1695:
561:
1722:
1738:
1580:
1671:
1710:
1622:
1634:
1655:
71:
1683:
1598:
1342:). Only the innermost, white stalks are considered edible, and cardoons are therefore usually prepared for sale by protecting the leaf stalks from the sunlight for several weeks. This was traditionally done by burying the plant underground, thus, cardoon plantations in Spain are often formed by characteristic earth mounds surrounding each plant, the earth covering the stalks. In modern cultivation, the plant is usually instead wrapped in black plastic film or other opaque material.
1610:
1643:
49:
1230:
604:(L.) Fiori), selected for larger edible flower buds. They differ from the wild plant in being larger (up to 2 m tall), much less spiny, and with thicker leaf stems and larger flowers, all characteristics selected by humans for greater crop yield and easier harvest and processing. Wild and cultivated cardoons and artichokes are very similar genetically, and are fully interfertile, but have only very limited ability to form
1483:
reddish color on the stems, which grow tough, hollow and inedible as they age. The wild ones are picked in the spring and early summer. To use them, the leafy part should be removed, and the stems cleaned of "stringy" fibers. This cleansing will stain the hands black, and so many people didn't want to prepare them (Source: Sicilian grandmothers born in Italy in the 1890's).
1482:
Cardoons can also be found in their "wild" state, on the banks of streams and rivers, and even drainage ditches on the sides of roads in rural areas. These plants look little like the cultivated variety found in stores. They have many thin stems with broad broad leaves at their ends. There is a
1151:
Cardoon requires a long, cool growing season (about five months), and while it is not particularly frost-sensitive, in heavier freezes it may lose its leaves and resprout, or in extended hard freezes, die. It also typically requires substantial growing space per plant, so is not much grown except
1389:
cheeses in
Portugal. Cardoons were also said to have been used by the Romani or "gypsies" and this would make sense as their encampments would often be situated near sources of water. The vegetable was free for the picking, and could account for the widespread use of the plant. That part is
2207:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1474:
in the months of May, June, and July. As suggested above, they become available in the late autumn near
Thanksgiving and Christmas. The main root can also be boiled and served cold. The stems are also traditionally served battered and fried at
1393:
Cardoon leaf stalks, which look like giant celery stalks, can be served steamed or braised, and have an artichoke-like flavor with a hint of bitterness. They are harvested in winter and spring, being best just before the plant flowers. In the
1398:
region of Italy, Christmas lunch is traditionally started with a soup of cardoon cooked in chicken broth with little meatballs (lamb or, more rarely, beef), sometimes with the further addition of egg (which scrambles in the hot soup – called
1441:
Because of their seasonality (from
November to February), cardoons are a staple of the Christmas dinner in Navarre and the surrounding regions; for the same reason, cardoons are often sold as vegetable preserves, usually in water or
692:
tying them together and wrapping them round with straw, which is also tied up with cord, and left so for about three weeks". Cardoons also are common vegetables in northern Africa, often used in
Algerian or Tunisian
2206:
1148:
Cardoon stalks can be covered with small, nearly invisible spines that can cause substantial pain if they become lodged in the skin. Several spineless cultivars have been developed to overcome this.
1470:
In the US, it is rarely found in conventional grocery stores but is available in supermarkets that cater to largely
Italian and European neighborhoods in the mid Atlantic states, as well as some
2186:
1694:
2368:
1418:, where they are grown in large quantities. In Spain, cardoons are typically cooked by first boiling the stalks to soften them, and then adding simple sauces such as
1139:
1721:
446:(hairy or downy) leaves up to 50 cm (20 in) long, with yellow spines up to 3.5 cm long. The flowers are violet-purple, produced in a large,
57:
2759:
1952:
2107:
1737:
2837:
2598:
2922:
2214:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1918:
2684:
2178:
2419:
2335:
2785:
2710:
2860:
2011:
2084:
2803:
2219:
2901:
2372:
1670:
3083:
3038:
2790:
2233:
1579:
1529:
for its imposing architectural appearance, with very bright silvery-grey foliage and large flowers in selected cultivars.
1994:
2632:
2593:
1709:
2159:
The vegetable garden: Illustrations, descriptions, and culture of the garden vegetables of cold and temperate climates
1294:
3068:
3063:
1982:
1313:
2129:
1682:
1654:
1266:
3010:
2989:
2697:
2069:
1836:
1446:, so that they can be eaten all year round. Cardoons are an ingredient in one of the national dishes of Spain, the
2842:
2746:
1597:
3058:
3053:
2984:
2865:
2041:
1273:
1251:
2940:
645:, and remained popular in medieval and early modern Europe. It also became common in the vegetable gardens of
3078:
2824:
2300:
Pignone, Domenico; Sonnante, Gabriella (2004). "Wild artichokes of south Italy: did the story begin here?".
1135:
442:
growing 0.8 to 1.5 m (31 to 59 in) tall, with deeply lobed and heavily spined green to grey-green
2663:
2505:
2174:
2024:
2549:
2948:
2772:
2524:
1280:
1160:
688:("Cardy") is considered a culinary specialty. "Before cardoons are sent to table, the stalks or ribs are
2935:
2715:
1126:
3015:
560:
2852:
2798:
2559:
1945:
1476:
2676:
1262:
3073:
3048:
2275:
1247:
689:
518:
70:
2816:
1642:
1621:
2585:
2254:
1769:
1515:
1386:
1240:
17:
2927:
2099:
1609:
1023:
2764:
2658:
2467:
2444:
2058:
984:
1164:
997:
187:
2976:
2891:
2738:
2606:
1922:
1049:
1010:
2394:
8:
2313:
2162:
1138:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
615:
The earliest description of the cardoon may come from the fourth-century BC Greek writer
1448:
2997:
2914:
2671:
2650:
2423:
2343:
2317:
1895:
1868:
1471:
1036:
964:
787:
211:
65:
633:), although the exact identity of this plant is uncertain. The cardoon was popular in
3043:
2886:
2567:
2225:
2215:
1978:
1900:
1335:
1287:
1062:
875:
427:
region, where it was domesticated in ancient times and still occurs as a wild plant.
31:
2321:
1790:
1633:
3002:
2702:
2572:
2309:
1890:
1880:
1810:
1526:
1378:
892:
646:
605:
526:
436:
335:
2516:
2953:
2873:
2529:
1956:
1869:"The Domestication of Artichoke and Cardoon: From Roman Times to the Genomic Age"
1795:
1487:
1374:
1345:
The flower buds of wild cardoons are still widely collected and used in southern
642:
439:
108:
2829:
2909:
2490:
2209:
1519:
1382:
1156:
626:
569:
564:
Cultivated cardoon foliage, Madrid Royal
Botanical Garden, without leaf spines.
549:
490:
95:
3032:
2637:
1553:
1545:
1537:
743:
638:
634:
502:
451:
424:
203:
2777:
2229:
1904:
1557:
1362:
1181:
1075:
729:
649:, but fell from fashion in the late 19th century and is now very uncommon.
616:
458:
420:
2966:
2878:
2539:
2173:
2811:
2723:
2499:
2137:
2042:"Cynara cardunculus : Artichoke Thistle – Atlas of Living Australia"
1885:
1565:
1549:
1197:
713:
1510:, traditional coagulation of the curd relies entirely on this vegetable
2689:
1431:
1254: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
909:
858:
542:
408:
154:
1452:, a slow-cooking, one-pot, meat and vegetable dish simmered in broth.
510:
2728:
2645:
2619:
2422:. Michigan State University Extension. August 3, 1999. Archived from
1541:
1533:
1464:
1327:
1209:
1205:
942:
585:
538:
534:
443:
416:
144:
2461:
1661:
1229:
48:
2961:
2484:
1561:
1536:
fuel. The oil, extracted from the seeds of the cardoon, and called
1507:
1358:
841:
695:
681:
665:
657:
466:
412:
134:
121:
2751:
2624:
1423:
2580:
1748:
1701:
1503:
1411:
1395:
1366:
1331:
1193:
1185:
821:
522:
494:
478:
462:
447:
404:
2611:
1548:
in composition and use. Cardoon is the feedstock for the first
1532:
Cardoon has attracted recent attention as a possible source of
1511:
1419:
1415:
1370:
1350:
1213:
1201:
925:
677:
661:
653:
530:
498:
486:
482:
474:
164:
2025:
Flora of North
America Cardoon, artichoke, artichoke thistle,
1459:, cardoons are eaten raw, with a drizzle of lemon juice, as a
350:
1456:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1407:
1354:
1346:
1326:
While the flower buds can be eaten much as small (and spiny)
673:
669:
620:
470:
82:
2161:. English Edition. Jeavons-Leler Press and Ten Speed Press.
361:
2059:
Biota of North
America Program 2014 county distribution map
1589:
1460:
514:
506:
388:
353:
2200:
2179:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
382:
2157:
Vilmorin-Andrieux, M. & Robinson, W. (1885/undated).
1189:
763:
411:. It is a naturally occurring species that also has many
379:
370:
344:
1995:
Altervista Flora
Italiana, Carciofo selvatico, Cardoon,
1564:, providing biomass and oils for the building blocks of
684:
refugees introduced it about 1685, the local cultivar
457:
It is adapted to dry climates, native across a circum-
2363:
2361:
2039:
1866:
1770:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
391:
376:
373:
358:
347:
341:
2281:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22
1463:, and are considered an excellent accompaniment for
385:
367:
2338:[Cardoon soup (typical Abruzzese recipe)].
501:, the frost-tender cardoon only occurs wild in the
364:
338:
2358:
2211:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
58:Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Natural Park
2070:Calflora taxon report, University of California,
1700:Cardoon plant in early August, Botanical Garden,
1192:(table). A 100 gram reference amount provides 17
974:
831:
3030:
1406:The cardoon stalks are considered a delicacy in
2299:
1552:in the world converting the installations of a
30:"Cardoni" redirects here. For the surname, see
2336:"Brodo Con I Cardi (Ricetta tipica abruzzese)"
2167:
2001:includes p hotos and European distribution map
1867:Sonnante, G.; Pignone, D.; Hammer, K. (2007).
1369:of the cardoon flower are used as a vegetable
708:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
548:The "giant thistle of the Pampas" reported by
2447:. BDPedia.com, the Biodiesel WWW Encyclopedia
1334:in cooking liquid. Cardoon stems are part of
1330:, more often the stems are eaten after being
584:DC), selected for edible leaf stems, and the
1835:Magazine, Smithsonian; Smith, K. Annabelle.
1502:Cardoons are used as a vegetarian source of
1486:Cardoon is one of the herbs used to flavour
1410:, particularly in the northerns regions of
592:Scolymus Group, sometimes distinguished as
2175:United States Food and Drug Administration
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1373:in the making of some cheeses such as the
652:In Europe, cardoon is still cultivated in
47:
2392:
1894:
1884:
1834:
1314:Learn how and when to remove this message
454:up to 6 cm (2 in) in diameter.
559:
2094:
2092:
1853:
1837:"What the Heck Do I Do With a Cardoon?"
1731:plant at anthesis bearing white flowers
1361:, the flower buds are also employed in
14:
3031:
1941:
1939:
1514:. This results in cheeses such as the
2466:
2465:
2247:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1688:Cardoon prepared in the Navarrese way
2990:b44188da-0a5d-4827-b14e-0a42800f37c5
2853:0a438e9d-e72e-4e5f-a076-fb19291604dc
2302:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
2089:
1403:) or fried chopped liver and heart.
1252:adding citations to reliable sources
1223:
1196:and moderate amounts (10–19% of the
1936:
1676:In bloom in a garden near Galveston
1426:; they are sometimes combined with
537:, and is also considered a weed in
24:
2393:Kassapaki, Vaggelio (2011-05-27).
2314:10.1023/B:GRES.0000024786.01004.71
2130:"BDN: Argenté de Genève (4-009-1)"
1962:
1603:Young leaves of a spiny wild plant
25:
3095:
2941:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:200876-1
2445:"Plant Oils Used for Bio-diesel"
2163:1920 edition in Internet Archive
1736:
1720:
1708:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1653:
1641:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1578:
1525:The cardoon is also grown as an
1228:
1152:where it is regionally popular.
608:with other species in the genus
552:has been identified as cardoon.
334:
69:
2437:
2420:"Cardoon – General information"
2412:
2386:
2328:
2293:
2268:
2236:from the original on 2024-05-09
2189:from the original on 2024-03-27
2151:
2122:
2110:from the original on 2012-02-03
2078:
2074:L., artichoke thistle, cardoon
2063:
2052:
2033:
2018:
2004:
1975:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
1715:A jar of cooked cardoon stalks.
1239:needs additional citations for
1988:
1911:
1828:
1803:
1796:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1783:
1762:
555:
430:
13:
1:
2257:. Royal Horticultural Society
1755:
1497:
1490:liqueur, which may be called
1180:Raw cardoon is 94% water, 4%
2342:(in Italian). Archived from
2100:"Cynara cardunculus Cardoon"
1175:
1159:, this plant has gained the
1134:Percentages estimated using
435:The wild cardoon is a stout
7:
3084:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3039:Biodiesel feedstock sources
2040:Atlas of Living Australia.
1219:
1161:Royal Horticultural Society
1127:Link to USDA Database entry
485:; it may also be native on
10:
3100:
1571:
1506:for cheese production. In
1422:sauce or small amounts of
1170:
621:
29:
27:Species of flowering plant
2474:
2276:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
1381:cheeses in Spain, or the
1133:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1048:
1035:
1022:
1009:
996:
983:
962:
958:
954:
941:
924:
908:
891:
874:
857:
840:
819:
815:
811:
804:
800:
784:
780:
776:
760:
756:
752:
742:
726:
722:
718:71 kJ (17 kcal)
712:
707:
217:
210:
193:
186:
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
3069:Plants described in 1753
3064:Inflorescence vegetables
2255:"Cynara cardunculus AGM"
2085:Letter 46, Darwin Online
1973:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
2369:"Cardo Turismo Navarra"
2106:. Plants For A Future.
1955:March 29, 2012, at the
1811:"Botanary: cardunculus"
1660:Cultivated cardoons in
1136:US recommendations
1919:"Malta's Native Flora"
1155:In cultivation in the
1140:the National Academies
630:
565:
3059:Flora of Western Asia
3054:Flora of North Africa
1648:Garden plant in bloom
1188:, and has negligible
1165:Award of Garden Merit
806:Vitamins and minerals
563:
305:J.Presl & C.Presl
3079:Perennial vegetables
1841:Smithsonian Magazine
1248:improve this article
576:Cardoon Group, syn.
525:). It has become an
2399:cretangastronomy.gr
2104:PFAF Plant Database
2010:Euro+Med PlantBase
1477:St. Joseph's altars
893:Pantothenic acid (B
704:
519:Pyrénées-Orientales
450:, massively spined
399:), also called the
302:Cynara spinosissima
222:Carduus cardunculus
179:C. cardunculus
2677:Cynara cardunculus
2599:Cynara_cardunculus
2560:cynara-cardunculus
2506:Cynara cardunculus
2476:Cynara cardunculus
2346:on 13 October 2016
2340:Cucina In Simpatia
2072:Cynara cardunculus
2013:Cynara cardunculus
1997:Cynara cardunculus
1948:Cynara cardunculus
1886:10.1093/aob/mcm127
1799:. Merriam-Webster.
1745:Cynara cardunculus
1729:Cynara cardunculus
1586:Cynara cardunculus
1379:Torta de la Serena
1101:Other constituents
702:
590:Cynara cardunculus
574:Cynara cardunculus
566:
330:Cynara cardunculus
197:Cynara cardunculus
3026:
3025:
2887:Open Tree of Life
2468:Taxon identifiers
2221:978-0-309-48834-1
1615:Inflorescence bud
1479:in New Orleans.
1340:gratin de cardons
1336:Lyonnaise cuisine
1324:
1323:
1316:
1298:
1146:
1145:
1091:
1090:
686:Argenté de Genève
619:, under the name
572:are the cardoon (
401:artichoke thistle
321:
320:
314:
310:Cynara sylvestris
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
226:
56:Plants in bloom,
32:Cardoni (surname)
16:(Redirected from
3091:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2881:
2869:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2830:NBNSYS0000033500
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2667:
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2654:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2510:
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2495:
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2493:
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2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2371:. Archived from
2365:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2136:. Archived from
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2096:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1971:
1960:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1921:. Archived from
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1879:(5): 1095–1100.
1873:Annals of Botany
1864:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1740:
1724:
1712:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1657:
1645:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1582:
1540:, is similar to
1527:ornamental plant
1516:Serra da Estrela
1472:farmers' markets
1449:cocido madrileño
1387:Serra da Estrela
1319:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1256:
1232:
1224:
978:
929:
913:
896:
879:
862:
845:
835:
802:
801:
705:
701:
647:colonial America
624:
623:
415:, including the
413:cultivated forms
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
312:
304:
296:
294:Cynara hortensis
288:
280:
272:
270:Cynara esculenta
264:
256:
248:
240:
238:Carduus scolymus
232:
224:
199:
74:
73:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3074:Stem vegetables
3049:Flora of Europe
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2874:Observation.org
2872:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2172:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2038:
2034:
2027:Cynara scolymus
2023:
2019:
2009:
2005:
1993:
1989:
1972:
1963:
1957:Wayback Machine
1946:Tela Botanica:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1865:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1789:
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1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1732:
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1716:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1500:
1375:Torta del Casar
1320:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1233:
1222:
1178:
1173:
1129:
1124:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1004:
991:
979:
949:
936:
927:
919:
911:
903:
894:
886:
877:
869:
860:
852:
843:
836:
807:
796:
791:
772:
767:
738:
733:
643:Persian cuisine
594:Cynara scolymus
570:cultivar groups
558:
440:perennial plant
433:
417:globe artichoke
357:
337:
333:
317:
254:Cynara communis
246:Cnicus communis
206:
201:
195:
182:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3007:
3003:wfo-0000013358
2994:
2981:
2971:
2958:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2906:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2521:
2511:
2496:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2436:
2411:
2395:"Raw cardoons"
2385:
2357:
2327:
2308:(6): 577–580.
2292:
2267:
2246:
2220:
2199:
2166:
2150:
2121:
2088:
2077:
2062:
2051:
2032:
2017:
2003:
1987:
1961:
1935:
1910:
1852:
1827:
1802:
1782:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1742:
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1733:
1726:
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1699:
1692:
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1626:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1499:
1496:
1383:Queijo de Nisa
1322:
1321:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1157:United Kingdom
1144:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
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1089:
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1078:
1072:
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1041:
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1026:
1020:
1019:
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1000:
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987:
981:
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973:
968:
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952:
951:
947:
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934:
932:
922:
921:
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884:
882:
872:
871:
867:
865:
855:
854:
850:
848:
838:
837:
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817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
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798:
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778:
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774:
773:
770:
768:
761:
758:
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753:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
734:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
710:
709:
680:region, where
598:C. cardunculus
578:C. cardunculus
557:
554:
550:Charles Darwin
491:Canary Islands
477:and north to
432:
429:
407:in the family
319:
318:
316:
315:
307:
299:
291:
286:Cynara horrida
283:
281:Ten. ex Steud.
275:
267:
262:Cynara corsica
259:
251:
243:
235:
230:Carduus cynara
227:
218:
215:
214:
208:
207:
202:
191:
190:
184:
183:
176:
174:
170:
169:
162:
158:
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142:
138:
137:
132:
125:
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119:
112:
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106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3096:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
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2897:
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2854:
2848:
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2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
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2757:
2753:
2748:
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2725:
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2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
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2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2446:
2440:
2426:on 2005-02-07
2425:
2421:
2415:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2375:on 2015-02-15
2374:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2277:
2271:
2256:
2250:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2140:on 2014-11-10
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1983:0-333-47494-5
1980:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1925:on 2009-05-12
1924:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1816:
1815:Dave's Garden
1812:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1761:
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1746:
1739:
1734:
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1672:
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1639:
1635:
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1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:petrochemical
1551:
1547:
1546:sunflower oil
1543:
1539:
1538:artichoke oil
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
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1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
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1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1401:stracciatella
1397:
1391:
1390:speculative.
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1315:
1307:
1304:February 2021
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265: –
1264:
1260:
1259:Find sources:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1237:This section
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:carbohydrates
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
995:
988:
986:
982:
977:
972:
969:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
946:
944:
940:
933:
931:
923:
916:
914:
907:
900:
898:
890:
883:
881:
873:
866:
864:
859:Riboflavin (B
856:
849:
847:
839:
834:
829:
826:
824:
823:
818:
814:
810:
803:
799:
793:
790:
789:
783:
779:
775:
769:
766:
765:
759:
755:
751:
747:
745:
744:Dietary fiber
741:
735:
732:
731:
730:Carbohydrates
725:
721:
717:
715:
711:
706:
700:
698:
697:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
568:The two main
562:
553:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:invasive weed
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Mediterranean
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:and Southern
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
428:
426:
425:Mediterranean
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
396:
332:
331:
326:
311:
308:
303:
300:
295:
292:
287:
284:
279:
276:
271:
268:
263:
260:
255:
252:
247:
244:
239:
236:
231:
228:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
192:
189:
188:Binomial name
185:
181:
180:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2475:
2449:. Retrieved
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2424:the original
2414:
2403:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:the original
2348:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2339:
2330:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2270:
2259:. Retrieved
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2210:
2202:
2191:. Retrieved
2182:
2169:
2158:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:the original
2133:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2103:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2045:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1996:
1990:
1977:. Macmillan
1974:
1947:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1913:
1876:
1872:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1820:December 19,
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1805:
1794:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1764:
1744:
1728:
1585:
1558:Porto Torres
1531:
1524:
1501:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1363:cheesemaking
1344:
1339:
1325:
1310:
1301:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1258:
1246:Please help
1241:verification
1238:
1179:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1105:
1100:
975:
970:
963:
832:
827:
820:
786:
762:
728:
703:Cardoon, raw
694:
685:
651:
617:Theophrastus
614:
609:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
577:
573:
567:
547:
459:Mediterranea
456:
434:
400:
329:
328:
324:
322:
309:
301:
293:
285:
278:Cynara ferox
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
233:E.H.L.Krause
229:
221:
196:
194:
178:
177:
165:
128:
115:
102:
89:
36:
2812:NatureServe
2724:iNaturalist
2500:Wikispecies
1959:(in French)
1747:) Zaghouan,
1566:bioplastics
1550:biorefinery
1198:Daily Value
842:Thiamine (B
556:Cultivation
431:Description
225:(L.) Baill.
109:Angiosperms
60:, Portugal
3033:Categories
2915:gcc-112928
2910:Plant List
2547:Calflora:
2451:2006-11-18
2430:2006-11-18
2405:2024-04-22
2401:(in Greek)
2379:2015-01-14
2350:13 October
2285:24 January
2261:2020-04-17
2240:2024-06-21
2193:2024-03-28
2144:2011-09-23
2114:7 December
2046:ala.org.au
1929:2011-09-23
1846:2024-03-26
1756:References
1498:Other uses
1432:artichokes
1328:artichokes
1274:newspapers
1037:Phosphorus
543:California
461:area from
437:herbaceous
409:Asteraceae
155:Asteraceae
2664:200023811
2646:FloraBase
2557:Cal-IPC:
1743:Cardoon (
1556:plant in
1542:safflower
1534:biodiesel
1492:Cardamaro
1438:as well.
1263:"Cardoon"
1216:(table).
1210:manganese
1206:magnesium
1176:Nutrition
1050:Potassium
1024:Manganese
1011:Magnesium
943:Vitamin C
926:Folate (B
910:Vitamin B
876:Niacin (B
676:. In the
586:artichoke
539:Australia
535:Argentina
452:capitulum
444:tomentose
173:Species:
145:Asterales
79:Kingdom:
3044:Cardueae
2985:VicFlora
2962:Tropicos
2817:2.137910
2765:10594165
2752:200876-1
2594:eFloraSA
2537:BioLib:
2491:Q7186137
2485:Wikidata
2322:23558636
2234:Archived
2230:30844154
2187:Archived
2177:(2024).
2108:Archived
1953:Archived
1905:17611191
1791:"Cynara"
1562:Sardinia
1508:Portugal
1377:and the
1359:Portugal
1220:Culinary
1194:calories
1106:Quantity
1031:0.256 mg
971:Quantity
965:Minerals
920:0.116 mg
904:0.338 mg
828:Quantity
822:Vitamins
696:couscous
690:blanched
682:Huguenot
666:Lyonnais
658:Provence
602:scolymus
469:east to
467:Portugal
419:. It is
212:Synonyms
151:Family:
135:Asterids
122:Eudicots
42:Cardoon
3016:1106050
2967:2723017
2799:MoBotPF
2690:3112364
2581:Ecocrop
1896:2759203
1749:Tunisia
1702:Gaillac
1664:, Spain
1572:Gallery
1504:enzymes
1412:Navarre
1396:Abruzzo
1367:pistils
1332:braised
1288:scholar
1186:protein
1171:As food
1083:0.17 mg
985:Calcium
870:0.03 mg
853:0.02 mg
788:Protein
606:hybrids
582:altilis
529:in the
523:Corsica
511:Hérault
505:south (
495:Madeira
479:Croatia
463:Morocco
448:globose
423:to the
405:thistle
403:, is a
325:cardoon
273:Salisb.
161:Genus:
141:Order:
83:Plantae
18:Cardoni
2977:462963
2974:uBio:
2923:PLANTS
2892:991885
2879:116996
2850:NZOR:
2804:277562
2638:154453
2612:467498
2540:116583
2517:100861
2514:APDB:
2320:
2228:
2218:
2134:bdn.ch
1981:
1903:
1893:
1775:9 July
1662:Ágreda
1627:Plants
1512:rennet
1420:almond
1416:Aragon
1371:rennet
1365:: the
1351:Sicily
1338:(e.g.
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1214:sodium
1212:, and
1202:folate
1070:170 mg
1063:Sodium
1057:400 mg
1005:0.7 mg
887:0.3 mg
737:4.07 g
714:Energy
678:Geneva
672:, and
662:Savoie
654:France
641:, and
631:cactus
622:κάκτος
610:Cynara
531:pampas
499:France
489:, the
487:Cyprus
483:France
475:Greece
421:native
241:Baill.
166:Cynara
3011:WoRMS
2954:76926
2899:PFI:
2861:NZPCN
2791:37221
2778:17584
2760:IRMNG
2736:IPA:
2729:57563
2716:12839
2672:FoAO2
2633:EUNIS
2625:CYUCA
2573:6C6PZ
2530:94323
2318:S2CID
2279:(PDF)
1488:Amaro
1457:Crete
1444:brine
1436:beans
1434:, or
1428:clams
1424:jamón
1408:Spain
1355:Spain
1353:. In
1347:Italy
1295:JSTOR
1281:books
1200:) of
1184:, 1%
1112:Water
1044:23 mg
1018:42 mg
992:70 mg
937:68 μg
795:0.7 g
771:0.1 g
748:1.6 g
674:Italy
670:Spain
639:Roman
635:Greek
627:Latin
600:var.
580:var.
497:. In
471:Libya
297:Mill.
289:Aiton
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
2936:POWO
2928:CYCA
2902:9266
2866:3777
2843:4265
2838:NCBI
2786:ITIS
2747:IPNI
2739:5482
2711:GRIN
2703:1696
2698:GISD
2685:GBIF
2651:7956
2620:EPPO
2586:5138
2550:2568
2525:APNI
2352:2016
2287:2018
2226:PMID
2216:ISBN
2116:2021
1979:ISBN
1901:PMID
1822:2022
1777:2014
1590:MHNT
1544:and
1520:Nisa
1518:and
1465:raki
1461:meze
1414:and
1385:and
1357:and
1349:and
1267:news
1115:94 g
1076:Zinc
998:Iron
950:2 mg
541:and
515:Aude
507:Gard
493:and
473:and
465:and
323:The
313:Lam.
265:Viv.
257:Lam.
249:Lam.
2998:WFO
2949:RHS
2825:NBN
2773:ISC
2659:FNA
2607:EoL
2568:CoL
2310:doi
2183:FDA
1891:PMC
1881:doi
1877:100
1455:In
1250:by
1190:fat
1163:'s
1055:13%
1029:11%
1016:10%
976:%DV
935:17%
833:%DV
764:Fat
668:),
596:or
533:of
362:ɑːr
3035::
3013::
3000::
2987::
2964::
2951::
2938::
2925::
2912::
2889::
2876::
2863::
2840::
2827::
2814::
2801::
2788::
2775::
2762::
2749::
2726::
2713::
2700::
2687::
2674::
2661::
2648::
2635::
2622::
2609::
2596::
2583::
2570::
2527::
2502::
2487::
2397:.
2360:^
2316:.
2306:51
2304:.
2232:.
2224:.
2185:.
2181:.
2132:.
2102:.
2091:^
2044:.
2029:L.
1999:L.
1964:^
1950:L.
1938:^
1899:.
1889:.
1875:.
1871:.
1855:^
1839:.
1813:.
1793:.
1727:A
1588:-
1568:.
1560:,
1522:.
1494:.
1467:.
1430:,
1208:,
1204:,
1167:.
1081:2%
1068:7%
1042:2%
1003:4%
990:5%
948:2%
918:7%
902:7%
885:2%
868:2%
851:2%
699:.
664:,
660:,
637:,
629::
612:.
545:.
521:,
517:,
513:,
509:,
351:ər
204:L.
131::
118::
105::
92::
2454:.
2433:.
2408:.
2382:.
2354:.
2324:.
2312::
2289:.
2264:.
2243:.
2196:.
2147:.
2118:.
2048:.
1985:.
1932:.
1907:.
1883::
1849:.
1824:.
1779:.
1317:)
1311:(
1306:)
1302:(
1292:·
1285:·
1278:·
1271:·
1244:.
1142:.
930:)
928:9
912:6
897:)
895:5
880:)
878:3
863:)
861:2
846:)
844:1
656:(
625:(
588:(
395:/
392:s
389:ə
386:l
383:ʊ
380:j
377:k
374:n
371:ʌ
368:d
365:ˈ
359:k
354:ə
348:n
345:ɪ
342:s
339:ˈ
336:/
327:(
34:.
20:)
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