33:
332:
invective against
Catiline and his followers, who Cicero brands as corrupt and bankrupt political failures, then follows. The conclusion of the speech notes that Cicero intends to do nothing compulsory at the moment, justified by rejection of arguments to have Catiline summarily executed (placed in the mouth of an abstract personification of Rome). Cicero instead seeks a longer term goals of ensuring that—by allowing Catiline to join the Etrurian rebels—the whole Senate is convinced of Catiline's guilt and that, when the rebels are defeated with Catiline and followers among them, the body politic is improved by their absence. The speech finally concludes with a prayer to
380:
328:
Catiline when he entered the senate, Cicero argues then that no formal senatorial vote on
Catiline's exile—which Catiline demanded—was necessary due to the senate's obvious displeasure; if it had passed it would have cast Catiline as a victim of senatorial overreach; if it had failed it would have undermined Cicero's position in the senate. This political isolation is then emphasised when Cicero relates that Catiline sought to place himself into voluntary custody to service his reputation but found nobody willing to take him. Such isolation is further illustrated noting how the Senate's did not voice any immediate objections to the idea of exiling Catiline.
199:, a Gallic tribe, to support the Catilinarians. Using the Allobroges' envoys as double agents, Cicero used them to identify conspirators in the city. After intercepting incriminating letters between the conspirators and the Allobroges, five conspirators were arrested on 2 or 3 December. With the Gallic envoys divulging all they knew and confessions from the five men, there was no doubt of their guilt. After an attempt to rescue the five men from house arrest, the senate debated their fate on 5 December. After a prolonged debate, the Senate, after momentarily being convinced to sentence the men to life imprisonment without trial by
229:
318:
mobilised men; Cicero also disclaims any intention to have
Catiline killed since it would be controversial, something possibly inserted in 60 BC to paint Cicero as merciful and rebut allegations of cruelty. Cicero then describes at length the conspiracy before urging Catiline to leave the city with his followers to take command of the Etrurian rebels, something which Cicero asserts Catiline was to do shortly regardless. Catiline likely asked whether Cicero's advice was a command for him to go into exile—the power to exile citizens,
218:, also sought to bring Cicero up on charges for executing citizens without trial. Although popular among large portions of the people for having taken decisive action to avoid civil war and suppress the coup attempt, Cicero's legal position came under attack in the coming years. In response, Cicero attempted to shore up his reputation and justify his actions by publishing his consular speeches: the Catilinarian orations were published after some editing in 60 BC as part of this effort.
1614:
1902:
192:(public violence) in early November. The conspirators met, probably on 6 November, and found two volunteers to make an attempt on Cicero's life. After the attempts on Cicero's life failed on 7 November 63 BC, he assembled the senate and delivered the First Catilinarian, revealing Catiline's involvement in the plot; Catiline promptly left the city and joined Manlius' men in Etruria shortly thereafter.
231:
235:
234:
230:
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77:. The speeches all related to the discovery, investigation, and suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy, a plot that year to overthrow the republic. All of the speeches in the form available today were published, probably around 60, as part of Cicero's attempt to justify his actions during the consulship; whether they are accurate reflections of the original speeches in 63 is debated.
233:
347:
profligates and other men of
Catiline's ilk. He assured the people of Rome that they had nothing to fear because he, as consul, and the gods would protect the state. This speech was delivered with the intention of convincing the lower class, or common man, that Catiline would not represent their interests and they should not support him.
237:
238:
317:
Cicero starts the speech by informing
Catiline that the conspiracy is revealed and that Cicero would be within his rights as consul and justified by precedent to have Catiline killed as a threat to the state. Cicero then connects Catiline to the rebels in Etruria, against which the Senate had already
88:
to overthrow the republic; in response, Catiline withdrew from the city and joined an uprising in
Etruria. The next two speeches were before the people, with Cicero justifying his actions as well as relating further news of the conspiracy in Rome itself and the arrest of four conspirators. The fourth
289:
on 7 or 8 November 63 BC. The Senate met to discuss an attempt on Cicero's life. Whether the speech is entirely historical is not entirely clear: the Second
Catilinarian depicts Cicero's first speech as a simple interrogatory rather than the extended denunciation that survives. Unlike the other
141:
for the third time; after failing to be elected to the consulships of 65, 63, and 62 BC. The conspirators included various disaffected groups. The aristocrats who joined were largely men who were similarly unsuccessful in elections for high office or were otherwise bankrupt. They were joined by
346:
Cicero informed the citizens of Rome that
Catiline had left the city not into exile, as Catiline had said, but to join with his illegal army. He described the conspirators as rich men who were in debt, men eager for power and wealth, Sulla's veterans, ruined men who hoped for any change, criminals,
331:
Changing tack, Cicero then tells
Catiline that if he leaves the city but, contrary to Catiline's existing plans, does not join the rebels in Etruria, Cicero would be seen as having forced an innocent man to go into exile. This argument was meant to paint Cicero in an unselfish light. An outburst of
293:
Categorisation of the speech into one of the genres of ancient rhetoric is difficult. The denunciatory aspects of the speech are couched in the framework of a senatorial address while also largely being delivered to
Catiline's person. Scholars disagree as to whether it should be seen as a speech in
411:, Cicero was formally not allowed to voice any opinion in the matter, but he circumvented the rule with subtle oratory. Although very little is known about the actual debate (except for Cicero's argument, which has probably been altered from its original), the Senate majority probably opposed the
1243:
327:
Insisting that Catiline is not detained by any business in Rome due to his poor reputation, Cicero then engages in invective, indirectly accusing Catiline of a variety of sexual crimes, imminent bankruptcy, and past plots against the state. Drawing attention to how other senators moved away from
368:
Cicero claimed that the city should rejoice because it had been saved from a bloody rebellion. He presented evidence that all of Catiline's accomplices confessed to their crimes. He asked for nothing for himself but the grateful remembrance of the city and acknowledged that the victory was more
96:
Some modern historians suggest that Catiline was a more complex character than Cicero's writings declare, and that Cicero was heavily influenced by a desire to establish a lasting reputation as a great Roman patriot and statesman. The Catilinarian orations, along with Sallust's monograph
294:
the genre of the law courts (forensic or prosecutorial) or otherwise in the genre of senatorial rhetoric (deliberative). This difficulty may be due to its original extemporaneous nature, delivered not in as part of a structured meeting but rather on the Catiline's arrival to the senate.
1224:
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The oration's arguments, somewhat cloudy and meandering, are intended more to influence senatorial opinion than argue in favour of any specific course of action or actually advise Catiline. Cicero, in a letter, later described it as a farewell; Berry, in
232:
246:
The First Catilinarian is the most famous speech in Latin literature. Its first sentence in particular is carefully crafted so as to have its form support its content. In consequence, it is still widely remembered and used after more than 2000 years:
203:, advised Cicero to have the urban conspirators summarily executed. After the execution of the urban conspirators, most of Catiline's forces melted away; Catiline was eventually defeated and killed in early January 62 BC at the
185:
Catiline remained in the city. While named in the anonymous letters sent to Crassus, this was insufficient evidence for incrimination. But after messages from Etruria connected him directly to the uprising, he was indicted under the
177:
instructing the consuls to do whatever it took to respond to the crisis. By 27 October, the senate had received reports that Gaius Manlius, a former centurion and leader of an army there, had taken up arms near
262:
When, O Catiline, do you mean to cease abusing our patience? How long is that madness of yours still to mock us? When is there to be an end of that unbridled audacity of yours, swaggering about as it does now?
302:, argues that Cicero had to dress up inaction since, within the bounds of the law, he had limited authority to act against Catiline proactively. A more retrospective interpretation of how it would have played
1042:
503:
557:
103:, make the conspiracy one of the best-documented events from the ancient world; for centuries after their delivery, the Catilinarians were praised as model speeches and taught as part of the standard
89:
speech, supposedly delivered before the Senate, was an intervention in an on-going debate as to the fate of the urban conspirators; Cicero argued in favour of their illegal
157:
on 18 or 19 October. Crassus' letters were corroborated by reports of armed men gathering in support of the conspiracy. In response, the senate passed a decree declaring a
1051:, p. 116. "The most famous speech in Latin literature, it is a monument in prose that defines not just Cicero's consulship but his place in history"..
309:
would instead emphasise how Cicero chose to act slowly and deliberatively rather than, as alleged by his political enemies, cruelly and autocratically.
431:. However, after the combined efforts of Cicero and Cato, the vote shifted in favor of execution, and the sentence was carried out shortly afterwards.
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Quō ūsque tandem abūtere, Catilīna, patientiā nostrā? Quam diū etiam furor iste tuus nōs ēlūdet? Quem ad fīnem sēsē effrēnāta iactābit audācia?
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vary. Yonge translates it as "Shame on the age and on its principles!"; Blakiston instead has "Alas! What degenerate days are these!".
286:
438:, they also reflect his self-aggrandisement and, to a certain extent envy, probably born out of the fact that he was considered a
354:, commander of the rebel force. When the Senate was informed of the developments, they declared the two of them public enemies.
1240:, 1.9–13, also emphasising that a formal banishment of Catiline would both be controversial and fail to prove Catiline's guilt.
1593:
1573:
1486:
1418:
1399:
434:
While some historians agree that Cicero's actions, in particular the final speeches before the Senate, may have saved the
358:(Cicero's fellow consul), with troops loyal to Rome, followed Catiline while Cicero remained at home to guard the city.
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17:
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735:
32:
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speeches, most of the speech is directed to Catiline personally with concluding remarks addressed to the Senate.
134:
324:, was within consular authority—but Cicero in the speech insists that he is merely advising Catiline to leave.
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1260:
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1695:
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277:, used as an exclamation of outrage or indignation as to the state of the republic in Cicero's days.
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453:
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and colonisation programmes as well as Sulla's veterans who had fallen on debt after poor harvests.
1821:
379:
122:
2072:
1849:
1690:
563:
493:
160:
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147:
126:
116:
85:
1548:. Translated by Yonge, C D. London: G Bell & Sons. 1891 – via Perseus Digital Library.
195:
At this time, Cicero then discovered a plot led by one of the sitting praetors, to bring in the
1994:
133:) to overthrow the Roman republic. He started this plot in 63 BC after being repulsed at
1927:
427:
would be sufficient punishment for the conspirators, and one of the accused, Lentulus, was a
211:
70:
2058:
1901:
1739:
1663:
1563:
1568:. Loeb Classical Library 324. Translated by MacDonald, C. Harvard University Press. 1976.
8:
2065:
1856:
1807:
1793:
285:
The First Catilinarian is a denunciation of Catiline, delivered before the Senate in the
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1555:
The speeches of M. Tullius Cicero against Catiline and Antony and for Murena and Milo
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165:(a state of emergency) and, after receipt of the reports of armed men gathering in
99:
1588:. Oxford World Classics. Translated by Berry, D H. Oxford University Press. 2006.
1941:
1768:
1761:
1656:
1583:
1505:
1367:
Robert W. Cape, Jr.: "The rhetoric of politics in Cicero's fourth Catilinarian",
479:
210:
At the close of the consular year, Cicero's valedictory speech was vetoed by two
1558:. Translated by Blakiston, H E D. London: Methuen. 1894 – via Attalus.org.
1553:
1063:"Painting Cariline into a Corner: Form and Content in Cicero's in Catilinam 1.1"
415:
for various reasons, one of which was the nobility of the accused. For example,
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1835:
435:
412:
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difficult than one in foreign lands because the enemies were citizens of Rome.
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2113:
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1726:
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200:
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The first indications of a plot in 63 BC were in autumn, handed over by
2097:
2022:
1980:
1955:
1627:
138:
1636:
2015:
1962:
1863:
1628:
All Cicero’s Catilinarian speeches entirely and fully read in Latin (mp3)
1259:, 1.13–16, noting that the accusations of a past plot – today called the
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2008:
1948:
1775:
1733:
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196:
1003:
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562:(in Latin). Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis – via
2001:
947:
1062:
395:
In his fourth and final published argument, which took place in the
80:
The first speech was in the senate, where Cicero accused a senator,
1349:
M. Tullius Cicero. Evelyn Shuckburgh; Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (eds.).
987:
903:
466:
462:
179:
81:
1613:
1428:
27:
Set of speeches to the Roman Senate given by Marcus Tullius Cicero
1842:
771:
428:
383:
End of the 4th Catiliniarian Oration, in a manuscript written by
166:
143:
919:
875:
823:
1679:
1632:
543:
Fourth Oration Against Lucius Catilina: Delivered in the Senate
517:
Second Oration Against Lucius Catilina: Addressed to the People
408:
74:
40:
755:
530:
Third Oration Against Lucius Catilina: Addressed to the People
504:
First Oration Against Lucius Catilina: Delivered in the Senate
420:
104:
1451:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
1138:
935:
399:, Cicero establishes a basis for other orators (primarily
1150:
1174:
271:
Also remembered is the famous exasperated exclamation,
1162:
1018:
656:
646:
644:
1030:
891:
863:
839:
811:
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444:, a Roman citizen without noble or ancient lineage.
1565:
In Catilinam 1–4. Pro Murena. Pro Sulla. Pro Flacco
851:
799:
641:
142:many disaffected Italian farmers – concentrated in
787:
723:
675:Hoffman, Richard (1998). "Sallust and Catiline".
2111:
589:In L. Catilinam Oratio Secunda Habita ad Populum
604:In L. Catilinam Oratio Tertia Habita ad Populum
574:Oratio qua L. Catilinam Emisit in Senatu Habita
242:Cicero – First speech against Catilina in Latin
146:– in two broad groups: farmers dispossessed by
619:In L. Catilinam Oratio Quarta Habita in Senatu
121:The Catilinarian conspiracy was a plot by the
1664:
1348:
336:that Catiline and his followers be defeated.
62:Marci Tullii Ciceronis orationes in Catilinam
1510:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1621:has original text related to this article:
1479:Crisis management during the Roman Republic
319:
187:
170:
158:
69:) are four speeches given in 63 BC by
1671:
1657:
1113:. Translated by Yonge, Charles D. Cat. 1.1
1678:
1507:The last generation of the Roman republic
1443:
957:
1263:– are largely believed to be untruthful.
972:"The last journey of L Sergius Catilina"
482:(Latin text, translation and analysis):
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31:
674:
14:
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969:
953:
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833:
817:
372:
339:
1652:
1545:The orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
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1503:
1449:The magistrates of the Roman republic
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1389:
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1234:
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1110:The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
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489:The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
485:
361:
221:
1458:"Review of "Cicero's Catilinarians""
1455:
1121:– via Perseus Digital Library.
492:. London: Henry G. Bohn – via
454:The Conspiracy of Catiline (63 B.C.)
249:
350:Meanwhile, Catiline joined up with
24:
1900:
1526:
744:, p. xx, 2, 5–6, citing Cic.
556:Clark, Albert Curtis, ed. (1908).
25:
2146:
1606:
1382:
1612:
1445:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
216:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos
1392:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
1377:
1361:
1342:
1125:
1107:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1856).
1100:
1054:
963:
447:
1481:. Cambridge University Press.
668:
389:Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
13:
1:
1815:De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
1369:American Journal of Philology
1261:First Catilinarian conspiracy
635:
303:
110:
2080:Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem
559:M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes
7:
1413:. Oxford University Press.
10:
2151:
1748:De Partitionibus Oratoriae
1585:Cicero: political speeches
1477:Golden, Gregory K (2013).
1462:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1313:, pp. 109–11, citing
1275:, pp. 99–103, citing
312:
114:
2089:
2050:
1972:
1919:
1912:
1898:
1785:
1755:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
1716:
1709:
1686:
1623:In L. Catilinam orationes
1252:, pp. 96–97, citing
1233:, pp. 95–96, citing
1079:10.1017/S0009838820000762
689:10.1017/S0009840X00330335
615:
600:
585:
570:
540:
527:
514:
501:
486:Yonge, C.D., ed. (1856).
391:, Plut. 48,22, fol. 121r.
253:
173:senatus consultum ultimum
130:
37:Cicero Denounces Catiline
1822:Tusculanae Disputationes
467:by Marcus Tullius Cicero
407:of the conspirators. As
287:Temple of Jupiter Stator
2073:Epistulae ad Familiares
1850:Cato Maior de Senectute
1456:Dyck, Andrew R (2011).
1394:. New York: Liveright.
564:Perseus Digital Library
494:Perseus Digital Library
214:. One of the tribunes,
155:Marcus Licinius Crassus
127:Lucius Sergius Catilina
117:Catilinarian conspiracy
107:rhetorical curriculum.
1995:Divinatio in Caecilium
1906:
1411:Cicero's Catilinarians
1332:, p. 112, citing
1294:, p. 105, citing
1147:, pp. 90–91, 112.
944:, pp. xx–xxi, 49.
392:
320:
300:Cicero's Catilinarians
260:
243:
188:
171:
159:
60:
48:
1928:De Imperio Cn. Pompei
1905:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1904:
1680:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1640:, English translation
1504:Gruen, Erich (1995).
1214:, p. 94, citing
1195:, p. 93, citing
382:
281:Structure and context
241:
212:tribunes of the plebs
148:Sulla's proscriptions
115:Further information:
71:Marcus Tullius Cicero
53:Catilinarian orations
35:
2059:Epistulae ad Atticum
1390:Beard, Mary (2015).
1061:Krebs, C.B. (2020).
677:The Classical Review
73:, one of the year's
2066:Epistulae ad Brutum
1857:Laelius de Amicitia
1409:Berry, D H (2020).
1133:O tempora, o mores!
1067:Classical Quarterly
976:Classical Philology
970:Sumner, GV (1963).
403:) to argue for the
397:Temple of Concordia
373:Fourth Catilinarian
340:Second Catilinarian
274:O tempora, o mores!
2125:Orations of Cicero
1988:Pro Roscio Amerino
1907:
1887:Paradoxa Stoicorum
1355:Letters to Atticus
1183:, pp. 114–15.
1159:, p. 90 n. 7.
665:, pp. xx–xxi.
463:Cicero's Orations
425:disenfranchisement
393:
385:Poggio Bracciolini
362:Third Catilinarian
244:
222:First Catilinarian
205:Battle of Pistoria
65:; also simply the
49:
2107:
2106:
2046:
2045:
1935:In Catilinam I–IV
1896:
1895:
1878:Somnium Scipionis
1638:In Catilinam, 1-4
1595:978-0-19-151781-5
1575:978-0-674-99358-7
1488:978-1-107-05590-2
1420:978-0-19-751081-0
1401:978-0-87140-423-7
1171:, pp. 91–92.
1027:, pp. 35–36.
916:, pp. 44–46.
784:, p. 424–25.
720:, pp. 21–53.
473:Project Gutenberg
307: 60 BC
269:
268:
239:
189:lex Plautia de vi
18:Catiline Orations
16:(Redirected from
2142:
2030:Pro Archia Poeta
1917:
1916:
1829:De Natura Deorum
1714:
1713:
1696:Political career
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1131:Translations of
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612:
597:
582:
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401:Cato the Younger
356:Antonius Hybrida
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308:
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191:
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132:
100:Bellum Catilinae
21:
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1968:
1942:In Toga Candida
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1527:Ancient sources
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1362:
1351:"Cic. Att. 2.1"
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968:
964:
956:, p. 131;
952:
948:
940:
936:
924:
920:
912:, p. 131;
908:
904:
896:
892:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
776:
772:
760:
756:
740:
736:
728:
724:
716:
712:
673:
669:
661:
657:
649:
642:
638:
480:Perseus Project
460:
450:
375:
364:
342:
315:
306:
283:
265:
257:
228:
224:
119:
113:
93:without trial.
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2132:
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2105:
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2054:
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2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1970:
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1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
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1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
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1836:De Divinatione
1832:
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1607:External links
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1073:(2): 672–676.
1053:
1041:
1039:, p. 132.
1029:
1017:
988:10.1086/364820
982:(4): 215–219.
962:
960:, p. 175.
958:Broughton 1952
946:
934:
932:, p. 131.
928:, p. 48;
918:
902:
900:, p. 130.
890:
888:, p. 129.
884:, p. 30;
874:
872:, p. 129.
862:
850:
848:, p. 128.
838:
836:, p. 128.
832:, p. 32;
822:
820:, p. 127.
810:
798:
786:
780:, p. xx;
770:
768:, p. 420.
764:, p. xx;
754:
752:, p. 418.
734:
722:
710:
667:
655:
653:, p. xxi.
639:
637:
634:
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571:Cicero, M.T. "
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413:death sentence
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334:Jupiter Stator
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169:, carried the
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45:Cesare Maccari
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1871:De Re Publica
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1727:De Inventione
1724:
1723:
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1715:
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1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Personal life
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1537:
1536:In Catiliniam
1532:
1531:
1519:
1517:0-520-02238-6
1513:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1498:
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1189:
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1128:
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1103:
1088:
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1080:
1076:
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1038:
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1021:
1013:
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1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
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977:
973:
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959:
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950:
943:
938:
931:
927:
922:
915:
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
883:
878:
871:
866:
860:, p. 33.
859:
854:
847:
842:
835:
831:
826:
819:
814:
808:, p. 30.
807:
802:
796:, p. 31.
795:
790:
783:
779:
774:
767:
763:
758:
751:
747:
743:
738:
732:, p. 63.
731:
726:
719:
714:
706:
702:
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690:
686:
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417:Julius Caesar
414:
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352:Gaius Manlius
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84:, of leading
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
67:Catilinarians
64:
63:
58:
54:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2098:Summum bonum
2096:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2035:
2028:
2023:Pro Cluentio
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1981:Pro Quinctio
1979:
1961:
1956:Pro Marcello
1954:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1885:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1732:
1725:
1719:and politics
1643:
1637:
1617: Latin
1584:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1535:
1506:
1478:
1461:
1448:
1410:
1391:
1378:Bibliography
1368:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1306:
1297:
1287:
1278:
1268:
1255:
1245:
1236:
1226:
1217:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1109:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1070:
1066:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1020:
979:
975:
965:
949:
937:
921:
905:
893:
877:
865:
853:
841:
825:
813:
801:
789:
773:
757:
745:
737:
725:
713:
683:(1): 50–52.
680:
676:
670:
658:
624:Clark (1908)
618:
609:Clark (1908)
603:
594:Clark (1908)
588:
579:Clark (1908)
573:
558:
547:Yonge (1856)
534:Yonge (1856)
521:Yonge (1856)
508:Yonge (1856)
488:
468:
461:
448:Translations
439:
433:
419:argued that
394:
387:. Florence,
376:
367:
365:
349:
345:
343:
330:
326:
316:
299:
296:
292:
284:
272:
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261:
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225:
209:
194:
184:
152:
120:
98:
95:
79:
66:
61:
52:
50:
36:
29:
2016:Pro Caecina
1963:Philippicae
1864:De Officiis
1644:attalus.org
1037:Golden 2013
954:Golden 2013
930:Golden 2013
910:Golden 2013
898:Golden 2013
886:Golden 2013
870:Golden 2013
846:Golden 2013
834:Golden 2013
818:Golden 2013
47:, 1882–1888
2114:Categories
2037:Pro Caelio
2009:Pro Tullio
1949:Pro Milone
1808:Consolatio
1794:Hortensius
1776:De Legibus
1734:De Oratore
1619:Wikisource
1437:1126348418
1429:2019048911
1330:Berry 2020
1320:, 1.27–30.
1311:Berry 2020
1292:Berry 2020
1282:, 1.19–21.
1273:Berry 2020
1250:Berry 2020
1231:Berry 2020
1212:Berry 2020
1193:Berry 2020
1181:Berry 2020
1169:Berry 2020
1157:Berry 2020
1145:Berry 2020
1092:10 October
1049:Berry 2020
1025:Beard 2015
942:Berry 2020
926:Berry 2020
914:Berry 2020
882:Beard 2015
858:Berry 2020
830:Berry 2020
806:Beard 2015
794:Berry 2020
782:Gruen 1995
778:Berry 2020
766:Gruen 1995
762:Berry 2020
750:Gruen 1995
742:Berry 2020
730:Berry 2020
718:Beard 2015
663:Berry 2020
651:Berry 2020
636:References
441:novus homo
197:Allobroges
129:(English:
111:Background
2130:Roman law
2002:In Verrem
1920:Political
1801:Academica
1710:Treatises
1497:842919750
1470:1055-7660
1117:28 August
1087:230578487
1012:162033864
996:0009-837X
705:162587795
405:execution
321:relegatio
135:elections
123:patrician
91:execution
2120:Catiline
1973:Judicial
1913:Orations
1740:Book III
1717:Rhetoric
1701:Writings
1534:Cicero.
1447:(1952).
1221:, 1.5–6.
1202:, 1.1–4.
436:Republic
180:Faesulae
161:tumultus
131:Catiline
125:senator
82:Catiline
2090:Related
2051:Letters
1843:De Fato
1339:, 1.33.
1301:, 1.22.
748:12–14;
429:praetor
313:Content
167:Etruria
144:Etruria
75:consuls
1769:Orator
1762:Brutus
1633:Cicero
1592:
1572:
1514:
1495:
1485:
1468:
1435:
1427:
1417:
1398:
1371:, 1995
1085:
1010:
1004:266531
1002:
994:
703:
697:713695
695:
622:". In
607:". In
592:". In
577:". In
545:". In
532:". In
519:". In
506:". In
409:consul
139:consul
86:a plot
41:fresco
2135:63 BC
1334:Cic.
1315:Cic.
1296:Cic.
1277:Cic.
1254:Cic.
1235:Cic.
1216:Cic.
1197:Cic.
1083:S2CID
1008:S2CID
1000:JSTOR
746:Cael.
701:S2CID
693:JSTOR
616:——. "
601:——. "
586:——. "
541:——. "
528:——. "
515:——. "
421:exile
105:Latin
57:Latin
1590:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1493:OCLC
1483:ISBN
1466:ISSN
1433:OCLC
1425:LCCN
1415:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1336:Cat.
1317:Cat.
1298:Cat.
1279:Cat.
1256:Cat.
1237:Cat.
1218:Cat.
1199:Cat.
1119:2015
1094:2022
992:ISSN
423:and
137:for
51:The
1642:at
1075:doi
984:doi
685:doi
478:At
471:at
182:.
43:by
2116::
1635:,
1491:.
1464:.
1460:.
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1353:.
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1071:70
1069:.
1065:.
1006:.
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990:.
980:58
978:.
974:.
699:.
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1578:.
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1472:.
1439:.
1404:.
1357:.
1096:.
1077::
1014:.
986::
707:.
687::
626:.
611:.
596:.
581:.
566:.
549:.
536:.
523:.
510:.
496:.
55:(
20:)
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