1031:(BF%) - the ratio of the total weight of person's fat to his or her body weight, and BMI is viewed merely as a way to approximate BF%. Levels in excess of 32% for women and 25% for men are generally considered to indicate obesity. Sumo wrestlers may be categorized by BMI as "severely obese" or "very severely obese" but many Sumo wrestlers are not categorized as obese when body fat percentage is used instead (having <25% body fat). Some Sumo wrestlers were found to have no more body fat than a non-Sumo comparison group, with high BMI values resulting from their high amounts of lean body mass. However, accurate measurement of body fat percentage is much more difficult than measurement of BMI. Several methods of varying accuracy and complexity exist.
1126:
1107:
the body. BVI calculates a person's body fat composition from two images taken front and side on. A silhouette is extracted from these images and a 3D model created, from which detailed linear and volume measurements can be calculated. By comparing the 3D models to MRI data, BVI software is able to calculate fat distribution, and in particular visceral fat accumulated near the individual's organs. The results will provide accurate measurements for waist and hip circumferences, waist to hip ratio, total body fat, visceral fat and BVI number.
585:
577:
1103:
Mayo Clinic, BVI has been developed as an alternative to BMI. BMI doesn't account for muscle and fat distribution, or gender, or ethnicity; and therefore is not an accurate measure of obesity in many individuals. BVI uses 3D technology to analyse overall body shape, identifying where fat is distributed across the body.
1909:
Bei-Fan Z; Cooperative Meta-Analysis Group of
Working Group on Obesity in China (December 2002). "Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults: study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in
1304:
Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the 21st century with rising rates in both the developed and developing world. Rates of obesity in
Canadian boys have increased from 11% in the 1980s to over 30% in the 1990s, while during this same time period rates increased from 4 to 14%
1145:
Body fat percentage is total body fat expressed as a percentage of total body weight. There is no generally accepted definition of obesity based on total body fat. Most researchers have used >25% in men, and >30% in women, as cut-points to define obesity, but the use of these values have been
1106:
Body Volume means the composition of a person and their body parts; each part of a person's body (arms, legs, chest, etc.) has its own 3D shape, individual weight and measurement. An increase in the volume of fat and muscle normally corresponds with an increase or decrease of volume in that area of
1308:
As with obesity in adults many different factors contribute to the rising rates of childhood obesity. Changing diet and decreasing physical activity are believed to be the two most important in causing the recent increase in the rate of obesity. Activities from self-propelled transport, to school
1102:
The Body Volume Index (BVI) is a novel method for calculating body fat distribution. Human body volumes and body volume ratios and their links to body compositions have been researched for several years. Later the term Body Volume Index (BVI) instead of ratio was introduced by Select
Research and
1110:
The BVI Number has been designed by Mayo Clinic as an alternative to the BMI number. It provides an indication of health risk based on fat distribution with a particular emphasis on visceral fat; which is located around organs. Visceral fat is metabolically active, with high levels a known risk
704:
women. A formula combining BMI, age, and gender can be used to estimate a person's body fat percentage to an accuracy of 4%. An alternative method, body volume index (BVI), is being developed by Mayo Clinic in an effort to better take into account different body shapes. BVI measures body fat
2104:
Yusuf S; Hawken S; Ounpuu S; Dans T; Avezum A; Lanas F; McQueen M; Budaj A; Pais P; Varigos J; Lisheng L; INTERHEART Study
Investigators. (2004). "Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study".
1242:
1011:
The BMI-based definition is easy to use and it is particularly convenient for statistical purposes, since it only depends on two commonly measured quantities, one's height and weight. However, it ignores variations between individuals in amounts of lean body mass, particularly
1093:
than BMI. Women with abdominal obesity have a cardiovascular risk similar to that of men. In people with a BMI over 35, measurement of waist circumference however adds little to the predictive power of BMI as most individuals with this BMI have abnormal waist circumferences.
1782:
Romero-Corral, A. Somers, V. Lopez-Jimenez, F. Korenfeld, Y. Palin, S. Boelaert, K. Boarin, S. Sierra-Johnson, J. Rahim, A. (2008) 3-D Body
Scanner, Body Volume Index: A Novel, Reproducible and Automated Anthropometric Tool Associated with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers
2271:
Larsson B, Bengtsson C, Björntorp P, et al. (February 1992). "Is abdominal body fat distribution a major explanation for the sex difference in the incidence of myocardial infarction? The study of men born in 1913 and the study of women, Göteborg, Sweden".
650:. However, BMI does not account for the wide variation in body fat distribution, and may not correspond to the same degree of fatness or associated health risk in different individuals and populations. Other measurements of fat distribution include the
964:
871:
1256:, one of the most accurate methods of body fat calculation, involves weighing a person underwater. Two other simpler and less accurate methods have been used historically but are now not recommended. The first is the
2325:
Olivares J, Wang J, Yu W, et al. Comparisons of body volumes and dimensions using three-dimensional photonic scanning in adult
Hispanic-Americans and Caucasian-Americans. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2007;1(6):921-928.
1283:(DEXA). These techniques provide very accurate measurements, but it can be difficult to obtain in the severely obese due to weight limits of most equipment and insufficient diameter of many CT or MRI scanners.
1159:
1050:. They have been shown to be comparable to BMI in their power to predict the risk of metabolic abnormalities such as type II diabetes, and possibly superior to BMI as predictors of cardiovascular disease.
2315:
Wells JC, Douros I, Fuller NJ, Elia M, Dekker L. Assessment of body volume using three-dimensional photonic scanning. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000 May;904:247-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06460.x. PMID
976:
Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular bodies. The surgical literature breaks down class III obesity into further categories, though the exact values are still disputed.
2674:
Flynn MA, McNeil DA, Maloff B, et al. (February 2006). "Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: a synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations".
2306:
National Heart, Lung and Blood
Institute. (1998). Morbidity and Mortality: 1998 Chartbook of Cardiovascular, Lung and Blood Diseases. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. P61
662:
is a condition of having normal body weight, but high body fat percentages with the same health risks of obesity. BMI can be used to predict the risk of metabolic abnormalities like
2066:
Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R (October 2002). "Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current
National Institutes of Health guidelines".
2632:"Prevalence of overweight in US children: comparison of US growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with other reference values for body mass index"
1075:
In the
European Union waist circumference of ≥ 94 cm(≈37") in men and ≥ 80 cm(≈31.5") in non pregnant women are used as cut offs for central obesity.
1312:
Because childhood obesity often persists into adulthood, and is associated with numerous chronic illnesses, it is important that children who are obese be tested for
619:
and total cardiovascular risk factors. In children, a healthy weight varies with sex and age, and obesity determination is in relation to a historical normal group.
2471:
Okorodudu; et al. (2010). "Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2843:
1301:. The reference data that these percentiles are based on is from 1963 to 1994 and thus has not been affected by the recent increases in rates of obesity.
2023:
R Huxley; et al. (2010). "Body mass index, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk—a review of the literature".
1020:
players are classified as "obese" (BMI ≥ 30), and 1 in 4 are classified as "extremely obese" (BMI ≥ 35), according to the BMI metric. However, their mean
884:
785:
1331:
Treatments used in children are primarily lifestyle interventions and behavioral techniques. Medications are not FDA approved for use in this age group.
1078:
A lower cut off of 90 cm has been recommended for South Asian and
Chinese men, while a cut off of 85 cm has been recommended for Japanese men.
1951:
2565:. By Jessica Bruso with reference to a study published in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders in 2002. July 18, 2017.
639:
1016:
mass. Individuals involved in heavy physical labor or sports may have high BMI values despite having little fat. For example, more than half of all
2827:
1711:"Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents"
1297:
The healthy BMI range varies with the age and sex of the child. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined as a BMI greater than the 95th
2216:
HSTAT: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 3rd Edition: Recommendations and Systematic Evidence Reviews, Guide to Community Preventive Services
1874:
Kanazawa M, Yoshiike N, Osaka T, Numba Y, Zimmet P, Inoue S (December 2002). "Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania".
1081:
In those with a BMI under 35, intra-abdominal body fat is related to negative health outcomes independent of total body fat. Intra-abdominal or
2759:
696:. BMI is an accurate reflection of body fat percentage in the majority of the adult population. However it is less accurate in people such as
2336:
1072:(the circumference of the waist divided by that of the hips) of >0.9 for men and >0.85 for women are used to define central obesity.
563:
1655:: Can you be considered obese if you have a normal body weight? Mayo Clinic - Obesity Expert Answers. Aug. 5, 2009. Retrieved 2010-1-25.
1237:{\displaystyle {\text{(Adult) body fat percentage}}=(1.39\times {\text{BMI}})+(0.16\times {\text{age}})-(10.34\times {\text{gender}})-9}
1952:"NFL Players Not at Increased Heart Risk: Study finds they showed no more signs of cardiovascular trouble than general male population"
1389:
705:
distribution and calculates the BVI number, based on these results. This BVI number is an indication of weight associated health risk.
2794:
2609:
2605:
2398:
Van Gaal LF. (2006) "Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease". hypertension and diabetes type II. 14;444(7121):875-80.
2161:
Tsigosa Constantine; Hainer, V; Basdevant, A; Finer, N; Fried, M; Mathus-Vliegen, E; Micic, D; Maislos, M; et al. (April 2008).
1520:
1516:
685:
Body mass index or BMI is a simple and widely used method for estimating body fat mass. BMI was developed in the 19th century by the
1992:"Body composition and resting metabolic rate of Japanese college Sumo wrestlers and non-athlete students: are Sumo wrestlers obese?"
2973:
1937:
2836:"Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children"
588:
An obese male with a body mass index of 53 kg/m: weight 182 kg (400 lb), height 185 cm (6 ft 1 in)
2986:
2959:
2933:
2907:
2881:
2811:
1670:"Comparison of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist/Hip Ratio in Predicting Incident Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis"
2410:
et al. (2006) Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2006 Dec 14;444(7121):840-6.
1068:
In the United States a waist circumference of >102 cm (≈40") in men and >88 cm (≈34.5") in women or the
3268:
2562:
147:
3032:
104:
3092:
1280:
1265:
2365:
556:
332:
1150:
1268:
which uses electrical resistance. Bioelectrical impedance has not been shown to provide an advantage over BMI.
520:
770:
BMI is calculated by dividing the subject's mass by the square of their height, typically expressed either in
2407:
1908:
153:
1797:
1541:
Gray DS, Fujioka K (1991). "Use of relative weight and Body Mass Index for the determination of adiposity".
3247:
310:
1004:, some nations have redefined obesity. The Japanese have defined obesity as any BMI greater than 25 while
3117:
1409:
505:
2800:
Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults
1587:"Measurement and Definitions of Obesity In Childhood and Adolescence: A field guide for the uninitiated"
1455:"Measurement and definitions of obesity in childhood and adolescence: a field guide for the uninitiated"
1276:
549:
23:
2214:
1129:
Cross-sections of the torso of a person of normal weight (left) and an obese person (right), taken by
2969:
1805:. The Surveillance of Risk Factors Report Series (SuRF). World Health Organization. 2005. p. 22.
1264:
of skin is precisely measured to determine the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer. The other is
970:
608:
2767:
2389:
Abd Tahran. (2008) "Body volume index: time to replace body mass index?" Endocrine Abstracts 15 P104
1248:
where gender (sex) is 0 if female and 1 if male to account for the lower body fat percentage of men.
3149:
2849:
525:
3232:
3164:
3102:
1652:
485:
392:
80:
49:
2943:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2891:
2865:
2344:
3222:
2899:
2893:
2873:
2867:
1086:
479:
2951:
2945:
3137:
3107:
3025:
2835:
1420:
1063:
659:
510:
385:
261:
221:
1082:
3177:
3172:
2798:
1363:
1345:
1253:
495:
447:
181:
1966:
8:
3237:
3227:
3112:
3082:
1415:
1351:
1272:
1130:
1120:
1111:
factor for metabolic disease which includes cardiovascular disease and diabetes type II.
1069:
1039:
1028:
1021:
655:
651:
647:
616:
515:
426:
327:
291:
216:
191:
138:
3242:
3202:
3182:
3087:
2992:
2821:
2735:
2710:
2540:
2515:
2496:
2453:
2285:
2187:
2162:
2140:
2048:
1851:
1826:
1709:
Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, Pietrobelli A, Goulding A, Goran MI, Dietz WH (1 June 2002).
1613:
1586:
1481:
1454:
1090:
775:
352:
143:
2440:
2421:
2212:
2118:
973:(WHO) in 1997 and published in 2000, provide the values listed in the table at right.
3197:
3187:
3097:
3062:
3057:
2982:
2955:
2929:
2903:
2877:
2807:
2740:
2691:
2687:
2653:
2545:
2488:
2457:
2445:
2289:
2253:
2192:
2132:
2083:
2052:
2040:
1891:
1856:
1732:
1691:
1618:
1558:
1554:
1486:
1404:
1374:
1292:
1153:, body fat percentage can be estimated from a person's BMI by the following formula:
1059:
1047:
631:
600:
402:
211:
100:
90:
31:
2500:
2231:
2144:
959:{\displaystyle \mathrm {BMI} =\mathrm {pounds} {\frac {703}{\mathrm {inches} ^{2}}}}
866:{\displaystyle \mathrm {BMI} ={\frac {\mathrm {kilograms} }{\mathrm {meters} ^{2}}}}
3217:
3212:
3207:
3192:
3127:
3018:
2730:
2722:
2683:
2643:
2535:
2527:
2480:
2435:
2281:
2243:
2182:
2174:
2122:
2114:
2075:
2032:
2003:
1919:
1887:
1883:
1846:
1838:
1722:
1681:
1635:
1608:
1598:
1550:
1476:
1466:
1384:
1369:
1134:
693:
442:
437:
317:
201:
196:
163:
133:
85:
2232:"Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk"
1923:
3122:
2975:
Technical report series 894: Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic
2793:
2079:
1394:
1357:
1043:
878:
680:
646:
are nearly identical and are reasonable estimates of body fatness as measured by
643:
612:
417:
372:
322:
272:
249:
243:
186:
158:
2944:
Peter G. Kopelman; Ian D. Caterson; Michael J. Stock; William H. Dietz (2005).
2918:
Peter G. Kopelman; Ian D. Caterson; Michael J. Stock; William H. Dietz (2005).
2892:
Peter G. Kopelman; Ian D. Caterson; Michael J. Stock; William H. Dietz (2005).
2866:
Peter G. Kopelman; Ian D. Caterson; Michael J. Stock; William H. Dietz (2005).
1842:
1636:
Normal Weight Obesity: An Emerging Risk Factor for Heart and Metabolic Problems
1321:
1309:
physical education, and organized sports has been declining in many countries.
1261:
1089:. In a study of 15,000 people, waist circumference also correlated better with
530:
357:
267:
206:
123:
2606:"Healthy Weight: Assessing Your Weight: BMI: About BMI for Children and Teens"
1517:"Healthy Weight: Assessing Your Weight: BMI: About BMI for Children and Teens"
1000:
As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at a lower BMI than
3262:
3154:
3142:
3132:
2726:
2648:
2631:
1257:
1046:, characterized by excess deposits of fat in the abdominal region and inside
1001:
771:
690:
490:
411:
342:
95:
2248:
1727:
1710:
1686:
1669:
1271:
Body fat percentage measurement techniques used mainly for research include
2744:
2695:
2657:
2549:
2492:
2449:
2257:
2196:
2136:
2087:
2044:
1895:
1860:
1736:
1695:
1622:
1603:
1490:
1471:
1399:
1313:
1138:
697:
607:
has accumulated to the extent that it has an adverse effect on health. The
535:
470:
452:
347:
337:
277:
2890:
Jebb S. and Wells J. Measuring body composition in adults and children In:
2531:
2293:
1562:
1137:
on the obese person. Some obese people would present on abdominal CT with
3072:
3067:
2864:
Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. Social consequences of obesity In:
2036:
1639:
1325:
432:
367:
362:
75:
70:
60:
2760:"Childhood Obesity, Part 1: Weight Evaluation and Comorbidity Screening"
2163:"Management of Obesity in Adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines"
3052:
2942:
Seidell JC. Epidemiology — definition and classification of obesity In:
2711:"Evidence for secular trends in children's physical activity behaviour"
2484:
2426:
2369:
2160:
2127:
2008:
1991:
1379:
1298:
638:
has accumulated to the extent that it has an adverse effect on health.
397:
287:
65:
55:
2178:
1985:
1983:
1668:
Vazquez, G.; Duval, S.; Jacobs, D. R.; Silventoinen, K. (2 May 2007).
1340:
475:
1708:
1252:
There are many other methods used to determine body fat percentage.
2630:
Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL (June 2001).
1980:
1317:
701:
663:
635:
604:
422:
253:
239:
576:
3041:
1964:
686:
627:
596:
407:
257:
45:
615:. BMI is further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the
2968:
2947:
Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children
2921:
Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children
2895:
Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children
2869:
Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children
2213:
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses (2000).
1042:. These measure a common form of obesity known as abdominal or
1013:
500:
2916:
Kopelman P., Caterson I. An overview of obesity management In:
1667:
2103:
1035:
1005:
282:
1125:
1752:
Antropométrie ou Mesure des Différences Facultés de l'Homme
584:
297:
3010:
1989:
1873:
1053:
1024:, 14%, is well within what is considered a healthy range.
16:
Overview of the classification of the condition of obesity
2270:
1027:
The preferred obesity metric in scholarly circles is the
1017:
2629:
1034:
Other proposed but less common obesity measures include
969:
The most commonly used definitions, established by the
2419:
2844:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
2513:
2229:
2065:
1990:
Yamauchi, T; Abe, T; Midorikawa, T; Kondo, M (2004).
1162:
887:
788:
1967:"Assessing obesity: classification and epidemiology"
2708:
1827:"Increases in morbid obesity in the USA: 2000–2005"
1236:
958:
865:
2673:
3260:
2709:Dollman J, Norton K, Norton L (December 2005).
2420:Bazzocchi A, Diano D, Battista G (2012-04-06).
2514:Ho-Pham, LT; Campbell, LV; Nguyen, TV (2011).
3026:
1938:"Many NFL Players Fatter Than Couch Potatoes"
557:
2826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2669:
2667:
2156:
2154:
2099:
2097:
1965:Jacob C Seidell; Katherine M Flegal (1997).
1749:
1653:Normal weight obesity: A hidden health risk?
1133:. Note the 3.6 cm (1.4 inches) of
1584:
1540:
1085:has a particularly strong correlation with
3033:
3019:
1818:
1390:List of countries by Body Mass Index (BMI)
1008:defines it as any BMI of greater than 28.
564:
550:
2806:. International Medical Publishing, Inc.
2795:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
2734:
2664:
2647:
2610:Center for disease control and prevention
2573:
2571:
2563:How to Convert BMI to Body Fat Percentage
2539:
2470:
2439:
2247:
2230:Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R (2004).
2186:
2151:
2126:
2094:
2007:
1850:
1726:
1685:
1612:
1602:
1521:Center for disease control and prevention
1480:
1470:
2757:
2208:
2206:
2022:
1663:
1661:
1452:
1446:
1141:and negligible subcutaneous fat instead.
1124:
583:
575:
1824:
1054:Waist circumference and waist–hip ratio
3261:
2568:
2025:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1509:
1502:
1500:
1114:
3014:
2981:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2203:
1658:
1423:(also called waist-to-stature ratio )
1439:
1437:
1286:
1097:
1497:
13:
2286:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116280
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
895:
892:
889:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
796:
793:
790:
148:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
14:
3280:
2950:. Blackwell Publishing. pp.
2924:. Blackwell Publishing. pp.
2898:. Blackwell Publishing. pp.
2872:. Blackwell Publishing. pp.
1434:
3093:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2688:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x
2516:"More on body fat cutoff points"
2473:International Journal of Obesity
1651:Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D..
1281:dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
1266:bioelectrical impedance analysis
2751:
2702:
2623:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2556:
2507:
2464:
2413:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2358:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2300:
2264:
2223:
2167:The European Journal of Obesity
2059:
2016:
1958:
1944:
1930:
1902:
1867:
1809:
1790:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1743:
1702:
669:
2526:(6): 584, author reply 584–5.
2326:doi:10.1177/193229680700100619
1888:10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.19.x
1645:
1629:
1578:
1569:
1534:
1225:
1211:
1205:
1191:
1185:
1171:
521:Social determinants of obesity
1:
2721:(12): 892–7, discussion 897.
2441:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61925-9
2119:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
1924:10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.9.x
1427:
622:
154:Metabolically healthy obesity
2764:Consultant for Pediatricians
2758:Fennoy I (October 1, 2008).
2343:. 2017-05-05. Archived from
2080:10.1001/archinte.162.18.2074
1555:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90218-X
1453:Sweeting HN (October 2007).
611:(WHO) classifies obesity by
311:Obesity-associated morbidity
7:
3118:Obesity and the environment
3040:
1410:Sagittal Abdominal Diameter
1334:
1165:(Adult) body fat percentage
506:Obesity and the environment
10:
3285:
2586:Jebb and Wells 2005 p. 16.
1843:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.01.006
1785:Obesity A Research Journal
1290:
1277:magnetic resonance imaging
1118:
1057:
678:
3269:Classification of obesity
3163:
3078:Classification of obesity
3048:
2970:World Health Organization
971:World Health Organization
609:World Health Organization
129:Classification of obesity
2850:National Health Services
2727:10.1136/bjsm.2004.016675
2595:Jebb and Wells 2005 p.20
1974:British Medical Bulletin
526:Social stigma of obesity
3103:Anti-obesity medication
2520:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2337:"Week in Review: May 5"
1996:Anthropological Science
1305:in Brazilian children.
486:Fat acceptance movement
393:Anti-obesity medication
81:Gestational weight gain
2649:10.1093/ajcn/73.6.1086
1882:(Suppl 8): S732–S737.
1754:. Brussels: Musquardt.
1604:10.1186/1475-2891-6-32
1472:10.1186/1475-2891-6-32
1238:
1151:anthropometric methods
1142:
1087:cardiovascular disease
960:
867:
674:
593:Obesity classification
589:
581:
3138:Obesity and sexuality
3108:Management of obesity
2532:10.4065/mcp.2011.0097
2249:10.1093/ajcn/79.3.379
1825:Sturm R (July 2007).
1750:Quetelet LAJ (1871).
1728:10.1093/ajcn/75.6.978
1687:10.1093/epirev/mxm008
1674:Epidemiologic Reviews
1421:Waist-to-height ratio
1364:Body mass index Prime
1239:
1128:
1064:Waist-to-height ratio
961:
868:
660:Normal weight obesity
644:body mass index (BMI)
613:body mass index (BMI)
587:
579:
511:Obesity and sexuality
386:Management of obesity
262:Binge eating disorder
222:Waist-to-height ratio
2037:10.1038/ejcn.2009.68
1918:(Suppl 8): S685–93.
1912:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
1876:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
1585:Sweeting HN (2007).
1346:Body adiposity index
1254:Hydrostatic weighing
1160:
885:
786:
496:Health at Every Size
448:Weight loss coaching
182:Body adiposity index
3113:Obesity and walking
3083:Genetics of obesity
1352:Body fat percentage
1273:computed tomography
1121:Body fat percentage
1115:Body fat percentage
1029:body fat percentage
1022:body fat percentage
1002:Western populations
656:body fat percentage
648:percentage body fat
516:Sedentary lifestyle
328:Fatty liver disease
292:Starvation response
192:Body fat percentage
139:Genetics of obesity
3088:Obesity and cancer
2485:10.1038/ijo.2010.5
2009:10.1537/ase.040210
1234:
1143:
1091:metabolic syndrome
1038:circumference and
956:
863:
761:Obese (Class III)
590:
582:
353:Obesity and cancer
234:Related conditions
144:Metabolic syndrome
3256:
3255:
3098:Bariatric surgery
3063:Abdominal obesity
3058:Childhood obesity
2988:978-92-4-120894-9
2961:978-1-4051-1672-5
2935:978-1-4051-1672-5
2909:978-1-4051-1672-5
2883:978-1-4051-1672-5
2813:978-1-58808-002-8
2770:on August 4, 2009
2682:(Suppl 1): 7–66.
2636:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
2422:"How fat is fat?"
2236:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
2179:10.1159/000126822
2068:Arch. Intern. Med
1910:Chinese adults".
1799:The SuRF Report 2
1642:. March 27, 2008.
1459:Nutrition Journal
1405:Relative Fat Mass
1375:Body volume index
1293:Childhood obesity
1287:Childhood obesity
1223:
1203:
1183:
1166:
1098:Body Volume Index
1060:Abdominal obesity
1048:peritoneal cavity
993:A BMI of ≥ 50 is
987:A BMI of ≥ 40 is
954:
877:US/Customary and
861:
768:
767:
753:Obese (Class II)
689:statistician and
632:medical condition
601:medical condition
574:
573:
403:Bariatric surgery
212:Relative Fat Mass
101:Childhood obesity
91:Weight management
32:Human body weight
3276:
3128:Parental obesity
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2991:. Archived from
2980:
2965:
2939:
2913:
2887:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2805:
2797:(NHLBI) (1998).
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2766:. Archived from
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2368:. Archived from
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2113:(9438): 937–52.
2101:
2092:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:Seidell 2005 p.3
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1665:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1543:J Clin Epidemiol
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1385:Corpulence index
1370:Body Shape Index
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1224:
1221:
1204:
1201:
1184:
1181:
1167:
1164:
1135:subcutaneous fat
981:Any BMI ≥ 35 is
965:
963:
962:
957:
955:
953:
952:
947:
923:
921:
898:
872:
870:
869:
864:
862:
860:
859:
854:
833:
804:
799:
745:Obese (Class I)
732:
708:
707:
694:Adolphe Quetelet
634:in which excess
603:in which excess
595:is a ranking of
566:
559:
552:
443:Weight loss camp
438:Obesity medicine
318:Arteriosclerosis
202:Corpulence index
197:Body Shape Index
164:Set point theory
134:Exercise paradox
118:Medical concepts
86:Diet (nutrition)
40:General concepts
19:
18:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3223:Pacific islands
3159:
3123:Obesity paradox
3044:
3039:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2978:
2962:
2936:
2910:
2884:
2855:
2853:
2838:
2834:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2803:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2752:
2715:Br J Sports Med
2707:
2703:
2672:
2665:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2512:
2508:
2469:
2465:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2269:
2265:
2228:
2224:
2211:
2204:
2159:
2152:
2102:
2095:
2064:
2060:
2021:
2017:
1988:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1907:
1903:
1872:
1868:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1707:
1703:
1666:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1416:Waist–hip ratio
1395:Obesity paradox
1358:Body mass index
1337:
1295:
1289:
1220:
1200:
1180:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1123:
1117:
1100:
1070:waist–hip ratio
1066:
1058:Main articles:
1056:
1044:central obesity
1040:waist–hip ratio
995:extreme obesity
948:
928:
927:
922:
902:
888:
886:
883:
882:
855:
835:
834:
805:
803:
789:
787:
784:
783:
730:
691:anthropometrist
683:
681:Body mass index
677:
672:
652:waist–hip ratio
640:Relative weight
625:
617:waist–hip ratio
580:Obesity and BMI
570:
541:
540:
466:
458:
457:
418:Caloric deficit
388:
378:
377:
373:Type 2 diabetes
323:Atherosclerosis
313:
303:
302:
273:Hyperthyroidism
250:Eating disorder
235:
227:
226:
217:Waist–hip ratio
187:Body mass index
177:
169:
168:
159:Obesity paradox
119:
111:
110:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3007:
2987:
2972:(WHO) (2000).
2966:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2914:
2908:
2888:
2882:
2862:
2832:
2812:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2750:
2701:
2663:
2642:(6): 1086–93.
2622:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2577:NICE 2006 p.36
2567:
2555:
2506:
2479:(5): 791–799.
2463:
2412:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2357:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2299:
2274:Am J Epidemiol
2263:
2222:
2202:
2150:
2093:
2074:(18): 2074–9.
2058:
2015:
2002:(2): 179–185.
1979:
1957:
1943:
1929:
1901:
1866:
1817:
1808:
1789:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1742:
1715:Am J Clin Nutr
1701:
1680:(1): 115–128.
1657:
1644:
1628:
1577:
1575:WHO 2000, p. 7
1568:
1533:
1508:
1496:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1322:hyperlipidemia
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1099:
1096:
1055:
1052:
998:
997:
991:
989:morbid obesity
985:
983:severe obesity
967:
966:
951:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
926:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
901:
897:
894:
891:
874:
873:
858:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
802:
798:
795:
792:
776:US "Customary"
766:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
742:
741:
738:
734:
733:
728:
727:Normal weight
724:
723:
720:
716:
715:
712:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
671:
668:
624:
621:
572:
571:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
531:Weight cutting
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
473:
467:
465:Social aspects
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
420:
415:
405:
400:
395:
389:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Osteoarthritis
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
314:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
295:
285:
280:
275:
270:
268:Food addiction
265:
247:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:Lean body mass
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
141:
136:
131:
126:
124:Adipose tissue
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3248:United States
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3155:Overnutrition
3153:
3151:
3150:Social stigma
3148:
3144:
3143:Fat fetishism
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Infectobesity
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3013:
2998:on 2015-05-01
2994:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2372:on 2018-06-20
2371:
2367:
2361:
2347:on 2019-05-07
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2322:
2312:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:(3): 266–73.
2279:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2242:(3): 379–84.
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:(2): 106–16.
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Public Health
1828:
1821:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1721:(6): 978–85.
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:(6): 545–50.
1548:
1544:
1537:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1443:WHO 2000 p. 6
1440:
1438:
1433:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:, in which a
1259:
1258:skinfold test
1255:
1247:
1246:
1231:
1228:
1217:
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343:Heart disease
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3233:Saudi Arabia
3165:Epidemiology
3077:
3000:. Retrieved
2993:the original
2974:
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2854:. Retrieved
2842:
2799:
2787:Bibliography
2772:. Retrieved
2768:the original
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2613:. Retrieved
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2370:the original
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2345:the original
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2031:(1): 16–22.
2028:
2024:
2018:
1999:
1995:
1973:
1960:
1946:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1837:(7): 492–6.
1834:
1830:
1820:
1815:WHO 2000 p.9
1811:
1798:
1792:
1787:16 (1) 266-P
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1524:. Retrieved
1511:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1400:Pignet Index
1330:
1314:hypertension
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1270:
1251:
1148:
1144:
1139:visceral fat
1109:
1105:
1101:
1083:visceral fat
1080:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1033:
1026:
1010:
999:
994:
988:
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968:
769:
756:35.0 – 39.9
748:30.0 – 34.9
740:25.0 – 29.9
719:Underweight
684:
670:Measurements
626:
592:
591:
536:Weight class
471:Comfort food
453:Yo-yo effect
348:Hypertension
338:Gynecomastia
278:Malnutrition
176:Measurements
128:
105:Epidemiology
50:Epidemiology
3073:Weight loss
3068:Weight gain
2852:(NHS). 2006
2774:October 21,
2366:"About BVI"
2128:10983/21615
1640:Mayo Clinic
1506:NHLBI p.xiv
1366:(BMI Prime)
1326:fatty liver
1279:(MRI), and
1275:(CT scan),
737:Overweight
731:18.5 – 24.9
714:BMI (kg/m)
433:Liposuction
368:Sleep apnea
363:Prediabetes
76:Weight loss
71:Weight gain
61:Underweight
3053:Overweight
3002:2009-10-21
2427:The Lancet
2376:2018-06-20
2351:2019-05-07
1764:NHLBI p.60
1428:References
1380:Body water
1299:percentile
1146:disputed.
722:< 18.5
623:Background
398:Bariatrics
288:Starvation
66:Body shape
56:Overweight
3178:Australia
3173:Argentina
2822:cite book
2458:205964850
2316:10865749.
2053:205129856
1597:(1): 32.
1465:(1): 32.
1341:Allometry
1229:−
1218:×
1209:−
1198:×
1178:×
782:Metric:
711:Category
480:Criticism
476:Fast food
3263:Category
3238:Thailand
3228:Pakistan
2856:April 8,
2745:16306494
2696:16371076
2676:Obes Rev
2658:11382664
2615:April 6,
2550:21628621
2501:11456962
2493:20125098
2450:22484135
2341:Insights
2258:14985210
2197:20054170
2145:30811593
2137:15364185
2088:12374515
2045:19654593
1896:12534701
1861:17399752
1737:12036802
1696:17494056
1623:17963490
1491:17963490
1335:See also
1318:diabetes
879:imperial
702:pregnant
664:diabetes
636:body fat
605:body fat
423:Exercise
254:Anorexia
240:Diabetes
24:a series
22:Part of
3243:Ukraine
3203:Germany
3183:Austria
3042:Obesity
2926:319–326
2736:1725088
2541:3104919
2408:Kahn SE
2294:1546702
2188:6452117
1852:2864630
1614:2164947
1563:2037859
1526:6 April
1482:2164947
1131:CT scan
778:units:
764:≥ 40.0
687:Belgian
628:Obesity
597:obesity
427:outline
408:Dieting
258:Bulimia
46:Obesity
3198:France
3188:Canada
2985:
2958:
2932:
2906:
2880:
2846:(NICE)
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2107:Lancet
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1591:Nutr J
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1324:, and
1222:gender
1149:As by
1014:muscle
772:metric
599:, the
501:Hunger
244:Type 1
3218:Malta
3213:Italy
3208:India
3193:China
2996:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2900:12–28
2874:29–45
2839:(PDF)
2804:(PDF)
2497:S2CID
2454:S2CID
2141:S2CID
2049:S2CID
1970:(PDF)
1803:(PDF)
1412:(SAD)
1360:(BMI)
1354:(BFP)
1348:(BAI)
1262:pinch
1215:10.34
1036:waist
1006:China
630:is a
283:RED-S
2983:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2952:3–11
2930:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2858:2009
2828:link
2808:ISBN
2776:2009
2741:PMID
2692:PMID
2654:PMID
2617:2009
2546:PMID
2489:PMID
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2254:PMID
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2133:PMID
2084:PMID
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1733:PMID
1692:PMID
1619:PMID
1559:PMID
1528:2009
1487:PMID
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1062:and
700:and
654:and
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333:GERD
298:PCOS
2731:PMC
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2000:112
1920:doi
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