by
447:
148:we maintain a biocentric
113:" position (according to
2982:Conspicuous conservation
2798:Environmentally friendly
2783:Environmental protection
2778:Environmental personhood
2627:Radical environmentalism
2584:Environmental skepticism
2384:Environmental philosophy
2118:Taylor, Paul W. (2010).
1960:Watson, Richard (1983).
1929:Watson, Richard (1983).
1898:Watson, Richard (1983).
848:Environmental philosophy
543:
425:On the Origin of Species
95:environmental protection
2773:Ecological civilization
1281:Curry, Patrick (2006).
593:Judeo-Christian-Islamic
503:Some of this section's
463:. The purpose of these
274:humankind exclusively.
269:History and development
3236:Environment portal
3217:Tragedy of the commons
3081:Environmental defender
2768:Conservation community
2697:Environmental defender
2647:Anti-fracking movement
2563:Stewardship (theology)
2245:Environmental movement
2240:Environmental conflict
2145:Vilkka, Leena (1997).
2021:Coghlan et al (2021).
1864:Silva, Carlos (2011).
1802:Silva, Carlos (2011).
1688:Chapple, Christopher.
1630:. Islamic Perspectives
1606:"Religion and Ecology"
1489:Leopold, Aldo (1949).
1457:Leopold, Aldo (1949).
1426:Silva, Carlos (2011).
1064:. China. p. 422.
913:Stewardship (theology)
416:
356:. Taylor states that:
348:, especially his book
3015:The Lord of the Rings
2835:Short-haul flight ban
2702:Environmental justice
2667:Conservation movement
2652:Anti-nuclear movement
2579:Anti-environmentalism
2265:Environmental studies
2128:John Wiley & Sons
2098:: 592. Archived from
2037:. CUA Press. p.
2025:. One Health Outlook.
1321:Taylor, Paul (1986).
775:Earth sciences portal
411:
366:Every organism is a "
39:, "life" and κέντρον
3261:Environmental ethics
2788:Environmental policy
2602:Biophilia hypothesis
2505:Green libertarianism
1966:Environmental Ethics
1935:Environmental Ethics
1904:Environmental Ethics
1253:Environmental Ethics
873:Green libertarianism
813:Biophilia hypothesis
599:(non-violence). The
397:. He has pointed to
221:improve this article
130:environmental ethics
3152:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
2727:Product stewardship
2712:Ethical consumerism
2622:Nature conservation
2399:Earth jurisprudence
1527:on 5 February 2013.
1492:Sand County Almanac
1460:Sand County Almanac
1309:biocentrism ethics.
1247:Regan, Tom (1981).
833:Ecoauthoritarianism
828:Earth jurisprudence
798:Anarcho-primitivism
438:Sand County Almanac
422:published his book
21:biocentric universe
3167:Theodore Roosevelt
3102:Sunderlal Bahuguna
2490:Green conservatism
2105:on 3 December 2013
1202:on 6 November 2012
868:Green conservatism
747:Environment portal
467:is to prevent the
283:Reverence for Life
43:, "center"), in a
3243:
3242:
3185:
3184:
3069:Environmentalists
2888:Rio Grande do Sul
2657:Car-free movement
2635:
2634:
2515:Green syndicalism
2379:Political ecology
2235:Ecological crisis
2160:978-90-420-0325-5
2137:978-1-4051-7639-2
2075:978-0-7923-4909-9
2048:978-0-8132-0954-8
2014:978-0-231-11786-9
1382:Darwin, Charles.
1336:978-0-691-02250-5
1304:978-0-7456-2908-7
1143:978-0-02-864325-0
1071:978-1-84826-721-3
1008:978-0-7456-2738-0
949:978-0-7425-3137-6
697:Pope Benedict XVI
648:The principle of
601:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
541:
540:
533:
459:that protect the
291:Animal Liberation
279:Albert Schweitzer
253:
252:
245:
3268:
3234:
3233:
3122:Jacques Cousteau
3092:
3091:
3076:Environmentalist
2830:Rights of nature
2753:Circular economy
2722:Impact investing
2692:Ecological grief
2662:Climate movement
2500:Green liberalism
2369:
2368:
2214:
2201:
2200:Environmentalism
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2141:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2089:
2079:
2052:
2036:
2018:
2002:
1982:
1981:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1749:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:Shafaat, Ahmad.
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1602:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1523:. Archived from
1516:
1507:
1506:
1486:
1475:
1474:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1288:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1198:. Archived from
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1171:on 19 April 2014
1170:
1163:
1157:Johnson, Jayme.
1154:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1075:
1063:
1052:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1012:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
960:
954:
953:
933:
803:Animal cognition
791:
786:
785:
777:
772:
771:
770:
763:
758:
757:
756:
749:
744:
743:
722:anthropocentrism
536:
529:
525:
522:
516:
498:
490:
461:rights of nature
354:living creatures
248:
241:
237:
234:
228:
205:
197:
69:anthropocentrism
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3228:
3221:
3212:Lifeboat ethics
3202:Business ethics
3181:
3147:Wangari Maathai
3107:Murray Bookchin
3090:
3086:Water protector
3064:
2953:
2912:Chipko movement
2861:
2741:
2707:Ethical banking
2631:
2593:
2567:
2524:
2485:Green anarchism
2460:Eco-nationalism
2430:Bioconservatism
2418:
2360:
2274:
2230:Climate justice
2218:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2161:
2138:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2087:
2076:
2049:
2015:
1991:
1989:Further reading
1986:
1985:
1958:
1954:
1927:
1923:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1539:
1532:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1487:
1478:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1404:Horrow, Aviva.
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1351:Worster, Donald
1348:
1344:
1337:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1279:
1272:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1224:Vuletic, Mark.
1222:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1196:Carroll College
1190:Smillie, Mark.
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1128:
1124:
1106:
1097:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1061:
1053:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1025:. 15 March 1998
1021:
1020:
1016:
1009:
999:Wiley-Blackwell
989:
985:
975:
973:
962:
961:
957:
950:
934:
927:
922:
917:
863:Green anarchism
858:Gaia philosophy
853:Gaia hypothesis
843:Eco-nationalism
787:
780:
773:
768:
766:
759:
754:
752:
745:
738:
735:
710:
689:
669:
650:interdependence
629:
570:
546:
537:
526:
520:
517:
514:
499:
488:
450:
271:
259:
249:
238:
232:
229:
218:
206:
195:
126:
111:anti-capitalist
107:anti-industrial
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3241:
3240:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3190:Related topics
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3177:Greta Thunberg
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3095:Notable people
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2944:United Kingdom
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2840:Sustainability
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Climate action
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Earth Optimism
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Green politics
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Eco-capitalism
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2414:Social ecology
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2351:Social science
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2142:
2136:
2115:
2080:
2074:
2053:
2047:
2026:
2019:
2013:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1952:
1921:
1887:
1880:
1856:
1849:
1825:
1818:
1794:
1788:Benedict XVI,
1781:
1739:
1703:
1680:
1661:(5): 278–284.
1641:
1618:
1586:
1564:
1557:
1530:
1508:
1501:
1476:
1469:
1449:
1442:
1418:
1396:
1374:
1367:
1342:
1335:
1329:. p. 99.
1313:
1303:
1270:
1239:
1213:
1182:
1149:
1142:
1122:
1095:
1070:
1036:
1014:
1007:
1001:. p. 17.
983:
955:
948:
924:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
903:Sentiocentrism
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
793:
792:
789:Biology portal
778:
764:
761:Ecology portal
750:
734:
731:
709:
706:
688:
685:
668:
665:
657:self-restraint
628:
625:
616:(liberation).
569:
566:
545:
542:
539:
538:
505:listed sources
502:
500:
493:
487:
484:
449:
446:
420:Charles Darwin
399:Charles Darwin
379:Donald Worster
375:
374:
371:
364:
361:
346:Paul W. Taylor
334:
333:
330:
327:
320:
313:
295:Paul W. Taylor
281:'s ethics of "
270:
267:
251:
250:
209:
207:
200:
194:
191:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
154:inherent value
146:whether or not
125:
122:
75:. The related
57:inherent value
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3273:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Rachel Carson
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3026:Ecomusicology
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2949:United States
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Vegetarianism
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Green economy
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Slow movement
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Eco-terrorism
2468:
2466:
2465:Eco-socialism
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Disinvestment
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:Philosophical
2370:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Communication
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Organizations
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:"Biocentrism"
2143:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1881:9781412996877
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1850:9781412996945
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1819:9781412996877
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1692:. Patheos.com
1691:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1558:9781412996945
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1502:9780345345059
1498:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1470:9780345345059
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1443:9781412996877
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1407:
1400:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1368:0-521-46834-5
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1228:. vuletic.com
1227:
1220:
1218:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
987:
971:
970:
965:
964:"biocentrism"
959:
951:
945:
941:
940:
932:
930:
925:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
818:Biotic ethics
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
790:
784:
779:
776:
765:
762:
751:
748:
742:
737:
730:
727:
723:
718:
716:
715:individualism
705:
702:
698:
694:
684:
680:
678:
674:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
634:
624:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
606:Supreme Being
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
535:
532:
524:
521:December 2013
512:
511:
506:
501:
497:
492:
491:
483:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
445:
442:
440:
439:
434:
429:
427:
426:
421:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Victorian era
388:
387:intelligencia
384:
380:
372:
369:
365:
362:
359:
358:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
331:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
311:
307:
306:
305:
302:
298:
296:
292:
289:'s ethics of
288:
284:
280:
275:
266:
263:
258:
247:
244:
236:
226:
222:
216:
215:
210:This section
208:
204:
199:
198:
190:
183:
180:
177:
175:'s community.
174:
170:
169:
168:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
121:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:animal rights
88:
83:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3256:Deep ecology
3227:
3172:Shōzō Tanaka
3157:Chico Mendes
3142:Aldo Leopold
3132:Tim Flannery
3112:David Brower
3060:Publications
3014:
2934:South Africa
2855:Tree sitting
2813:Greenwashing
2717:Flight shame
2541:Christianity
2475:Ecomodernism
2394:Deep ecology
2388:
2150:
2123:
2107:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2095:
2091:
2061:
2032:
1998:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1866:
1859:
1835:
1828:
1804:
1797:
1784:
1758:. Retrieved
1694:. Retrieved
1683:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1577:. Retrieved
1567:
1543:
1525:the original
1491:
1459:
1452:
1428:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1377:
1354:
1345:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1284:
1259:(1): 19–34.
1256:
1252:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1204:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1152:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1057:
1027:. Retrieved
1017:
993:
986:
974:. Retrieved
967:
958:
938:
823:Deep ecology
808:Biodiversity
725:
719:
711:
690:
687:Christianity
681:
670:
654:
647:
637:
630:
618:
590:
571:
547:
527:
518:
507:
477:
473:corporations
454:
451:
443:
436:
433:Aldo Leopold
431:The work of
430:
423:
417:
412:
406:
393:against the
376:
368:teleological
349:
343:
335:
317:Homo sapiens
316:
310:Homo sapiens
309:
303:
299:
287:Peter Singer
276:
272:
264:
260:
239:
233:October 2021
230:
219:Please help
214:verification
211:
187:
166:
145:
127:
117:
103:deep ecology
87:biodiversity
84:
81:
65:biodiversity
40:
36:
28:
27:
25:
2939:Switzerland
2929:Philippines
2924:New Zealand
2687:Eco-anxiety
2546:Evangelical
2536:Ecotheology
2520:War on coal
2455:Ecofeminism
2404:Ecocentrism
2389:Biocentrism
2279:Disciplines
2109:11 November
1611:29 November
1293:. pp.
1175:10 November
893:Primitivism
883:Neo-luddite
838:Ecocentrism
701:magisterium
691:Within the
508:may not be
486:In religion
469:degradation
115:David Orton
77:ecocentrism
29:Biocentrism
3250:Categories
3207:Land ethic
3127:Ng Cho-nam
3033:Motorsport
3009:Journalism
2975:Ecofiction
2958:In culture
2866:By country
2572:Opposition
2495:Green left
2450:Ecofascism
2336:Psychology
2326:Philosophy
2316:Humanities
2223:Key topics
2153:. Rodopi.
1972:(3): 254.
1941:(3): 253.
1910:(3): 252.
1760:3 December
1696:3 December
1634:1 December
1579:28 October
1411:30 October
1389:30 October
1232:8 November
1206:2 November
920:References
908:Speciesism
403:ecological
377:Historian
255:See also:
124:Definition
49:ecological
3162:John Muir
3053:Eco hotel
3038:Sculpture
2997:festivals
2878:Australia
2640:Offshoots
2529:Religious
2423:Political
2356:Sociology
2296:Education
1675:1536-3759
1109:Judi Bari
1080:cite book
708:Criticism
418:In 1859,
414:together.
339:Tom Regan
324:sentience
150:worldview
142:ecosystem
105:with an "
61:biosphere
45:political
2850:Protests
2803:Greening
2677:Degrowth
2617:Hardline
2341:Religion
2331:Politics
2066:Springer
1770:cite web
1728:cite web
1353:(1994).
1111:(1995).
1029:15 March
976:13 March
733:See also
693:Catholic
673:Buddhism
667:Buddhism
643:Mahavira
574:Hinduism
568:Hinduism
562:Muhammad
510:reliable
409:(1837):
138:consumed
3137:Al Gore
3048:Tourism
3043:Surfing
2873:Albania
2558:Judaism
2346:Science
2311:History
2291:Ecology
2250:History
888:Painism
633:Jainism
627:Jainism
621:Rigveda
610:Saṃsāra
586:Prakrti
582:Brahman
389:of the
164:sense.
162:ethical
53:ethical
41:kentron
3002:horror
2919:Israel
2883:Brazil
2306:Health
2301:Ethics
2157:
2134:
2072:
2045:
2011:
1878:
1847:
1816:
1673:
1555:
1499:
1467:
1440:
1365:
1333:
1301:
1291:Polity
1140:
1068:
1005:
972:. 2009
946:
677:Buddha
675:: The
661:Gandhi
639:Ahimsa
614:moksha
597:Ahimsa
558:Qur'an
448:In law
383:nature
134:nature
118:et al.
93:, and
73:humans
31:(from
3021:Music
2970:Books
2907:India
2895:China
2746:Goals
2553:Islam
2365:Views
2103:(PDF)
2088:(PDF)
1169:(PDF)
1162:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
578:atman
554:Allah
550:Islam
544:Islam
173:Earth
158:moral
35:βίος
33:Greek
2992:list
2987:Film
2155:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2111:2012
2070:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1776:link
1762:2012
1734:link
1698:2012
1671:ISSN
1636:2012
1613:2012
1581:2012
1553:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1413:2012
1391:2012
1363:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1234:2012
1208:2012
1177:2012
1138:ISBN
1090:link
1086:link
1066:ISBN
1031:2009
1003:ISBN
978:2009
944:ISBN
580:').
465:laws
457:laws
293:and
109:and
99:left
47:and
37:bios
2965:Art
2321:Law
2039:318
1974:doi
1943:doi
1912:doi
1663:doi
1261:doi
671:In
631:In
572:In
548:In
285:",
223:by
160:or
120:).
63:or
3252::
2149:.
2130:.
2126:.
2096:VI
2094:.
2090:.
2068:.
2064:.
2041:.
2007:.
2005:63
1968:.
1964:.
1937:.
1933:.
1906:.
1902:.
1890:^
1874:.
1872:55
1843:.
1841:30
1812:.
1810:57
1772:}}
1768:{{
1742:^
1730:}}
1726:{{
1706:^
1669:.
1659:17
1657:.
1653:.
1589:^
1551:.
1549:32
1533:^
1511:^
1479:^
1436:.
1434:56
1361:.
1357:.
1325:.
1307:.
1297:.
1295:60
1289:.
1273:^
1255:.
1251:.
1216:^
1194:.
1115:.
1098:^
1082:}}
1078:{{
1039:^
997:.
966:.
928:^
89:,
2191:e
2184:t
2177:v
2163:.
2140:.
2113:.
2078:.
2051:.
2017:.
1980:.
1976::
1970:5
1949:.
1945::
1939:5
1918:.
1914::
1908:5
1884:.
1853:.
1822:.
1778:)
1764:.
1736:)
1700:.
1677:.
1665::
1638:.
1615:.
1583:.
1561:.
1505:.
1473:.
1446:.
1415:.
1393:.
1371:.
1339:.
1267:.
1263::
1257:3
1236:.
1210:.
1179:.
1146:.
1119:.
1092:)
1074:.
1033:.
1011:.
980:.
952:.
534:)
528:(
523:)
519:(
513:.
246:)
240:(
235:)
231:(
217:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
