2042:. NASA wants its crew members to treat each other like coworkers would in a professional environment. A pregnant member on a spacecraft is dangerous to all those aboard. The pregnant woman and child would need additional nutrition from the rations aboard, as well as special treatment and care. The pregnancy would impinge on the pregnant crew member's duties and abilities. It is still not fully known how the environment in a spacecraft would affect the development of a child aboard. It is known however that a fetus would be more susceptible to solar radiation in space, which would likely have a negative effect on its cells and genetics. During a long trip to Mars, it is likely that members of a craft may engage in sex due to their stressful and isolated environment.
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affects the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and neurovestibular (central nervous) systems. The cardiovascular effects are complex. On Earth, blood within the body stays 70% below the heart, but in microgravity this is not the case due to nothing pulling the blood down. This can have several negative effects. Once entering into microgravity, the blood pressure in the lower body and legs is significantly reduced. This causes legs to become weak through loss of muscle and bone mass. Astronauts show signs of a puffy face and chicken legs syndrome. After the first day of reentry back to earth, blood samples showed a 17% loss of blood plasma, which contributed to a decline of
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electricity generation systems rely on solar power, large energy storage facilities will also be needed to cover the periods when dust storms block out the sun, and automatic dust removal systems may be needed to avoid human exposure to conditions on the surface. If the colony is to scale beyond a few people, systems will also need to maximise use of local resources to reduce the need for resupply from Earth, for example by recycling water and oxygen and being adapted to be able to use any water found on Mars, whatever form it is in.
1035:
1470:
647:
6973:"Martian biological contamination may occur if astronauts breathe contaminated dust or if they contact material that is introduced into their habitat. If an astronaut becomes contaminated or infected, it is conceivable that he or she could transmit Martian biological entities or even disease to fellow astronauts, or introduce such entities into the biosphere upon returning to Earth. A contaminated vehicle or item of equipment returned to Earth could also be a source of contamination."
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699:(DLR). Some scientists think that cyanobacteria could play a role in the development of self-sustainable crewed outposts on Mars. They propose that cyanobacteria could be used directly for various applications, including the production of food, fuel and oxygen, but also indirectly: products from their culture could support the growth of other organisms, opening the way to a wide range of life-support biological processes based on Martian resources.
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1461:, modifies the natural trajectory of a spacecraft. Such an orbit would enable continuous communications during solar conjunction by allowing a relay spacecraft to "hover" above Mars, out of the orbital plane of the two planets. Such a relay avoids the problems of satellites stationed at either L4 or L5 by being significantly closer to the surface of Mars while still maintaining continuous communication between the two planets.
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1074:. In the former case, a trip time of forty days could be attainable, and in the latter, a trip time down to about two weeks. In 2016, a University of California, Santa Barbara scientist said they could further reduce travel time for a small robotic probe to Mars down to "as little as 72 hours" with the use of a laser propelled sail (directed photonic propulsion) system instead of the fuel-based rocket propulsion system.
485:) is not stable in the Martian atmosphere and breaks down after a few hours. Also due to the thinness of the atmosphere, the temperature difference between day and night is much larger than on Earth, typically around 70 °C. However, the day/night temperature variation is much lower during dust storms when very little light gets through to the surface even during the day, and instead warms the middle atmosphere.
1913:, and these cannot be removed while preserving the life of the human. Containment seems the only option, but it is a major challenge in the event of a hard landing (i.e. crash). There have been several planetary workshops on this issue, yet no final guidelines for a way forward. Human explorers would also be vulnerable to back contamination to Earth if they become carriers of microorganisms should Mars have life.
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937:(Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation) that places scientists in a simulated Martian laboratory to study the psychological effects of isolation, repetitive tasks, and living in close-quarters with other scientists for up to a year at a time. Computer programs are being developed to assist crews with personal and interpersonal issues in absence of direct communication with professionals on Earth.
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sickness. Returning astronauts also felt disoriented. Journeys to and from Mars being six months is the average time spent at the ISS. Once on Mars with its lesser surface gravity (38% percent of Earth's), these health effects would be a serious concern. Upon return to Earth, recovery from bone loss and atrophy is a long process and the effects of microgravity may never fully reverse.
2145:, challenges the widespread view among advocates that a Mars colony would be friendly to the interests of humans on Earth. According to Deudney, this is merely an assumption based on the largely unexamined claim that a future Mars colony will be a straightforward extension of civilization on Earth, rather than a new kind of civilization with distinct goals, values, fears and desires.
732:. (For instance, half of all water is used during showers.) Similar systems would be needed on Mars but would need to be much more efficient, since regular robotic deliveries of water to Mars would be prohibitively expensive (the ISS is supplied with water four times per year). Potential access to on-site water (frozen or otherwise) via drilling has been investigated by NASA.
1054:, a trip to Mars requires approximately nine months in space. Modified transfer trajectories that cut the travel time down to four to seven months in space are possible with incrementally higher amounts of energy and fuel compared to a Hohmann transfer orbit, and are in standard use for robotic Mars missions. Shortening the travel time below about six months requires higher
852:. The average daily dose was about 220 μGy (22 mrad)—equivalent to 0.08 Gy per year. A three-year exposure to such levels would exceed the safety limits currently adopted by NASA, and the risk of developing cancer due to radiation exposure after a Mars mission could be two times greater than what scientists previously thought. Occasional
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protects against uncharged and highly energetic GCRs. There are ways to mitigate solar radiation, but without much of an atmosphere, the only solution to the GCR flux is heavy shielding amounting to roughly 15 centimeters of steel, 1 meter of rock, or 3 meters of water, limiting human colonists to living underground most of the time.
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2080:, in his lifetime, is "determined to be a part of starting a population on Mars. I think it is absolutely realistic. It will happen... I think over the next 20 years," "we will take literally hundreds of thousands of people to space and that will give us the financial resources to do even bigger things".
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to reach the
Martian surface. There are two main types of radiation risks to traveling outside the protection of Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere: galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles (SEP). Earth's magnetosphere protects from charged particles from the Sun, and the atmosphere
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due to relatively high concentrations of chlorine and associated compounds, such as perchlorates, which are hazardous to all known forms of life, even though some halotolerant microorganisms might be able to cope with enhanced perchlorate concentrations by drawing on physiological adaptations similar
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Settlement of Mars would depend on permanent migration of humans to the planet and the exploitation of local resources. Both are demanding, with large investments needed and people to be ready for life threatening conditions, since the planet is hostile to human life. Its barren surface is subject to
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Robotic spacecraft to Mars are required to be sterilized, to have at most 300,000 spores on the exterior of the craft—and more thoroughly sterilized if they contact "special regions" containing water, otherwise there is a risk of contaminating not only the life-detection experiments but possibly the
258:
Crewed missions to Mars have been proposed, but no person has set foot on the planet, and there have been no return missions. Most of the human mission concepts as currently conceived by national governmental space programs would not be direct precursors to colonization. Programs such as those being
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secretion. On the skeletal system which is important to support body posture, long space flight and exposure to microgravity cause demineralization and atrophy of muscles. During re-acclimation, astronauts were observed to have a myriad of symptoms including cold sweats, nausea, vomiting and motion
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Mars has a surface area that is 28.4% of Earth's, which is only slightly less than the amount of dry land on Earth (which is 29.2% of Earth's surface). Mars has half the radius of Earth and only one-tenth the mass. This means that it has a smaller volume (≈15%) and lower average density than Earth.
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are intended solely as exploration missions, with the establishment of a permanent base possible but not yet the main goal. Colonization requires the establishment of permanent habitats that have the potential for self-expansion and self-sustenance. Two early proposals for building habitats on Mars
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could serve as a relay during this period to solve the problem; even a constellation of communications satellites would be a minor expense in the context of a full colonization program. However, the size and power of the equipment needed for these distances make the L4 and L5 locations unrealistic
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much like Earth, though on average they last nearly twice as long because the
Martian year is about 1.88 Earth years. Mars' temperature regime is more similar to Earth's than to any other planet's in the solar system. While generally colder than Earth, Mars can have Earth-like temperatures in
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No consensus exists about the minimum viable size of a colony required to ensure that inbreeding would not occur. Through mathematical modelling of the time spent by people on work in a colony, Jean-Marc
Salotti concluded that the minimum number for a colony on Mars is 110. This is close to other
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with complex life-support systems. One key aspect of this would be water processing systems. Being made mainly of water, a human being would die in a matter of days without it. Even a 5–8% decrease in total body water causes fatigue and dizziness, and with a 10% decrease comes physical and mental
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and supplies. Equipment that would be necessary would include "machines to produce fertilizer, methane and oxygen from Mars' atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide and the planet's subsurface water ice" as well as construction materials to build transparent domes for initial agricultural areas.
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In order to function, the colony would need the basic utilities to support human civilization. These would need to be designed to handle the harsh
Martian environment and would either have to be serviceable while wearing an EVA suit or housed inside a human habitable environment. For example, if
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put astronauts in zero gravity for six months, a comparable length of time to a one-way trip to Mars. This gives researchers the ability to better understand the physical state that astronauts going to Mars would arrive in. Once on Mars, surface gravity is only 38% of that on Earth. Microgravity
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are common throughout the year and can cover the entire planet for weeks, blocking sunlight from reaching the surface. This has been observed to cause temperature drops of 4 °C for several months after the storm. In contrast, the only comparable events on Earth are infrequent large volcanic
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Moon landing. This is minor in comparison to the 1100-day journey to Mars and back envisioned by NASA for possibly as early as the year 2028. Scientists have also hypothesized that many different biological functions can be negatively affected by the environment of Mars. Due to higher levels of
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Wired systems might lay the groundwork for early crewed landings and bases, by producing various consumables including fuel, oxidizers, water, and construction materials. Establishing power, communications, shelter, heating, and manufacturing basics can begin with robotic systems, if only as a
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suggested that an inducement prize contest should be established, perhaps by government, for the achievement of space colonization. One example provided was offering a prize to the first organization to place humans on the Moon and sustain them for a fixed period before they return to Earth.
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ranges from about 3 minutes at closest approach (approximated by perihelion of Mars minus aphelion of Earth) to 22 minutes at the largest possible superior conjunction (approximated by aphelion of Mars plus aphelion of Earth). Real-time communication, such as telephone conversations or
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is directly between Mars and Earth, although the actual duration of the communications blackout varies from mission to mission depending on various factors—such as the amount of link margin designed into the communications system, and the minimum data rate that is acceptable from a mission
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critique. Seeing the need for inclusive and democratic participation and implementation of any space and Mars exploration, infrastructure, or colonialization, many have called for dramatic sociological reforms and guarantees to prevent racism, sexism, and other forms of prejudice.
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Mars has a surface gravity 0.38 times that of Earth, and the density of its atmosphere is about 0.6% of that on Earth. The relatively strong gravity and the presence of aerodynamic effects make it difficult to land heavy, crewed spacecraft with thrusters only, as was done with the
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A team of researchers which presented at
Geological Society of America Connects 2022 identified some 139 caves worth exploring as potential shelters. Each was within 60 miles (100 km) of a location ideal for use as a landing site and had been imaged in high-resolution by
1633:. SpaceX was successful in developing the reusable technology with Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy and as of April 2024, it was rapidly advancing towards reusability of Starship. This is expected to "have a major impact on the cost of access to space", and change the increasingly
1925:, it was determined that no country may take claim to space or its inhabitants. Since the planet Mars offers a challenging environment and dangerous obstacles for humans to overcome, the laws and culture on the planet will most likely be different from those on Earth. With
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Mars presents a hostile environment for human habitation. Different technologies have been developed to assist long-term space exploration and may be adapted for habitation on Mars. The existing record for the longest consecutive space flight is 438 days by cosmonaut
1707:. However, Mars' thin atmosphere would allow almost all of that energy to reach the surface as compared to Earth, where the atmosphere absorbs roughly a quarter of the solar radiation. Sunlight on the surface of Mars would be much like a moderately cloudy day on Earth.
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to simulate space radiation. The facility studies its effects on living organisms, as well as experimenting with shielding techniques. Initially, there was some evidence that this kind of low level, chronic radiation is not quite as dangerous as once thought; and that
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announcing his plans for travel to Mars, it is uncertain how the dynamic of a private company possibly being the first to put a human on Mars will play out on a national and global scale. NASA had to deal with several cuts in funding. During the presidency of
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skylights have been located on the flanks of Arsia Mons. Earth based examples indicate that some should have lengthy passages offering complete protection from radiation and be relatively easy to seal using on-site materials, especially in small subsections.
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event which threw large amounts of ash into the atmosphere in 1883, causing a global temperature drop of around 1 °C. These dust storms would affect electricity production from solar panels for long periods, and interfere with communications with Earth.
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Zeitlin, C.; Hassler, D. M.; Cucinotta, F. A.; Ehresmann, B.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F.; Brinza, D. E.; Kang, S.; Weigle, G.; et al. (May 31, 2013). "Measurements of
Energetic Particle Radiation in Transit to Mars on the Mars Science Laboratory".
214:. But back then also already the US State Department made clear to avoid the use of the term because of the colonialist meaning. Today "settlement" is preferred out of similar reasons, trying to avoid the broad sociopolitical meaning of colonization.
6897:"No-one has yet proved that there is deep groundwater on Mars, but it is plausible as there is certainly surface ice and atmospheric water vapour, so we wouldn't want to contaminate it and make it unusable by the introduction of micro-organisms."
6677:
7814:; By Iris Fleischer, Olivia Haider, Morten W. Hansen, Robert Peckyno, Daniel Rosenberg and Robert E. Guinness; 30 September 2003; IAC Bremen, 2003 (29 Sept–03 Oct 2003) and MoonMars Workshop (26–28 Sept 2003, Bremen). Accessed on 18 January 2010
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ascents (35 km (114,000 feet) in 1961, 38 km in 2012) is similar to that on the surface of Mars. However, the pilots were not exposed to the extremely low pressure, as it would have killed them, but seated in a pressurized capsule.
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Justifications and motivations for colonizing Mars include technological curiosity, the opportunity to conduct in-depth observational research, the possibility that the settlement of other planets could decrease the probability of
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risk of between 1% and 19% (one estimate is 3.4%) for males to die of cancer because of the radiation during the journey to Mars and back to Earth. For females the probability is higher due to generally larger glandular tissues.
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Author Robert Zubrin has been a major advocate for Mars exploration and colonization for many years. He is a member of the Mars society and has authored several fiction and nonfiction books about the subject. In 1996 he wrote
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released in 2009 reported that "Mars is not an easy place to visit with existing technology and without a substantial investment of resources." NASA is exploring a variety of alternative techniques and technologies such as
1020:: this includes raising children and educating them, health care, preparing meals, cleaning, washing, organizing the work and making decisions. Time for sport, culture and entertainment can be minimized but not eliminated.
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and viewing the Moon "not as a destination but more a point of departure, one that places humankind on a trajectory to homestead Mars and become a two-planet species". In August 2015, Aldrin, in association with the
1836:. It has been speculated that settlers could benefit from the shelter that these or similar structures could provide from radiation and micrometeoroids. Geothermal energy is also suspected in the equatorial regions.
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uses 70–140 litres of water per day on average. Through experience and training, astronauts on the ISS have shown it is possible to use far less, and that around 70% of what is used can be recycled using the
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have shown, it may be that these systems will involve private as well as government ownership. These robotic systems also have a reduced cost compared with early crewed operations, and have less political risk.
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1527:. These systems could help locate resources, such as ground water or ice, that would help a colony grow and thrive. The lifetimes of these systems would be years and even decades, and as recent developments in
1002:: this includes extracting methane for vehicles and if photovoltaic cells are used to produce energy this would include the extraction and processing of silicates, to augment or replace any original equipment.
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Williams D, Kuipers A, Mukai C, Thirsk R. Acclimation during space flight: effects on human physiology. CMAJ: Canadian
Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne 2009;180(13):
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than Earth's, increasing temperature and solar constant variations over the course of the
Martian year. Mars has no rain and virtually no clouds, so although cold, it is permanently sunny (apart from during
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Some early Mars colonies might specialize in developing local resources for
Martian consumption, such as water and/or ice. Local resources can also be used in infrastructure construction. One source of
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Caves would naturally provide a degree of insulation from
Martian hazards for humans on the planet. These hazards include radiation, impactor events, and the wide range in temperatures on the surface.
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and landing a large vehicle. Landing piloted missions on Mars would require braking and landing systems different from anything used to land crewed spacecraft on the Moon or robotic missions on Mars.
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for relay stations, and the inherent stability of these regions, although beneficial in terms of station-keeping, also attracts dust and asteroids, which could pose a risk. Despite that concern, the
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No evidence of abundant resources on Mars with value to Earth has been collected. The distance between Mars and Earth would present a considerable challenge to potential trade between the planets.
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538:) is around 43.3% of what reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere. However, due to the much thinner atmosphere, a higher fraction of the solar energy reaches the surface as radiation. The maximum
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of Mars (17,032 km). A rocket launch would still be needed to get the rocket and cargo to the beginning of the space elevator 28 km above the surface. The surface of Mars is rotating at 0.25
4933:. NASA. 30 September 2015. Quote: " a trip to interplanetary space carries more radiation risk than working in low-Earth orbit, said Jonathan Pellish, a space radiation engineer at Goddard."
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986:(6,000+ years). Other studies, focused on interstellar settlement, have concluded that minimum viable populations or a desirable number of colonists range from 198 to as high as 10,000.
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Mui, K. W., Wong, L. T., & Law, L. Y. (2007). Domestic water consumption benchmark development for Hong Kong. Building Services Engineering Research & Technology, 28(4), p. 329.
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It is unforeseen how the first human landing on Mars will change the current policies regarding the exploration of space and occupancy of celestial bodies. In the 1967 United Nations
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as previously estimated, exposing astronauts to greater risk of cancer and other diseases. As a result of the higher radiation in the Martian environment, the summary report of the
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Due to the communication delays, new protocols need to be developed in order to assess crew members' psychological health. Researchers have developed a Martian simulation called
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of Mars is the hypothetical set of planetary engineering projects that would modify Mars to allow terrestrial life to survive free of protection or mediation. Proposals for the
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669:. However, the surface is not hospitable to humans or most known life forms due to the radiation, greatly reduced air pressure, and an atmosphere with only 0.16% oxygen.
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1403:, between Earth and Mars would be highly impractical due to the long time lags involved. NASA has found that direct communication can be blocked for about two weeks every
1391:. While these will eventually wear out, additional orbiters with communication relay capability are likely to be launched before any colonization expeditions are mounted.
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Smith, Cameron M. (April 2014). "Estimation of a genetically viable population for multigenerational interstellar voyaging: Review and data for project Hyperion".
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cause DNA damage, which significantly increases the risk of cancer. The effect of long-term travel in interplanetary space is unknown, but scientists estimate an
1014:: even if the base is constructed before arrival, it will need frequent adaptation according to the evolution of the settlement as well as inevitable replacement.
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Humans have explored parts of Earth that match some conditions on Mars. Based on NASA rover data, temperatures on Mars (at low latitudes) are similar to those in
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was a proposed project designed to learn more about what effect Mars' lower surface gravity would have on humans, but it was cancelled due to a lack of funding.
996:: producing appropriate gases, controlling air composition pressure and temperature, collecting and producing water, growing food and processing organic wastes.
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would be needed to get to the space elevator. Phobos orbits at 2.15 km/s and the outer most part of the space elevator would rotate around Mars at 3.52 km/s.
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Conditions on the surface of Mars are closer to the conditions on Earth in terms of temperature and sunlight than on any other planet or moon, except for the
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organisms that survive in hostile conditions on Earth have endured periods of exposure to environments that approximate some of the conditions found on Mars.
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4961:"Non-Targeted Effects Models Predict Significantly Higher Mars Mission Cancer Risk than Targeted Effects Models." Francis A. Cucinotta, and Eliedonna Cacao.
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used to produce food, propellant, water, energy and breathable oxygen—in order to support human colonization efforts. Required equipment will include:
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is much colder than Earth, with mean surface temperatures between 186 and 268 K (−87 and −5 °C) (depending on the season and latitude). The
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promised to return humans to the Moon and eventually Mars, and increased the NASA budget by $ 1.1 billion, to mostly focus on development of the new
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Mars colonization is advocated by several non-governmental groups for a range of reasons and with varied proposals. One of the oldest groups is the
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when Earth is above the Martian horizon. NASA and ESA included communications relay equipment in several of the Mars orbiters, so Mars already has
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Keating, A.; Goncalves, P. (November 2012). "The impact of Mars geological evolution in high energy ionizing radiation environment through time".
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advocates recycling emergency return vehicles into permanent settlements as soon as initial explorers determine permanent habitation is possible.
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who promote a NASA program to accomplish human exploration of Mars and have set up Mars analog research stations in Canada and the United States.
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on Mars is about 590 W/m compared to about 1000 W/m at the Earth's surface; optimal conditions on the Martian equator can be compared to those on
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over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative
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2134:, presented a "master plan", for NASA consideration, for astronauts, with a "tour of duty of ten years", to colonize Mars before the year 2040.
1008:: extracting and processing appropriate ores, manufacturing tools and other objects; producing clothes, medicine, glass, ceramics, and plastics.
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Heinz, Jacob; Doellinger, Joerg; Maus, Deborah; Schneider, Andy; Lasch, Peter; Grossart, Hans-Peter; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk (August 10, 2022).
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1703:(the amount of solar radiation that reaches Mars) is about 42% of that on Earth, since Mars is about 52% farther from the Sun and insolation
856:(SPEs) produce much higher doses, as observed in September 2017, when NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of Mars were temporarily
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6935:, Michael Meltzer, May 31, 2012, see Chapter 7, Return to Mars – final section: "Should we do away with human missions to sensitive targets"
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similar to spacecraft, capable of containing a pressure between 30 and 100 kPa. The atmosphere is also toxic as most of it consists of
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Aubert AE, Beckers F, Verheyden B. Cardiovascular function and basics of physiology in microgravity. Acta Cardiologica 2005;60(2): 129–151.
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1336:) engines have been suggested for early surface transportation use as both carbon monoxide and oxygen can be straightforwardly produced by
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have successfully explored the surface of Mars and delivered information about conditions on the ground. The first successful lander, the
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Elon Musk founded SpaceX with the long-term goal of developing the technologies that will enable a self-sustaining human colony on Mars.
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Dangerous amounts of radiation reach Mars' surface despite it being much further from the Sun compared to Earth. Mars has lost its inner
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would have to throw a bunch of stuff before you start putting people there. ... It is a transportation system between Earth and Mars.
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If one assumes carbon nanotube construction material will be available with a strength of 130 GPa (19,000,000 psi) then a
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occurs. However, results from a 2006 study indicated that protons from cosmic radiation may cause twice as much serious damage to
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5394:"Estimation of a genetically viable population for multigenerational interstellar voyaging: Review and data for project Hyperion"
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1987:, especially regarding Mars colonial decision making, reasons for colonial labor and land exploitation have been questioned with
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Puumala, Mikko M.; Sivula, Oskari; Lehto, Kirsi (2023). "Moving to Mars: The Feasibility and Desirability of Mars Settlements".
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Heer M, Paloski WH. Space motion sickness: Incidence, etiology, and countermeasures. Autonomic Neuroscience 2006; 129(1): 77–79.
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1457:. These are a special kind of orbit produced when continuous low-thrust propulsion, such as that produced from an ion engine or
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to launch spacecraft is energetically favorable and a useful location from which to dispatch missions to main belt asteroids.
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have been put forward, but there is considerable debate about their feasibility and the ethics associated with terraforming.
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116:, though far enough from Earth that the distance would present a serious limitation on importing goods and people to travel.
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4212:"Perchlorate-specific proteomic stress responses of Debaryomyces hansenii could enable microbial survival in Martian brines"
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To be self-sustaining, a colony would have to be large enough to provide all the necessary living services. These include:
8550:
7973:
7841:
2538:
7696:
6982:
Szocik, Konrad, Kateryna Lysenko-Ryba, Sylwia Banaś, and Sylwia Mazur. "Political and Legal Challenges in a Mars Colony."
4392:"The adaptation potential of extremophiles to Martian surface conditions and its implication for the habitability of Mars"
840:(MARIE), to measure the radiation. MARIE found that radiation levels in orbit above Mars are 2.5 times higher than at the
9048:
8635:
7521:"Mars ain't the kind of place to raise your kid: Ethical implications of pregnancy on missions to colonize other planets"
7283:
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Colonization of Mars would require a wide variety of equipment—both equipment to directly provide services to humans and
478:
164:
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6528:
5784:"Mars Needs Insects – If humans are ever going to live on the red planet, they're going to have to bring bugs with them"
4561:
167:, among others) have explored the concept, but have mainly done work on exploring Mars robotically and possibly crewed.
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has argued that a fully developed Mars colony represents an existential threat to humans remaining on Earth. His book,
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at the equator and the bottom of the space elevator would be rotating around Mars at 0.77 km/s, so only 0.52 km/s of
127:
The prospect of settling Mars has captured the imagination of contemporary space faring societies. Being explored in
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26:
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It is impossible to sterilize human missions to this level, as humans are host to typically a hundred trillion
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standpoint. In reality most missions at Mars have had communications blackout periods of the order of a month.
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In the literature there has been a differentiation of the different stages Mars settlement would encompass:
124:, the interest in establishing a colony independent of Earth and in economic exploitation of its resources.
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8154:
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875:
474:, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and traces totaling less than 0.4% of other gases, including oxygen).
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cannot be expected as a near-term solution, habitable structures on Mars would need to be constructed with
264:
8344:
7751:
4447:
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could extend down from Phobos to Mars 6,000 km, about 28 kilometers from the surface, and just out of the
654:
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9514:
9400:
9253:
9008:
9003:
8912:
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8091:
5730:. Space Technology and Applications International Forum – Staif 2003. Vol. 654. pp. 1227–1235.
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Mars greenhouses feature in many colonization designs, especially for food production and other purposes.
1234:
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793:
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9437:
9185:
9018:
8889:
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8662:
6496:
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Verseux, Cyprien; Baqué, Mickael; Lehto, Kirsi; de Vera, Jean-Pierre P.; et al. (August 3, 2015).
4406:
1626:
1273:
558:
7938:
6636:"Hubble Examines Massive Metal Asteroid Called 'Psyche' That's Worth Way More Than Our Global Economy"
6464:
5303:
4058:
3401:
West, John B. (1999). "Barometric pressures on Mt. Everest: New data and physiological significance".
3174:
Scharmen, Fred (July 3, 2017). "Highest and Best Use: Subjectivity and Climates Off and After Earth".
3073:"Obama takes a shot at the likes of Musk and Bezos, says we must protect Earth before colonizing Mars"
9305:
9120:
8812:
8630:
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7912:
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6501:
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5305:
A City on Mars: Can we settle space, should we settle space, and have we really thought this through?
4984:
1539:
1446:
949:
Artist's conception of the process of terraforming Mars as discussed in some works of science fiction
412:
64:. Currently there are only proposals for Mars colonization and humans have not set foot on Mars yet.
6604:"Space Mining: Scientists Discover Two Asteroids Whose Precious Metals Would Exceed Global Reserves"
4180:
2038:
during the trip. According to NASA's policies, it is forbidden for members of the crew to engage in
408:
194:
The terminology used to refer to humans on Mars has been scrutinized since at least the 2010s, with
9551:
9223:
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6103:"MATE and DART: An Instrument Package for Characterizing Solar Energy and Atmospheric Dust on Mars"
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2527:
2456:
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1951:
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1561:, a number of robotic cargo missions would be undertaken first in order to transport the requisite
1388:
756:
8555:
7188:
6946:"Planetary Protection Knowledge Gaps for Human Extraterrestrial Missions: Goals and Scope." (2015)
6668:"NASA Heads for 'Psyche,' A Mysterious Metallic Asteroid That Could be the Heart of a Dead Planet"
4536:"Higher, Farther, and Longer — Record Balloon Flights in the Second Part of the Twentieth Century"
3235:
Mutch, T.A.; et al. (August 1976). "The Surface of Mars: The View from the Viking 1 Lander".
1812:
It has been proposed to set up a first base at a Martian pole, which would allow access to water.
1197:
Various technologies and devices for Mars are shown in the conceptual illustration of a Mars base.
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8605:
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8134:
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2422:
1887:. The atmospheric pressure is relatively higher in this place when compared to the rest of Mars.
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1634:
1603:
884:
879:
Comparison of radiation doses—includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the
849:
696:
650:
An expedition-style crewed mission would operate on the surface, but for limited amounts of time.
6060:
Workshop on Mars 2001: Integrated Science in Preparation for Sample Return and Human Exploration
3211:"Colonizing Mars could be dangerous and ridiculously expensive. Elon Musk wants to do it anyway"
2094:
The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility
1038:
Rendezvous, an interplanetary stage and lander stage come together over Mars (artist conception)
21:
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radiation, there are a multitude of physical side-effects that must be mitigated. In addition,
618:
Plants and animals cannot survive the ambient conditions on the surface of Mars. However, some
140:
6963:
5186:
5180:
4512:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. June 12, 2007. Archived from
4319:
2154:
2116:
1686:. Iron in this form is more easily extracted than from the iron oxides that cover the planet.
1606:
in the 2020s has substantially reduced the cost of access to space. With a published price of
1193:
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128:
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2159:
A few instances in fiction provide detailed descriptions of Mars colonization. They include:
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1821:
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1222:
1169:. A similar space elevator cable could extend out 6,000 km the opposite direction that would
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865:
707:
599:
552:
331:
180:
93:
85:
57:
6571:
4985:"Large solar storm sparks global aurora and doubles radiation levels on the martian surface"
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2417:
729:
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8361:
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6052:
5920:
5855:
5731:
5452:
5405:
5348:
5073:
5027:
5016:
Kerr, Richard (May 31, 2013). "Radiation Will Make Astronauts' Trip to Mars Even Riskier".
4906:. Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division, Johnson Space Center, NASA. Archived from
4477:
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4223:
4101:
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8:
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astronaut and second person to set foot on the Moon, has recommended human Mars missions.
2000:
1939:
1799:
Mining the asteroid belt from Mars and its moons could help in the colonization of Mars.
1783:
1427:
1420:
1400:
1202:
1173:
Phobos. In total the space elevator would extend out over 12,000 km which would be below
504:
481:, which causes instability in the molecular bonds between atoms. For example, ammonia (NH
6945:
6812:
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6403:
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3932:
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3758:
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2981:
2091:
He continues to advocate for Mars and space exploration with his most recent book being
1934:, the objective for NASA to reach Mars was pushed to the background. In 2017, president
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983:
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853:
825:
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604:
555:). This means solar panels can always operate at maximum efficiency on dust-free days.
343:
195:
81:
69:
4345:. Glenn Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
1621:
rockets are already the "cheapest in the industry". SpaceX's reusability includes the
824:
than Earth has. Combined with a thin atmosphere, this permits a significant amount of
9310:
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2019:
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6411:
6089:
Mars 2001: Integrated Science in Preparation for Sample Return and Human Exploration
5948:
5673:"The Mars Landing Approach: Getting Large Payloads to the Surface of the Red Planet"
5598:
5464:
5417:
4513:
3430:
3280:
2137:
There are critics of the project of Mars colonization. American political scientist
765:
593:
9657:
9568:
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8735:
8647:
8128:
8076:
7849:
7542:
7532:
6720:
6575:
6407:
6390:
Landis, Geoffrey A. (2009). "Meteoritic steel as a construction resource on Mars".
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5928:
5863:
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5739:
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5364:
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4943:
Study: Collateral Damage from Cosmic Rays Increases Cancer Risk for Mars Astronauts
4790:
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4231:
4129:
4109:
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3911:
3762:
3607:
3450:
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3252:
3183:
3017:
3016:. Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung.
2990:
2985:
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2362:
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2175:
2004:
1910:
1762:
1724:
1700:
1670:
1434:
1082:
1034:
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922:
539:
277:
121:
113:
61:
6361:
President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy
5509:
5242:
5101:
5039:
4151:"Mars covered in toxic chemicals that can wipe out living organisms, tests reveal"
3187:
1646:
President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy
9544:
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9300:
8958:
8849:
8745:
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8725:
8677:
8667:
8620:
8615:
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8510:
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8422:
8334:
7942:
7826:
7602:"Richard Branson on space travel: "I'm determined to start a population on Mars""
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6952:
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2399:
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2014:
The predominant perspective of territorial colonization in space has been called
2007:, continuing the narrative of colonial exploration as fundamental to the assumed
1988:
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1880:
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1517:
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and oxygen, later for a wider cross section of minerals, building materials, etc.
1158:
1059:
752:
748:
512:
463:
451:
400:
364:
353:
109:
6701:"Systems engineering and design of a Mars Polar Research Base with a human crew"
6699:
Rüede, Anne-Marlene; Ivanov, Anton; Leonardi, Claudio; Volkova, Tatiana (2019).
6145:(audio file). The Space Show. Event occurs at 29:45–30:40. 2212. Archived from
1066:
technologies, some of which have already been tested to varying levels, such as
9681:
9498:
9258:
8580:
8535:
8490:
8260:
8139:
8029:
7776:
7698:
Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics, and the Ends of Humanity
6692:
5360:
4970:
3021:
2543:
2532:
2394:
2289:
2143:
Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics, and the Ends of Humanity
2138:
1720:
1469:
1404:
1395:
1310:
1269:
1226:
1170:
1162:
1127:
1119:, yet the atmosphere is too thin for aerodynamic effects to be of much help in
1071:
864:
25-times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected,
845:
798:
685:
535:
498:
471:
467:
184:
132:
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3910:
Haberle, R. M.; McKay, C. P.; Pollack, J. B.; Gwynne, O. E.; Atkinson, D. H.;
3611:
3375:
1347:
without requiring use of any of the Martian water resources to obtain hydrogen
9693:
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9136:
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8948:
8940:
8874:
8829:
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8685:
8600:
8515:
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8390:
7757:
7477:"Colonization of the Venusian Clouds: Is 'Surfacism' Clouding Our Judgement?"
7253:"Against Mars-a-Lago: Why SpaceX's Mars colonization plan should terrify you"
7101:"Trump, Congress approve largest U.S. Research spending increase in a decade"
6732:
6223:
6053:"The Mars In-Situ-Propellant-Production Precursor (MIP) Flight Demonstration"
5176:
4565:
4245:
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105:
89:
7379:"When discussing Humanity's next move to space, the language we use matters"
6026:
5932:
5752:
5085:
4795:
4778:
4338:
Landis, Geoffrey A.; Colozza, Anthony; LaMarre, Christopher M. (June 2002).
4295:(illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 600.
4236:
4211:
1956:
1792:
could have $ 27 quadrillion worth of minerals and resources. Using the moon
1682:
currently known to be available is metallic iron in the form of nickel–iron
1542:
MIP (Mars ISPP Precursor) was to demonstrate manufacture of oxygen from the
9610:
9467:
9327:
9322:
9263:
9195:
9175:
8839:
8595:
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7784:
7556:
6926:
When Biospheres Collide – a history of NASA's Planetary Protection Programs
6700:
6241:
5940:
5378:
5146:
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4121:
3766:
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2819:
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2311:
2250:
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2070:
2066:
2039:
2008:
1996:
1968:
1935:
1931:
1861:
1829:
1690:
1622:
1566:
1547:
1546:, and test solar cell technologies and methods of mitigating the effect of
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715:
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531:
404:
320:
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88:
fluctuating between −70 and 0 °C (−94 and 32 °F). While Mars has
56:
has limited, and national space programs have avoided, instead focusing on
49:
7819:
MARTIAN OUTPOST: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on Mars
5479:
3675:
2034:
One possible ethical challenge that space travelers might face is that of
776:
The difference in gravity may negatively affect human health by weakening
251:
9072:
9067:
8530:
8351:
8159:
8149:
7725:
7446:"A Look Into Whether Humans Should Try to Colonize Venus Instead of Mars"
7410:
4466:"Sustainable life support on Mars – the potential roles of cyanobacteria"
3814:
3660:
3626:
2728:
2368:
2169:
2101:
2054:
1984:
1980:
1696:
1689:
Another inter-Martian trade good during colonization could be manure, as
1442:
probes passed through the L4 and L5 regions without damage in late 2009.
1383:
Communications with Earth are relatively straightforward during the half-
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211:
188:
101:
77:
7958:
7896:
was created from a revision of this article dated 8 April 2021
4113:
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could be built to land people and material on Mars. A space elevator on
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2221:
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announced a plan to establish a settlement on Mars by 2117, led by the
246:
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97:
72:
and is covered by fine, toxic dust, making the surface more toxic than
9676:
7925:
7572:"SpaceX Billionaire Elon Musk Wants A Martian Colony Of 80,000 People"
5743:
4921:
Real Martians: How to Protect Astronauts from Space Radiation on Mars.
3010:"Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it's not yours, either"
2966:"Moving to Mars: The Feasibility and Desirability of Mars Settlements"
2786: – Human habitats located in environments inhospitable for humans
1979:
Space colonization in general has been discussed as a continuation of
1453:, has suggested an alternative relay architecture based on highly non-
411:, it is not known if Martian gravity would have a similar effect. The
9392:
9332:
9268:
8902:
8765:
8293:
7047:
6556:"Phobos and Mars orbit as a base for asteroid exploration and mining"
6469:
5619:"Space radiation between Earth and Mars poses a hazard to astronauts"
4712:"NASA's Journey to Mars – Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration"
4181:"Toxic Mars: Astronauts Must Deal with Perchlorate on the Red Planet"
4085:"Global warming and climate forcing by recent albedo changes on Mars"
2853:
2742: – Proposed concepts for the human colonization of the asteroids
2681:
2643:
2631:
2346:
2112:
2058:
2035:
1965:
1926:
1768:
1683:
1354:
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234:
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53:
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7763:
The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
7158:"Finally, some details about how NASA actually plans to get to Mars"
7043:"President Obama's Space Legacy: Mars, Private Spaceflight and More"
5182:
The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
5060:
3981:"Sunlight on Mars – Is There Enough Light on Mars to Grow Tomatoes?"
3332:
The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
2822: – Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars
2771: – Cancer causing exposure to ionizing radiation in spaceflight
2087:
The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
768:
contains high levels of toxins which are hazardous to human health.
9342:
9054:
9035:
8907:
8202:
8086:
7189:"NASA Reveals New Gateway Logo for Artemis Lunar Orbit Way Station"
6900:
6296:"Recycled rockets: SpaceX calls time on expendable launch vehicles"
6091:, Lunar and Planetary Institute, October 2–4, 1999, Houston, Texas.
5867:
5393:
4989:
4965:, Scientific Reports, volume 7, Article number: 1832. 12 May 2017.
2888:
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207:
40:
is the proposed process of establishing and maintaining control of
5599:
Starlight: Directed Energy for Relativistic Interstellar Missions.
1324:
Fuels or other energy source for use with surface transportation;
1284:
982:
studies of the genetic problems involved in the longer journey to
945:
891:
Much remains to be learned about space radiation. In 2003, NASA's
872:) would significantly lower the colonists' exposure to radiation.
104:
conditions are weak for electricity generation, and resources for
8545:
8234:
7668:
6554:
Taylor, Anthony J.; McDowell, Jonathan C.; Elvis, Martin (2022).
6327:"Reducing the Cost of Space Travel with Reusable Launch Vehicles"
2900: – Hypothetical modification of Mars into a habitable planet
2864:
2180:
1746:
1742:
1652:
1449:'s Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory, in collaboration with the
1182:
1055:
1043:
934:
6841:
Cushing, G. E.; Titus, T. N.; Wynne1, J. J.; Christensen, P. R.
5911:
Gangale, T. (2005). "MarsSat: Assured Communication with Mars".
5882:"During Solar Conjunction, Mars Spacecraft Will Be on Autopilot"
5846:
Landis (2001). "Mars Rocket Vehicle Using In Situ Propellants".
2626:
1553:
Before any people are transported to Mars on the notional 2020s
9625:
8110:
6672:
6640:
6608:
6142:
Broadcast 2212: Special Edition, interview with Gwynne Shotwell
5608:
UCSB Experimental Cosmology Group. Accessed on 9 November 2019.
4083:
Fenton, Lori K.; Geissler, Paul E.; Haberle, Robert M. (2007).
2792: – Astronautical use of materials harvested in outer space
1857:
1841:
1615:
1610:
per launch of up to 22,800 kg (50,300 lb) payload to
1558:
1439:
1329:
1214:
925:
of plasma to protect astronauts and spacecraft from radiation.
861:
781:
755:. The longest time spent outside the protection of the Earth's
706:. The atmospheric pressure at the highest altitudes reached by
673:
580:
7920:
7664:"Buzz Aldrin joins university, forming 'master plan' for Mars"
7505:
Minkel, JR. "Sex and Pregnancy on Mars: A Risky Proposition."
3745:
Hecht, M. H. (2002). "Metastability of Liquid Water on Mars".
2050:
1860:
image of a lava tube skylight entrance on the Martian volcano
8239:
7724:
2856: – Attempts by various countries to land a human on Mars
1738:
1640:
Alternative funding approaches might include the creation of
1047:
175:
Flying humans to Mars has been a recurring popular idea, but
73:
29:
approaching Mars, a concept colonyship of the in-development
4748:"Speech Monitoring of Cognitive Deficits and Stress – NSBRI"
4209:
1786:
orbiter, which is set to reach the asteroid by August 2029.
579:
of 25.19°, similar to Earth's 23.44°. As a result, Mars has
9615:
8413:
7993:
7935:
7415:"We need to change the way we talk about space exploration"
7030:
Commercial Space Exploration: Ethics, Policy and Governance
6888:
Queens University Belfast scientist helps NASA Mars project
6465:"Potato-Shaped Mars Moon Phobos May be a Captured Asteroid"
6230:
5341:"Minimum number of Settlers for Survival on Another planet"
3786:
2446:
1779:
1730:
1588:
Post-settlement: self-sufficient society (long-term future)
1178:
1150:
777:
658:
260:
148:
41:
7846:
Ice, mineral-rich soil could support human outpost on Mars
6698:
5302:
Weinersmith, Kelly; Weinersmith, Zach (November 7, 2023).
3446:"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body"
1916:
714:
Human survival on Mars would require living in artificial
695:
in the Mars Simulation Laboratory (MSL) maintained by the
8144:
6881:
6840:
3921:
Atmospheric Effects on the Utility of Solar Power on Mars
3909:
2377:
1412:
913:
751:, and the most accrued time in space is 878 days by
527:
268:
152:
6100:
5963:"Sun-Mars Libration Points and Mars Mission Simulations"
5817:"SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power"
4783:
Korean Journal of Aerospace & Environmental Medicine
4463:
3953:
Sharonov, V. V. (1957). "1957SvA.....1..547S Page 547".
3782:"NASA Mars Spacecraft Reveals a More Dynamic Red Planet"
3627:"Dr. David Whitehouse – Ammonia on Mars could mean life"
2964:
Puumala, Mikko M.; Sivula, Oskari; Lehto, Kirsi (2023).
1999:" has been criticized as an unreflected continuation of
1585:
In-settlement: permanent settlement (medium-term future)
1153:, where the same face stays facing the planet at ~6,028
1058:
and an increasing amount of fuel, and is difficult with
8382:
4620:"Students Work to Find Ways to Drill for Water on Mars"
2893:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2891: – Spaceflight not paid for by a government agency
2878:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2869:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2815:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2807: – Architecture of off-planet habitable structures
2800:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2773:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1832:
found what appear to be natural caves near the volcano
1077:
During the journey, the astronauts would be subject to
724:
6101:
Landis, G. A.; Jenkins, P.; Scheiman, D.; Baraona, C.
5721:"Space Colonization Using Space-Elevators from Phobos"
5301:
4538:. U.S. Centennial Of Flight Commission. Archived from
3295:"China plans its first crewed mission to Mars in 2033"
1710:
1137:
9641:
7509:. Space.com, 11 February 2011. Web. 09 December 2016.
5637:
5570:"NASA Scientist: I can get humans to Mars in a month"
5540:"Ion engine could one day power 39-day trips to Mars"
5153:. NASA Space Radiation Laboratory. November 1, 2011.
4082:
4016:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 83.
2656:. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (
1597:
298:
143:, and pursued by some private organizations (such as
6383:
5117:"Data Point to Radiation Risk for Travelers to Mars"
4337:
2908: – Robert Zubrin book on potential colonization
2018:, especially comparing advocacy for colonization of
1188:
868:. Building living quarters underground (possibly in
638:
on Mars is 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35.244 seconds.
546:
in the Canadian Arctic in June. Mars' orbit is more
48:. Most colonization concepts focus on settling, but
6553:
4952:. University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). May 2017.
4876:Simonsen, Lisa C.; Nealy, John E. (February 1991).
4777:Nguyen, Nguyen; Kim, Gyutae; Kim, Kyu-Sung (2020).
4572:
4564:. Sable Systems International. 2014. Archived from
2937:"Bill Nye: It's Space Settlement, Not Colonization"
2833: – Research simulating the environment on Mars
7001:"Elon Musk's Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond"
6919:
6529:"Could We Use Mars as a Base for Asteroid Mining?"
6201:
5480:"#21b, Flight to Mars: How Long? Along what Path?"
5270:"Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars"
4051:"Teachers guide – Sunlight on mars – Tomatosphere"
3708:
3526:
3329:
2963:
2876: – Fine regolith found on the surface of Mars
2760: – Medical issues associated with spaceflight
641:
287:At the February 2017 World Government Summit, the
240:
52:is a broader ethical concept, which international
6843:"THEMIS Observes Possible Cave Skylights on Mars"
4847:"How Will Living On Mars Affects Our Human Body?"
4390:de Vera, J.-P.; Kohler, Ulrich (April 26, 2012).
4356:
3780:Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (December 10, 2013).
2754: – Proposed colonization of the planet Venus
2668:; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to
918:Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee
534:entering its upper atmosphere per unit area (the
187:currently pursue, as they aim to land humans for
9691:
7799:On to Mars 2: Exploring and Settling a New World
7731:Mission to Mars: My Vision for Space Exploration
6994:
6992:
5510:"Variable-Specific-Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket"
5210:
5208:
5206:
3589:
3098:"The Case for Colonizing Mars, by Robert Zubrin"
2845: – Facility where humans could live on Mars
2798: – Defunct, proposed a crewed flyby mission
1802:
1582:Pre-settlement: small outpost (near-term future)
1496:The path to a human colony could be prepared by
7948:Making Mars the New Earth – National Geographic
7284:"Rethinking the Narrative of Mars Colonisation"
5297:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5217:"Space Radiation Hinders NASA's Mars Ambitions"
5214:
4673:
4292:Mars: Prospective Energy and Material Resources
4013:Mars: Prospective Energy and Material Resources
3659:. Centro de Astrobiología. 2015. Archived from
3553:
2914: – Study of past and present water on Mars
2558:
1699:is a candidate for power for a Martian colony.
1251:Airlock, for pressurization and dust management
1081:, which would require a means to protect them.
16:Proposed concepts for human settlements on Mars
7926:The Planetary Society: Mars Millennium Project
7829:; by Erik Seedhouse; Praxis Publishing; 2009;
6916:(20 October 2002; As Amended to 24 March 2011)
6439:"Effect of Clouds and Pollution on Insolation"
6352:"A Journey to Inspire, Innovate, and Discover"
6132:
5664:
4459:
4457:
3437:
2959:
2957:
1669:Iron–nickel meteorite found on Mars' surface (
1653:Local resource extraction and trade with Earth
1068:Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
9408:
8398:
7974:
7701:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
7624:
7220:"How imperialism shaped the race to the moon"
6989:
6801:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
5995:"A Novel Interplanetary Communications Relay"
5888:. JPL, NASA. October 20, 2006. Archived from
5215:Gutierrez-Folch, Anita (September 17, 2009).
5203:
5054:
5009:
4976:
4875:
4779:"Effects of Microgravity on Human Physiology"
4651:"Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars"
4389:
3773:
3320:
3318:
3316:
2813: – Proposed human Mars program by SpaceX
1046:) to reach from Earth than any planet except
1029:
7655:
7518:
7437:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6287:
6127:Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration
5775:
5644:Williams, Dr. David R. (September 1, 2004).
5288:
5108:
4776:
4580:"How much water does an average person use?"
4383:
3779:
3686:"Opportunity Hunkers Down During Dust Storm"
3047:"Should We Colonize Space or Decolonize It?"
2885: – 2004 US human space exploration plan
1883:is the lowest lying plain below the Martian
508:finding less than in Earth's driest desert.
369:6.25 kPa (0.906 psi) (0.0617 atm)
359:1.16 kPa (0.168 psi) (0.0114 atm)
255:lander, touched down on the planet in 1976.
233:Mars colony, despite limiting international
7797:Frank Crossman and Robert Zubrin, editors,
6873:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6763:"House-Hunting on Mars Has Already Started"
6256:
6169:
5808:
5169:
4454:
3234:
2954:
2839: – Longest-running Mars analog habitat
2731: – Study of plants grown in spacecraft
2029:
1394:The one-way communication delay due to the
1378:
976:
526:Because Mars is about 52% farther from the
380:33.7 kPa (4.89 psi) (0.3326 atm)
284:, an advocate of the colonization of Mars.
217:Today the term is most prominently used by
9415:
9401:
8405:
8391:
7981:
7967:
7812:Resource Utilization Concepts for MoonMars
7348:"The racist language of space exploration"
7187:Pearlman, Robert Z. (September 18, 2019).
7128:"Bigger Than Saturn, Bound for Deep Space"
6794:"The utility of geothermal energy on Mars"
5913:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5839:
5714:
5712:
5532:
5334:
5332:
4143:
3624:
3313:
2337:(2000), developed by Creative Reality for
1614:or 4,020 kg (8,860 lb) to Mars,
735:
634:) is very close in duration to Earth's. A
570:
407:is known to cause health problems such as
7988:
7766:, Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1996,
7546:
7536:
7519:Schuster, Haley; Peck, Steven L. (2016).
7474:
6747:
6579:
6324:
6177:"Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder"
5815:Belluscio, Alejandro G. (March 7, 2014).
5814:
5751:
5718:
5699:"The Space Elevator – Chapters 2 & 7"
5368:
5268:Zubrin, Robert M.; McKay, Christopher P.
4794:
4489:
4399:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
4235:
4173:
4078:
4076:
3649:
2989:
2811:SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure
1995:The narrative of space exploration as a "
1134:(a Martian moon) has also been proposed.
1042:Mars requires less energy per unit mass (
603:exposed in lab experiments to increasing
517:lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth
477:This thin atmosphere does not filter out
348:610 Pa (0.088 psi) (0.006 atm)
7904:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
7887:
7281:
7186:
6497:"NASA Continues Psyche Asteroid Mission"
6262:
5670:
5643:
4648:
4562:"Barometric Pressure vs. Altitude Table"
4365:"Lichen survives harsh Mars environment"
4048:
3973:
3952:
3532:
3443:
3173:
2554:
2049:
1955:
1851:
1778:worth of minerals. On October 13, 2023,
1771:in the main belt could have over 10,000
1664:
1468:
1283:
1192:
1101:
1033:
944:
928:
874:
653:
645:
388:101.3 kPa (14.69 psi) (1 atm)
20:
7694:
7391:from the original on September 14, 2019
7345:
7312:
7263:from the original on September 19, 2019
7250:
7217:
7011:from the original on September 29, 2016
6855:from the original on September 15, 2011
6822:from the original on September 27, 2013
6115:from the original on September 27, 2013
6077:from the original on September 27, 2013
6007:from the original on September 27, 2013
5910:
5827:from the original on September 11, 2015
5763:from the original on September 27, 2013
5709:
5490:from the original on September 13, 2012
5338:
5329:
5267:
5223:from the original on September 28, 2013
5157:from the original on September 24, 2013
4997:from the original on September 30, 2017
4642:
4617:
4362:
4288:
4009:
3208:
3044:
2758:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
2549:
1917:Ethical, political and legal challenges
1890:
1745:to get to the Asteroid belt and return
742:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
44:land for exploitation and the possible
9692:
9422:
8225:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
8208:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
7630:
7487:from the original on December 11, 2019
7456:from the original on September 1, 2021
7443:
7294:from the original on December 11, 2019
7138:from the original on December 12, 2019
6761:Kornei, Katherine (October 29, 2022).
6760:
6680:from the original on November 30, 2022
6648:from the original on November 30, 2022
6616:from the original on November 30, 2022
6535:from the original on November 30, 2022
6477:from the original on November 30, 2022
6424:Lovelock, James and Allaby, Michael, "
6389:
6275:from the original on December 10, 2013
6263:Belfiore, Michael (December 9, 2013).
6183:from the original on November 15, 2014
6050:
5845:
5796:from the original on November 28, 2023
5781:
5520:from the original on December 11, 2008
5245:. American Psychological Association.
5175:
4884:from the original on November 12, 2020
4309:from the original on December 25, 2019
4191:from the original on November 20, 2020
4161:from the original on February 18, 2021
4073:
4030:from the original on December 21, 2019
3991:from the original on November 26, 2018
3866:
3848:from the original on November 24, 2013
3794:from the original on December 14, 2013
3726:from the original on November 27, 2018
3618:
3592:Planetary and Space Science – Eslevier
3324:
3070:
3040:
3038:
3003:
3001:
2930:
2928:
1693:will be very poor for growing plants.
1353:Equipment for moving over the surface—
836:spacecraft carries an instrument, the
439:can easily reach the Martian surface.
129:science fiction writing, film, and art
9396:
8386:
7962:
7569:
7409:
7358:from the original on October 16, 2019
7346:Haskins, Caroline (August 14, 2018).
7327:from the original on November 3, 2019
7251:Spencer, Keith A. (October 8, 2017).
6999:Chang, Kenneth (September 27, 2016).
6998:
6773:from the original on November 1, 2022
6509:from the original on November 8, 2022
6371:from the original on October 10, 2012
6294:Amos, Jonathan (September 30, 2013).
6195:
6179:. Discovery News. December 13, 2012.
5580:from the original on January 12, 2017
5478:Stern, David P. (December 12, 2004).
5477:
5442:
5391:
5276:from the original on February 1, 2016
5114:
4982:
4679:
4470:International Journal of Astrobiology
3918:; Zurek, R. W.; Flood, D. J. (1993).
3744:
3696:from the original on December 5, 2018
3637:from the original on October 31, 2012
3561:"What makes Mars so hostile to life?"
3444:Fong, MD, Kevin (February 12, 2014).
3209:Wattles, Jackie (September 8, 2020).
1971:, associating Mars with the American
1952:Space colonisation § Colonialism
1464:
1062:. It could be feasible with advanced
838:Mars Radiation Environment Experiment
409:muscle loss and bone demineralization
7661:
7582:from the original on August 15, 2017
7282:Zevallos, Zuleyka (March 26, 2015).
7218:Cornish, Gabrielle (July 22, 2019).
6791:
6306:from the original on October 3, 2013
6293:
5648:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
5015:
4728:from the original on August 10, 2019
4649:Schwirtz, Michael (March 30, 2009).
3842:"Temperature on the Surface of Mars"
3821:from the original on August 16, 2013
3812:
3571:from the original on August 30, 2013
3541:from the original on August 18, 2011
3400:
3202:
3007:
2934:
2539:We Can Remember It for You Wholesale
1749:to Mars. One hypothesis is that the
1321:oxidizer—for chemical rocket engines
1110:capsules on Mars, next to an outpost
488:
454:at which people can survive without
403:is just 38% that of Earth. Although
191:, before any plans of colonization.
147:). Public space agencies (including
84:that is unbreathable and thin, with
7801:. Apogee Books Space Series, 2005,
7475:Warmflash, David (March 14, 2017).
7376:
7107:from the original on March 23, 2018
7081:from the original on April 28, 2018
5782:Scoles, Sarah (November 27, 2023).
5679:from the original on April 30, 2010
5550:from the original on March 13, 2015
5249:from the original on March 27, 2017
4857:from the original on March 27, 2017
4758:from the original on March 27, 2017
4436:
4274:. ORACLE-ThinkQuest. Archived from
3891:from the original on April 27, 2012
3625:Whitehouse, David (July 15, 2004).
3533:Phillips, Tony (January 31, 2001).
3458:from the original on March 25, 2014
3360:. February 22, 2017. Archived from
3167:
3141:
3116:
3090:
3071:Guenot, Marianne (March 14, 2024).
3064:
3035:
2998:
2925:
2155:Mars in fiction § Colonization
1711:Mining the asteroid belts from Mars
1705:falls off as the square of distance
1138:Phobos as a space elevator for Mars
844:, or much higher than the combined
792:problems. Current rotations on the
771:
672:In 2012, it was reported that some
394:
13:
7874:
7848:; by Sharon Gaudin; 27 June 2008;
7781:On to Mars: Colonizing a New World
7718:
7643:from the original on July 17, 2019
7612:from the original on June 16, 2019
7232:from the original on July 23, 2019
7199:from the original on June 28, 2020
7168:from the original on July 13, 2019
7125:
7055:from the original on April 6, 2018
6986:(2016): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2016.
6907:COSPAR PLANETARY PROTECTION POLICY
6445:from the original on March 5, 2012
6238:"SpaceX Capabilities and Services"
6139:Gwynne Shotwell (March 21, 2014).
6129:, July 18–20, 2000 Houston, Texas.
5652:from the original on June 12, 2010
5424:from the original on April 1, 2022
4630:from the original on June 17, 2019
4618:Gillard, Eric (December 9, 2016).
4590:from the original on April 7, 2019
4444:"Surviving the conditions on Mars"
3382:from the original on July 16, 2021
3358:"UAE's Mars 2117 is put in action"
3176:Journal of Architectural Education
2445:(2016–2021), airing originally on
1875:
1598:Economic drivers and prerequisites
1555:Mars transportation infrastructure
1369:
1350:Off-planet communication equipment
1097:
299:Comparisons between Earth and Mars
14:
9731:
8005:List of crewed Mars mission plans
7855:
7695:Deudney, Daniel (March 2, 2020).
7570:Knapp, Alex (November 27, 2012).
7525:Life Sciences, Society and Policy
7313:Spencer, Keith A. (May 2, 2017).
5848:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
5671:Atkinson, Nancy (July 17, 2007).
5625:from the original on June 7, 2017
5127:from the original on May 31, 2013
4983:Scott, Jim (September 30, 2017).
4680:Cheng, Kenneth (March 27, 2015).
4661:from the original on July 7, 2018
4363:Baldwin, Emily (April 26, 2012).
3839:
3514:from the original on May 16, 2017
3484:from the original on May 28, 2017
2826:List of crewed Mars mission plans
2740:Colonization of the asteroid belt
2198:Colony One Mars: A SciFi Thriller
2119:, wrote an opinion, published in
2117:second person to walk on the Moon
1189:Equipment needed for colonization
1024:
661:is one concern for Mars missions.
584:some areas and at certain times.
229:also being used, aspiring for an
198:in general since the 1977, as by
9675:
9663:
9651:
9375:
9364:
9363:
8109:
7886:
7688:
7662:Dunn, Marcia (August 27, 2015).
7594:
7563:
7512:
7499:
7468:
7403:
7370:
7339:
7306:
7275:
7244:
7211:
7180:
7150:
7119:
7093:
7067:
7035:
7023:
6976:
6957:
6938:
6834:
6785:
6660:
6628:
6596:
6547:
6521:
6489:
6457:
6431:
6418:
6344:
6318:
6094:
6051:Kaplan, D.; et al. (1999).
5347:. Scientific Reports (1): 9700.
5151:NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program
3045:Bartels, Meghan (May 25, 2018).
2867: – Depictions of the planet
2625:
2506:Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars
625:
613:
422:
293:Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre
223:SpaceX Mars colonization program
31:SpaceX Mars Colonization Program
6725:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.06.051
6412:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.07.011
6325:kentnstxl (February 12, 2024).
6044:
6019:
5987:
5955:
5904:
5874:
5691:
5611:
5592:
5562:
5502:
5471:
5465:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.12.013
5436:
5418:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.12.013
5385:
5261:
5235:
5139:
5115:Chang, Kenneth (May 30, 2013).
4955:
4936:
4914:
4896:
4869:
4839:
4830:
4820:
4811:
4770:
4740:
4704:
4611:
4602:
4554:
4528:
4506:"Extreme Planet Takes Its Toll"
4498:
4367:. Skymania News. Archived from
4331:
4282:
4260:
4203:
4042:
4003:
3946:
3903:
3860:
3833:
3806:
3738:
3583:
3496:
3470:
3394:
3368:
3350:
3287:
3228:
2935:Wall, Mike (October 25, 2019).
2660:); followed by pinks and reds (
2132:Florida Institute of Technology
1909:of thousands of species of the
1303:Propellant production equipment
940:
897:NASA Space Radiation Laboratory
680:survived and showed remarkable
642:Conditions for human habitation
597:to those observed in the yeast
241:Background and mission concepts
183:missions, which is what public
27:Interplanetary Transport System
8051:Austere Human Missions to Mars
7631:Aldrin, Buzz (June 13, 2013).
7444:Tickle, Glen (March 5, 2015).
6240:. SpaceX. 2017. Archived from
6216:10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101590
5719:Weinstein, Leonard M. (2003).
2991:10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101590
2769:Health threat from cosmic rays
2748: – Settlement on the Moon
2460:(2011), by Andy Weir (and the
1945:
1660:
1629:launch vehicles including the
1536:prelude to crewed operations.
901:Brookhaven National Laboratory
893:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
860:, and were associated with an
812:Health threat from cosmic rays
759:is about 12 days for the
170:
1:
8172:Mars Design Reference Mission
7377:Lee, D. N. (March 26, 2015).
5243:"Mental preparation for Mars"
5040:10.1126/science.340.6136.1031
4340:"Atmospheric Flight on Venus"
3403:Journal of Applied Physiology
3188:10.1080/10464883.2017.1340775
2919:
2220:(2019), airing originally on
2148:
1847:
1803:Possible settlement locations
1255:Resource extraction equipment
519:was 184 K (−89.2 °C) in
442:
8820:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
8155:Space Exploration Initiative
8097:Vision for Space Exploration
8056:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
7779:and Robert Zubrin, editors,
5484:From Stargazers to Starships
4904:"References & Documents"
3415:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.1062
3257:10.1126/science.193.4255.791
2883:Vision for Space Exploration
2837:Mars Desert Research Station
2790:In situ resource utilization
2648:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
2341:and Coyote Developments for
1717:Category:Main-belt asteroids
1592:
1492:of controlling it from Earth
805:
202:, who preferred to refer to
7:
9254:Inspiration Mars Foundation
7955:– Wikidebate in Wikiversity
6560:Planetary and Space Science
5339:Salotti, Jean-Marc (2020).
4926:September 25, 2019, at the
3008:Eijk, Cristian van (2020).
2721:
2334:Martian Gothic: Unification
2045:
1474:Mars orbital command module
1106:Artist's conception of two
842:International Space Station
794:International Space Station
10:
9736:
9438:Interplanetary spaceflight
9289:Artificial objects on Mars
7728:and Leonard David (2013).
6969:September 6, 2015, at the
5728:AIP Conference Proceedings
5392:Smith, Cameron M. (2014).
5361:10.1038/s41598-020-66740-0
4971:10.1016/j.lssr.2015.04.002
4407:European Geosciences Union
4216:Environmental Microbiology
3022:10.17176/20210107-183703-0
2349:for Microsoft Windows and
2152:
1949:
1894:
1819:
1714:
1637:in space launch services.
1305:, generally thought to be
1030:Interplanetary spaceflight
958:
952:
820:giving it a weaker global
809:
739:
730:ISS water recovery systems
9603:
9577:
9507:
9476:
9430:
9358:
9306:List of films set on Mars
9281:
9232:
9214:
9158:
9149:
9129:
9121:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
9113:
9034:
8986:
8939:
8930:
8918:Classical albedo features
8888:
8676:
8569:
8471:
8438:
8429:
8420:
8317:
8274:
8248:
8187:
8118:
8107:
8069:
8043:
8022:
8013:
8000:
7736:National Geographic Books
7538:10.1186/s40504-016-0043-5
7315:"Keep the Red Planet Red"
6951:October 26, 2019, at the
6893:October 26, 2019, at the
6581:10.1016/j.pss.2022.105450
6502:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
5968:. Stk.com. Archived from
5604:November 9, 2019, at the
4948:October 14, 2019, at the
4491:10.1017/S147355041500021X
4268:"Can Life exist on Mars?"
3985:first the seed foundation
3612:10.1016/j.pss.2012.04.009
3478:"Gravity Hurts (so Good)"
2780: – Proposed concepts
2646:, based on data from the
2636:global topography of Mars
1960:The logo and name of the
1573:
1540:Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander
1447:University of Strathclyde
1389:communications satellites
450:on Mars is far below the
413:Mars Gravity Biosatellite
384:
373:
363:
352:
342:
319:
314:
311:
9224:List of missions to Mars
8412:
7953:Should we colonize Mars?
6792:Fogg, Martyn J. (1997).
6711:. Elsevier BV: 234–249.
5516:. NASA. September 2001.
4682:"Breaking Space Records"
4289:Badescu, Viorel (2009).
4010:Badescu, Viorel (2009).
3869:"Mars, in Earth's Image"
3535:"The Solar Wind at Mars"
2746:Colonization of the Moon
2432:The Destruction of Faena
2030:Dangers during pregnancy
1815:
1807:
1765:from the Asteroid belt.
1644:. For example, the 2004
1604:reusable launch vehicles
1379:Communication with Earth
977:Minimum size of a colony
784:. There is also risk of
757:Van Allen radiation belt
179:of Mars is different to
131:, advocated for by some
90:frozen sub-surface water
9562:Trans-Neptunian objects
9382:Solar System portal
8135:Martian Piloted Complex
6572:2022P&SS..21405450T
5933:10.1196/annals.1370.007
5185:. Touchstone. pp.
5086:10.1126/science.1235989
4796:10.46246/KJAsEM.30.1.25
4510:Mars Exploration Rovers
4325:April 16, 2017, at the
4237:10.1111/1462-2920.16152
4222:(11): 1462–2920.16152.
3604:2012P&SS...72...70K
2423:Edgeworks Entertainment
2224:, from Series 3 onwards
2201:(2016), by Gerald Kilby
1502:Mars Exploration Rovers
895:opened a facility, the
850:nuclear weapons testing
736:Effects on human health
697:German Aerospace Center
587:
571:Temperature and seasons
496:is scarce, with rovers
280:concepts, advocated by
259:tentatively planned by
210:because of the implied
181:crewed Mars exploration
112:is relatively close to
9710:Human missions to Mars
9621:National Space Society
9453:Planetary habitability
8996:Solar eclipses on Mars
8855:"Swiss cheese" feature
8711:Concentric crater fill
8367:Mars atmospheric entry
7941:March 1, 2012, at the
7931:4Frontiers Corporation
7882:
7862:Listen to this article
7608:. September 18, 2012.
6931:July 14, 2019, at the
3767:10.1006/icar.2001.6794
2714:
2518:Warner Bros. Animation
2514:science fiction comedy
2473:The Martian Chronicles
2062:
1976:
1864:
1733:is much closer to the
1674:
1529:commercial spaceflight
1493:
1289:
1198:
1111:
1052:Hohmann transfer orbit
1039:
950:
888:
688:after 34 days in
662:
651:
562:eruptions such as the
206:as cities, instead of
141:National Space Society
82:Mars has an atmosphere
33:
9631:The Planetary Society
8357:Mars orbit rendezvous
8299:Mars Excursion Module
8256:Caves of Mars Project
8082:Constellation program
7881:
7825:June 3, 2016, at the
7077:. December 11, 2017.
5975:on September 27, 2013
5892:on September 27, 2013
4853:. February 11, 2014.
4851:Space Safety Magazine
4446:. DLR. Archived from
4278:on February 22, 2001.
3722:. February 16, 2004.
3716:"Why is Mars So Dry?"
2778:Human mission to Mars
2752:Colonization of Venus
2632:Interactive image map
2623:
2421:(2016), developed by
2398:(2018), developed by
2372:(2001), developed by
2179:(2020), published by
2127:human mission to Mars
2053:
1959:
1856:Cropped version of a
1855:
1822:Caves of Mars Project
1741:, it would take less
1668:
1472:
1451:European Space Agency
1407:, around the time of
1287:
1196:
1105:
1064:spacecraft propulsion
1037:
948:
929:Psychological effects
905:particle accelerators
878:
810:Further information:
657:
649:
600:Debaryomyces hansenii
594:Martian soil is toxic
433:solar particle events
427:Due to the lack of a
76:after a hypothetical
58:human mission to Mars
24:
9700:Colonization of Mars
9578:Terraforming targets
9508:Colonization targets
9448:Intergalactic travel
9196:Permanent settlement
8362:Terraforming of Mars
8325:Colonization of Mars
7913:More spoken articles
7787:Space Series, 2002,
7676:on September 4, 2015
7413:(November 9, 2018).
7051:. January 20, 2017.
6964:Safe on Mars page 37
6473:. January 15, 2014.
6426:The Greening of Mars
5219:. Finding Dulcinea.
5147:"Space Radiobiology"
4568:on October 25, 2007.
4352:on October 16, 2011.
2898:Terraforming of Mars
2653:Mars Global Surveyor
2550:Interactive Mars map
2522:Turner Entertainment
2495:The Space Between Us
2351:Take-Two Interactive
2256:Kim Stanley Robinson
1897:Planetary protection
1891:Planetary protection
1500:systems such as the
1409:superior conjunction
1299:spaces and equipment
1223:local communications
1203:production equipment
1175:Areostationary orbit
1117:Apollo Moon landings
994:Ecosystem management
971:terraforming of Mars
955:Terraforming of Mars
848:of the thousands of
630:The Martian day (or
479:ultraviolet sunlight
448:Atmospheric pressure
305:Atmospheric pressure
289:United Arab Emirates
204:settlements in space
135:groups, such as the
86:surface temperatures
62:exploring the planet
38:colonization of Mars
9705:Exploration of Mars
9443:Interstellar travel
9338:Timekeeping on Mars
9015:Planetary transits
9000:Satellite transits
8913:Observation history
8761:Lobate debris apron
8330:Exploration of Mars
8035:SpaceX Mars program
7936:The Mars Foundation
7481:Visionlearning Blog
7425:on October 16, 2019
7419:National Geographic
7384:Scientific American
7225:The Washington Post
6813:1997JBIS...50..187F
6717:2019AcAau.156..234R
6404:2009AcAau..64..183L
6087:Paper presented at
6068:1999misp.conf...54K
6031:www.astronautix.com
5925:2005NYASA1065..296G
5860:2001JSpRo..38..730L
5821:NASAspaceflight.com
5736:2003AIPC..654.1227W
5457:2014AcAau..97...16S
5410:2014AcAau..97...16S
5353:2020NatSR..10.9700S
5078:2013Sci...340.1080Z
5072:(6136): 1080–1084.
5032:2013Sci...340.1031K
4516:on November 2, 2013
4482:2016IJAsB..15...65V
4415:2012EGUGA..14.2113D
4320:Extract of page 600
4228:2022EnvMi..24.5051H
4114:10.1038/nature05718
4106:2007Natur.446..646F
3967:1957SvA.....1..547S
3933:1993rnes.book..845H
3885:1992Disc...13...70K
3867:Kluger, J. (1992).
3815:"Mars Introduction"
3759:2002Icar..156..373H
3663:on October 25, 2015
3567:. January 7, 2013.
3249:1976Sci...193..791M
2982:2023SpPol..6601590P
2831:Mars analog habitat
2764:Exploration of Mars
2436:Alexander Kazantsev
2404:Paradox Interactive
2328:William K. Hartmann
2306:National Geographic
2001:settler colonialism
1940:Space Launch System
1445:Recent work by the
1419:A satellite at the
1401:Internet Relay Chat
854:solar proton events
723:). A person in the
682:adaptation capacity
667:cloud tops of Venus
308:
25:A rendering of the
9715:Space colonization
9489:McKendree cylinder
9458:Space and survival
9424:Space colonization
7883:
7637:The New York Times
7633:"The Call of Mars"
7164:. March 28, 2017.
7005:The New York Times
6944:Johnson, James E.
6912:2013-03-06 at the
6767:The New York Times
6244:on October 7, 2013
5789:The New York Times
5121:The New York Times
4686:The New York Times
4655:The New York Times
4450:on March 23, 2018.
3813:Hamilton, Calvin.
2805:Space architecture
2715:
2389:Robert A. Heinlein
2248:, 1992–1996), and
2122:The New York Times
2063:
1977:
1923:Outer Space Treaty
1865:
1675:
1635:competitive market
1550:on power systems.
1544:atmosphere of Mars
1494:
1465:Robotic precursors
1345:Martian atmosphere
1290:
1245:Storage facilities
1199:
1167:atmosphere of Mars
1112:
1040:
984:Proxima Centauri b
951:
910:radiation hormesis
889:
870:Martian lava tubes
826:ionizing radiation
693:Martian conditions
663:
652:
559:Global dust storms
303:
196:space colonization
70:ionizing radiation
46:settlement of Mars
34:
9639:
9638:
9390:
9389:
9343:Sol (day on Mars)
9311:Martian scientist
9294:Memorials on Mars
9277:
9276:
9248:The Case for Mars
9145:
9144:
8926:
8925:
8860:Terrain softening
8825:Ring mold craters
8793:North Polar Basin
8716:Dark slope streak
8561:Vastitas Borealis
8458:Dust devil tracks
8380:
8379:
8289:Crewed Mars rover
8230:Concordia Station
8166:The Case for Mars
8105:
8104:
7879:
7835:978-0-387-98190-1
7807:978-1-894959-30-8
7752:at BuzzAldrin.com
7745:978-1-4262-1017-4
7708:978-0-19-090334-3
7288:Other Sociologist
7126:Chiles, James R.
6705:Acta Astronautica
6531:. June 21, 2022.
6392:Acta Astronautica
6152:on March 22, 2014
5744:10.1063/1.1541423
5646:"Mars Fact Sheet"
5445:Acta Astronautica
5398:Acta Astronautica
5315:978-1-9848-8173-1
5196:978-0-684-83550-1
4542:on April 30, 2003
4302:978-3-642-03629-3
4187:. June 13, 2013.
4100:(7136): 646–649.
4023:978-3-642-03629-3
3942:on March 5, 2016.
3873:Discover Magazine
3364:on July 16, 2021.
3343:978-0-684-83550-1
3243:(4255): 791–801.
3124:"Why go to Mars?"
2905:The Case for Mars
2700:Mars Memorial map
2658:+12 to +8 km
2484:The Sands of Mars
2339:Microsoft Windows
2192:Kevin J. Anderson
1869:Martian lava tube
1867:Several possible
1763:asteroid captures
1642:inducement prizes
1338:zirconium dioxide
1315:Sabatier reaction
1266:energy production
1018:Social activities
1000:Energy production
923:deflector shields
489:Water and climate
392:
391:
9727:
9680:
9679:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9647:
9494:O'Neill cylinder
9463:Space settlement
9417:
9410:
9403:
9394:
9393:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9367:
9366:
9241:The Mars Project
9156:
9155:
9104:
9094:
9084:
9062:
9060:
9059:
8937:
8936:
8798:Ocean hypothesis
8648:Outflow channels
8436:
8435:
8407:
8400:
8393:
8384:
8383:
8129:The Mars Project
8113:
8092:Inspiration Mars
8077:Aurora programme
8020:
8019:
7983:
7976:
7969:
7960:
7959:
7903:
7901:
7890:
7889:
7880:
7870:
7868:
7863:
7850:IDG News Service
7749:
7713:
7712:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7672:. Archived from
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7550:
7540:
7516:
7510:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7421:. Archived from
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
6996:
6987:
6980:
6974:
6961:
6955:
6942:
6936:
6923:
6917:
6904:
6898:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6854:
6847:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6821:
6798:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6758:
6745:
6744:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6583:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6435:
6429:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6370:
6356:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6159:
6157:
6151:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6107:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6057:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6006:
5999:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5762:
5755:
5753:2060/20030065879
5725:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5705:on June 3, 2005.
5701:. Archived from
5695:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5615:
5609:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5372:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5299:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5212:
5201:
5200:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4980:
4974:
4959:
4953:
4940:
4934:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4910:on May 30, 2010.
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4721:. October 2015.
4716:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4692:on April 5, 2015
4688:. Archived from
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4584:South West Water
4576:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4417:. Archived from
4396:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4329:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4239:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4157:. July 6, 2017.
4147:
4141:
4140:
4139:on July 8, 2007.
4138:
4132:. Archived from
4089:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4061:on June 23, 2015
4057:. Archived from
4055:tomatosphere.org
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3935:. Archived from
3926:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3692:. June 8, 2018.
3682:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3508:science.nasa.gov
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3409:(3): 1062–1066.
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3322:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3155:. March 10, 2023
3149:"Humans to Mars"
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3104:. August 3, 2017
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3077:Business Insider
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3014:Völkerrechtsblog
3005:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2894:
2879:
2870:
2816:
2801:
2796:Inspiration Mars
2774:
2712:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:+8 to +3 km
2659:
2641:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2557:
2498:(2016 film), by
2489:Arthur C. Clarke
2363:Jaco Van Dormael
2323:Mars Underground
2187:Climbing Olympus
2168:(2002–2008), by
2005:manifest destiny
1911:human microbiome
1725:Apollo asteroids
1701:Solar insolation
1671:Heat Shield Rock
1609:
1455:Keplerian orbits
1435:Lagrangian point
1083:Cosmic radiation
1060:chemical rockets
961:Oxygen evolution
772:Physical effects
719:impairment (See
610:concentrations.
540:solar irradiance
530:, the amount of
464:pressure vessels
395:Gravity and size
385:Earth sea level
309:
302:
225:, with the term
122:human extinction
9735:
9734:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9690:
9689:
9686:
9674:
9664:
9662:
9652:
9650:
9642:
9640:
9635:
9599:
9573:
9515:Lagrange points
9503:
9472:
9426:
9421:
9391:
9386:
9376:
9374:
9354:
9348:Darian calendar
9273:
9228:
9210:
9141:
9125:
9109:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9057:
9056:
9053:
9030:
8982:
8976:Voltaire crater
8954:Stickney crater
8922:
8884:
8726:Fretted terrain
8672:
8572:
8565:
8526:Sinus Meridiani
8511:Planum Australe
8486:Cerberus (Mars)
8467:
8425:
8423:Outline of Mars
8416:
8411:
8381:
8376:
8313:
8276:
8270:
8244:
8191:
8183:
8120:
8114:
8101:
8065:
8039:
8015:
8009:
7996:
7987:
7943:Wayback Machine
7917:
7916:
7905:
7899:
7897:
7894:This audio file
7891:
7884:
7875:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7861:
7858:
7827:Wayback Machine
7746:
7721:
7719:Further reading
7716:
7709:
7693:
7689:
7679:
7677:
7660:
7656:
7646:
7644:
7629:
7625:
7615:
7613:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7583:
7568:
7564:
7517:
7513:
7504:
7500:
7490:
7488:
7473:
7469:
7459:
7457:
7442:
7438:
7428:
7426:
7408:
7404:
7394:
7392:
7375:
7371:
7361:
7359:
7344:
7340:
7330:
7328:
7311:
7307:
7297:
7295:
7280:
7276:
7266:
7264:
7249:
7245:
7235:
7233:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7185:
7181:
7171:
7169:
7162:Arstechnica.com
7156:
7155:
7151:
7141:
7139:
7132:Airspacemag.com
7124:
7120:
7110:
7108:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7058:
7056:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7014:
7012:
6997:
6990:
6981:
6977:
6971:Wayback Machine
6962:
6958:
6953:Wayback Machine
6943:
6939:
6933:Wayback Machine
6924:
6920:
6914:Wayback Machine
6905:
6901:
6895:Wayback Machine
6886:
6882:
6866:
6865:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6845:
6839:
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6759:
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6666:
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6649:
6634:
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6602:
6601:
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6510:
6495:
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6432:
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6388:
6384:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6323:
6319:
6309:
6307:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6265:"The Rocketeer"
6261:
6257:
6247:
6245:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6184:
6175:
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6155:
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6149:
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6133:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6099:
6095:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6055:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6000:. August 2010.
5997:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5965:
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5956:
5909:
5905:
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5880:
5879:
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5844:
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5830:
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5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5780:
5776:
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5764:
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5723:
5717:
5710:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5680:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5606:Wayback Machine
5597:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5538:
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5533:
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5521:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5476:
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5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5390:
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5337:
5330:
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5318:
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5300:
5289:
5279:
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5252:
5250:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5213:
5204:
5197:
5174:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5113:
5109:
5059:
5055:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4981:
4977:
4960:
4956:
4950:Wayback Machine
4941:
4937:
4928:Wayback Machine
4919:
4915:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4462:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4371:on May 28, 2012
4361:
4357:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4327:Wayback Machine
4312:
4310:
4303:
4287:
4283:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4087:
4081:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4024:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3924:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3778:
3774:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3623:
3619:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3323:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3301:. June 24, 2021
3293:
3292:
3288:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3203:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3043:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3006:
2999:
2962:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2892:
2877:
2868:
2814:
2799:
2772:
2735:Climate of Mars
2724:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2694:Mars Rovers map
2690:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2639:
2624:
2622:
2555:
2552:
2425:, published by
2402:, published by
2400:Haemimont Games
2376:, published by
2353:for PlayStation
2345:, published by
2317:Sigmund Brouwer
2217:For All Mankind
2157:
2151:
2125:, supporting a
2078:Richard Branson
2048:
2032:
1964:references the
1954:
1948:
1919:
1902:planet itself.
1899:
1893:
1881:Hellas Planitia
1878:
1876:Hellas Planitia
1850:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1761:) are actually
1727:
1713:
1663:
1655:
1612:low Earth orbit
1607:
1600:
1595:
1576:
1467:
1431:
1424:
1381:
1372:
1370:Basic utilities
1335:
1326:carbon monoxide
1257:—initially for
1235:water recycling
1191:
1159:Martian surface
1140:
1100:
1098:Landing on Mars
1072:nuclear rockets
1032:
1027:
979:
963:
957:
943:
931:
903:, that employs
814:
808:
774:
753:Gennady Padalka
749:Valeri Polyakov
744:
738:
708:piloted balloon
644:
628:
616:
608:
590:
573:
491:
484:
452:Armstrong limit
445:
425:
401:gravity of Mars
397:
365:Armstrong limit
354:Hellas Planitia
301:
243:
173:
94:other resources
17:
12:
11:
5:
9733:
9723:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9685:
9684:
9672:
9660:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9571:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9517:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9499:Stanford torus
9496:
9491:
9486:
9480:
9478:
9477:Space habitats
9474:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9434:
9432:
9428:
9427:
9420:
9419:
9412:
9405:
9397:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9371:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9345:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9319:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9298:
9297:
9296:
9285:
9283:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9259:Mars Institute
9256:
9251:
9244:
9236:
9234:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9226:
9220:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9162:
9160:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9046:
9040:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9013:
9012:
9011:
9006:
8998:
8992:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8956:
8945:
8943:
8934:
8928:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8894:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8835:Seasonal flows
8832:
8830:Rootless cones
8827:
8822:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8682:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8658:Valley network
8655:
8650:
8645:
8643:Observed rocks
8640:
8639:
8638:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8577:
8575:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8556:Ultimi Scopuli
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8536:Terra Cimmeria
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8477:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8444:
8442:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8410:
8409:
8402:
8395:
8387:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8332:
8327:
8321:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8280:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8261:Mars Institute
8258:
8252:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8205:
8199:
8197:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8124:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8030:Mars Base Camp
8026:
8024:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7971:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7950:
7945:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7906:
7892:
7885:
7873:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:External links
7854:
7853:
7852:
7843:
7815:
7809:
7795:
7777:Frank Crossman
7774:
7755:
7744:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7707:
7687:
7654:
7623:
7593:
7562:
7511:
7498:
7467:
7450:Laughing Squid
7436:
7402:
7369:
7338:
7305:
7274:
7243:
7210:
7179:
7149:
7118:
7092:
7066:
7034:
7032:, 2015. Print.
7022:
6988:
6975:
6956:
6937:
6918:
6899:
6880:
6833:
6784:
6746:
6691:
6659:
6627:
6595:
6546:
6520:
6488:
6456:
6430:
6417:
6382:
6359:Report of the
6343:
6317:
6286:
6269:Foreign Policy
6255:
6229:
6194:
6168:
6131:
6093:
6043:
6018:
5986:
5954:
5903:
5873:
5868:10.2514/2.3739
5854:(5): 730–735.
5838:
5807:
5774:
5708:
5690:
5663:
5636:
5610:
5591:
5561:
5531:
5501:
5470:
5435:
5384:
5328:
5314:
5287:
5260:
5234:
5202:
5195:
5177:Zubrin, Robert
5168:
5138:
5107:
5053:
5026:(6136): 1031.
5008:
4975:
4954:
4935:
4913:
4895:
4868:
4838:
4829:
4819:
4810:
4769:
4739:
4703:
4672:
4641:
4610:
4601:
4571:
4553:
4527:
4497:
4453:
4435:
4424:on May 4, 2012
4382:
4355:
4330:
4301:
4281:
4259:
4202:
4172:
4142:
4072:
4049:Tomatosphere.
4041:
4022:
4002:
3972:
3945:
3902:
3859:
3840:Elert, Glenn.
3832:
3805:
3772:
3753:(2): 373–386.
3737:
3720:Universe Today
3707:
3674:
3657:"Mars Weather"
3648:
3617:
3582:
3552:
3525:
3495:
3480:. NASA. 2001.
3469:
3436:
3393:
3367:
3349:
3342:
3336:. Touchstone.
3326:Zubrin, Robert
3312:
3286:
3239:. New Series.
3227:
3201:
3182:(2): 184–196.
3166:
3140:
3115:
3089:
3063:
3034:
2997:
2953:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2689:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2544:Philip K. Dick
2535:
2533:Paul Verhoeven
2524:
2502:
2491:
2480:
2469:
2464:, directed by
2453:
2438:
2429:
2414:
2406:
2395:Surviving Mars
2391:
2380:
2365:
2354:
2330:
2319:
2308:
2297:
2290:Return to Mars
2280:
2269:
2258:
2225:
2213:
2202:
2194:
2183:
2172:
2153:Main article:
2150:
2147:
2139:Daniel Deudney
2100:In June 2013,
2047:
2044:
2031:
2028:
1950:Main article:
1947:
1944:
1918:
1915:
1907:microorganisms
1892:
1889:
1885:geodetic datum
1877:
1874:
1849:
1846:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1721:Amor asteroids
1712:
1709:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1608:US$ 62 million
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1575:
1572:
1557:envisioned by
1466:
1463:
1429:
1422:
1405:synodic period
1396:speed of light
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1351:
1348:
1333:
1322:
1317:for fuel—with
1300:
1282:
1281:
1270:energy storage
1264:Equipment for
1262:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1227:waste disposal
1190:
1187:
1171:counterbalance
1163:space elevator
1139:
1136:
1128:space elevator
1099:
1096:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Transportation
1023:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
978:
975:
953:Main article:
942:
939:
930:
927:
846:global fallout
807:
804:
799:erythropoietin
790:cardiovascular
773:
770:
740:Main article:
737:
734:
686:photosynthesis
643:
640:
627:
624:
615:
612:
606:
589:
586:
572:
569:
536:solar constant
490:
487:
482:
472:carbon dioxide
468:carbon dioxide
456:pressure suits
444:
441:
424:
421:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
382:
381:
378:
371:
370:
367:
361:
360:
357:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
324:
317:
316:
313:
300:
297:
242:
239:
185:space agencies
172:
169:
133:space advocacy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9732:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9695:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9671:
9661:
9659:
9649:
9648:
9645:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:Organizations
9602:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9576:
9570:
9567:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9512:
9510:
9506:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9475:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9431:Core concepts
9429:
9425:
9418:
9413:
9411:
9406:
9404:
9399:
9398:
9395:
9383:
9372:
9370:
9361:
9360:
9357:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9302:
9299:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9280:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9245:
9243:
9242:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9231:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9191:Human mission
9189:
9187:
9186:Sample return
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9128:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9103:
9096:
9093:
9086:
9083:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9070:
9069:
9066:
9061:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9049:Mars-crossers
9047:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8985:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8929:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8865:Tharsis bulge
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8803:Ore resources
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8696:Chaos terrain
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8686:Brain terrain
8684:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8675:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8601:Chaos terrain
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8568:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8516:Planum Boreum
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8506:Olympia Undae
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8496:Eridania Lake
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8470:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8419:
8415:
8408:
8403:
8401:
8396:
8394:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8273:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8247:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8190:
8186:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8117:
8112:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8003:
8002:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7990:Human mission
7984:
7979:
7977:
7972:
7970:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7895:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7794:
7793:1-896522-90-4
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7772:0-684-83550-9
7769:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7758:Robert Zubrin
7756:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7710:
7704:
7700:
7699:
7691:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7658:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7566:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7502:
7491:September 20,
7486:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7440:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7395:September 20,
7390:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7373:
7362:September 20,
7357:
7353:
7349:
7342:
7331:September 20,
7326:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7309:
7298:September 20,
7293:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7267:September 20,
7262:
7258:
7254:
7247:
7236:September 19,
7231:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7183:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7122:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7031:
7026:
7015:September 27,
7010:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6993:
6985:
6979:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6922:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6903:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6884:
6876:
6870:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6631:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6427:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6386:
6367:
6364:. June 2004.
6363:
6362:
6353:
6347:
6332:
6328:
6321:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6290:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6165:
6164:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6135:
6128:
6125:Presented at
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6003:
5996:
5990:
5971:
5964:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5778:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5713:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5683:September 18,
5678:
5674:
5667:
5656:September 18,
5651:
5647:
5640:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5595:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5549:
5545:
5544:New Scientist
5541:
5535:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
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5423:
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5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5198:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5161:September 16,
5156:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
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5071:
5067:
5066:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5001:September 30,
4996:
4992:
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4986:
4979:
4972:
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4964:
4958:
4951:
4947:
4944:
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4780:
4773:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4546:September 22,
4541:
4537:
4531:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
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3916:Landis, G. A.
3913:
3912:Appelbaum, J.
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3220:September 16,
3216:
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3159:September 17,
3154:
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3133:September 17,
3129:
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3108:September 16,
3103:
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2912:Water on Mars
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2784:Human outpost
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2706:
2702:
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2696:
2695:
2687:
2686:Polar regions
2683:
2679:
2675:
2664:); yellow is
2655:
2654:
2649:
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2503:
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2500:Peter Chelsom
2497:
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2427:Tilting Point
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2410:Terra Formars
2407:
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2278:Frederik Pohl
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2243:
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2214:
2212:
2211:Robert Zubrin
2208:
2207:
2206:First Landing
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
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2110:
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2098:
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2072:
2068:
2060:
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2043:
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2037:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:Lunar Gateway
1958:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
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1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:launched the
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Moons of Mars
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:asteroid belt
1732:
1726:
1722:
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1708:
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1627:methane-based
1624:
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1587:
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1508:
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1503:
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1487:
1486:Mars aircraft
1483:
1479:
1478:crewed module
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1456:
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1448:
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1417:
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1397:
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1363:Mars aircraft
1361:and possibly
1360:
1359:crewed rovers
1356:
1352:
1349:
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1331:
1327:
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1204:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:synchronously
1144:
1135:
1133:
1129:
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1122:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
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902:
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871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
822:magnetosphere
819:
813:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
769:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
733:
731:
726:
722:
717:
716:Mars habitats
712:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:cyanobacteria
675:
670:
668:
660:
656:
648:
639:
637:
633:
626:Length of day
623:
621:
614:Survivability
611:
609:
602:
601:
595:
585:
582:
578:
568:
565:
560:
556:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
494:Water on Mars
486:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
438:
434:
430:
429:magnetosphere
423:Magnetosphere
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
387:
383:
379:
376:
375:Mount Everest
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:(0.0104
329:
325:
322:
318:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
282:Robert Zubrin
279:
275:
270:
266:
262:
256:
254:
253:
248:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Robert Zubrin
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
117:
115:
114:Earth's orbit
111:
107:
106:nuclear power
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
28:
23:
19:
9720:Mars Society
9687:
9670:Solar System
9611:Mars Society
9534:
9520:Solar System
9468:Terraforming
9328:Life on Mars
9323:Flag of Mars
9264:Mars Society
9246:
9239:
9206:Terraforming
9201:Colonization
9200:
8971:Swift crater
8813:polar wander
8541:Terra Sabaea
8481:Arabia Terra
8324:
8284:Mars habitat
8266:Mars Society
8189:Mars analogs
8164:
8127:
8119:20th-century
8061:Mars to Stay
8014:21st-century
7921:Mars Society
7818:
7798:
7785:Apogee Books
7780:
7761:
7730:
7697:
7690:
7678:. Retrieved
7674:the original
7667:
7657:
7645:. Retrieved
7636:
7626:
7614:. Retrieved
7605:
7596:
7584:. Retrieved
7575:
7565:
7528:
7524:
7514:
7506:
7501:
7489:. Retrieved
7480:
7470:
7460:September 1,
7458:. Retrieved
7449:
7439:
7427:. Retrieved
7423:the original
7411:Drake, Nadia
7405:
7393:. Retrieved
7382:
7372:
7360:. Retrieved
7351:
7341:
7329:. Retrieved
7318:
7308:
7296:. Retrieved
7287:
7277:
7265:. Retrieved
7256:
7246:
7234:. Retrieved
7223:
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7192:
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7161:
7152:
7140:. Retrieved
7131:
7121:
7109:. Retrieved
7095:
7083:. Retrieved
7069:
7057:. Retrieved
7046:
7037:
7029:
7025:
7013:. Retrieved
7004:
6984:Space Policy
6983:
6978:
6959:
6940:
6921:
6902:
6883:
6857:. Retrieved
6836:
6824:. Retrieved
6804:
6800:
6787:
6775:. Retrieved
6766:
6708:
6704:
6694:
6684:November 30,
6682:. Retrieved
6671:
6662:
6652:November 30,
6650:. Retrieved
6639:
6630:
6620:November 30,
6618:. Retrieved
6607:
6598:
6563:
6559:
6549:
6539:November 30,
6537:. Retrieved
6523:
6513:November 30,
6511:. Retrieved
6500:
6491:
6481:November 30,
6479:. Retrieved
6468:
6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6433:
6425:
6420:
6398:(2–3): 183.
6395:
6391:
6385:
6375:December 14,
6373:. Retrieved
6358:
6346:
6334:. Retrieved
6330:
6320:
6308:. Retrieved
6299:
6289:
6279:December 11,
6277:. Retrieved
6268:
6258:
6246:. Retrieved
6242:the original
6232:
6207:
6204:Space Policy
6203:
6197:
6185:. Retrieved
6171:
6162:
6161:
6154:. Retrieved
6147:the original
6141:
6134:
6126:
6117:. Retrieved
6096:
6088:
6079:. Retrieved
6059:
6046:
6034:. Retrieved
6030:
6021:
6011:February 14,
6009:. Retrieved
5989:
5977:. Retrieved
5970:the original
5957:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5894:. Retrieved
5890:the original
5885:
5876:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5829:. Retrieved
5820:
5810:
5800:November 28,
5798:. Retrieved
5787:
5777:
5765:. Retrieved
5727:
5703:the original
5693:
5681:. Retrieved
5666:
5654:. Retrieved
5639:
5629:September 6,
5627:. Retrieved
5613:
5594:
5582:. Retrieved
5573:
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5543:
5534:
5522:. Retrieved
5513:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5486:. Phy6.org.
5483:
5473:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5401:
5397:
5387:
5344:
5319:. Retrieved
5304:
5278:. Retrieved
5263:
5251:. Retrieved
5237:
5225:. Retrieved
5181:
5171:
5159:. Retrieved
5150:
5141:
5129:. Retrieved
5120:
5110:
5069:
5063:
5056:
5023:
5017:
5011:
4999:. Retrieved
4988:
4978:
4962:
4957:
4938:
4931:Moon To Mars
4930:
4916:
4908:the original
4898:
4886:. Retrieved
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4850:
4841:
4832:
4822:
4813:
4789:(1): 25–29.
4786:
4782:
4772:
4760:. Retrieved
4751:
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4718:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:the original
4685:
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4654:
4644:
4632:. Retrieved
4623:
4613:
4604:
4594:November 26,
4592:. Retrieved
4583:
4574:
4566:the original
4556:
4544:. Retrieved
4540:the original
4530:
4518:. Retrieved
4514:the original
4509:
4500:
4476:(1): 65–92.
4473:
4469:
4448:the original
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4419:the original
4402:
4398:
4385:
4373:. Retrieved
4369:the original
4358:
4347:the original
4333:
4311:. Retrieved
4291:
4284:
4276:the original
4272:Mars Academy
4271:
4262:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4195:November 26,
4193:. Retrieved
4184:
4175:
4165:November 26,
4163:. Retrieved
4155:The Guardian
4154:
4145:
4134:the original
4097:
4091:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:the original
4054:
4044:
4034:December 28,
4032:. Retrieved
4012:
4005:
3995:November 26,
3993:. Retrieved
3984:
3975:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3937:the original
3920:
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3876:
3872:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3808:
3796:. Retrieved
3785:
3775:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3730:November 26,
3728:. Retrieved
3719:
3710:
3700:November 26,
3698:. Retrieved
3689:
3665:. Retrieved
3661:the original
3651:
3639:. Retrieved
3630:
3620:
3598:(1): 70–77.
3595:
3591:
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3564:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3528:
3516:. Retrieved
3507:
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3472:
3462:February 12,
3460:. Retrieved
3449:
3439:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3370:
3362:the original
3352:
3331:
3303:. Retrieved
3298:
3289:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3214:
3204:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3152:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3101:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3076:
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3050:
3025:. Retrieved
3013:
2973:
2970:Space Policy
2969:
2944:. Retrieved
2940:
2904:
2874:Martian soil
2849:Mars Outpost
2843:Mars habitat
2820:Life on Mars
2717:
2698:
2692:
2651:
2537:
2528:Total Recall
2526:
2504:
2493:
2482:
2478:Ray Bradbury
2471:
2466:Ridley Scott
2455:
2451:Amazon Prime
2440:
2431:
2418:TerraGenesis
2416:
2408:
2393:
2382:
2367:
2356:
2332:
2321:
2312:Mars Diaries
2310:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2267:Mark Andrews
2260:
2251:The Martians
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:Mars trilogy
2232:(1985), the
2227:
2215:
2204:
2196:
2185:
2174:
2163:
2158:
2142:
2136:
2120:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2075:
2071:Mars to Stay
2067:Mars Society
2064:
2040:sex in space
2033:
2015:
2013:
2009:human nature
1997:New Frontier
1994:
1989:postcolonial
1978:
1969:Gateway Arch
1936:Donald Trump
1932:Barack Obama
1920:
1904:
1900:
1879:
1866:
1862:Pavonis Mons
1838:
1830:Mars Odyssey
1828:
1825:
1811:
1798:
1788:
1767:
1728:
1695:
1688:
1676:
1656:
1639:
1623:Falcon Heavy
1602:The rise of
1601:
1577:
1552:
1548:Martian dust
1538:
1534:
1524:Perseverance
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1488:without the
1444:
1418:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1341:electrolysis
1313:through the
1276:and perhaps
1200:
1141:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1090:
1076:
1041:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
988:
980:
967:terraforming
964:
941:Terraforming
932:
890:
887:(2011–2013).
834:Mars Odyssey
831:
815:
786:osteoporosis
775:
766:Martian soil
745:
713:
701:
671:
664:
629:
620:extremophile
617:
598:
591:
575:Mars has an
574:
557:
544:Devon Island
532:solar energy
525:
510:
503:
497:
492:
476:
460:terraforming
446:
426:
417:
405:microgravity
399:The surface
398:
344:Mars average
321:Olympus Mons
286:
257:
250:
245:Landers and
244:
226:
216:
193:
177:colonization
174:
137:Mars Society
126:
118:
66:
50:colonization
45:
37:
35:
18:
9484:Bishop Ring
9151:Exploration
9073:5261 Eureka
8741:Groundwater
8706:Composition
8531:Tempe Terra
8521:Quadrangles
8448:Circulation
8352:Mars cycler
8304:Mars lander
8160:Mars Direct
8150:Ride Report
7837:. Also see
7726:Buzz Aldrin
7606:cbsnews.com
7429:October 19,
7352:The Outline
6777:November 1,
6062:(991): 54.
5919:: 296–310.
5896:October 31,
5514:Tech Briefs
5308:. Penguin.
5280:November 1,
4634:January 21,
3955:Harvard.edu
3504:"Mars Mice"
3376:"Mars 2117"
2729:Astrobotany
2691:(See also:
2688:are noted.
2542:(1966), by
2531:(1990), by
2487:(1951), by
2476:(1950), by
2457:The Martian
2442:The Expanse
2434:(1974), by
2387:(1949), by
2369:Red Faction
2361:(2009), by
2343:PlayStation
2326:(1997), by
2315:(2000), by
2304:(2016), by
2293:(1999), by
2287:(1992) and
2284:The Martian
2276:(1976), by
2265:(2012), by
2262:John Carter
2254:(1999), by
2209:(2002), by
2190:(1994), by
2170:Kozue Amano
2111:and former
2102:Buzz Aldrin
2055:Buzz Aldrin
2022:opposed to
1985:colonialism
1981:imperialism
1946:Colonialism
1773:quadrillion
1697:Solar power
1680:Martian ore
1661:Local trade
1625:and future
1512:Opportunity
1480:to control
1121:aerobraking
866:solar storm
721:Dehydration
553:dust storms
505:Opportunity
437:cosmic rays
307:comparison
278:Semi-Direct
274:Mars Direct
231:independent
227:Occupy Mars
212:colonialism
189:exploration
171:Terminology
110:Mars' orbit
78:nuclear war
9694:Categories
9569:Free space
8808:Polar caps
8788:Mud cracks
8771:Meteorites
8756:Lava tubes
8691:Carbonates
8626:Labyrinthi
8501:Iani Chaos
8440:Atmosphere
8372:Mars flyby
8318:Miscellany
8309:Mars rover
7909:Audio help
7900:2021-04-08
7680:August 30,
7172:January 2,
7142:January 2,
7075:"NASA.gov"
6826:August 12,
6807:: 403–22.
6566:: 105450.
6449:October 4,
6310:October 2,
6210:: 101590.
6119:August 30,
6081:August 30,
5979:October 6,
5554:August 25,
4878:"NASA.gov"
4827:1317–1323.
3641:August 14,
3575:October 5,
2976:: 101590.
2920:References
2670:−8 km
2650:on NASA's
2644:elevations
2640:your mouse
2384:Red Planet
2358:Mr. Nobody
2242:Green Mars
2149:In fiction
2115:, and the
1895:See also:
1848:Lava tubes
1834:Arsia Mons
1820:See also:
1790:511 Davida
1715:See also:
1684:meteorites
1459:solar sail
1433:Earth–Sun
1297:production
1248:Workspaces
1231:sanitation
1157:above the
1108:Red Dragon
1087:solar wind
1050:. Using a
959:See also:
704:Antarctica
577:axial tilt
521:Antarctica
470:(95%
443:Atmosphere
334:) (0.0007
200:Carl Sagan
108:are poor.
9658:Astronomy
9540:Asteroids
9333:Sub-Earth
9316:Mythology
9269:Mars race
9036:Asteroids
8932:Astronomy
8903:Hesperian
8898:Amazonian
8870:Volcanism
8845:Spherules
8766:Marsquake
8721:Dichotomy
8636:by height
8631:Mountains
8431:Geography
8294:Mars suit
8121:proposals
8016:proposals
7531:(1): 10.
7507:Space.com
7257:Salon.com
7193:Space.com
7048:Space.com
6733:0094-5765
6590:247275237
6470:Space.com
6248:March 12,
6224:0265-9646
6187:March 14,
6156:March 22,
6027:"Marpost"
5886:Spotlight
5831:March 14,
5574:USA TODAY
5524:March 26,
5494:August 1,
5451:: 16–29.
5404:: 16–29.
5253:March 19,
5227:April 27,
4888:August 6,
4861:March 19,
4805:225893986
4762:March 18,
4732:March 19,
4520:March 12,
4428:April 27,
4375:April 27,
4246:1462-2912
4185:space.com
3879:(9): 70.
3196:1046-4883
3082:August 6,
2941:Space.com
2854:Mars race
2682:longitude
2666:0 km
2462:2015 film
2347:TalonSoft
2246:Blue Mars
2222:Apple TV+
2113:astronaut
2059:Apollo 11
2036:pregnancy
2016:surfacism
1966:St. Louis
1927:Elon Musk
1769:16 Psyche
1593:Economics
1563:equipment
1518:Curiosity
1411:when the
1355:Mars suit
1343:from the
1211:utilities
1149:orbiting
1079:radiation
806:Radiation
761:Apollo 17
690:simulated
636:solar day
548:eccentric
315:Pressure
312:Location
265:Roscosmos
235:space law
157:Roscosmos
145:by SpaceX
54:space law
9369:Category
9233:Advocacy
9216:Missions
9159:Concepts
8988:Transits
8959:Monolith
8908:Noachian
8880:Yardangs
8776:on Earth
8736:Glaciers
8581:"Canals"
8573:features
8571:Physical
8277:concepts
8275:Hardware
8249:Advocacy
8203:MARS-500
8087:Mars One
7939:Archived
7911: ·
7823:Archived
7647:June 17,
7641:Archived
7616:June 15,
7610:Archived
7586:June 12,
7580:Archived
7557:27558392
7485:Archived
7454:Archived
7389:Archived
7356:Archived
7325:Archived
7292:Archived
7261:Archived
7230:Archived
7203:June 28,
7197:Archived
7166:Archived
7136:Archived
7111:April 5,
7105:Archived
7085:April 5,
7079:Archived
7059:April 5,
7053:Archived
7009:Archived
6967:Archived
6949:Archived
6929:Archived
6910:Archived
6891:Archived
6869:cite web
6859:June 18,
6850:Archived
6817:Archived
6771:Archived
6741:85551985
6678:Archived
6646:Archived
6614:Archived
6533:Archived
6507:Archived
6475:Archived
6443:Archived
6428:", 1984.
6366:Archived
6336:April 8,
6304:Archived
6300:BBC News
6273:Archived
6181:Archived
6110:Archived
6072:Archived
6036:July 12,
6002:Archived
5949:22087209
5941:16510416
5825:Archived
5794:Archived
5758:Archived
5677:Archived
5650:Archived
5623:Archived
5621:. NASA.
5602:Archived
5584:March 1,
5578:Archived
5548:Archived
5518:Archived
5488:Archived
5428:April 1,
5422:Archived
5379:32546782
5321:July 17,
5274:Archived
5247:Archived
5221:Archived
5179:(1996).
5155:Archived
5125:Archived
5094:23723233
5048:23723213
4995:Archived
4990:Phys.org
4946:Archived
4924:Archived
4882:Archived
4855:Archived
4756:Archived
4723:Archived
4696:June 28,
4659:Archived
4628:Archived
4588:Archived
4409:: 2113.
4323:Archived
4307:Archived
4254:35920032
4189:Archived
4159:Archived
4122:17410170
4065:June 12,
4028:Archived
3989:Archived
3895:June 12,
3889:Archived
3852:March 8,
3846:Archived
3825:March 8,
3819:Archived
3798:March 2,
3792:Archived
3724:Archived
3694:Archived
3635:Archived
3631:BBC News
3569:Archived
3565:BBC News
3545:July 12,
3539:Archived
3537:. NASA.
3518:July 12,
3512:Archived
3510:. 2004.
3488:July 12,
3482:Archived
3456:Archived
3431:27875962
3423:10066724
3386:July 16,
3380:Archived
3328:(1996).
3305:July 18,
3281:42661323
3273:17747782
3056:July 13,
3051:Newsweek
3027:July 13,
2946:July 13,
2889:NewSpace
2722:See also
2678:latitude
2638:. Hover
2516:film by
2511:animated
2509:(2005),
2374:Volition
2295:Ben Bova
2273:Man Plus
2238:Red Mars
2229:Icehenge
2109:engineer
2106:American
2046:Advocacy
1973:frontier
1747:minerals
1631:Starship
1619:Falcon 9
1567:habitats
1307:hydrogen
1241:Habitats
1012:Building
1006:Industry
564:Krakatoa
458:. Since
326:72
276:and the
272:are the
252:Viking 1
221:and the
208:colonies
68:intense
9682:Science
9644:Portals
9525:Mercury
9301:Fiction
9282:Related
9176:Landing
9171:Orbiter
9130:General
9099:2007 NS
9089:1999 UJ
9079:1998 VF
9068:Trojans
9055:2007 WD
9044:Impacts
9024:Mercury
8890:History
8850:Surface
8781:on Mars
8746:Gullies
8731:Geysers
8678:Geology
8668:Gravity
8663:Valleys
8616:Gullies
8606:Craters
8596:Catenae
8591:Canyons
8546:Tharsis
8491:Cydonia
8473:Regions
8463:Methane
8453:Climate
8335:Fiction
8235:HI-SEAS
8044:Passive
7898: (
7869:minutes
7669:AP News
7548:4996799
7320:Jacobin
6809:Bibcode
6713:Bibcode
6568:Bibcode
6400:Bibcode
6064:Bibcode
5921:Bibcode
5856:Bibcode
5767:July 7,
5732:Bibcode
5453:Bibcode
5406:Bibcode
5370:7297723
5349:Bibcode
5187:114–116
5131:May 31,
5074:Bibcode
5065:Science
5028:Bibcode
5019:Science
4665:May 15,
4478:Bibcode
4411:Bibcode
4313:May 20,
4224:Bibcode
4130:4411643
4102:Bibcode
3963:Bibcode
3961:: 547.
3929:Bibcode
3881:Bibcode
3755:Bibcode
3667:May 31,
3600:Bibcode
3299:Reuters
3265:1742881
3245:Bibcode
3237:Science
2978:Bibcode
2865:Martian
2709:discuss
2634:of the
2449:, then
2181:Netflix
1776:dollars
1743:Delta-v
1498:robotic
1490:latency
1311:methane
1280:as well
1278:nuclear
1272:, some
1183:Delta-v
1056:delta-v
1044:delta V
935:HI-SEAS
883:on the
858:doubled
782:muscles
581:seasons
513:climate
377:summit
356:bottom
323:summit
139:or the
42:Martian
9626:SpaceX
9595:Europa
9545:mining
9373:
9362:
9114:Comets
9009:Deimos
9004:Phobos
8966:Deimos
8949:Phobos
8653:Plains
8621:Mensae
8611:Fossae
8345:novels
8140:Aelita
8070:Former
8023:Active
7833:
7805:
7791:
7770:
7742:
7705:
7576:Forbes
7555:
7545:
6739:
6731:
6673:Forbes
6641:Forbes
6609:Forbes
6588:
6222:
5947:
5939:
5377:
5367:
5345:Nature
5312:
5193:
5102:604569
5100:
5092:
5046:
4963:Nature
4803:
4299:
4252:
4244:
4128:
4120:
4093:Nature
4020:
3747:Icarus
3429:
3421:
3340:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3194:
2413:(2011)
2057:, the
1858:HiRISE
1842:HiRISE
1794:Phobos
1784:Psyche
1759:Deimos
1755:Phobos
1729:Since
1723:, and
1616:SpaceX
1574:Stages
1559:SpaceX
1506:Spirit
1482:robots
1440:STEREO
1330:oxygen
1319:oxygen
1215:oxygen
1209:Basic
1143:Phobos
1132:Phobos
1070:, and
862:aurora
818:dynamo
674:lichen
499:Spirit
267:, and
247:rovers
163:, the
9590:Venus
9557:Titan
9530:Venus
9181:Rover
9166:Flyby
9137:Orbit
9019:Earth
8941:Moons
8875:Water
8751:Lakes
8701:Color
8551:Undae
8340:films
8240:NEEMO
8213:FMARS
6853:(PDF)
6846:(PDF)
6820:(PDF)
6797:(PDF)
6737:S2CID
6586:S2CID
6369:(PDF)
6355:(PDF)
6331:NSTXL
6150:(mp3)
6113:(PDF)
6106:(PDF)
6075:(PDF)
6056:(PDF)
6005:(PDF)
5998:(PDF)
5973:(PDF)
5966:(PDF)
5945:S2CID
5761:(PDF)
5724:(PDF)
5098:S2CID
4801:S2CID
4752:NSBRI
4726:(PDF)
4715:(PDF)
4422:(PDF)
4395:(PDF)
4350:(PDF)
4343:(PDF)
4137:(PDF)
4126:S2CID
4088:(PDF)
3940:(PDF)
3925:(PDF)
3451:Wired
3427:S2CID
3277:S2CID
3261:JSTOR
2024:Venus
1816:Caves
1808:Poles
1739:Earth
1737:than
1332:(CO/O
1274:solar
1259:water
1219:power
1091:added
1048:Venus
899:, at
778:bones
605:NaClO
102:solar
74:Earth
9616:NASA
9585:Mars
9552:Moon
9535:Mars
8840:Soil
8585:list
8414:Mars
8218:MDRS
8194:list
7994:Mars
7831:ISBN
7803:ISBN
7789:ISBN
7768:ISBN
7740:ISBN
7703:ISBN
7682:2015
7649:2013
7618:2019
7588:2015
7553:PMID
7493:2019
7462:2021
7431:2019
7397:2019
7364:2019
7333:2019
7300:2019
7269:2019
7238:2019
7205:2020
7174:2018
7144:2018
7113:2018
7087:2018
7061:2018
7017:2016
6875:link
6861:2010
6828:2009
6779:2022
6729:ISSN
6686:2022
6654:2022
6622:2022
6541:2022
6515:2022
6483:2022
6451:2012
6377:2013
6338:2024
6312:2013
6281:2013
6250:2017
6220:ISSN
6189:2014
6158:2014
6121:2012
6083:2012
6038:2024
6013:2011
5981:2013
5937:PMID
5917:1065
5898:2006
5833:2014
5802:2023
5769:2017
5685:2007
5658:2007
5631:2017
5586:2016
5556:2017
5526:2008
5496:2013
5430:2022
5375:PMID
5323:2024
5310:ISBN
5282:2006
5255:2017
5229:2012
5191:ISBN
5163:2007
5133:2013
5090:PMID
5044:PMID
5003:2017
4890:2020
4863:2017
4764:2017
4734:2017
4719:NASA
4698:2015
4667:2010
4636:2018
4624:NASA
4596:2018
4548:2014
4522:2014
4430:2012
4377:2012
4315:2016
4297:ISBN
4250:PMID
4242:ISSN
4197:2018
4167:2018
4118:PMID
4067:2015
4036:2018
4018:ISBN
3997:2018
3897:2015
3854:2013
3827:2013
3800:2014
3787:NASA
3732:2018
3702:2018
3690:NASA
3669:2015
3643:2012
3577:2016
3547:2017
3520:2017
3490:2017
3464:2014
3419:PMID
3388:2021
3338:ISBN
3307:2024
3269:PMID
3222:2024
3192:ISSN
3161:2024
3153:NASA
3135:2024
3110:2024
3084:2024
3058:2024
3029:2024
2948:2024
2705:view
2697:and
2680:and
2676:are
2674:Axes
2520:and
2447:Syfy
2301:Mars
2176:Away
2165:Aria
2020:Mars
2003:and
1983:and
1780:NASA
1757:and
1731:Mars
1691:soil
1521:and
1484:and
1309:and
1294:Food
1268:and
1233:and
1179:km/s
1161:. A
1151:Mars
1085:and
965:The
832:The
788:and
780:and
684:for
676:and
659:Dust
592:The
588:Soil
511:The
502:and
435:and
261:NASA
165:CNSA
161:ISRO
149:NASA
100:and
98:wind
92:and
60:for
36:The
8177:3.0
8145:TMK
7992:to
7543:PMC
7533:doi
6721:doi
6709:156
6576:doi
6564:214
6408:doi
6212:doi
5929:doi
5864:doi
5748:hdl
5740:doi
5461:doi
5414:doi
5365:PMC
5357:doi
5082:doi
5070:340
5036:doi
5024:340
4967:doi
4791:doi
4486:doi
4232:doi
4110:doi
4098:446
3763:doi
3751:156
3608:doi
3411:doi
3253:doi
3241:193
3215:CNN
3184:doi
3128:ESA
3102:NSS
3018:doi
2986:doi
2703:) (
2672:).
2378:THQ
1426:or
1413:Sun
1385:sol
1145:is
914:DNA
885:MSL
881:RAD
632:sol
528:Sun
336:atm
332:psi
269:ESA
153:ESA
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