2111:
131:
113:
3591:
7052:
1599:
5775:
7789:
19938:
5760:
7261:
3894:
1399:
6873:
102:
19899:
3917:
5795:
3613:
122:
7765:
1797:
2089:, which was expected, in normal circumstances, to be answerable to the Reichstag. Initially, the president was merely a symbolic figure with the Reichstag dominant; however, persistent political instability, in which governments often lasted only a few months, led to a change in the power structure of the republic, with the president's emergency powers called increasingly into use to prop up governments challenged by critical or even hostile Reichstag votes. By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German president,
93:
84:
19925:
3573:
19064:
19008:
2145:
executive officials of the government are answerable solely and exclusively to a presiding, acting head of state, and is selected by and on occasion dismissed by the head of state without reference to the legislature. It is notable that some presidential systems, while not providing for collective executive accountability to the legislature, may require legislative approval for individuals prior to their assumption of cabinet office and empower the legislature to remove a president from office (for example, in the
19873:
6364:
20120:
2680:, sometimes by no more than a mention or signature; and public places, streets, monuments and institutions such as schools are named for current or previous heads of state. In monarchies (e.g., Belgium) there can even be a practice to attribute the adjective "royal" on demand based on existence for a given number of years. However, such political techniques can also be used by leaders without the formal rank of head of state, even party - and other revolutionary leaders without formal state mandate.
20133:
19260:
2587:
6230:
151:
20081:
20068:
20094:
19232:
7448:
827:
2012:) have fused the roles of the head of state with the head of government (like in a presidential system), while having the sole executive officer, often called a president, being dependent on the Parliament's confidence to rule (like in a parliamentary system). While also being the leading symbol of the nation, the president in this system acts mostly as a prime minister since the incumbent must be a member of the legislature at the time of the election, answer
142:
19218:
20003:
19886:
17045:
16534:
14090:
13574:
13563:
19176:
19330:
19022:
16861:
19316:
19288:
16958:
16713:
2389:
19106:
19951:
19162:
19036:
16759:
16575:
19302:
19092:
19078:
18994:
17004:
1806:
1673:
20107:
19204:
19050:
16815:
20042:
19148:
160:
19379:
1346:
19977:
19246:
19134:
16672:
3665:(and a Letter of Recall at the end of a tenure) to other heads of state and, conversely, receives the letters of their foreign counterparts. Without that accreditation, the chief of the diplomatic mission cannot take up their role and receive the highest diplomatic status. The role of a head of state in this regard, is codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations from 1961, which (as of 2017) 191 sovereign states has
2529:
19358:
19912:
19274:
16912:
16631:
20055:
19964:
19120:
5106:
first meeting; and the
Council may within a maximum period of forty days from the date of submission and with a two-thirds majority of its Members reject any of these decree-laws or request amendment thereof to be effected within a specified period of time; such decree-laws shall cease to have the power of law from the date of their rejection by the Council or where the period for effecting the amendments have expired.
20016:
19190:
20029:
19990:
19344:
6070:
2025:
6061:
14102:
7252:, or a similar constitutional procedure by which the highest legislative or judicial authorities are empowered to revoke the head of state's mandate on exceptional grounds. This may be a common crime, a political sin, or an act by which the head of state violates such provisions as an established religion mandatory for the monarch. By similar procedure, an original mandate may be declared invalid.
6170:, the governor-general unexpectedly dismissed the prime minister in order to break a stalemate between the House of Representatives and Senate over money bills. The governor-general issued a public statement saying he felt it was the only solution consistent with the constitution, his oath of office, and his responsibilities, authority, and duty as governor-general. A letter from the queen's
1713:'s abdication required the approval of each of the six independent realms of which he was monarch. In monarchies with a written constitution, the position of monarch is created under the constitution and could be abolished through a democratic procedure of constitutional amendment. In many cases there are significant procedural hurdles imposed on such a procedure (as in the
6930:, in which the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch, is the most common system in hereditary monarchy. The order of succession is usually affected by rules on gender. Historically "agnatic primogeniture" or "patrilineal primogeniture" was favoured, that is inheritance according to seniority of birth among the sons of a monarch or
7652:, should as a crowned head have the sovereign right to determine the precedence of how ambassadors (apart from the papal nuncio and the imperial ambassador) would rank, based on the date of their credentials. The pragmatic suggestions of Pombal was not successful, and as the pretensions among the great powers were so deep-rooted, it would take the
4630:). In other systems there are usually fixed terms, but the head of state retains authority to dissolve the legislature in certain circumstances. Where a head of government has lost support in the legislature, some heads of state may refuse a dissolution, where one is requested, thereby forcing the head of government's resignation.
1734:
heads of state powers and functions akin to presidential or semi-presidential systems, in some cases without containing reference to modern democratic principles of accountability to parliament or even to modern governmental offices. Usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament.
5053:, so as to decide if the conditions laid down in paragraph one still apply. The Council shall make its decision publicly as soon as possible. It shall, as of right, carry out such an examination and shall make its decision in the same manner after sixty days of the exercise of emergency powers or at any moment thereafter.
5105:
The Emir may, in the event of exceptional cases that require measures of utmost urgency which necessitate the issue of special laws and in case that Al-Shoura
Council is not in session, issue pertinent decrees that have the power of law. Such decree-laws shall be submitted to Al-Shoura Council at its
2616:
Head of state is the highest-ranking constitutional position in a sovereign state. A head of state has some or all of the roles listed below, often depending on the constitutional category (above), and does not necessarily regularly exercise the most power or influence of governance. There is usually
1733:
In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system. The older the constitution, the more constitutional leeway tends to exist for a head of state to exercise greater powers over government, as many older parliamentary system constitutions in fact give
5085:
in the country in the event of exceptional cases specified by the law; and in such cases, he may take all urgent necessary measures to counter any threat that undermine the safety of the State, the integrity of its territories or the security of its people and interests or obstruct the organs of the
4593:
In some parliamentary systems, the head of state retains certain discretionary powers in relation to bills to be exercised. They may have authority to veto a bill until the houses of the legislature have reconsidered it, and approved it a second time; reserve a bill to be signed later, or suspend it
2892:
is the Head of the State and a symbol of the unity of the country and represents the sovereignty of the country. He shall guarantee the commitment to the
Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, and the safety of its territories, in accordance with the provisions
6162:
requesting a dissolution of parliament and a general election. In a letter informing the monarch after the event, the
Governor General said: "I have to await the verdict of history to prove my having adopted a wrong course, and this I do with an easy conscience that, right or wrong, I have acted in
5090:
shall be notified of this decree within the fifteen days following its issue; and in the event that the
Council is not in session for any reason whatsoever, the Council shall be notified of the decree at its first convening. Martial laws shall be declared for a limited period and the same shall not
3740:
2) Treaties by which territory of the State would be ceded, State property alienated, sovereign rights or prerogatives of the State affected, a new burden imposed on the
Principality or its citizens, or an obligation assumed that would limit the rights of the citizens of Liechtenstein shall require
3632:
Although many constitutions, particularly from the 19th century and earlier, make no explicit mention of a head of state in the generic sense of several present day international treaties, the officeholders corresponding to this position are recognised as such by other countries. In a monarchy, the
1774:
to surrender on behalf of his state to the invading German army in 1940, against the will of his government. Judging that his responsibility to the nation by virtue of his coronation oath required him to act, he believed that his government's decision to fight rather than surrender was mistaken and
6143:
explicitly name the monarch as their head of state (though Tuvalu's constitution states that "references in any law to the Head of State shall be read as including a reference to the governor-general"). Governors-general are frequently treated as heads of state on state and official visits; at the
4780:
upon whomever he pleases as a reward for distinguished services, and such orders must be publicly announced, but no rank or title other than that attached to any office. The order exempts no one from the common duties and burdens of citizens, nor does it carry with it any preferential admission to
3703:
are noteworthy contemporary cases of multilateral treaties cast in this traditional format, as are the accession agreements of new member states. However, rather than being invariably concluded between two heads of state, it has become common that bilateral treaties are in present times cast in an
6126:
according to established constitutional authority. In
Australia the present king is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as his "representatives". However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, the
4322:
passed by the house or houses of the legislature be signed into law by the head of state. In some states, such as the United
Kingdom, Belgium and Ireland, the head of state is, in fact, formally considered a tier of the legislature. However, in most parliamentary systems, the head of state cannot
3042:
chief executive officer. Under parliamentary systems the executive authority is exercised by the head of state, but in practice is done so on the advice of the cabinet of ministers. This produces such terms as "Her
Majesty's Government" and "His Excellency's Government." Examples of parliamentary
5735:
in 1806 and the weak position of France and other catholic states to assert themselves) and remains so to this day, that all sovereign states are treated as equals, whether monarchies or republics. On occasions when multiple heads of state or their representatives meet, precedence is by the host
4585:
3. In the event that a draft law is returned to the
Council within the period specified in the preceding paragraph and the Council passes the same once more with a two-thirds majority of all its Members, the Emir shall ratify and promulgate it. The Emir may in compelling circumstances order the
3974:
ultimate decision making on military manoeuvres is made elsewhere. The head of state will, regardless of actual authority, perform ceremonial duties related to the country's armed forces, and will sometimes appear in military uniform for these purposes; particularly in monarchies where also the
2656:
of the head of state can be found in government offices, courts of law, or other public buildings. The idea, sometimes regulated by law, is to use these portraits to make the public aware of the symbolic connection to the government, a practice that dates back to medieval times. Sometimes this
2199:
of the early 19th century. Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means (popular direct or indirect election); however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means, notably through military dictatorship or
2144:
Some constitutions or fundamental laws provide for a head of state who is not only in theory but in practice chief executive, operating separately from, and independent from, the legislature. This system is known as a "presidential system" and sometimes called the "imperial model", because the
2798:
is the Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with the nations of its historical community, and exercises the
3000:
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall be the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and of human and civil rights and freedoms. In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, he (she) shall adopt measures to protect the
5009:
Where the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfilment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted, the
3345:
to tender the resignation of the government, he can, in practice, request it if the prime minister is from his own majority. In presidential systems, the president often has the power to fire ministers at his sole discretion. In the United States, the unwritten convention calls for the
3383:
for appointment by the King or proposes a successor to the prime minister for appointment by the King within three days of the rejection of a motion of confidence. The King appoints the proposed successor as prime minister, who takes office when the new Federal Government is sworn
1589:
as the head of the special administrative region, in addition to their role as the head of government. These non-sovereign-state heads, nevertheless, have limited or no role in diplomatic affairs, depending on the status and the norms and practices of the territories concerned.
8158:
In China, the political job that matters most is the General Secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French
6178:, confirmed that the only person competent to commission an Australian prime minister was the governor-general and it would not be proper for the monarch to personally intervene in matters that the Constitution Act so clearly places within the governor-general's jurisdiction.
6934:, with sons and their male issue inheriting before brothers and their male issue, to the total exclusion of females and descendants through females from succession. This complete exclusion of females from dynastic succession is commonly referred to as application of the
1832:
These officials are excluded completely from the executive: they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, within the government. Hence their states' governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state
2710:
At home, heads of state are expected to render lustre to various occasions by their presence, such as by attending artistic or sports performances or competitions (often in a theatrical honour box, on a platform, on the front row, at the honours table), expositions,
1947:
or voluntary resignation. Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. Laws and ordinances are promulgated by two Cabinet members in unison signing "On Behalf of the Government" and the government—not the monarch—is the
3994:, the position of commander-in-chief is obvious, as all authority in such a government derives from the application of military force; occasionally a power vacuum created by war is filled by a head of state stepping beyond the normal constitutional role, as King
6907:, there are usually restrictions on the incumbent's exercise of powers and prohibitions on the possibility of choosing a successor by other means than by birth. In a hereditary monarchy, the position of monarch is inherited according to a statutory or customary
5943:
Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason, constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body. In a republic, this is - depending on provisions outlined by the constitution or improvised - a
2772:). This means that the government discreetly approves agenda and speeches, especially where the constitution (or customary law) assumes all political responsibility by granting the crown inviolability (in fact also imposing political emasculation) as in the
7435:
The Italian constitution provides that a former president of the Republic takes the title President Emeritus of the Italian Republic and he or she is also a senator for life, and enjoys immunity, flight status and official residences certain privileges.
4626:. In some parliamentary systems, and in some presidential systems, however, the head of state may do so on their own initiative. Some states have fixed term legislatures, with no option of bringing forward elections (e.g., Article II, Section 3, of the
2078:, who became his prime minister from 1986 to 1988. In the French system, in the event of cohabitation, the president is often allowed to set the policy agenda in security and foreign affairs and the prime minister runs the domestic and economic agenda.
6938:. Another variation on agnatic primogeniture was the so-called semi-Salic law, or "agnatic-cognatic primogeniture", which allowed women to succeed only at the extinction of all the male descendants in the male line of the particular legislator.
5565:("state of the masses") replaced the previous republic, and in March 1979 the role of head of state was transferred to the Secretary-General of the General People's Congress (comparable to a Speaker); in practice however Gaddafi remained the
2255:, real political power belonged to the sole legal party. In these states, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a
3333:; in other instances, the head of state may be able to dismiss an office holder unilaterally; other heads of state, or their representatives, have the theoretical power to dismiss any office-holder, while it is exceptionally rarely used. In
5774:
7402:
6941:
Before primogeniture was enshrined in European law and tradition, kings would often secure the succession by having their successor (usually their eldest son) crowned during their own lifetime, so for a time there would be two kings in
4586:
suspension of this law for the period that he deems necessary to serve the higher interests of the country. If, however, the draft law is not passed by a two-thirds majority, it shall not be reconsidered within the same term of session.
8690:
The Constitution as in force on 1 June 2003 together with proclamation declaring the establishment of the Commonwealth, letters patent relating to the Office of Governor-General, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, Australia Act
4062:. They may not be transferred to the service of foreign powers, nor may the military forces of any foreign power, except auxiliary forces assisting against hostile attack, be brought into the Realm without the consent of the Storting.
8669:
1952:
with respect to international treaties. The remaining official functions of the sovereign, by constitutional mandate or by unwritten convention, are to open the annual session of the Riksdag, receive foreign ambassadors and sign the
5319:
and various monarchical titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes, the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning leader in the national language, e.g., Germany's single
15718:
2062:. Should a president be of one side of the political spectrum and the opposition be in control of the legislature, the president is usually obliged to select someone from the opposition to become prime minister, a process known as
2403:
While clear categories do exist, it is sometimes difficult to choose which category some individual heads of state belong to. In reality, the category to which each head of state belongs is assessed not by theory but by practice.
2045:
Semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably (in the president-parliamentary subtype) a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The
3317:
In presidential systems, such as that of the United States, appointments are nominated by the president's sole discretion, but this nomination is often subject to confirmation by the legislature; and specifically in the US, the
4605:
If the head of state also serves as the chief executive, the head of state can politically control the necessary executive measures without which a proclaimed law can remain dead letter, sometimes for years or even forever.
6024:
Such arrangements are not to be confused with supranational entities which are not states and are not defined by a common monarchy but may (or not) have a symbolic, essentially protocollary, titled highest office, e.g.,
1274:, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example
6919:
or bloodline. This usually means that the heir to the throne is known well in advance of becoming monarch to ensure a smooth succession. However, many cases of uncertain succession in European history have often led to
2085:, for example, in its constitution provided for a popularly elected president with theoretically dominant executive powers that were intended to be exercised only in emergencies, and a cabinet appointed by him from the
7093:
Election usually is the constitutional way to choose the head of state of a republic, and some monarchies, either directly through popular election, indirectly by members of the legislature or of a special college of
9989:
2097:
and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not. Subsequently, President von Hindenburg used his power to appoint
1903:
is defined in the constitution as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people" (article 1), and is generally recognised throughout the world as the Japanese head of state. Although the emperor formally
9500:
6978:
5030:
The measures shall be designed to provide the constitutional public authorities as swiftly as possible, with the means to carry out their duties. The Constitutional Council shall be consulted with regard to such
2214:
and other presidential regimes. Some of the characteristics of a presidential system, such as a strong dominant political figure with an executive answerable to them, not the legislature can also be found among
5086:
State from performing their duties. However, the decree must specify the nature of such exceptional cases for which the martial laws have been declared and clarify the measures taken to address this situation.
3969:
hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally, as per either written law or unwritten convention, exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers: meaning that the
1957:
for Swedish ambassadors, chair the foreign advisory committee, preside at the special Cabinet council when a new prime minister takes office, and to be kept informed by the prime minister on matters of state.
6965:, became the first monarchy to declare equal (full cognatic) primogeniture, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, whether female or male, ascends to the throne. Other European monarchies (such as the
4192:. He shall supervise the same with the assistance of Defence Council under his direct authority. The said Council shall be constituted by an Emiri Resolution, which will also determine the functions thereof.
2715:, dedication events, military parades and war remembrances, prominent funerals, visiting different parts of the country and people from different walks of life, and at times performing symbolic acts such as
1779:, Belgium voted in a referendum to allow him to resume his monarchical powers and duties, but because of the ongoing controversy he ultimately abdicated.) The Belgian constitutional crisis in 1990, when the
7245:. The post can also be abolished by constitutional change; in such cases, an incumbent may be allowed to finish their term. Of course, a head of state position will cease to exist if the state itself does.
7918:
Art. 93. "Should the King find himself unable to reign, the ministers, having observed this inability, immediately summon the Chambers. Regency and guardianship are to be provided by the united Chambers."
7804:
18963:
5576:
Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic
3291:. In many parliamentary systems, the head of government is appointed with the consent (in practice often decisive) of the legislature, and other figures are appointed on the head of government's advice.
10012:
8274:
7106:), or as an exclusive prerogative. Exclusive prerogative allows the heads of states of constituent monarchies of a federation to choose the head of state for the federation among themselves, as in the
6114:
in Canada) is appointed by the sovereign, usually on the advice of the relevant prime minister (although sometimes it is based on the result of a vote in the relevant parliament, which is the case for
3247:
The few exceptions where the head of state is not even the nominal chief executive - and where supreme executive authority is according to the constitution explicitly vested in a cabinet - include the
7393:, it is still common to refer to the deposed king and his family as if Constantine II were still on the throne, as many European royal courts and households do in guest lists at royal weddings, as in
3979:
may also appear in military garb. This is generally the only time a head of state of a stable, democratic country will appear dressed in such a manner, as statesmen and public are eager to assert the
18832:
18502:
18216:
10035:
8242:
6957:
Sometimes, however, primogeniture can operate through the female line. In some systems a female may rule as monarch only when the male line dating back to a common ancestor is exhausted. In 1980,
16083:
15119:
8060:
1770:
Examples of heads of state in parliamentary systems using greater powers than usual, either because of ambiguous constitutions or unprecedented national emergencies, include the decision by King
5952:
or collegial regency (council). For example, in the United States the vice-president acts when the president is incapacitated, and in the United Kingdom the monarch's powers may be delegated to
15401:
15723:
13031:
5500:
8666:
5974:, constitutional institutions, including the symbolically crucial head of state, may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favour of an emergency office (such as the original Roman
4580:
2. If the Emir, declines to approve the draft law, he shall return it a long with the reasons for such declination to the Council within a period of three months from the date of referral.
1908:
the prime minister to office, article 6 of the constitution requires him to appoint the candidate "as designated by the Diet", without any right to decline appointment. He is a ceremonial
6834:
1783:
refused to sign into law a bill permitting abortion, was resolved by the cabinet assuming the power to promulgate the law while he was treated as "unable to reign" for twenty-four hours.
1988:, which holds no reserve powers whatsoever. The least ceremonial powers held by the president are to provide a mandate to attempt to form a government, to approve the dissolution of the
6789:
conflict when the temporal power sought to control key clergy nominations in order to guarantee popular support, and thereby his own legitimacy, by incorporating the formal ceremony of
6675:, which initially had western-style constitutions (and therefore, western-style presidencies), switched to the presidium model with the adoption of new Soviet-influenced constitutions;
4323:
refuse to sign a bill, and, in granting a bill their assent, indicate that it was passed in accordance with the correct procedures. The signing of a bill into law is formally known as
19572:
7394:
2313:, the office was vacant for years. The late president was granted the posthumous title (akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty) of
9881:
8992:
4067:
The territorial army and the other troops which cannot be classed as troops of the line must never, without the consent of the Storting, be employed outside the borders of the Realm.
18248:
14159:
4303:
It is usual that the head of state, particularly in parliamentary systems as part of the symbolic role, is the one who opens the annual sessions of the legislature, e.g. the annual
6620:, both of whom alternated months of authority during their year in office, similarly there was an even number of supreme magistrates in the Italic republics of Ancient Age. In the
18956:
13463:
8728:
4781:
senior official posts in the State. Senior officials honourably discharged from office retain the title and rank of their office. This does not apply, however, to Members of the
19846:
17219:
7897:
3766:
shall represent the Federation in its international relations. He shall conclude treaties with foreign states on behalf of the Federation. He shall accredit and receive envoys.
1645:
of the state, and possessing limited executive power. In reality, however, following a process of constitutional evolution, powers are usually only exercised by direction of a
19416:
18647:
15653:
8255:
However, the role of party chief is more senior than that of president. At some point, Xi could be given a party position that also enables him to stay on as long as he likes.
5551:
In some states the office of head of state is not expressed in a specific title reflecting that role, but constitutionally awarded to a post of another formal nature. Colonel
2326:
2149:). In this case the debate centers on confirming them into office, not removing them from office, and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members
8784:
7963:
17886:
Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.
15683:
9986:
8421:
7645:
6218:
5477:
4275:
3687:
in international treaties on behalf of the state; signs them either personally or has them signed in his/her name by ministers (government members or diplomats); subsequent
18134:
16399:
16076:
16036:
15708:
15648:
15112:
7241:, or resignation. In some cases, an abdication cannot occur unilaterally, but comes into effect only when approved by an act of parliament, as in the case of British King
4948:, upon a motion subscribed by one fifth and a decision passed by a two-thirds majority of all the Members of the Assembly of the Republic in full exercise of their office.
2291:
9357:
8563:
18949:
16352:
15972:
15394:
14553:
8037:
4958:
4. For crimes that are not committed in the exercise of his functions, the President of the Republic answers before the common courts, once his term of office has ended.
2779:
Below follows a list of examples from different countries of general provisions in law, which either designate an office as head of state or define its general purpose.
1693:, the legitimacy of the unelected head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. Accordingly, at the time of the
7350:, who left the throne to his son after winning a referendum which allowed him to retain a full royal household deprived him of a constitutional or representative role.
1553:
In a federal constituent or a dependent territory, the same role is fulfilled by the holder of an office corresponding to that of a head of state. For example, in each
15713:
13024:
7428:
However, some other states have no problem with deposed monarchs being referred to by their former title, and even allow them to travel internationally on the state's
8145:
7987:
7924:
3194:
shall, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, determine the basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State.
15997:
15992:
15673:
15668:
6829:, typically as a transitional measure as part of establishing the new form of government that the constitution decrees: For example, transitional provision 1 of the
5363:
as a state (so now as a constituent part of the federation, a non-sovereign level). After its expulsion from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, Singapore became a sovereign
3001:
sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and State integrity, and shall ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of State government bodies.
15678:
7237:
Apart from violent overthrow, a head of state's position can be lost in several ways, including death, another by expiration of the constitutional term of office,
3325:
The head of state may also dismiss office-holders. There are many variants on how this can be done. For example, members of the Irish Cabinet are dismissed by the
14713:
9844:
9508:
7820:
16069:
15343:
15105:
11764:
6679:, which was a monarchy before the Soviet takeover, was the only country to move to a unitary presidency from a collective head of state, a move done by dictator
5746:
of diplomacy) or by date of accession. Contemporary international law on precedence, built upon the universally admitted principles since 1815, derives from the
5438:
3853:
19565:
15628:
15387:
14795:
14568:
14234:
12950:
8882:
8693:
1730:
and the principal functions of such presidents are mainly ceremonial and symbolic, as opposed to the presidents in a presidential or semi-presidential system.
10009:
8398:
8271:
7201:
A foreign power can establishing a branch of their own dynasty, or one friendly to their interests. This was often the outcome of the wars fought between the
2948:(2)The President shall have the responsibility and duty to safeguard the independence, territorial integrity and continuity of the State and the Constitution.
18241:
16046:
15728:
15643:
15638:
14152:
13017:
9047:
8470:
5759:
5042:
2914:
represents the Portuguese Republic, guarantees national independence, the unity of the state and the proper operation of the democratic institutions, and is
1927:
no longer has many of the standard parliamentary system head of state functions that had previously belonged to him or her, as was the case in the preceding
9433:
8492:
4547:
XXIV - render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session
2727:, laying the first stone. Some parts of national life receive their regular attention, often on an annual basis, or even in the form of official patronage.
14573:
8537:
8301:
8293:
5520:
1305:, the position of president has no tangible powers by itself; however, since such a head of state, as a matter of custom, simultaneously holds the post of
10032:
9987:
Guests at the wedding ceremony: Wedding between Crown Princess Victoria and Mr Daniel Westling on Saturday 19 June 2010, 3.30 p.m., at Stockholm Cathedral
8759:
3856:, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies and abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.
20171:
19839:
18144:
17212:
15633:
10218:
8232:
7320:
7043:, succession to the throne usually first passes to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only after that to the monarch's children (agnatic seniority).
7008:
In some monarchies there may be liberty for the incumbent, or some body convening after the death of the monarch, to choose from eligible members of the
5516:
5473:
5427:
4283:
4220:
14394:
8912:
8057:
3649:) of the sending state is accredited to the head of state of the receiving state. The head of state accredits (i.e. formally validates) their country's
1665:(or answerable) to the legislature, with the head of government and cabinet in turn accepting constitutional responsibility for offering constitutional
19409:
18193:
15906:
15693:
15368:
7624:
4542:
XXIII - submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
2550:
2543:
1432:
normally has a head of state, and determines the extent of its head's executive powers of government or formal representational functions. In terms of
7283:
of former heads of state can be designed to represent the history or aspirations of a state or its people, such as the equestrian bronze sculpture of
4092:, shall preside over the Supreme Council of Defense established by law, and shall make declarations of war as have been agreed by Parliament of Italy.
19558:
17915:
14476:
14249:
11885:
7398:
6487:
6182:
5496:
4375:
3841:
3720:
2850:
shall be the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power.
2349:
9608:
9238:
8822:
2776:
from its very beginning; in a monarchy this may even be extended to some degree to other members of the dynasty, especially the heir to the throne.
2765:
or in other cases (possibly as a message, for instance, to distance themselves without rendering offence) just a military officer or civil servant.
18234:
16392:
16342:
14145:
9673:
8217:
6705:, established in 1928, had a panel of about 40 people as collective head of state. Though beginning that year, a provisional constitution made the
6186:
5465:
4291:
2747:
2361:
2231:) regimes, but in most cases of dictatorship, their stated constitutional models are applied in name only and not in political theory or practice.
9777:
9273:
19740:
19622:
14254:
9192:
Bayefsky, Anne F. (1993), "International Human Rights Law in Canadian Courts", in Kaplan, William; McRae, Donald Malcolm; Cohen, Maxwell (eds.),
8216:
is the most powerful figure in the Chinese political system. He is the President of China, but his real influence comes from his position as the
7581:
7472:
2373:
7413:
to be referred to by their former titles or bearing a surname indicating royal status, and has enacted legislation which hinders acquisition of
4914:(3) Criminal prosecution for criminal offences committed by the President of the Republic while executing his office shall be ruled out forever.
1657:(or, at least, not a majority opposition – a subtle but important difference). It also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of
19832:
17205:
16357:
13197:
10081:
9479:
8316:
6694:. The Sovereignty Council comprises 11 ministers, who together have exercised all governmental functions for Sudan since the fall of President
6175:
5453:
5420:
4906:
4287:
3849:
3788:
shall accredit ambassadors and envoys extraordinary to foreign powers; foreign ambassadors and envoys extraordinary shall be accredited to him.
2353:
10058:
8515:
4311:
in Britain. Even in presidential systems the head of state often formally reports to the legislature on the present national status, e.g. the
19402:
17403:
15009:
13468:
13458:
9069:
7842:
Klug, Heinz (March 2003). "Postcolonial Collages: Distributions of Power and Constitutional Models, With Special Reference to South Africa".
7576:
5384:
abolished the position and title of vice-president, assuming the positions of Prime Minister and Head of Cabinet. He also proclaimed himself
4829:
2637:
of the state; in hereditary monarchies this extends to the monarch being a symbol of the unbroken continuity of the state. For instance, the
1170:
9324:
7327:, representing the territorial expansion of the United States in the first 130 years from its founding, which is promoted as the "Shrine of
18742:
18707:
18139:
16213:
15977:
15580:
14883:
14588:
10812:
10640:
10555:
10294:
9877:
8984:
8830:
8643:
7628:
6702:
6152:
5503:, who performs some of the roles of a head of state, such as accrediting foreign ambassadors and undertaking overseas visits. However, the
5164:
4212:
3755:
3731:
shall represent the State in all its relations with foreign countries, without prejudice to the requisite participation of the responsible
2416:
2268:
1653:
who is answerable to the legislature. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the
1270:, the head of state usually has mostly ceremonial powers, with a separate head of government. However, in some parliamentary systems, like
8173:
7732:
4523:
IV - sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
1969:(head of government) to the president. However, the president has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the
16385:
15348:
9456:
5794:
5715:. The Pope also had the sole right to determine the precedence of all others. This principle was first challenged by a Protestant ruler,
4850:
who is Head of State cannot be prosecuted for his or her actions. Nor can a Regent be prosecuted for his or her actions as Head of State.
4492:; If he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated...
3347:
2330:
9965:
8725:
5415:
There are also a few nations in which the exact title and definition of the office of head of state have been vague. During the Chinese
5258:(d) remit the whole or a part of a punishment imposed on a person for an offence or of a penalty or forfeiture on account of an offence.
19735:
19617:
15328:
14633:
13567:
13478:
9755:
8090:
7889:
6656:
4902:
3112:
855:
6667:
remained the only country among them that retained an office of president as a form of a single head of state throughout this period;
6581:, in which a monarchy experiences an exceptional period of multiple rulers. Examples of collective republican systems include nominal
4165:
Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States
3173:
and shall be exercised by him either directly or indirectly through the officers subordinate to him in accordance to the Constitution.
3127:
as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth.
18173:
13610:
13533:
11998:
7586:
7268:
in Berlin, Germany, dedicated 1897, nearly 10 years after his death. The monument was destroyed by the communist government in 1950.
6210:
5747:
5508:
4777:
3638:
3521:
9410:
8444:
6029:(held by the British monarch, but not legally reserved for it) or 'Head of the Arab Union' (14 February - 14 July 1958, held by the
20317:
14989:
14628:
13094:
12895:
10709:
9911:
8586:
8200:
7960:
6237:
5935:. The monarchies who survived through this era were the ones who were willing to subject themselves to constitutional limitations.
1497:, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role (e.g.
1306:
17:
8418:
6478:, certain dynasties adopted a title expressing their positions as "servant" of a patron deity of the state, but in the sense of a
20164:
16041:
15896:
15054:
14533:
14269:
13827:
11027:
8342:
8324:
5442:
5046:
4461:
with annual messages on the situation in the country and on the basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State.
9935:
9135:
9118:
7358:, where he was imprisoned, into a miniature version of his First Empire, with most trappings of a sovereign monarchy, until his
7165:
rulers. Dictators often use democratic titles, though some proclaim themselves monarchs. Examples of the latter include Emperor
1474:, in which the head of state, in theory, possesses key executive powers, but such power is exercised on the binding advice of a
18617:
17792:
16347:
16302:
14683:
14214:
13473:
13414:
13084:
10299:
10020:
9636:
9074:
9034:
8856:
8560:
8406:
4696:
4481:
4417:
4139:
2657:
practice is taken to excess, and the head of state becomes the principal symbol of the nation, resulting in the emergence of a
2110:
9354:
8034:
4357:
session takes place at a special meeting of the Chamber held no later than the third day of the session. At this meeting, the
3852:
receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, in pursuance of decisions of the
2768:
For non-executive heads of state there is often a degree of censorship by the politically responsible government (such as the
2683:
Heads of state often greet important foreign visitors, particularly visiting heads of state. They assume a host role during a
18752:
18085:
17987:
17908:
17483:
16252:
15916:
15761:
14743:
14688:
14673:
14563:
14548:
14424:
14314:
14244:
11878:
11079:
10634:
10165:
10117:
9722:
9699:
9203:
9176:
8796:
7715:
6167:
5667:, etc.) offer a wide spectrum of styles, either monarchic (mostly identical to homonyms in larger states) or republican, see
5469:
3423:
2974:
He shall represent the State of Lithuania and shall perform everything with which he is charged by the Constitution and laws.
2932:
2642:
2196:
974:
11044:
5041:
After thirty days of the exercise of such emergency powers, the matter may be referred to the Constitutional Council by the
2661:
where the image of the head of state is the only visual representation of the country, surpassing other symbols such as the
1751:—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, but not required by law. So, Italy had a
18862:
18667:
18317:
14748:
14653:
14354:
13508:
13493:
10264:
9298:
8890:
8744:
8713:
8628:
8620:
8135:
7984:
7928:
6598:
6594:
6093:
4945:
4809:
3295:
3098:
shall have the supreme authority in all the affairs of the Realm, and he shall exercise such supreme authority through the
9387:
19264:
18196:
18105:
18040:
17875:
17418:
16292:
16153:
15826:
15500:
15183:
15150:
14598:
14578:
14309:
14186:
13488:
13424:
11532:
10066:
9395:
8767:
7422:
7218:
5635:
5524:
5355:) for its governor (the actual head of state remained the British monarch). The second and last incumbent of the office,
4936:
4704:
4425:
4135:
3932:
3806:
3553:
3191:
2992:
2295:
2248:
1738:
1566:
1554:
1203:
12226:
4598:; this power is rarely used); refer a bill to the courts to test its constitutionality; refer a bill to the people in a
3829:
d) shall receive letters of credence and letters of recall of diplomatic representatives accredited to his (her) office.
1459:(fundamental laws) that establish different political systems, four major types of heads of state can be distinguished:
20157:
19804:
19760:
18979:
18115:
18075:
17943:
17529:
16870:
14733:
14643:
13543:
13192:
11537:
9841:
7131:
6733:
is often established, even if only by fictitious claims of continuity (e.g., a forged claim of descent from a previous
6652:
6560:
6171:
5932:
5499:
was abolished. As a result, some of the duties previously held by the president were constitutionally delegated to the
4885:
3376:
2423:(legislature), has moved Liechtenstein into the semi-presidential category. Similarly the original powers given to the
2360:
with limited power. However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the
1570:
1128:
42:
6155:
by acting unilaterally (that is, without direction from ministers, parliament, or the monarch) occurred in 1926, when
6135:
as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state. New Zealand,
6005:
is a retrospective label for those cases where the states were governed entirely separately. Of contemporary terms, a
5248:, either indefinite or for a specified period, of the execution of a punishment imposed on that person for an offence;
5209:...and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of
20269:
19770:
19489:
18888:
18782:
18777:
18199:
17828:
17587:
16267:
16203:
15570:
14623:
14593:
14274:
13523:
13518:
13498:
13323:
10802:
10209:
10192:
10139:
9749:
7814:
7099:
6769:. This can take the form of supreme divine authority above the state's, granting a tool for political influence to a
6079:
5623:
5202:
5143:
3019:
2617:
a formal public ceremony when a person becomes head of state, or some time after. This may be the swearing in at the
2568:
2447:
2316:
1724:
with a parliamentary system (such as India, Germany, Austria, Italy and Israel), the head of state is usually titled
1440:, independent state is usually identified as the person who, according to that state's constitution, is the reigning
1385:
1003:
912:
723:
254:
16563:
10033:
Selected guest list for the wedding service at Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Luxembourg on October 20, 2012 at 11:00 a.m.
8879:
8689:
8374:
7303:, placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata (Calcutta) (1921), commemorating Queen Victoria's reign as
20297:
20047:
17901:
17838:
16337:
16218:
16198:
15590:
15248:
15019:
14838:
14802:
14723:
14698:
14483:
14404:
14369:
14339:
14229:
14106:
13577:
13513:
13045:
12482:
11871:
11347:
8756:
8395:
7284:
6864:
by name, rather than by the fact he was the prime minister of colonial Seychelles immediately before independence.
6334:
6128:
5364:
5359:, kept the style at 31 August 1963 unilateral declaration of independence and after 16 September 1963 accession to
5023:
3980:
3439:
2820:
is the head of State of New Zealand, and shall be known by the royal style and titles proclaimed from time to time.
2607:
2603:
2485:
1019:
329:
9029:
8467:
20312:
19236:
18893:
18337:
18095:
18055:
17957:
17833:
16113:
15435:
15024:
14758:
14668:
14558:
14429:
14379:
14334:
13548:
10745:
10289:
9487:
9430:
8545:
8489:
8429:
8370:
7417:
unless those terms are met. The former king brought this issue, along with property ownership issues, before the
6839:
6648:
6214:
6206:
6190:
5960:
is resident in Andorra; each is represented in Andorra by a delegate, though these persons hold no formal title.
5677:
were elected by their Italian aristocratic republics from a patrician nobility, but "reigned" as sovereign dukes.
5404:" meaning "highest"; roughly translated to English as "Supreme Commander of the Revolution"). He was praised as "
4893:
4839:
4251:
3641:, which codified longstanding custom, operates under the presumption that the head of a diplomatic mission (i.e.
3549:
2826:
2735:
2646:
2277:
2136:" - the name of the system refers to any head of state who actually governs and is not directly dependent on the
1928:
1920:
944:
8534:
8290:
4896:
may not be detained, subjected to criminal prosecution or prosecuted for offence or other administrative delict.
20259:
20249:
18909:
18532:
17747:
16362:
16223:
16148:
16031:
15595:
15243:
15029:
14349:
14259:
14239:
13483:
13240:
12928:
12731:
11324:
10827:
10089:
9825:
9355:
The Constitution, as laid down on 17 May 1814 by the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll and subsequently amended.
8500:
7418:
7210:
7002:
6540:
6447:
6275:, who claimed descent from their respective sun gods and often sought to maintain this bloodline by practising
5631:
5147:
5087:
4568:
4489:
4160:
3299:
3237:
3038:
is vested, at least notionally, in the head of state. In presidential systems the head of state is the actual,
2321:. All substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son
2118:
2081:
Other countries evolve into something akin to a semi-presidential system or indeed a full presidential system.
1367:
1363:
1267:
848:
718:
496:
344:
187:
178:
63:
8124:", includes spines of two books titled "American Revolution" and "Constitution and Laws of the United States".
6721:
The position of head of state can be established in different ways, and with different sources of legitimacy.
3512:
19750:
19457:
18847:
18517:
18012:
17977:
17860:
17562:
17253:
16614:
16257:
15901:
15771:
15338:
15253:
15203:
14763:
13887:
13741:
13603:
13394:
12862:
11161:
8909:
8571:
7591:
6609:, which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics that had always had an even number of consuls.
5724:
4716:
in the cases and in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
4216:
3431:
3124:
2377:
2325:. The post of president was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of
2252:
733:
7340:
19642:
19465:
18772:
18732:
18632:
18558:
18452:
18081:
18046:
17983:
17797:
17772:
17732:
17672:
17662:
17612:
17582:
17572:
17519:
17423:
15295:
15238:
15193:
14912:
14900:
14658:
14389:
14304:
14279:
13503:
13059:
12984:
12917:
12736:
12462:
11815:
10797:
10785:
10304:
8920:
8788:
7542:
7379:
By tradition, deposed monarchs who have not freely abdicated continue to use their monarchical titles as a
7295:
London, commemorating Queen Victoria and her reign (1837–1901), and unveiled in 1911 by her grandson, King
6741:(as may be the case in a dynastic split). Such grants of sovereignty are usually forced, as is common with
6687:
6573:
rotates among the members of the collective as the term of office progresses. Of multiple royal systems, a
6115:
5316:
5277:
4247:
3936:
2787:
2424:
2133:
1726:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1165:
907:
482:
314:
285:
19917:
17059:
16655:
16604:
16589:
8819:
3950:
A head of state is often, by virtue of holding the highest executive powers, explicitly designated as the
2750:
the head of state of the host nation, by uttering a single formulaic phrase as determined by the charter.
19720:
19652:
19529:
18747:
18447:
18188:
18178:
18091:
17757:
17752:
17727:
15987:
15223:
15049:
14678:
14324:
13970:
13528:
13409:
13290:
13170:
12989:
12884:
11993:
11678:
11592:
11487:
11402:
11319:
10817:
10689:
10544:
9602:
8015:
6202:
6198:
6119:
5716:
5371:
5253:(c) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on a person for an offence; or
5181:
5002:
4683:
4667:
4534:
4442:
c) shall announce referendums in accordance with the procedure established by federal constitutional law;
4304:
4279:
4102:
3777:
3677:
3672:
However, there are provisions in the Vienna Convention that a diplomatic agent of lesser rank, such as a
3625:
2086:
1970:
1586:
979:
786:
9669:
7682:, pp. 110–11 " being an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona."
6713:
and the National Government bound to the instructions of the Central Executive Committee of that party.
3379:, by an absolute majority of its members, adopts a motion of no confidence proposing a successor to the
18878:
18827:
18822:
18797:
18767:
18652:
18563:
18101:
18066:
18036:
17823:
17777:
17722:
17697:
17687:
17597:
17524:
16287:
16262:
15921:
15911:
15821:
15776:
15353:
15323:
15278:
15263:
15168:
15074:
14603:
14543:
14439:
13442:
13404:
13235:
12994:
12873:
11825:
11740:
11329:
11227:
9294:
9267:
8864:
7222:
6853:
6826:
6660:
6659:. After World War II the Soviet model was subsequently adopted by almost all countries belonged to its
6194:
6156:
6083:
6050:
5036:
4872:
4782:
4473:
4312:
4224:
4164:
4152:
3876:
3499:
3229:
2192:
1618:
Parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch usually does not personally exercise power
319:
290:
17018:
13009:
11517:
9878:"Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin - Reinhold Begas - Monuments for the German Empire - Exhibition"
6989:, which came into effect in 2015 after having been approved by all of the affected nations. Sometimes
5948:, the chief of government, the legislature or its presiding officer. In a monarchy, this is usually a
3564:, and the prime minister in turn appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers at his/her sole discretion.
19785:
19657:
18941:
18857:
18802:
18762:
18717:
18712:
18692:
18682:
18677:
18672:
18657:
18642:
18637:
18622:
18612:
18579:
18412:
18111:
18071:
17938:
17802:
17787:
17702:
17682:
17622:
17577:
17567:
17478:
17283:
16650:
16322:
15866:
15841:
15363:
15318:
15233:
15228:
15213:
15208:
15173:
14979:
14858:
14738:
14728:
14718:
14693:
14538:
14513:
14419:
14409:
13995:
13947:
13537:
12961:
12153:
11942:
11795:
11482:
11417:
11407:
11392:
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10674:
10584:
8136:"Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why. - Is the presidency powerful in China?"
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7300:
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5412:
originally given to kings; Sukarno awarded himself titles in that fashion due to his noble ancestry.
5239:(a) grant a pardon, either free or subject to lawful conditions, to a person convicted of an offence;
4518:
III – start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in this Constitution;
4458:
3598:
3590:
3380:
3011:
2958:
2724:
2512:
2443:
2063:
1834:
1142:
1123:
841:
446:
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38:
16737:
16377:
11617:
10078:
9476:
8313:
7287:, first Emperor of a unified Germany erected in Berlin at the end of the nineteenth century; or the
6781:
after his death. The division of theocratic power can be disputed, as happened between the Pope and
4909:
suit. The punishment may be the loss of his presidential office and of his eligibility to regain it.
1518:, in which the head of state shares key executive powers with a head of government or cabinet (e.g.
19780:
19152:
18998:
18883:
18842:
18817:
18807:
18792:
18787:
18737:
18702:
18687:
18204:
18183:
18168:
18031:
17762:
17742:
17667:
17657:
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17592:
17453:
17054:
16640:
16297:
16272:
16158:
15851:
15836:
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15781:
15510:
15273:
15268:
15218:
15198:
15158:
15064:
14969:
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14848:
14828:
14768:
14708:
14094:
13990:
13799:
13746:
13596:
13389:
12939:
12372:
12178:
11237:
11217:
11182:
11135:
11089:
10441:
10257:
10205:
10055:
10043:
8512:
8195:
7512:
7384:
7324:
6435:
6026:
5964:
5651:
in Greek Antiquity and the equivalent city states in the feudal era and later, (many in Italy, the
5586:
5015:
4924:
4679:
3742:
3732:
3557:
3435:
3342:
2940:
2903:
2489:
2420:
2176:
2059:
2055:
2040:
1978:
1940:
1515:
1279:
1271:
1137:
561:
451:
9083:
7051:
5426:, no successor was named, so the duties of the head of state were transferred collectively to the
3275:
The head of state usually appoints most or all the key officials in the government, including the
1598:
1290:
leaders of the nation (in practice they divide the leadership of the nation between themselves).
20302:
20215:
19982:
19775:
19765:
19691:
19686:
19632:
19292:
19138:
18837:
18757:
18727:
18442:
18402:
18302:
17948:
17807:
17767:
17737:
17707:
17652:
17627:
17617:
17488:
17463:
17363:
17353:
17348:
17303:
17273:
17263:
16773:
16686:
16312:
16277:
16208:
16138:
16118:
16061:
16010:
15959:
15856:
15811:
15688:
15575:
15485:
15445:
15258:
15188:
15178:
15163:
14999:
14947:
14932:
14922:
14613:
14608:
14583:
14294:
13691:
13280:
13220:
13145:
12437:
11962:
11115:
10807:
10790:
10780:
10755:
10599:
10325:
10223:
10157:
10149:
9328:
8705:
7995:
7537:
6904:
6861:
6298:
5912:
5892:
5871:
the role of a monarchs has gradually transitioned from that of a sovereign ruler—in the sense of
5859:
5806:
5728:
5613:
till 21 February 1971, only from then on as regular (but unconstitutional, unelected) president.
5131:
4740:
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4383:
3728:
3394:
3358:
3087:
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1815:
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1666:
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1356:
1196:
1087:
491:
20112:
16880:
15379:
10184:
8640:
7766:"The Managerial Constitution: The Convergence of Constitutional and Corporate Governance Models"
6355:
and acts as supreme governor of the Church of England, although this is purely a symbolic role.
3673:
20073:
19878:
19809:
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19521:
18422:
18417:
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17443:
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16332:
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15931:
15886:
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15605:
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15333:
14359:
13726:
12231:
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11059:
10991:
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7347:
7225:
line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the
7115:
6994:
6730:
6439:
6001:
In early modern Europe, a single person was often monarch simultaneously of separate states. A
5884:
5720:
5684:
refers to various state arrangements that combine "republican" and "monarchic" characteristics.
5616:
In certain cases a special style is needed to accommodate imperfect statehood, e.g., the title
5570:
5378:
5347:
4860:
4765:
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4362:
4343:
4308:
4127:
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3478:
3452:
3204:
3183:
3137:
2984:
2966:
2428:
2376:
rather than an administrative post; theoretically, the President serves at the pleasure of the
2184:
2164:
2047:
1949:
1932:
1771:
1706:
1662:
1537:, in which the head of state is also the head of government and has all executive powers (e.g.
1321:
1099:
880:
728:
670:
616:
223:
130:
10107:
9957:
9712:
9453:
9407:
7806:
Freedom of speech: importing European and US constitutional models in transitional democracies
7785:
7705:
7623:
It is listed as such in the current Constitution; it is thus equivalent to organs such as the
5815:
2380:, the legislature, and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative.
2067:
19730:
19612:
19602:
19383:
19250:
19208:
19054:
18697:
18627:
18548:
18497:
18492:
18467:
18322:
18287:
18002:
17692:
17514:
17413:
17388:
17383:
17378:
16722:
16701:
16317:
16178:
16123:
16002:
15861:
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15663:
15585:
15560:
15535:
15495:
15480:
15039:
14778:
14753:
14528:
14459:
14434:
14284:
14224:
14209:
13839:
13782:
13676:
13661:
13285:
13245:
13109:
13074:
13041:
12844:
12342:
12078:
11820:
11800:
11780:
11643:
11607:
11562:
11507:
11299:
11294:
11069:
11016:
10841:
10750:
10719:
10659:
10609:
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9997:
9739:
8068:
8007:
7311:
National Memorial, a group sculpture constructed (1927–1941) on a conspicuous skyline in the
7260:
7085:
6998:
6830:
6590:
6352:
6344:
6264:
6014:
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usually determined in alphabetical order (in whatever language the host determines, although
5223:
5063:
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4797:
4560:
4239:
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2419:
and cabinet. It could be argued that the strengthening of the Prince's powers, vis-a-vis the
2172:
2153:, so accountability does not operate in the same sense understood as a parliamentary system.
2051:
2032:
1944:
1849:
1714:
1698:
1410:
1026:
548:
381:
16548:
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8087:
6737:). There have been cases of sovereignty granted by deliberate act, even when accompanied by
4533:
XI - upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the
3893:
3322:
has to approve senior executive branch and judicial appointments by a simple majority vote.
1398:
20219:
19667:
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17258:
17013:
15926:
15831:
15786:
15600:
15505:
15460:
15450:
14878:
14703:
14648:
14444:
14414:
14399:
14384:
14374:
14329:
14219:
14194:
13822:
13340:
13275:
13175:
12477:
12138:
11805:
11724:
11688:
11638:
11497:
11422:
11207:
11084:
10876:
10651:
10629:
10624:
10589:
10531:
9365:
7921:
The Constitution of Belgium, Coordinated text of 14 February 1994 (last updated 8 May 2007)
7562:
7389:
7351:
7166:
7107:
7040:
6947:
6566:
6401:
and served as dynastic heads of state, sometimes in addition to another title, such as the
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4619:
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3700:
3402:
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3149:
2881:
2743:
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2488:
were effectively figureheads with real political power being exercised by the chief of the
2459:
2240:
1962:
1905:
1884:
1646:
1634:
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1433:
1402:
1294:
1259:
1241:
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999:
994:
658:
529:
519:
504:
431:
349:
227:
19334:
18226:
16931:
14137:
7970:, Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations (8 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 April 2016.
6872:
3481:, to promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
1309:, they are the executive leader with their powers deriving from their status of being the
8:
20209:
19175:
19012:
18852:
18662:
18553:
18522:
18487:
18477:
18462:
18407:
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18332:
18312:
17782:
17607:
17473:
17433:
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17298:
17028:
16875:
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16327:
16188:
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15954:
15942:
15881:
15871:
15791:
15703:
15698:
15658:
15616:
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15540:
15525:
15515:
15465:
14895:
14773:
14663:
14518:
14498:
14454:
14449:
14344:
14199:
14075:
13844:
13832:
13789:
13399:
13357:
13311:
13225:
13165:
12906:
12522:
12347:
12221:
12158:
12143:
11830:
11775:
11612:
11602:
11587:
11577:
11542:
11472:
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11304:
11021:
10775:
10770:
10669:
10664:
10431:
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10345:
10250:
8736:
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8350:
7641:
7507:
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7021:
6908:
6900:
6738:
6570:
6326:
6018:
5983:
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5916:
5908:
5896:
5850:
5416:
5389:
5189:
5139:
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4748:
4675:
4510:
4404:
4319:
4114:
4110:
3995:
3940:
3924:
3901:
3785:
3602:
3581:
3529:
XVII - appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII
3460:
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3338:
3252:
3212:
3145:
3095:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2126:
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who is chosen by the president, but who nevertheless must be able to gain support in the
1985:
1868:
1780:
1694:
1658:
1582:
1534:
1422:
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1149:
770:
680:
534:
436:
386:
324:
218:
17197:
9909:
8583:
8190:
5171:
He shall exercise the power to pardon individual offenders on behalf of the Federation.
1661:
and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. The
20229:
20199:
20149:
19755:
19745:
19705:
19662:
19637:
19627:
19481:
19449:
19394:
19180:
18593:
18512:
18457:
18437:
18427:
18397:
18160:
18023:
17893:
17543:
17498:
17458:
17398:
17318:
17308:
17293:
16747:
16237:
16173:
16133:
16128:
15964:
15801:
15742:
15530:
15475:
15470:
15455:
15129:
15097:
15084:
14638:
14618:
14523:
14319:
14299:
14289:
14264:
14204:
14040:
13379:
13367:
13362:
13318:
13268:
13125:
13104:
13099:
12633:
12452:
12377:
12148:
11937:
11927:
11729:
11552:
11547:
11512:
11492:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11432:
11427:
11372:
11279:
11125:
10996:
10886:
10866:
10822:
10765:
10760:
10737:
10704:
10694:
10684:
10566:
10177:
9812:
8140:
8121:
8011:
7859:
7532:
7527:
7517:
7492:
7487:
7410:
7365:
7190:
6986:
6845:
6782:
6742:
6556:
6103:
6002:
5712:
5696:
5460:
with limited power, the symbolic role of a head of state is now generally performed by
5385:
5231:
4868:
4847:
4825:
4805:
4773:
4623:
4358:
4189:
4085:
4051:
4030:
4003:
3951:
3916:
3888:
3868:
3662:
3617:
3577:
3372:
3279:
and other cabinet ministers, key judicial figures; and all major office holders in the
3276:
3170:
3099:
2868:
2773:
2769:
2758:
2704:
2638:
2463:
2455:
2415:, constitutional powers that included a veto over legislation and power to dismiss the
2299:
2132:
Note: The head of state in a "presidential" system may not actually hold the title of "
1954:
1924:
1823:
1702:
1650:
1475:
1283:
1252:
1189:
1116:
1106:
1031:
959:
932:
808:
401:
209:
191:
70:
19222:
19040:
16793:
16558:
10213:
9607:, Port Moresby: World Intellectual Property Organization, Part 5, Division 1, (1)(a),
8339:
7346:
A monarch may retain his style and certain prerogatives after abdication, as did King
6131:
in political and media discussion. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed
4871:
person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his
3991:
3612:
2507:
head of state was the monarch of the United Kingdom, ruling directly or indirectly as
2121:, set the precedent for an executive head of state in republican systems of government
20307:
20225:
20021:
19647:
19607:
19194:
18507:
17963:
17637:
17368:
17333:
16982:
16696:
16143:
15891:
15565:
15490:
13942:
13922:
13867:
13419:
13374:
13350:
13333:
13230:
13215:
13185:
13180:
13130:
12798:
12761:
12692:
12643:
12517:
12246:
11957:
11755:
11745:
11708:
11582:
11567:
11442:
11412:
11382:
11377:
11352:
11289:
11284:
11274:
11145:
11094:
10981:
10976:
10699:
10335:
10320:
10188:
10161:
10135:
10113:
9927:
9778:"Seychelles Independence Constitution 1976 - Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative"
9745:
9718:
9695:
9441:
9199:
9172:
9143:
9110:
8792:
8740:
8709:
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7863:
7810:
7781:
7711:
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7292:
7265:
7095:
7036:
6921:
6680:
6621:
6348:
6314:
6260:
6259:
or individual rulers have claimed the right to rule by divine authority, such as the
6123:
5928:
5880:
5732:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5544:
5535:
5492:
5019:
4979:
is the head of State. His person shall be inviolable and he must be respected by all.
4650:
4627:
4595:
4354:
4315:
in the United States of America, or the State of the Nation Address in South Africa.
4243:
3872:
3819:
b) shall hold negotiations and sign international treaties of the Russian Federation;
3654:
3594:
3495:
3469:
3406:
3307:
3216:
2889:
2795:
2496:
2287:
2216:
2114:
2028:
1880:
1845:. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist.
1747:
1317:
1263:
1007:
872:
803:
477:
339:
334:
295:
268:
245:
19537:
17074:
9630:
8853:
7016:
descendants of the dynasty's founder. Rules of succession may be further limited by
5971:
4219:
in normal peacetime (article 65a), and that command authority is transferred to the
3511:
XV - appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the
2202:
20239:
19795:
19677:
19497:
19320:
17968:
17865:
17602:
17343:
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16936:
16926:
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16023:
16018:
15982:
14002:
13849:
13817:
13794:
13630:
13384:
13345:
13306:
12808:
12663:
12352:
12332:
12266:
12236:
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12173:
11952:
11771:
11735:
11653:
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11006:
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7851:
7773:
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7174:
7158:
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6765:
Under a theocracy, perceived divine status translated into earthly authority under
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6586:
6529:
6386:
6136:
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5681:
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5481:
5449:
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5014:
shall take measures required by these circumstances, after formally consulting the
4752:
4537:, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
3959:
3487:
3311:
3035:
2847:
2762:
2658:
2508:
2365:
1900:
1888:
1819:
1742:
1642:
753:
509:
363:
200:
16992:
16727:
7429:
6698:. Decisions are made either by consensus or by a super majority vote (8 members).
6321:
was once sovereign pontiff and head of state, first, of the politically important
6181:
Other Commonwealth realms that are now constituted with a governor-general as the
4365:. If the Head of State is unable to attend, the Speaker declares the session open.
3572:
3018:
The Executive Power of the Nation shall be vested in a citizen with the title of "
2272:
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
1992:
made by the prime minister, and to pardon criminals or to commute their sentence.
20205:
20086:
19969:
19362:
19124:
19110:
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18482:
17268:
16895:
16798:
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14364:
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14012:
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13912:
13907:
13902:
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13711:
13701:
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13135:
12648:
12402:
12382:
12337:
12123:
11648:
11397:
11367:
11362:
11222:
11212:
11177:
11167:
11150:
10986:
10941:
10856:
10574:
10549:
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10085:
10062:
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9903:
9848:
9483:
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9414:
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8541:
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8177:
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8041:
7991:
7967:
7653:
7453:
7364:
escape and reseizure of power in France convinced his opponents, reconvening the
7206:
7162:
7134:
6806:
6602:
6511:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6252:
6034:
5887:"—to that of a constitutional monarch; parallel with the conceptual evolution of
5785:
5737:
5552:
5356:
5050:
4787:
No personal, or mixed, hereditary privileges may henceforth be granted to anyone.
4263:
4259:
3920:
3284:
2731:
2696:
2688:
2634:
2369:
2244:
2224:
1302:
1298:
1233:
1179:
831:
813:
638:
623:
232:
214:
141:
121:
19166:
16742:
9302:
8617:
7855:
7248:
Heads of state generally enjoy widest inviolability, although some states allow
6810:
6363:
5967:
in the event of the removal, disability or death of an incumbent head of state.
5555:
initially ruled as combined head of state and briefly head of government of the
4953:
3. Conviction implies removal from office and disqualification from re-election.
4203:
designate officials other than the head of state with command-in-chief powers.
4006:
whose offices are legally civilian, will frequently appear in military uniform.
3965:
In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may
3879:
has been permitted to exercise them since 1947 and has done so since the 1970s.
1981:
to test its constitutionality, which are used under the president's discretion.
1965:
has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the
20265:
20184:
20119:
20060:
19995:
19956:
19950:
19306:
19063:
18976:
18126:
17852:
17358:
17278:
17064:
16946:
16900:
16885:
16849:
16844:
16732:
16660:
16409:
15147:
15138:
14183:
14174:
14050:
14019:
14007:
13975:
13917:
13882:
13877:
13809:
13671:
13666:
13619:
13140:
13079:
13069:
13064:
12818:
12813:
12697:
12467:
12392:
12296:
12261:
11912:
11790:
11572:
11557:
11522:
11262:
11257:
11140:
11074:
10946:
10604:
10579:
10484:
10401:
10355:
9384:
7522:
7380:
7308:
7170:
7119:
7017:
6982:
6951:
6931:
6695:
6664:
6613:
6521:
6514:
in 2011, Dalai Lamas were both political and spiritual leaders ("god-king") of
6507:
6463:
6402:
6145:
6089:
6006:
5945:
5618:
5559:, styled as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. In 1977, the Libyan
5374:
5352:
5338:
5280:, but some have or have had other titles. Titles commonly used by monarchs are
4290:, however, in practice, these offices are held by the same person, who is also
3696:
3584:
3248:
3076:
2720:
2649:
as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians".
2500:
2481:
2256:
2082:
2075:
1974:
1796:
1479:
1418:
1229:
969:
954:
949:
902:
709:
628:
582:
524:
205:
112:
17069:
17033:
16941:
16921:
6577:, in which two rulers is the constitutional norm, may be distinguished from a
6148:, they are accorded the status of head of state in addition to the sovereign.
4437:
in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law;
4027:
Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada
2633:
One of the most important roles of the modern head of state is being a living
20291:
20132:
20099:
19872:
17428:
16890:
16824:
16803:
16788:
16691:
16645:
16599:
14060:
13985:
13937:
13762:
13721:
13716:
13696:
13686:
12839:
12306:
12098:
12028:
11932:
11437:
11202:
11197:
10619:
10477:
10436:
10088:, (25701/94 | Judgment (Merits) | Court (Grand Chamber) | 23 November 2000),
7602:
7552:
7462:
7226:
7114:. The Pope, head of state of Vatican City, is chosen by previously appointed
7103:
6927:
6857:
6367:
6294:
6229:
5854:
5801:
5742:
5627:
5285:
5245:
5078:
4992:
4976:
4572:
4185:
3280:
2692:
2673:
2504:
2477:
2408:
2334:
2207:
2188:
2146:
2013:
1912:
with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan.
1896:
1775:
would damage Belgium. (Leopold's decision proved highly controversial. After
1538:
633:
611:
586:
416:
241:
150:
19824:
10966:
10056:
THE FORMER KING CONSTANTINOS OF GREECE AND 8 MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY v. GREECE
9299:"The Governor General - the evolution of Canada's oldest public institution"
5978:) or eliminated by a new "provisionary" regime, such as a collective of the
5788:
who compared Bodin's political theories unfavourably with those of Aristotle
5663:, essentially tribal-type but urbanised regions throughout the world in the
4117:. He shall preside over the higher national defence councils and committees.
3520:
XVI - appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the
2943:
shall be the Head of State and represent the State vis-à-vis foreign states.
2829:
appointed by the Sovereign is the Sovereign's representative in New Zealand.
2586:
1701:
acted of its own authority to name a new king and queen (the joint monarchs
1236:. The specific naming of the head of state depends on the country's form of
20080:
20067:
19891:
19473:
19278:
17023:
16829:
16783:
16543:
14124:
14045:
13980:
13932:
13927:
13859:
13736:
13731:
12849:
12658:
12563:
12427:
12256:
12241:
11967:
11527:
11049:
11011:
10911:
10494:
10132:
Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State: Australian Experience
7497:
7467:
7373:
7360:
7316:
7214:
7202:
7009:
6912:
6644:
6617:
6525:
6443:
6428:
6330:
6322:
6280:
6233:
6030:
5674:
5409:
5325:
4331:
4325:
3976:
3955:
3909:
3688:
3666:
3658:
3605:
3303:
2712:
2700:
2618:
2599:
2439:
2396:
2099:
2001:
1872:
1776:
1456:
1429:
1310:
396:
11863:
8097:, Office of the Attorney General (December 2013). Retrieved 3 August 2014.
7733:"Whose Europe? National Models and the Constitution of the European Union"
7339:
Former presidents of the United States, while holding no political powers
7001:
and all persons who have married Roman Catholics are ineligible to be the
6757:, who by testament left his realm to Rome to avoid a disastrous conquest.
5609:
the military leader after the coup of 25 January 1971 was formally styled
4246:
as a collective body. The authority of the Government is exercised by the
4058:. These forces may not be increased or reduced without the consent of the
2462:
but is also, in addition, recognised as the head of state. The offices of
62:
This article is about the type of political position. For other uses, see
20245:
20195:
20125:
20093:
20008:
19930:
19904:
19505:
19259:
19026:
16972:
16839:
16619:
16609:
16594:
13897:
13872:
13706:
13656:
12823:
12756:
12573:
12492:
12276:
12251:
12201:
12113:
12073:
12068:
12048:
12043:
12033:
12018:
12013:
11759:
11268:
11064:
10956:
10951:
10871:
10462:
10446:
10112:. Oxford International Law Library. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
8363:
7777:
7557:
7547:
7312:
7249:
7242:
7025:
6966:
6786:
6746:
6582:
6107:
5888:
5688:
5539:
5512:
5488:
5210:
5082:
4615:
3999:
3692:
2684:
2451:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2211:
2137:
1710:
1654:
1546:
1437:
700:
665:
568:
556:
421:
250:
183:
159:
92:
10109:
The Position of Heads of State and Senior Officials in International Law
9195:
Law, policy and international justice: essays in honour of Maxwell Cohen
8477:, New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved on 28 August 2013.
7447:
4901:(2) President of the Republic may be prosecuted for high treason at the
4614:
A head of state is often empowered to summon and dissolve the country's
3534:
XXV - fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law
2753:
As such invitations may be very numerous, such duties are often in part
2333:
was simultaneously declared "the highest post of the state", not unlike
826:
19943:
19231:
19096:
19082:
19068:
18926:
1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.
14070:
13952:
13892:
13681:
13039:
12578:
12507:
12397:
12316:
12301:
12281:
12093:
12063:
12053:
12023:
11898:
11314:
11252:
11171:
10411:
10376:
9737:
9714:
Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction
8213:
7502:
7343:, sometimes continue to exert influence in national and world affairs.
7238:
7150:
6849:
6794:
6766:
6706:
6606:
6495:
6459:
6339:
6284:
6010:
5876:
5841:
5723:. Great Britain would later claim a break of the old principle for the
5692:
5561:
5461:
5457:
5445:
5423:
5297:
4713:
4599:
4434:
3642:
3544:
Some countries have alternative provisions for senior appointments: In
3043:
systems in which the head of state is notional chief executive include
2915:
2754:
2622:
2595:
2357:
2094:
1909:
1876:
1623:
Presidential republics, one-party states, and other forms of government
1406:
1370: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1248:
1245:
1237:
1073:
1061:
939:
922:
790:
780:
775:
514:
376:
19429:
18971:
9807:
4002:. In these and in revolutionary regimes, the head of state, and often
3294:
In practice, these decisions are often a formality. The last time the
2799:
functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws.
2388:
20255:
20138:
20002:
19898:
19885:
19348:
19217:
18722:
17049:
17044:
16834:
16538:
16533:
16407:
14942:
12782:
12702:
12621:
12596:
12558:
12487:
12362:
12271:
12206:
12131:
12118:
12103:
12088:
12058:
12038:
11673:
11663:
11232:
10539:
10426:
9263:
9114:
8677:
7477:
7328:
7130:
A head of state can be empowered to designate his successor, such as
6943:
6935:
6778:
6578:
6537:
6406:
6272:
6069:
5434:
5342:
5151:
4654:
4227:
is invoked (article 115b): something which has never happened so far.
3621:
3410:
3330:
3044:
2228:
1966:
1672:
1578:
1542:
1527:
675:
573:
456:
411:
391:
174:
83:
9293:
9269:
Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada
7368:
in 1815, to revoke his gratuitous privileges and send him to die in
6825:
Individual heads of state may acquire their position by virtue of a
6163:
the interests of Canada and implicated no one else in my decision."
5970:
In exceptional situations, such as war, occupation, revolution or a
5832:) as a generic term for the ruler, similar to contemporary usage of
5330:
5039:
shall not be dissolved during the exercise of such emergency powers.
4250:
on behalf of the Government, and subordinate to the minister is the
2528:
1805:
1345:
20235:
20034:
19329:
19315:
19287:
19021:
16962:
16957:
16865:
16860:
16717:
16712:
12746:
12502:
12357:
12291:
12216:
12183:
12083:
11972:
11894:
11810:
11693:
11683:
11502:
11001:
10273:
7296:
7280:
7276:
7186:
7111:
7032:
6990:
6814:
6754:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6451:
6411:
6394:
6302:
6110:. In the realms other than the United Kingdom, a governor-general (
5975:
5924:
5837:
5700:
5606:
5578:
5501:
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly
5360:
5273:
4657:
who has ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann.
4059:
3971:
3039:
2677:
2653:
2392:
2283:
2160:
2071:
2009:
2005:
1754:
1677:
1449:
1445:
1094:
1082:
1051:
798:
758:
441:
426:
406:
275:
196:
101:
16091:
13588:
7961:
HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
5707:
In medieval Catholic Europe, it was universally accepted that the
3094:
Subject to the limitations laid down in this Constitution Act the
19976:
19301:
19161:
19133:
19105:
19091:
19077:
19035:
19007:
18993:
17008:
17003:
16763:
16758:
16579:
16574:
15409:
14035:
13089:
12788:
12553:
12512:
12457:
12432:
12286:
12108:
12008:
11703:
11658:
11633:
11187:
10896:
10514:
10467:
10406:
10330:
10284:
9852:
9464:
9418:
9079:
9043:
8237:
6974:
6916:
6790:
6750:
6734:
6676:
6672:
6625:
6574:
6565:
Sometimes multiple individuals are co-equal heads of state, or a
6479:
6454:, a unique dynasty of temporal/religious leadership, leading the
6268:
6256:
5990:
5920:
5845:, originally published in 1532: in fact that particular literary
5381:
5293:
5289:
4208:
3966:
3634:
3561:
3056:
3048:
1989:
1936:
1762:
1487:
1441:
1225:
964:
897:
713:
371:
10010:
Selected Guest List for the Wedding Service at Westminster Abbey
9635:, Funafuti: Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 48(1),
8535:
CONSTITUTION OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC: SEVENTH REVISION (2005)
6397:. Various political Muslim leaders since have styled themselves
5699:, titles meaning "lieutenant" or "governor", originally for the
2282:(1956–1966). This position may or may not have been held by the
2024:
20106:
20054:
20041:
19963:
19924:
19911:
19357:
19273:
19203:
19147:
19119:
19049:
16819:
16814:
16635:
16630:
12793:
12628:
12583:
11922:
11917:
11785:
11698:
10961:
10861:
10504:
10360:
10065:, (25701/94 | DECISION | COMMISSION (Plenary) | 21 April 1998)
8701:
8594:
7406:
7272:
7182:
6970:
6958:
6770:
6668:
6637:
6633:
6544:
6455:
6390:
6276:
6267:. Some monarchs even claimed divine ancestry, such as Egyptian
6140:
6060:
6038:
5987:
5949:
5868:
5820:
5602:
5456:
is now the head of state. Although the presidency is a largely
5309:
5301:
5121:
4231:
3864:
3710:
His Majesty the King of X and His Excellency the President of Y
3646:
3545:
3334:
3264:
3256:
3068:
3052:
2473:
2432:
2292:
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
1984:
The most extreme non-executive republican head of state is the
1916:
1887:. The constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the
1681:
1523:
1519:
1506:
1498:
763:
705:
603:
9168:
Treaty-making and Australia: globalization versus sovereignty?
8785:
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil: 3rd Edition
6640:
there were two hereditary kings, belonging to two dynasties.
6462:
in Central and South Asia, once ranking among British India's
4407:
shall sign every Law, other than a Law relating to its powers.
2187:; this is generally attributed to the strong influence of the
20028:
20015:
19989:
19937:
19343:
19245:
19189:
16676:
16671:
11850:
10242:
7369:
6691:
6533:
6515:
6424:
5846:
5648:
5531:
5321:
4755:, without ever having the power to attach privileges to them.
4271:
3981:
primacy of (civilian, elected) politics over the armed forces
3944:
3814:
a) shall direct the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
3260:
3072:
3064:
3060:
2470:
are similar in this respect to the South African presidency.
2345:
2338:
1608:
Republics with an executive president elected by a parliament
1502:
1483:
1056:
19580:
4682:
and the Presidents of the Houses of Parliament, declare the
3034:
In the majority of states, whether republics or monarchies,
18377:
18256:
16916:
16911:
14167:
13777:
11668:
10509:
10499:
10489:
10472:
7355:
6774:
6420:
6416:
6318:
6245:
5708:
5305:
5281:
5028:
He shall address the Nation and inform it of such measures.
4609:
4254:
who holds the highest level of command within the military.
3620:, written in French, for the Czechoslovakian Ambassador to
2669:
2662:
2327:
President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly
2259:. In the Soviet Union this position carried such titles as
2070:, a Socialist, for example, was forced to cohabit with the
9842:
Swedish Act of Succession (English Translation as of 2012)
8272:
Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein (LR 101)
7890:"Belgian King, Unable to Sign Abortion Law, Takes Day Off"
5622:
was used in Kashmir after its accession to India, and the
2305:
This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in
19859:
17227:
12589:
9604:
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea
9591:
Constitution, s 2; Australia Act 1986 (Cth and UK), s 7.
7730:
6833:
states that once the constitution enters into force, the
3119:
The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the
20179:
19424:
17923:
15127:
9710:
9237:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press: 337.
8233:"China sets stage for Xi to stay in office indefinitely"
6550:
5956:
when they are abroad or unavailable. Neither of the two
5276:, the head of state nowadays usually bears the title of
3653:(or rarer equivalent diplomatic mission chiefs, such as
3350:
to resign on their own initiative when called to do so.
3169:
The executive power of the union shall be vested in the
7656:
for the great powers to have a fresh look at the issue.
7035:, which is semi-elective and gives weight to merit and
6569:
embodies the functions of head of state. In some cases
6486:, ruling "in the name of" the patron god(ess), such as
6293:('divine') was conferred (notably posthumously) on the
2871:
is the Head of the State and represents national unity.
2261:
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR
1297:, the head of state is also the head of government. In
10079:
CASE OF THE FORMER KING OF GREECE AND OTHERS v. GREECE
7307:
from 1876. Another, twentieth century, example is the
6686:
A modern example of a collective head of state is the
6122:), as a representative and to exercise almost all the
5711:
ranked first among all rulers and was followed by the
5367:
and installed Yusof bin Ishak as its first president.
4939:
for crimes committed in the exercise of his functions.
2484:, was nominally a presidential republic. However, the
6809:
holds that the nation—either the whole people or the
5891:
from merely the personal rule of a single person, to
5750:(in particular, articles 13, 16.1 and Appendix iii).
5740:
has for much of the 19th and 20th centuries been the
5634:" in 1994. In 2008, the same office was restyled as "
5192:
is vested with the power to grant individual pardons.
4488:, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the
4126:
According to Chapter 4, Article 87, Section 1 of the
4029:, is hereby declared to continue to be vested in the
3637:
is generally understood to be the head of state. The
18929:
2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.
9694:
Kerr, John (1978), Matters for Judgment, Macmillan,
8905:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8667:
My Constitutional Act with explanations, 9th edition
8325:
Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington DC
8302:
Department of Justice and Constitutional Development
8133:
7443:
6946:– a senior king and a junior king. Examples include
6632:
there were two supreme magistrates, styled kings or
5765:
Title page of 1550 Italian edition of Machiavelli's
5521:
Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of North Korea
5439:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
5142:
can grant pardons and amnesties. He may only pardon
3854:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
2383:
2016:
in Parliament, avoid motions of no confidence, etc.
10219:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
9447:
8180:, EXECUTIVE: THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC.
7334:
6977:in 1991) have since followed suit. Similar reforms
6532:theocracy from 1585, using various styles, such as
6393:were spiritual and temporal absolute successors of
5731:, when it was decided (due to the abolition of the
5641:
5345:gained self-government, it adopted the Malay style
4361:declares the session open at the invitation of the
3203:Title IV, Chapter II, Section I, Article 76 of the
10176:
9401:
9012:
9010:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8291:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
7221:ended with a compromise: a Parthian prince of the
5982:type, or removed by an occupying force, such as a
5601:(French for "head of state") until 5 May 1960. In
5049:, sixty Members of the National Assembly or sixty
3506:and other civil servants, when established by law;
3270:
1324:(1958), said that the head of state should embody
13100:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
8896:
7640:On the occasion of a royal marriage in 1760, the
7118:under 80 years of age from among themselves in a
6876:Absolute cognatic primogeniture diagram. Legend:
6848:under it. An extreme example of this approach is
6524:, the former homeland of the imperial dynasty of
5996:
5091:be extended unless approved by Al-Shoura Council.
4836:Example 1 (parliamentary non-executive monarchy):
4635:Example 1 (parliamentary non-executive republic):
4376:Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein
4340:Example 1 (non-executive parliamentary monarchy):
3721:Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein
3391:Example 2 (parliamentary non-executive republic):
2836:Example 3 (parliamentary non-executive monarchy):
20289:
18932:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.
9872:
9870:
9738:F. J. Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge (1987).
9563:
9561:
9501:"PLO body elects Abbas 'President of Palestine'"
8931:
8929:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8218:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
7181:, or Chief of State, and established himself as
7031:Other hereditary systems of succession included
6151:An example of a governor-general departing from
5938:
5585:, a former French colony), the first president,
5517:General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
5220:Example 5 (presidential parliamentary republic):
4292:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
2362:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
2102:as Chancellor without consulting the Reichstag.
1737:For example, under the 1848 constitution of the
1286:, has both heads of state and government as the
16245:
16106:
9454:Basic Law of Israel: The President of the State
9198:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, p. 112,
9117:(October 2010). Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
9007:
8923:, United Nations. Retrieved on 15 October 2012.
8802:
7582:List of heads of state by diplomatic precedence
7473:Air transports of heads of state and government
7409:opposes the right of their deposed monarch and
7383:for the rest of their lives. Hence, even after
5719:and was later maintained by his country at the
5542:, given the comparative ambiguity of the title
4138:shall be the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the
3010:Section 87 (Second Division, Chapter 1) of the
2687:, and the programme may feature playing of the
2265:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
1860:
1663:executive branch is thus said to be responsible
16092:Heads of state and government of North America
10179:A Dictionary of Modern Politics: Third Edition
8910:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961
8556:
8554:
8463:
8461:
8432:(August 2016). Retrieved on 13 September 2016.
7153:. This is not the same as the use of force to
6160:refused the head of government's formal advice
5548:and the nature of the head of state's office.
5400:" meaning "commander or martial figurehead", "
4730:
4649:may in absolute discretion refuse to dissolve
4329:. Some monarchical states call this procedure
3842:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
3182:Under Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 3 of the
3144:The executive power shall be exercised by the
2699:, official exchange of gifts, and attending a
2435:closer to the French semi-presidential model.
2309:, where, after the presidency of party leader
2159:are a notable feature of constitutions in the
1854:
20165:
19854:
19840:
19566:
19410:
18957:
18242:
17909:
17213:
16393:
16077:
15410:Heads of state and government of the Americas
15395:
15113:
14153:
13604:
13025:
12951:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
11879:
10258:
9867:
9558:
9546:
9534:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9111:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
8965:
8953:
8941:
8926:
8893:(August 2012). Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8680:(August 2012). Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8600:
8584:The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
8419:Olympic Charter: in force as of 2 August 2016
8260:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7627:, rather than to offices such as that of the
7577:List of current heads of state and government
5163:According to Chapter V, Article 60(2) of the
4830:Immunity from prosecution (international law)
4447:d) shall submit draft laws to the State Duma;
3958:, holding the highest office in all military
1197:
849:
16037:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
15719:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
14129:
9717:. University Press of America. p. 165.
9656:
9628:
9600:
9301:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from
9171:. Annandale: Federation Press. p. 254.
8831:National Archives and Records Administration
8485:
8483:
8284:
8171:Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University
8030:
8028:
8026:
8024:
7675:
7673:
7149:A head of state may seize power by force or
7059:directly elects their head of state, by type
7005:and are skipped in the order of succession.
6703:National Government of the Republic of China
6624:there were nine supreme magistrates, styled
5596:
5590:
5165:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany
4944:2. Proceedings may only be initiated by the
4666:Title II, Article 12, first sentence of the
4382:Every law shall require the sanction of the
4238:states that the ultimate authority over the
3756:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany
3704:intergovernmental format, e.g., between the
3109:Example 2 (parliamentary absentee monarchy):
2806:Example 2 (parliamentary absentee monarchy):
2641:is described by the government as being the
2395:, Emperor of India, and Empress Mary at the
2019:
1973:. The president does, however, hold limited
1943:and terminates their commission following a
1895:(articles 65 and 66) and responsible to the
1637:the head of state may be merely the nominal
1326:
11893:
9744:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 23.
8985:"Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations"
8551:
8530:
8528:
8458:
7425:, but lost with respect to the name issue.
6867:
6777:priesthood reversed the reforms of Pharaoh
6288:
6224:
6051:Governor-general § Modern Commonwealth
5754:European writers of 16th and 17th centuries
5474:Chairman of the Central Military Commission
5454:President of the People's Republic of China
5324:and combined head of state and government,
4284:Chairman of the Central Military Commission
4076:Chapter II, Article 87, 4th section of the
3867:, these head of state powers belong to the
3850:President of the People's Republic of China
3628:and addressed to his Lithuanian counterpart
2372:. The presidency is officially regarded as
2331:chairman of the National Defense Commission
2195:served as an inspiration and model for the
1760:
1752:
1565:the powers and duties are performed by the
23:
20172:
20158:
19847:
19833:
19573:
19559:
19417:
19403:
18964:
18950:
18249:
18235:
17916:
17902:
17220:
17206:
16400:
16386:
16084:
16070:
15402:
15388:
15120:
15106:
14160:
14146:
13611:
13597:
13146:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
13032:
13018:
11886:
11872:
10265:
10251:
9573:
9515:
9231:The Canadian Yearbook of International Law
9105:
9103:
9101:
8875:
8873:
8662:
8660:
8191:"A simple guide to the Chinese government"
8083:
8081:
8079:
8077:
7943:
7697:
5569:leader as "Guide of the Revolution" until
4622:, this is often done on the advice of the
4452:e) shall sign and promulgate federal laws;
4416:According to Chapter 4, Article 84 of the
3824:c) shall sign instruments of ratification;
3683:The head of state is often designated the
3375:offers its resignation to the King if the
3113:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
2983:Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 1-2 of the
2454:) and is thus similar, in principle, to a
2286:Soviet leader at the moment. For example,
1602:World's parliamentary states (as of 2024):
1204:
1190:
856:
842:
24:
9835:
9424:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9262:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8683:
8634:
8561:THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
8480:
8021:
7802:
7670:
7587:List of longest reigning current monarchs
7144:
6813:—gives a mandate, through acclamation or
6601:with members from three nations; the two
6419:as head of state, such as in what is now
6009:had less government co-ordination than a
5748:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
5630:, was styled the first "President of the
5509:President of the State Affairs Commission
4796:Title II, Article 87, 8th section of the
3975:monarch's consort and other members of a
3639:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
3502:, the President and the Directors of the
3310:on the advice of outgoing Prime Minister
3238:President of the United States of America
3236:The executive Power shall be vested in a
2931:Chapter IV, Section 1, Article 66 of the
2569:Learn how and when to remove this message
1875:and was intended to replace the previous
1386:Learn how and when to remove this message
19581:Heads of state and government of Oceania
10126:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9295:Office of the Governor General of Canada
9258:
9256:
9227:"Canadian Practice in International Law"
9224:
9191:
9140:Chinese Government's Official Web portal
9070:"Treaty on European Union (92/C 191/01)"
8525:
8356:
8335:
8333:
8307:
8134:Chris Buckley; Adam Wu (10 March 2018).
8120:Lifetime portrait (1796), known as the "
7980:
7978:
7976:
7354:transformed the Italian principality of
7259:
7255:
7196:
7189:was one of several who named themselves
7050:
6915:tracing its origin through a historical
6871:
6760:
6362:
6228:
5466:General Secretary of the Communist Party
5452:. This situation was later changed: the
5394:Presiden Seumur Hidup Panglima Tertinggi
4923:Title II, Chapter I, Article 130 of the
4840:Swedish Instrument of Government of 1974
4610:Summoning and dissolving the legislature
3990:, or governments which have arisen from
3915:
3892:
3797:Chapter 4, Article 86, Section 4 of the
3611:
3589:
3571:
3556:has the role of formally appointing the
3211:The Executive Power is exercised by the
3136:According to Article 26 (2) of the 1975
2902:Title II, Chapter I, Article 120 of the
2387:
2290:never headed the Supreme Soviet but was
2109:
2023:
1883:system with a form of liberal democracy
1814:Two contemporary heads of state who are
1671:
1597:
1397:
1335:
1307:General Secretary of the Communist Party
32:This is an accepted version of this page
18257:Heads of state and government of Europe
14168:Heads of state and government of Africa
10183:. London: Europa Publications. p.
9803:
9801:
9098:
8870:
8657:
8074:
7731:Nicolaidis and Weatherill, ed. (2003).
7703:
7648:, tried to maintain that the host, the
6490:(servant of Vishnu) in the case of the
6351:, the reigning monarch holds the title
6183:viceregal representative of Charles III
5727:in 1718. However, it was not until the
5178:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic):
4999:Example 1 (semi-presidential republic):
4921:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic):
4693:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic):
4664:Example 2 (semi-presidential republic):
4594:indefinitely (generally in states with
4480:Every Bill which shall have passed the
4414:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic):
4124:Example 5 (semi-presidential republic):
4099:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic):
3795:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic):
3774:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic):
3706:Government of X and the Government of Y
3420:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic):
3180:Example 5 (semi-presidential republic):
2981:Example 9 (semi-presidential republic):
2955:Example 8 (semi-presidential republic):
2900:Example 6 (semi-presidential republic):
2476:, during the military dictatorships of
1593:
1313:, rather than the office of president.
14:
20290:
17185:
17182:
17179:
16433:
16430:
16427:
10300:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
10023:(2011). Retrieved on 12 November 2012.
9343:
9276:from the original on 24 September 2015
9164:
9075:Official Journal of the European Union
9035:Official Journal of the European Union
8836:
8773:
8719:
8618:Constitution of the Russian Federation
7870:
7763:
6729:Power can come from force, but formal
6655:(between 1938 and 1989) served as the
6616:there were two heads of state, styled
6510:until the political retirement of the
6166:Another example occurred when, in the
6044:
5507:role of head of state lies within the
5020:Presidents of the Houses of Parliament
4697:Constitution of the Russian Federation
4418:Constitution of the Russian Federation
4262:are under the absolute control of the
4140:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
3494:and those of the superior courts, the
2549:Please improve this section by adding
2234:
2105:
1786:
20153:
19828:
19554:
19398:
18945:
18230:
17897:
17228:Heads of state and government of Asia
17201:
17082:
16422:
16381:
16065:
15383:
15101:
14141:
14128:
13592:
13013:
11867:
11854:
10530:
10246:
9758:from the original on 22 December 2018
9371:
9272:, Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada,
9253:
8750:
8330:
8245:from the original on 26 February 2018
7973:
6899:The position of a monarch is usually
6800:
6749:revolts. This occurred with the last
6724:
6551:Multiple or collective heads of state
6168:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
5495:" four years after his death and the
4810:honorary distinctions of the Republic
4725:
3486:XIV - appoint, after approval by the
3424:Constitution of the Republic of Korea
3369:appoints and dismisses his ministers.
3289:commissioned officers in the military
2933:Constitution of the Republic of Korea
2643:personification of the Canadian state
2621:of a president of a republic, or the
2513:Viceroy and Governor-General of India
2031:, President and head of state of the
1448:; or the president, in the case of a
975:President of the Council of Ministers
171:, from left to right, top to bottom:
18174:Dutch East Indies (Governor-General)
17924:Leaders of Southeast Asian countries
14101:
9968:from the original on 7 February 2015
9938:from the original on 8 February 2015
9884:from the original on 9 February 2015
9798:
8641:CONSTITUTION OF THE ARGENTINE NATION
8629:Government of the Russian Federation
8490:Constitution of the Italian Republic
7841:
6599:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
6593:, where each member acts in turn as
6329:, the pope remains head of state of
6094:Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
6035:its short-lived Hashemite federation
4298:
3691:, when necessary, may rest with the
3296:prime minister of the United Kingdom
3111:Under Chapter II, Section 61 of the
2668:Other common representations are on
2522:
2499:(1920–1946) and the founding of the
2411:in 2003 gave its head of state, the
2296:Chairman of the Council of Ministers
1818:, but with no political power: King
1368:adding citations to reliable sources
1339:
13618:
13105:Speaker / President of the assembly
10222:. Oxford International Public Law.
10067:European Commission of Human Rights
9906:Jubilee Monument for Queen Victoria
9639:from the original on 28 August 2015
8304:(2009). Retrieved on 3 August 2014.
8281:(2009). Retrieved on 3 August 2014.
7710:. Routledge. pp. 154–56, 163.
7423:European Convention on Human Rights
6238:sovereign of the Vatican City State
5636:President of the State of Palestine
5161:Example 2 (parliamentary republic):
5128:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):
4882:Example 3 (parliamentary republic):
4857:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy):
4794:Example 3 (parliamentary republic):
4762:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy):
4737:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):
4705:President of the Russian Federation
4433:a) shall announce elections to the
4426:President of the Russian Federation
4393:Example 3 (parliamentary republic):
4372:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy):
4163:shall be Commander in Chief of the
4136:President of the Russian Federation
4113:shall be Commander-in-Chief of the
4074:Example 3 (parliamentary republic):
4040:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy):
4011:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):
3935:, reviewing troops during the 2008
3807:President of the Russian Federation
3752:Example 2 (parliamentary republic):
3717:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):
3477:XIII -...appoint the commanders of
3355:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):
3192:President of the Russian Federation
3161:According to Article 53 (1) of the
3159:Example 4 (parliamentary republic):
3134:Example 3 (parliamentary republic):
3084:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):
3008:Example 10 (presidential republic):
2993:President of the Russian Federation
2878:Example 5 (parliamentary republic):
2857:Example 4 (parliamentary republic):
2784:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):
2429:1974 Hellenic Republic constitution
2329:, while the party leader's post as
2249:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2197:Latin American wars of independence
2000:Some parliamentary republics (like
59:Public persona of a sovereign state
56:
13193:International development minister
10295:List of current sovereign monarchs
9928:"Mount Rushmore National Memorial"
9676:from the original on 16 April 2016
9507:, 24 November 2008, archived from
9477:Constitution of the Czech Republic
9385:Constitution of the State of Qatar
9241:from the original on 12 April 2016
9050:from the original on 16 March 2013
8995:from the original on 15 March 2017
8377:from the original on 8 August 2014
8148:from the original on 12 March 2018
7900:from the original on 21 March 2017
7132:Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
6820:
6561:Category:Collective heads of state
6127:governor-general has occasionally
5963:There are also several methods of
5691:historically had officials called
5199:Example 4 (presidential republic):
5115:
5043:President of the National Assembly
4886:Constitution of the Czech Republic
4528:V - veto bills, wholly or in part;
4513:shall have the exclusive power to:
4499:Example 6 (presidential republic):
4470:Example 5 (presidential republic):
4149:Example 6 (presidential republic):
4056:land and naval forces of the Realm
3838:Example 5 (single party republic):
3567:
3463:shall have the exclusive power to:
3449:Example 4 (presidential republic):
3348:heads of the executive departments
3226:Example 7 (presidential republic):
3201:Example 6 (presidential republic):
2929:Example 7 (presidential republic):
1995:
1977:, such as referring a bill to the
1961:In contrast, the only contact the
1935:appoints (following a vote in the
57:
20329:
18833:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
18503:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
13568:Government ministers by portfolio
13324:Ministry of Education and Culture
10238:
9741:The distinctiveness of Soviet law
9711:John Alexander Armstrong (1978).
9408:Basic Law of Israel: The Military
8820:Constitution of the United States
7125:
6129:been referred to as head of state
5624:Palestine Liberation Organization
5370:In 1959 after the resignation of
5267:
5203:Constitution of the United States
5033:Parliament shall sit as of right.
4986:
4213:Basic Law of the Federal Republic
4188:is the Commander-in-Chief of the
4088:is the commander-in-chief of the
3298:was unilaterally selected by the
3029:
3020:President of the Argentine Nation
2818:Sovereign in right of New Zealand
2495:Historically, at the time of the
2438:Another complication exists with
2384:Complications with categorisation
1628:
1004:Cabinet collective responsibility
913:President of the council of state
724:Biology and political orientation
255:President of the Marshall Islands
20131:
20118:
20105:
20092:
20079:
20066:
20053:
20040:
20027:
20014:
20001:
19988:
19975:
19962:
19949:
19936:
19923:
19910:
19897:
19884:
19871:
19377:
19356:
19342:
19328:
19314:
19300:
19286:
19272:
19258:
19244:
19230:
19216:
19202:
19188:
19174:
19160:
19146:
19132:
19118:
19104:
19090:
19076:
19062:
19048:
19034:
19020:
19006:
18992:
17043:
17002:
16956:
16910:
16859:
16813:
16757:
16711:
16670:
16629:
16573:
16532:
16353:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
16214:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15907:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15581:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15344:Democratic Republic of the Congo
14796:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
14569:Democratic Republic of the Congo
14477:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
14250:Democratic Republic of the Congo
14100:
14089:
14088:
13573:
13572:
13562:
13561:
10813:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
10092:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012.
10069:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012.
10046:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012.
10000:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012.
9611:from the original on 26 May 2015
9490:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
9467:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
9444:. Retrieved on 16 November 2012.
9421:. Retrieved on 11 November 2011.
9398:. Retrieved on 17 November 2012.
9368:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8989:United Nations Treaty Collection
8891:Belgian House of Representatives
8867:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8833:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8799:. Retrieved on 13 November 2012.
8770:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8747:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8716:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8654:. Retrieved on 16 November 2012.
8353:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8327:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
8203:from the original on 13 May 2018
8018:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
7446:
7335:Personal influence or privileges
7185:for a vacant monarchy. Uganda's
6690:, the interim ruling council of
6219:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6068:
6059:
5793:
5773:
5758:
5642:Historical European perspectives
4318:Most countries require that all
3882:
3695:. The treaties constituting the
3580:, presenting his credentials to
3550:Instrument of Government of 1974
3500:Attorney-General of the Republic
2628:
2585:
2527:
2245:constitutionally socialist state
1804:
1795:
1581:'s constitutional document, the
1344:
825:
158:
149:
140:
129:
120:
111:
100:
91:
82:
20318:Air transport of heads of state
12896:Social and political philosophy
10290:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
10099:
10072:
10049:
10026:
10003:
9980:
9950:
9920:
9908:, image with dog to show scale.
9896:
9858:
9819:
9770:
9731:
9704:
9688:
9662:
9650:
9622:
9594:
9585:
9493:
9470:
9317:
9287:
9218:
9185:
9158:
9128:
9062:
9022:
8977:
8854:Constitution of October 4, 1958
8631:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.
8577:
8574:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.
8548:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.
8546:Portuguese Constitutional Court
8506:
8503:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.
8455:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.
8435:
8430:International Olympic Committee
8412:
8409:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.
8389:
8371:Department of Canadian Heritage
8225:
8183:
8164:
8127:
8114:
8100:
8071:. Retrieved on 1 November 2012.
8051:
8048:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.
8001:
7998:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.
7912:
7634:
7617:
7137:, who was succeeded by his son
7088:(ranked-choice majority voting)
6589:of the 1790s; the seven-member
6466:, continue to the present day.
6308:
5060:Example 2 (executive monarchy):
4965:Example 5 (executive monarchy):
4567:1. Any draft law passed by the
4174:Example 7 (executive monarchy):
4013:Article III, Section 15 of the
3576:Tekiso Hati, ambassador of the
3271:Appointment of senior officials
3086:According to Section 12 of the
2757:to such persons as a spouse, a
2736:International Olympic Committee
2647:Department of Canadian Heritage
2278:Bureau of the Central Committee
1843:His/Her Excellency's Government
1355:needs additional citations for
1320:, while developing the current
19741:Federated States of Micronesia
19623:Federated States of Micronesia
16564:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
13241:Ministry of trade and industry
12732:Political history of the world
11855:
10272:
10204:
10174:
10090:European Court of Human Rights
9855:. Retrieved on 28 August 2013.
8935:
8676:, The Communications Section,
8597:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012
7882:
7876:
7835:
7796:
7757:
7724:
7685:
7421:for alleged violations of the
7419:European Court of Human Rights
7046:
7039:. In some monarchies, such as
6854:1976 Independence Constitution
5997:Shared head of multiple states
5933:German Revolution of 1918–1919
5632:Palestinian National Authority
5530:There is debate as to whether
5322:national socialist party chief
4490:President of the United States
3601:, presents his credentials to
2957:Chapter VI, Article 77 of the
2119:president of the United States
1417:Some academic writers discuss
1332:("the spirit of the nation").
719:Theories of political behavior
345:Political history of the world
179:President of the United States
64:Head of state (disambiguation)
13:
1:
13888:Needle and syringe programmes
13742:Universal access to education
13395:Ministry of religious affairs
9670:"Kerr's Statement Of Reasons"
9030:"Treaty of Lisbon (OJ C 306)"
8757:Constitution of India, Part V
8572:Constitutional Court of Korea
7663:
7592:List of state leaders by year
7321:40th state of the Union, 1889
6892:Diagonal: cannot be displaced
6716:
5939:Interim and exceptional cases
5780:Bodin named on title page of
5296:, but also many other; e.g.,
5201:Article II, Section 2 of the
4884:Chapter 3, Article 65 of the
4695:Chapter 4, article 84 of the
4151:Article II, Section 2 of the
4054:is Commander-in-Chief of the
3840:Section 2, Article 81 of the
3522:Advocate-General of the Union
2808:Article 2 of the New Zealand
2551:secondary or tertiary sources
1929:1809 Instrument of Government
1921:1974 Instrument of Government
1822:of Cambodia (left), and King
1585:, for example, specifies the
1557:the role is fulfilled by the
1244:; the head of state may be a
1171:Heads of state and government
734:Critique of political economy
16047:United States Virgin Islands
15729:United States Virgin Islands
12737:History of political thought
10305:List of monarchy referendums
10148:
9579:
9567:
9552:
9540:
9528:
9488:Prague Castle Administration
9325:"The Constitution Act, 1867"
9016:
8971:
8959:
8947:
8921:International Law Commission
8865:The French National Assembly
8035:The Instrument of Government
7996:Office of the Prime Minister
7217:between the two realms. The
7024:or even permission from the
6688:Sovereignty Council of Sudan
5986:(an early example being the
5419:, following the downfall of
5180:Title II, Article 17 of the
5062:Articles 69 & 70 of the
5001:Title II, Article 16 of the
4838:Chapter 5, Article 8 of the
4557:Example 7 (ruling monarchy):
4472:Article 1, Section 7 of the
4342:Chapter 1, Article 4 of the
4215:vests this authority in the
4101:Title II, Article 15 of the
4025:The Command-in-Chief of the
3937:Bastille Day military parade
3776:Title II, Article 14 of the
3496:Governors of the territories
3468:I - appoint and dismiss the
3422:Chapter 4, Section 2 of the
3405:shall, on the nomination of
3228:Article 2, Section 1 of the
2859:Title II, Article 87 of the
2788:Spanish Constitution of 1978
2652:In many countries, official
2251:(USSR) and its constitutive
2247:type inspired by the former
1839:His/Her Majesty's Government
1759:parliamentary system, but a
1563:British Overseas Territories
315:Outline of political science
7:
13971:Publicly funded health care
13410:Ministry of social security
13291:Ministry of water resources
13171:Ministry of foreign affairs
13040:Common types of government
10154:Satow's Diplomatic Practice
10105:
9785:citizenshiprightsafrica.org
9396:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
8768:Ministry of Law and Justice
8735:, Publications Department,
8016:Central Intelligence Agency
7856:10.1177/0268580903018001007
7770:digitalcommons.law.yale.edu
7691:
7679:
7439:
7411:former royal family members
7219:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
6844:would automatically become
6541:Mongolian People's Republic
6536:. The establishment of the
6501:
6469:
6106:share a monarch, currently
5717:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
5222:Part XI, Article 80 of the
5182:French Constitution of 1958
5003:French Constitution of 1958
4819:
4731:Granting titles and honours
4668:French Constitution of 1958
4305:State Opening of Parliament
4103:French Constitution of 1958
3778:French Constitution of 1958
3678:minister of foreign affairs
3661:) through sending formal a
3626:President of Czechoslovakia
2995:shall be the Head of State.
2606:in her coronation portrait
2486:elected civilian presidents
2374:an institution of the state
1971:Department of the Taoiseach
1861:
1772:Leopold III of the Belgians
980:President of the government
10:
20334:
18189:Myanmar (State Counsellor)
18179:Indonesia (Prime Minister)
17068:
16986:
16925:
16843:
16802:
16618:
16542:
13443:Minister without portfolio
13405:Ministry of social affairs
13236:Ministry of infrastructure
10156:(Sixth ed.). Oxford:
8522:. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
8396:The Queen's role in Canada
7157:power, as is practised by
6856:'s Article 31 stated that
6554:
6301:element in establishing a
6084:Governor General of Canada
6048:
5849:it belongs to is known as
5589:, was at first not styled
5119:
5081:may, be a decree, declare
4990:
4823:
4678:may, after consulting the
4474:United States Constitution
4313:State of the Union address
4153:United States Constitution
3933:Chief of the Defence Staff
3886:
3560:, following a vote in the
3230:United States Constitution
3123:and is exercisable by the
2918:Commander-in-Chief of the
2882:Iraqi constitution of 2005
2446:is in fact elected by the
2378:National People's Congress
2339:People's Republic of China
2193:United States Constitution
2191:in the region, and as the
2124:
2038:
1899:(articles 67 and 69). The
1467:, with two subset models;
320:Index of politics articles
188:King of the United Kingdom
68:
61:
20191:
19866:
19794:
19713:
19704:
19676:
19595:
19586:
19436:
19372:
18986:
18922:
18902:
18871:
18603:
18592:
18572:
18541:
18273:
18262:
18213:
18153:
18125:
18022:
17929:
17884:
17851:
17817:limited recognized states
17816:
17553:
17542:
17508:limited recognized states
17507:
17244:
17233:
17078:
17073:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
16996:
16991:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16950:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16920:
16904:
16899:
16894:
16889:
16884:
16879:
16874:
16869:
16853:
16848:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16807:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16767:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16705:
16700:
16695:
16690:
16685:
16680:
16664:
16659:
16656:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
16654:
16651:Fernando Henrique Cardoso
16649:
16644:
16639:
16623:
16613:
16608:
16605:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
16603:
16598:
16593:
16590:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
16588:
16583:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16552:
16547:
16417:
16236:
16097:
15940:
15752:
15741:
15614:
15426:
15415:
15309:
15287:
15146:
15137:
14816:
14787:
14506:
14497:
14468:
14182:
14173:
14135:
14084:
14028:
13996:National health insurance
13961:
13948:Supervised injection site
13858:
13808:
13755:
13649:
13626:
13557:
13494:Communications ministries
13451:
13435:
13299:
13254:
13206:
13154:
13118:
13052:
12980:
12973:
12832:
12774:
12722:
12715:
12683:
12676:
12616:
12609:
12544:
12535:
12418:
12411:
12325:
12194:
11981:
11943:National unity government
11905:
11861:
11717:
11626:
11340:
11103:
11037:
10849:
10840:
10736:
10718:
10650:
10565:
10523:
10455:
10369:
10313:
10280:
10175:Robertson, David (2002).
8424:19 September 2016 at the
8340:THE CONSTITUTION OF NAURU
7985:The Constitution of Japan
7925:"Constitution of Belgium"
7597:Records of heads of state
7264:The National Monument to
7177:adopted the formal title
6950:of England and the early
6905:constitutional monarchies
6835:Provisional Head of State
6157:Canada's governor general
6153:constitutional convention
5487:In North Korea, the late
5190:President of the Republic
5012:President of the Republic
4933:President of the Republic
4894:President of the Republic
4785:or the State Secretaries.
4676:President of the Republic
4571:shall be referred to the
4511:President of the Republic
4111:President of the Republic
3786:President of the Republic
3599:U.S. ambassador to Israel
3513:Federal Court of Accounts
3461:President of the Republic
3213:President of the Republic
3146:President of the Republic
3012:Constitution of Argentina
2967:President of the Republic
2959:Constitution of Lithuania
2912:President of the Republic
2890:President of the Republic
2869:President of the Republic
2713:national day celebrations
2490:Panamanian Defense Forces
2407:Constitutional change in
2267:; and in the case of the
2020:Semi-presidential systems
1855:
1690:constitutional monarchies
237:President of South Africa
17174:
17171:
17168:
17165:
17162:
17159:
17156:
17153:
17150:
17147:
17144:
17141:
17138:
17135:
17132:
17129:
17126:
17123:
17120:
17117:
17114:
17111:
17108:
17105:
17102:
17099:
17096:
17093:
17090:
17087:
16641:Fernando Collor de Mello
16525:
16522:
16519:
16516:
16513:
16510:
16507:
16504:
16501:
16498:
16495:
16492:
16489:
16486:
16483:
16480:
16477:
16474:
16471:
16468:
16465:
16462:
16459:
16456:
16453:
16450:
16447:
16444:
16441:
16438:
16042:Turks and Caicos Islands
15724:Turks and Caicos Islands
15329:Central African Republic
14554:Central African Republic
14235:Central African Republic
14130:Heads of state by region
13991:Single-payer health care
13800:Universal basic services
13747:Universal basic services
13489:Climate change ministers
13390:Ministry of home affairs
12373:Environmental regulation
12179:Representative democracy
10442:Self-proclaimed monarchy
10044:Government of Luxembourg
9225:Flemming, Brian (1965).
8880:The Belgian Constitution
8731:14 November 2017 at the
8518:28 November 2016 at the
8401:20 February 2009 at the
8314:Constitution of Botswana
8196:South China Morning Post
8108:"Constitution of Israel"
7990:14 December 2013 at the
7610:
7569:
7513:National day of mourning
7325:midwestern United States
6868:By hereditary succession
6657:collective head of state
6436:Islamic Republic of Iran
6409:Islamic states known as
6358:
6225:Religious heads of state
6027:Head of the Commonwealth
5965:head of state succession
5587:Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo
5478:Supreme Military Command
5244:(b) grant to a person a
4946:Assembly of the Republic
4937:Supreme Court of Justice
4925:Constitution of Portugal
4482:House of Representatives
4353:The formal opening of a
4280:People's Liberation Army
4258:The armed forces of the
3479:Navy, Army and Air Force
3438:with the consent of the
3377:House of Representatives
3302:was in 1963, when Queen
2904:Constitution of Portugal
2674:postage and other stamps
2645:and is described by the
2518:
2239:In certain states under
2221:parliamentary monarchies
2147:United States of America
2093:, was able to dismiss a
2041:Semi-presidential system
1891:, who is chaired by the
1516:semi-presidential system
1316:Former French president
1280:semi-presidential system
69:Not to be confused with
39:latest accepted revision
18:Collective head of state
20298:Government institutions
19516:(Republic of the Congo)
18708:Holy See (Vatican City)
18378:Holy See (Vatican City)
18205:South Vietnam (leaders)
17984:Philippines (President)
17019:Julio María Sanguinetti
16687:Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
15006:South African Republic
14855:Central African Empire
13692:Public good (economics)
13578:Ministries by portfolio
13549:Public works ministries
13281:Ministry of electricity
13221:Ministry of the economy
13095:Office of the president
12438:Uncodified constitution
11963:Administrative division
10710:Vatican City (Holy See)
10224:Oxford University Press
10158:Oxford University Press
10106:Foakes, Joanne (2014).
10084:31 January 2013 at the
10061:31 January 2013 at the
9847:8 February 2014 at the
9459:20 October 2017 at the
9436:1 February 2013 at the
9390:24 October 2004 at the
9364:, Information Service,
9165:Alston, Philip (1995).
8706:Government of Australia
8473:17 October 2013 at the
8345:1 February 2014 at the
8319:23 January 2013 at the
8088:Constitution of Ireland
7844:International Sociology
7538:Power behind the throne
7232:
6993:is affected; under the
6862:President of Seychelles
5913:consent of the governed
5893:Westphalian sovereignty
5729:1815 Congress of Vienna
5334:between 1934 and 1945.
5132:Constitution of Denmark
5047:President of the Senate
4741:Constitution of Belgium
4639:Constitution of Ireland
4637:Article 13.2.2. of the
4395:Section 11.a.1. of the
3676:, is accredited to the
3395:Constitution of Ireland
3359:Constitution of Belgium
3088:Constitution of Denmark
2969:shall be Head of State.
1867:was drawn up under the
1816:constitutional monarchs
1767:"presidential" system.
1639:chief executive officer
1613:Parliamentary republics
729:Political organisations
492:International relations
330:Politics by subdivision
20313:Positions of authority
19532:(United Arab Emirates)
18648:Bosnia and Herzegovina
18318:Bosnia and Herzegovina
17949:East Timor (President)
16769:Rodrigo Borja Cevallos
16738:Andrés Pastrana Arango
15369:South African Republic
13514:Environment ministries
13484:Agriculture ministries
13479:Presidents of assembly
13474:Deputy prime ministers
10992:Islands of Refreshment
10422:Legitimacy (political)
9632:Constitution of Tuvalu
9413:27 August 2014 at the
8915:17 August 2018 at the
8825:19 August 2011 at the
8762:24 August 2015 at the
8501:Senate of the Republic
8093:20 August 2015 at the
7966:25 August 2016 at the
7803:Belavusau, U. (2013).
7764:Gouvea, C. P. (2013).
7704:Kubicek, Paul (2015).
7348:Leopold III of Belgium
7269:
7145:By force or revolution
7090:
6995:Act of Settlement 1701
6963:1810 Act of Succession
6896:
6382:
6289:
6248:
6236:, from March 2013 the
5829:
5721:Congress of Westphalia
5611:military head of state
5597:
5595:but 'merely' known as
5591:
5470:Communist Party leader
5348:Yang di-Pertuan Negara
5024:Constitutional Council
4861:Constitution of Norway
4766:Constitution of Norway
4712:b) shall dissolve the
4503:Brazilian Constitution
4405:President of the State
4386:to attain legal force.
4309:Speech from the Throne
4252:chief of general staff
4199:Some countries with a
4128:Constitution of Russia
4044:Constitution of Norway
4019:Constitution of Canada
4015:Constitution Act, 1867
3988:military dictatorships
3947:
3913:
3799:Constitution of Russia
3754:Article 59 (1) of the
3745:to attain legal force.
3708:, rather than between
3685:high contracting party
3629:
3609:
3587:
3554:Speaker of the Riksdag
3490:, the Justices of the
3453:Constitution of Brazil
3393:Article 13.1.1 of the
3205:Constitution of Brazil
3184:Constitution of Russia
3138:Constitution of Greece
2985:Constitution of Russia
2786:Section 56 (1) of the
2538:relies excessively on
2400:
2350:country's constitution
2122:
2036:
1950:high contracting party
1933:speaker of the Riksdag
1761:
1753:
1684:
1669:to the head of state.
1625:
1569:. The same applies to
1425:in terms of "models".
1414:
1327:
1322:Constitution of France
17994:Singapore (President)
17954:Indonesia (President)
16723:Virgilio Barco Vargas
16343:Saint Kitts and Nevis
16204:Saint Kitts and Nevis
15897:Saint Kitts and Nevis
15571:Saint Kitts and Nevis
15349:Republic of the Congo
14714:São Tomé and Príncipe
14574:Republic of the Congo
14395:São Tomé and Príncipe
14255:Republic of the Congo
13840:Public infrastructure
13677:Public administration
13662:Free-culture movement
13509:Environment ministers
13415:Minister for Veterans
13286:Ministry of Petroleum
13246:Ministry of transport
13085:Deputy First Minister
13075:Deputy prime minister
12929:aspects of capitalism
12845:History of philosophy
12343:Unemployment benefits
12079:Military dictatorship
10803:Saint Kitts and Nevis
10392:Criticism of monarchy
10382:Abolition of monarchy
9998:Royal Court of Sweden
9932:TravelSouthDakota.com
9629:Elizabeth II (1978),
9601:Elizabeth II (1975),
8566:10 March 2012 at the
8468:Constitution Act 1986
8447:21 April 2012 at the
8364:"The Crown in Canada"
8296:25 April 2014 at the
8277:8 August 2014 at the
8069:Royal Court of Sweden
8063:16 March 2015 at the
8058:Duties of the Monarch
7263:
7256:Former heads of state
7197:By foreign imposition
7086:Instant-runoff voting
7054:
6979:were proposed in 2011
6911:, usually within one
6875:
6831:Constitution of Italy
6761:By divine appointment
6711:sole government party
6636:(judges). In ancient
6591:Swiss Federal Council
6506:From the time of the
6405:. Historically, some
6387:early period of Islam
6366:
6353:Defender of the Faith
6345:co-princes of Andorra
6265:divine right of kings
6232:
6211:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6015:co-princes of Andorra
5958:co-princes of Andorra
5873:Divine Right of Kings
5863:(1651) used the term
5680:The paradoxical term
5540:aristocratic republic
5365:Commonwealth republic
5337:In 1959, when former
5224:Constitution of Nauru
5064:Constitution of Qatar
4969:Constitution of Qatar
4798:Constitution of Italy
4620:parliamentary systems
4561:Constitution of Qatar
4457:f) shall address the
4240:Israel Defense Forces
4178:Constitution of Qatar
4078:Constitution of Italy
3919:
3896:
3615:
3593:
3575:
3492:Supreme Federal Court
3329:on the advice of the
3163:Constitution of India
2861:Constitution of Italy
2840:Constitution of Japan
2810:Constitution Act 1986
2604:the Duke of Edinburgh
2468:president of Botswana
2391:
2243:constitutions of the
2163:, including those of
2113:
2052:Fifth French Republic
2033:French Fifth Republic
2027:
1945:vote of no confidence
1915:Since the passage in
1850:Constitution of Japan
1715:Constitution of Spain
1675:
1649:, presided over by a
1635:parliamentary systems
1601:
1411:President of Slovakia
1401:
1336:Constitutional models
1328:l'esprit de la nation
809:Political campaigning
549:Public administration
382:Collective leadership
18872:Partially recognised
18542:Partially recognised
17793:United Arab Emirates
17484:United Arab Emirates
17060:Ramón José Velásquez
17014:Luis Alberto Lacalle
16881:Luis González Macchi
14879:Muhammad Ali dynasty
13504:Education ministries
13341:Information minister
13276:Environment minister
13176:Immigration minister
12863:Political ideologies
12139:Parliamentary system
10635:United Arab Emirates
9992:29 July 2012 at the
9505:Khaleej Times Online
9482:16 July 2012 at the
9366:Parliament of Norway
9121:19 June 2017 at the
9046:. 17 December 2007.
8889:, Legal Department,
8859:1 March 2010 at the
8672:18 June 2013 at the
8540:23 June 2014 at the
8513:Constitution of Iraq
8442:SPANISH CONSTITUTION
8373:. 13 December 2013.
8241:. 25 February 2018.
7778:10.2139/ssrn.2288315
7563:Strongman (politics)
7390:King of the Hellenes
7291:erected in front of
7173:. In Spain, general
7167:Napoleon I of France
7108:United Arab Emirates
7055:Countries where the
6948:Henry the Young King
6753:king of Hellenistic
6739:orders of succession
5557:Libyan Arab Republic
5525:most powerful person
5482:most powerful person
5351:("head of state" in
5150:with the consent of
5148:Court of Impeachment
4903:Constitutional Court
4397:Basic Laws of Israel
4244:Government of Israel
4236:applicable basic law
4201:parliamentary system
3929:Jean-Louis Georgelin
3902:King of the Belgians
3701:European Communities
3434:is appointed by the
2893:of the Constitution.
2460:parliamentary system
2348:, under the current
2157:Presidential systems
2140:to remain in office.
1963:president of Ireland
1885:parliamentary system
1594:Parliamentary system
1465:parliamentary system
1403:Grassalkovich Palace
1364:improve this article
1295:presidential systems
1260:parliamentary system
1251:or concurrently the
1242:separation of powers
1166:National governments
1000:Government formation
881:Executive government
659:Separation of powers
530:Political psychology
505:Comparative politics
483:political scientists
470:Academic disciplines
350:Political philosophy
228:King of Saudi Arabia
19706:Heads of government
19460:(Equatorial Guinea)
18903:Unrecognised states
18573:Unrecognised states
18024:Heads of government
18009:Vietnam (President)
17974:Myanmar (President)
17055:Carlos Andrés Pérez
16876:Juan Carlos Wasmosy
16412:timeline since 1990
16358:Trinidad and Tobago
16253:Antigua and Barbuda
16238:Heads of government
16219:Trinidad and Tobago
16114:Antigua and Barbuda
15917:Trinidad and Tobago
15762:Antigua and Barbuda
15591:Trinidad and Tobago
15436:Antigua and Barbuda
15130:heads of government
14499:Heads of government
14076:Public viewing area
13845:Public water system
13833:Municipal broadband
13790:Public broadcasting
13400:Ministry of science
13358:Ministry of justice
13351:Ministry of housing
13312:Ministry of culture
13226:Ministry of finance
13166:Ministry of defence
12985:Forms of government
12918:Conservatism navbox
12523:Legislative council
12348:National healthcare
12222:Christian democracy
12144:Presidential system
11999:Countries by system
11831:Trinidad and Tobago
11718:Commonwealth realms
11603:United Baltic Duchy
10746:Antigua and Barbuda
10738:Commonwealth realms
10432:Order of succession
10038:5 July 2014 at the
10021:The Royal Household
10015:12 May 2012 at the
9864:Bivar (1983), p. 85
9360:15 May 2012 at the
8885:6 July 2011 at the
8789:Chamber of Deputies
8737:Hellenic Parliament
8696:10 May 2012 at the
8646:4 June 2011 at the
8589:18 May 2019 at the
8495:20 May 2012 at the
8351:Parliament of Nauru
8040:20 May 2014 at the
7823:on 23 December 2014
7642:premier of Portugal
7508:Mirrors for princes
7483:Cult of personality
7430:diplomatic passport
7076:First-past-the-post
7012:, often limited to
6987:Commonwealth realms
6961:, by rewriting its
6909:order of succession
6860:would be the first
6773:. In this way, the
6661:sphere of influence
6333:. Furthermore, the
6327:Italian unification
6277:incestuous marriage
6187:Antigua and Barbuda
6104:Commonwealth realms
6080:The Lord Tweedsmuir
6045:Commonwealth realms
6019:president of France
5954:counselors of state
5917:Glorious Revolution
5909:popular sovereignty
5897:Peace of Westphalia
5851:Mirrors for princes
5836:, in his classical
5816:Niccolò Machiavelli
5697:stadholders-general
5417:Cultural Revolution
4935:answers before the
4739:Article 113 of the
4653:on the advice of a
4559:Article 106 of the
4248:minister of defence
4217:Minister of Defence
4004:executive ministers
3996:Albert I of Belgium
3925:President of France
3036:executive authority
2734:(rule 55.3) of the
2294:(party leader) and
2280:of the Russian SFSR
2235:Single-party states
2217:absolute monarchies
2206:, as often seen in
2127:Presidential system
2106:Presidential system
2091:Paul von Hindenburg
2068:François Mitterrand
1986:President of Israel
1955:letters of credence
1787:Non-executive model
1739:Kingdom of Sardinia
1695:Glorious Revolution
1559:lieutenant governor
1535:presidential system
1495:non-executive model
1444:, in the case of a
1409:is the seat of the
873:the Politics series
832:Politics portal
681:Election commission
652:Government branches
535:Political sociology
387:Confessional system
325:Politics by country
219:President of France
192:Commonwealth realms
29:Page version status
19430:OPEC member states
18808:Russian Federation
18478:Russian Federation
18197:(Governor-General)
17999:Thailand (Monarch)
17969:Malaysia (Monarch)
17944:Cambodia (Monarch)
16774:Sixto Durán Ballén
16748:Juan Manuel Santos
16293:Dominican Republic
16154:Dominican Republic
15827:Dominican Republic
15501:Dominican Republic
14986:Orange Free State
14041:Government auction
13727:Public procurement
13544:Interior ministers
13425:Minister for women
13380:Ministry of sports
13368:Ministry of labour
13363:Minister of labour
13334:Ministry of health
13319:Education minister
13269:Ministry of energy
13126:Secretary of state
12990:Types of democracy
12885:Political spectrum
12498:Legislative bodies
12453:Head of government
12378:Banking regulation
11938:Federal government
11928:Central government
9914:9 May 2015 at the
9830:Kvinnlig tronföljd
9813:Nordisk familjebok
9331:on 3 February 2010
9266:(1 October 1947),
9086:on 1 February 2009
8991:. United Nations.
8623:4 May 2013 at the
8176:2 May 2014 at the
8141:The New York Times
8122:Lansdowne portrait
8012:The World Factbook
7894:The New York Times
7792:on 18 August 2021.
7533:Official state car
7528:Official residence
7518:Oath of allegiance
7493:Head of government
7488:Directorial system
7403:Luxembourg in 2012
7270:
7191:President for Life
7091:
7078:(plurality voting)
6922:wars of succession
6897:
6846:President of Italy
6801:By social contract
6783:Holy Roman Emperor
6743:self-determination
6725:By fiction or fiat
6597:for one year; the
6557:Directorial system
6482:under an absentee
6383:
6249:
6086:from 1935 to 1940;
6003:composite monarchy
5915:; as shown in the
5875:as articulated by
5725:Quadruple Alliance
5713:Holy Roman Emperor
5480:), making him the
5386:president for life
5130:Section 24 of the
4967:Article 64 of the
4826:Sovereign immunity
4764:Article 23 of the
4753:titles of nobility
4726:Other prerogatives
4624:head of government
4501:Article 84 of the
4288:President of China
4221:federal chancellor
4176:Article 65 of the
4042:Article 25 of the
3952:commander-in-chief
3948:
3914:
3889:Commander in Chief
3663:letter of credence
3630:
3618:letter of credence
3610:
3588:
3578:Kingdom of Lesotho
3470:Ministers of State
3451:Article 84 of the
3373:Federal Government
3357:Article 96 of the
3277:head of government
3217:Ministers of State
3215:, assisted by the
2880:Article 67 of the
2774:Kingdom of Belgium
2770:head of government
2759:head of government
2705:official residence
2464:president of Nauru
2456:head of government
2417:head of government
2401:
2300:head of government
2123:
2037:
1824:Felipe VI of Spain
1699:English parliament
1685:
1651:head of government
1626:
1561:, whereas in most
1476:head of government
1415:
1253:head of government
1124:Semi-parliamentary
960:Minister-president
933:Head of government
515:Political analysis
447:Semi-parliamentary
210:President of India
71:Head of government
35:
20285:
20284:
20279:
20278:
20147:
20146:
19822:
19821:
19818:
19817:
19796:Associated states
19700:
19699:
19678:Associated states
19548:
19547:
19392:
19391:
18939:
18938:
18918:
18917:
18604:UN members
18588:
18587:
18274:UN members
18224:
18223:
17891:
17890:
17847:
17846:
17554:UN members
17538:
17537:
17245:UN members
17195:
17194:
17190:
17189:
16983:Jules Wijdenbosch
16932:Valentín Paniagua
16697:Michelle Bachelet
16615:Eduardo Rodríguez
16375:
16374:
16371:
16370:
16232:
16231:
16059:
16058:
16055:
16054:
15947:other territories
15753:UN members
15737:
15736:
15621:other territories
15427:UN members
15377:
15376:
15305:
15304:
15184:Equatorial Guinea
15095:
15094:
14939:Kingdom of Kongo
14812:
14811:
14589:Equatorial Guinea
14493:
14492:
14270:Equatorial Guinea
14122:
14121:
14116:
14115:
13943:Public university
13923:Public open space
13868:Drinking fountain
13828:Telecommunication
13586:
13585:
13534:Health ministries
13529:Forest ministries
13524:Foreign ministers
13519:Finance ministers
13499:Defence ministers
13420:Ministry of women
13375:Regional minister
13257:natural resources
13231:Industry minister
13216:Commerce minister
13186:Interior ministry
13181:Interior minister
13157:foreign affairs /
13131:Minister of state
13007:
13006:
13003:
13002:
12995:Political parties
12874:Political culture
12799:International law
12770:
12769:
12762:U.S. Constitution
12711:
12710:
12693:Political science
12672:
12671:
12644:Political parties
12605:
12604:
12531:
12530:
12247:Constitutionalism
11958:County government
11848:
11847:
11844:
11843:
11533:Piedmont-Sardinia
11285:Sip Song Chau Tai
11095:Thirteen Colonies
10836:
10835:
10206:Watts, Sir Arthur
10167:978-0-19-969355-9
10150:Roberts, Sir Ivor
10119:978-0-19-964028-7
9724:978-0-8191-5405-7
9700:978-0-333-25212-3
9657:Elizabeth II 1978
9442:Riksdag of Sweden
9205:978-0-7735-1114-9
9178:978-1-86287-195-3
8797:978-85-736-5737-1
8678:Danish Parliament
8046:Riksdag of Sweden
7717:978-1-317-34853-5
7707:European Politics
7646:Marquis of Pombal
7415:Greek citizenship
7407:Hellenic Republic
7293:Buckingham Palace
7289:Victoria Memorial
7266:Emperor Wilhelm I
7100:Electoral College
7068:(majority voting)
7037:Agnatic seniority
6681:Nicolae Ceausescu
6622:Athenian Republic
6415:have been led by
6349:Church of England
6315:Roman Catholicism
6261:Mandate of Heaven
6172:private secretary
6124:royal prerogative
6096:from 2004 to 2010
6013:. One of the two
5984:military governor
5931:in 1789, and the
5929:French Revolution
5905:Eighty Years' War
5901:Thirty Years' War
5782:Discorsi politici
5733:Holy Roman Empire
5665:Maya civilisation
5653:Holy Roman Empire
5545:O le Ao o le Malo
5536:elective monarchy
5493:Eternal President
5458:ceremonial office
5421:Chinese President
5406:Paduka Yang Mulia
5146:convicted by the
5100:
5088:Al-Shoura Council
5072:
5037:National Assembly
4859:Article 5 of the
4808:shall confer the
4684:National Assembly
4628:U.S. Constitution
4596:royal prerogative
4575:for ratification.
4535:National Congress
4374:Article 9 of the
4299:Legislative roles
3960:chains of command
3954:of that nation's
3873:royal prerogative
3764:Federal President
3719:Article 8 of the
3680:(or equivalent).
3674:chargé d'affaires
3655:high commissioner
3603:Israeli president
3595:Daniel B. Shapiro
3582:Russian president
3440:National Assembly
3341:cannot force the
3308:Alec Douglas-Home
2838:Article 1 of the
2579:
2578:
2571:
2497:League of Nations
2448:National Assembly
2358:ceremonial office
2354:Chinese President
2317:Eternal President
2288:Nikita Khrushchev
2115:George Washington
2060:National Assembly
2029:Charles de Gaulle
2014:question sessions
1881:absolute monarchy
1869:Allied occupation
1748:Statuto Albertino
1687:In parliamentary
1571:Australian states
1555:Canadian province
1396:
1395:
1388:
1318:Charles de Gaulle
1278:. In contrast, a
1214:
1213:
1138:Semi-presidential
866:
865:
814:Political parties
754:Electoral systems
478:Political science
452:Semi-presidential
364:Political systems
340:Political history
335:Political economy
246:President of Peru
47:27 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
20325:
20174:
20167:
20160:
20151:
20150:
20136:
20135:
20123:
20122:
20110:
20109:
20097:
20096:
20084:
20083:
20071:
20070:
20058:
20057:
20045:
20044:
20032:
20031:
20019:
20018:
20006:
20005:
19993:
19992:
19980:
19979:
19967:
19966:
19954:
19953:
19941:
19940:
19928:
19927:
19915:
19914:
19902:
19901:
19889:
19888:
19876:
19875:
19849:
19842:
19835:
19826:
19825:
19761:Papua New Guinea
19736:Marshall Islands
19714:Sovereign states
19711:
19710:
19643:Papua New Guinea
19618:Marshall Islands
19596:Sovereign states
19593:
19592:
19575:
19568:
19561:
19552:
19551:
19541:
19533:
19525:
19517:
19509:
19501:
19493:
19485:
19477:
19469:
19461:
19453:
19445:
19419:
19412:
19405:
19396:
19395:
19382:
19381:
19380:
19365:
19361:
19360:
19351:
19347:
19346:
19337:
19333:
19332:
19323:
19319:
19318:
19309:
19305:
19304:
19295:
19291:
19290:
19281:
19277:
19276:
19267:
19265:Willem-Alexander
19263:
19262:
19253:
19249:
19248:
19239:
19235:
19234:
19225:
19221:
19220:
19211:
19207:
19206:
19197:
19193:
19192:
19183:
19179:
19178:
19169:
19165:
19164:
19155:
19151:
19150:
19141:
19137:
19136:
19127:
19123:
19122:
19113:
19109:
19108:
19099:
19095:
19094:
19085:
19081:
19080:
19071:
19067:
19066:
19057:
19053:
19052:
19043:
19039:
19038:
19029:
19025:
19024:
19015:
19011:
19010:
19001:
18997:
18996:
18966:
18959:
18952:
18943:
18942:
18601:
18600:
18271:
18270:
18251:
18244:
18237:
18228:
18227:
18200:(Prime Minister)
17964:Laos (President)
17939:Brunei (Monarch)
17918:
17911:
17904:
17895:
17894:
17551:
17550:
17242:
17241:
17222:
17215:
17208:
17199:
17198:
17048:
17047:
17007:
17006:
16988:Ronald Venetiaan
16978:Ronald Venetiaan
16968:Ramsewak Shankar
16961:
16960:
16937:Alejandro Toledo
16927:Alberto Fujimori
16915:
16914:
16871:Andrés Rodríguez
16864:
16863:
16818:
16817:
16762:
16761:
16716:
16715:
16702:Sebastián Piñera
16675:
16674:
16634:
16633:
16585:Jaime Paz Zamora
16578:
16577:
16537:
16536:
16420:
16419:
16402:
16395:
16388:
16379:
16378:
16246:Sovereign states
16243:
16242:
16107:Sovereign states
16104:
16103:
16086:
16079:
16072:
16063:
16062:
16019:Saint Barthélemy
15978:Falkland Islands
15750:
15749:
15699:Saint Barthélemy
15654:Falkland Islands
15424:
15423:
15404:
15397:
15390:
15381:
15380:
15144:
15143:
15122:
15115:
15108:
15099:
15098:
15020:Governor-General
14507:UN member states
14504:
14503:
14180:
14179:
14162:
14155:
14148:
14139:
14138:
14126:
14125:
14104:
14103:
14092:
14091:
14003:Social insurance
13850:Waste management
13818:Electric utility
13795:Public transport
13712:Public ownership
13631:Municipalization
13613:
13606:
13599:
13590:
13589:
13576:
13575:
13565:
13564:
13385:Tourism minister
13346:Housing minister
13307:Culture minister
13034:
13027:
13020:
13011:
13010:
12978:
12977:
12966:
12962:World government
12960:
12955:
12949:
12944:
12938:
12933:
12927:
12922:
12916:
12911:
12905:
12900:
12894:
12889:
12883:
12878:
12872:
12867:
12861:
12809:World government
12720:
12719:
12681:
12680:
12664:Environmentalism
12614:
12613:
12542:
12541:
12416:
12415:
12353:Public education
12333:Social insurance
12267:Environmentalism
12237:Communitarianism
12212:Authoritarianism
12174:Direct democracy
11953:Local government
11888:
11881:
11874:
11865:
11864:
11852:
11851:
11772:Irish Free State
11538:Poland–Lithuania
10847:
10846:
10798:Papua New Guinea
10528:
10527:
10267:
10260:
10253:
10244:
10243:
10234:
10232:
10230:
10214:Wolfrum, Rüdiger
10210:"Heads of State"
10201:
10182:
10171:
10145:
10134:. Connor Court.
10128:Markwell, Donald
10123:
10093:
10076:
10070:
10053:
10047:
10030:
10024:
10007:
10001:
9984:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9958:"Mount Rushmore"
9954:
9948:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9924:
9918:
9900:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9874:
9865:
9862:
9856:
9839:
9833:
9823:
9817:
9816:, vol. 30 (1920)
9805:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9791:
9782:
9774:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9763:
9735:
9729:
9728:
9708:
9702:
9692:
9686:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9666:
9660:
9654:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9626:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9598:
9592:
9589:
9583:
9577:
9571:
9565:
9556:
9550:
9544:
9538:
9532:
9526:
9513:
9512:
9497:
9491:
9474:
9468:
9451:
9445:
9428:
9422:
9405:
9399:
9382:
9369:
9352:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9327:. Archived from
9321:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9260:
9251:
9250:
9248:
9246:
9222:
9216:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9162:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9142:. Archived from
9132:
9126:
9107:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9082:. Archived from
9066:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8939:
8933:
8924:
8907:
8894:
8877:
8868:
8851:
8834:
8817:
8800:
8782:
8771:
8754:
8748:
8726:The Constitution
8723:
8717:
8687:
8681:
8664:
8655:
8652:Argentine Senate
8638:
8632:
8615:
8598:
8581:
8575:
8558:
8549:
8532:
8523:
8510:
8504:
8487:
8478:
8465:
8456:
8439:
8433:
8416:
8410:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8368:
8360:
8354:
8337:
8328:
8311:
8305:
8288:
8282:
8269:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8250:
8229:
8223:
8222:
8210:
8208:
8187:
8181:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8155:
8153:
8131:
8125:
8118:
8112:
8111:
8104:
8098:
8085:
8072:
8055:
8049:
8032:
8019:
8005:
7999:
7982:
7971:
7958:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7927:. Archived from
7916:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7896:. 5 April 1990.
7886:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7819:. Archived from
7800:
7794:
7793:
7788:. Archived from
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7744:
7738:. Archived from
7737:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7657:
7650:King of Portugal
7638:
7632:
7621:
7456:
7451:
7450:
7305:Empress of India
7285:Kaiser Wilhelm I
7209:over control of
7175:Francisco Franco
7083:
7073:
7066:Two-round system
7063:
7057:electoral system
6952:Direct Capetians
6843:
6805:The notion of a
6587:French Directory
6567:corporate person
6335:bishop of Urgell
6292:
6176:Martin Charteris
6137:Papua New Guinea
6116:Papua New Guinea
6112:governor general
6072:
6063:
5899:ending both the
5885:L'etat c'est moi
5800:Frontispiece of
5797:
5777:
5762:
5682:crowned republic
5669:Chief magistrate
5600:
5594:
5527:in North Korea.
5450:paramount leader
5431:Soong Ching-ling
5098:
5070:
4783:Council of State
4459:Federal Assembly
4276:command-in-chief
4260:Communist states
4225:State of Defence
4017:, a part of the
3877:Governor General
3624:, signed by the
3608:on 3 August 2011
3312:Harold Macmillan
3125:Governor-General
2827:Governor-General
2763:cabinet minister
2738:states that the
2725:ship christening
2717:cutting a ribbon
2695:, inspection of
2689:national anthems
2659:personality cult
2639:Canadian monarch
2598:ceremony: Queen
2589:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2531:
2523:
2509:Emperor of India
2370:one party system
2276:Chairman of the
2274:(pre-1922), and
2253:Soviet republics
2241:Marxist–Leninist
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1820:Norodom Sihamoni
1808:
1799:
1766:
1758:
1743:Kingdom of Italy
1643:executive branch
1624:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1455:Among the state
1436:: the head of a
1391:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1348:
1340:
1330:
1303:communist states
1224:) is the public
1206:
1199:
1192:
1146:
1134:
1120:
1103:
1091:
868:
867:
858:
851:
844:
830:
829:
620:
565:
520:Political theory
510:Election science
500:
486:
264:
263:
201:Emperor of Japan
162:
153:
144:
133:
124:
115:
104:
95:
86:
21:
20333:
20332:
20328:
20327:
20326:
20324:
20323:
20322:
20288:
20287:
20286:
20281:
20280:
20275:
20187:
20178:
20148:
20143:
20130:
20117:
20104:
20091:
20078:
20065:
20052:
20039:
20026:
20013:
20000:
19987:
19974:
19961:
19948:
19935:
19922:
19909:
19896:
19883:
19870:
19862:
19853:
19823:
19814:
19790:
19771:Solomon Islands
19696:
19672:
19653:Solomon Islands
19582:
19579:
19549:
19544:
19536:
19528:
19520:
19512:
19504:
19496:
19488:
19480:
19472:
19464:
19456:
19448:
19440:
19432:
19423:
19393:
19388:
19378:
19376:
19368:
19363:Carl XVI Gustaf
19355:
19354:
19341:
19340:
19327:
19326:
19313:
19312:
19299:
19298:
19293:Rebelo de Sousa
19285:
19284:
19271:
19270:
19257:
19256:
19243:
19242:
19229:
19228:
19215:
19214:
19201:
19200:
19187:
19186:
19173:
19172:
19159:
19158:
19153:Sakellaropoulou
19145:
19144:
19131:
19130:
19117:
19116:
19103:
19102:
19089:
19088:
19075:
19074:
19061:
19060:
19055:Christodoulides
19047:
19046:
19033:
19032:
19019:
19018:
19005:
19004:
18991:
18990:
18982:
18970:
18940:
18935:
18914:
18898:
18889:Northern Cyprus
18867:
18783:North Macedonia
18605:
18595:
18584:
18568:
18559:Northern Cyprus
18537:
18453:North Macedonia
18275:
18265:
18258:
18255:
18225:
18220:
18209:
18169:Burma (Monarch)
18158:
18149:
18127:Supreme leaders
18121:
18018:
17925:
17922:
17892:
17887:
17880:
17853:Supreme leaders
17843:
17829:Northern Cyprus
17812:
17555:
17545:
17534:
17520:Northern Cyprus
17503:
17246:
17236:
17229:
17226:
17196:
17191:
17042:
17001:
16955:
16909:
16896:Federico Franco
16858:
16812:
16799:Alfredo Palacio
16794:Lucio Gutiérrez
16756:
16710:
16682:Patricio Aylwin
16669:
16628:
16572:
16559:Néstor Kirchner
16554:Eduardo Duhalde
16531:
16413:
16408:South American
16406:
16376:
16367:
16228:
16093:
16090:
16060:
16051:
15948:
15946:
15936:
15754:
15744:
15733:
15622:
15620:
15610:
15428:
15418:
15411:
15408:
15378:
15373:
15312:and governments
15311:
15301:
15283:
15133:
15126:
15096:
15091:
15025:State President
15010:State President
14990:State President
14966:Merina Kingdom
14825:Ashanti Empire
14819:and governments
14818:
14808:
14783:
14489:
14464:
14169:
14166:
14131:
14123:
14118:
14117:
14112:
14080:
14066:Public security
14056:Public offering
14024:
14013:Social security
13963:Social services
13957:
13913:Public hospital
13908:Public computer
13903:Public bookcase
13854:
13804:
13773:Law enforcement
13768:Fire department
13751:
13702:Public interest
13645:
13641:Progressive tax
13636:Nationalization
13622:
13620:Public services
13617:
13587:
13582:
13553:
13469:Prime ministers
13464:Vice presidents
13447:
13431:
13329:Health minister
13295:
13264:Energy minister
13256:
13250:
13208:
13202:
13158:
13156:
13150:
13136:Deputy minister
13114:
13048:
13038:
13008:
12999:
12969:
12964:
12958:
12953:
12947:
12942:
12940:Western culture
12936:
12931:
12925:
12920:
12914:
12909:
12903:
12898:
12892:
12887:
12881:
12876:
12870:
12865:
12859:
12828:
12766:
12707:
12688:Fields of study
12668:
12649:Advocacy groups
12601:
12537:
12527:
12407:
12403:Street cleaning
12383:Food inspection
12338:Law enforcement
12321:
12190:
12124:Totalitarianism
11977:
11901:
11892:
11857:
11849:
11840:
11765:princely states
11713:
11649:Kingdom of Fiji
11622:
11368:Austria-Hungary
11336:
11099:
11033:
10832:
10818:Solomon Islands
10732:
10714:
10646:
10561:
10519:
10451:
10397:Democratization
10365:
10309:
10276:
10271:
10241:
10228:
10226:
10195:
10168:
10142:
10120:
10102:
10097:
10096:
10086:Wayback Machine
10077:
10073:
10063:Wayback Machine
10054:
10050:
10040:Wayback Machine
10031:
10027:
10017:Wayback Machine
10008:
10004:
9994:Wayback Machine
9985:
9981:
9971:
9969:
9956:
9955:
9951:
9941:
9939:
9926:
9925:
9921:
9916:Wayback Machine
9901:
9897:
9887:
9885:
9876:
9875:
9868:
9863:
9859:
9849:Wayback Machine
9840:
9836:
9824:
9820:
9806:
9799:
9789:
9787:
9780:
9776:
9775:
9771:
9761:
9759:
9752:
9736:
9732:
9725:
9709:
9705:
9693:
9689:
9679:
9677:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9655:
9651:
9642:
9640:
9627:
9623:
9614:
9612:
9599:
9595:
9590:
9586:
9578:
9574:
9566:
9559:
9551:
9547:
9539:
9535:
9527:
9516:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9484:Wayback Machine
9475:
9471:
9461:Wayback Machine
9452:
9448:
9438:Wayback Machine
9431:The Riksdag Act
9429:
9425:
9415:Wayback Machine
9406:
9402:
9392:Wayback Machine
9383:
9372:
9362:Wayback Machine
9353:
9344:
9334:
9332:
9323:
9322:
9318:
9308:
9306:
9305:on 13 June 2011
9292:
9288:
9279:
9277:
9261:
9254:
9244:
9242:
9223:
9219:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9190:
9186:
9179:
9163:
9159:
9149:
9147:
9146:on 26 July 2013
9134:
9133:
9129:
9123:Wayback Machine
9108:
9099:
9089:
9087:
9068:
9067:
9063:
9053:
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8996:
8983:
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8978:
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8958:
8954:
8946:
8942:
8934:
8927:
8917:Wayback Machine
8908:
8897:
8887:Wayback Machine
8878:
8871:
8861:Wayback Machine
8852:
8837:
8827:Wayback Machine
8818:
8803:
8783:
8774:
8764:Wayback Machine
8755:
8751:
8733:Wayback Machine
8724:
8720:
8698:Wayback Machine
8688:
8684:
8674:Wayback Machine
8665:
8658:
8648:Wayback Machine
8639:
8635:
8625:Wayback Machine
8616:
8601:
8591:Wayback Machine
8582:
8578:
8568:Wayback Machine
8559:
8552:
8542:Wayback Machine
8533:
8526:
8520:Wayback Machine
8511:
8507:
8497:Wayback Machine
8488:
8481:
8475:Wayback Machine
8466:
8459:
8453:Senate of Spain
8449:Wayback Machine
8440:
8436:
8426:Wayback Machine
8417:
8413:
8407:Royal Household
8403:Wayback Machine
8394:
8390:
8380:
8378:
8366:
8362:
8361:
8357:
8347:Wayback Machine
8338:
8331:
8321:Wayback Machine
8312:
8308:
8298:Wayback Machine
8289:
8285:
8279:Wayback Machine
8270:
8261:
8248:
8246:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8206:
8204:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8178:Wayback Machine
8169:
8165:
8151:
8149:
8132:
8128:
8119:
8115:
8106:
8105:
8101:
8095:Wayback Machine
8086:
8075:
8065:Wayback Machine
8056:
8052:
8042:Wayback Machine
8033:
8022:
8006:
8002:
7992:Wayback Machine
7983:
7974:
7968:Wayback Machine
7959:
7944:
7934:
7932:
7923:
7917:
7913:
7903:
7901:
7888:
7887:
7883:
7875:
7871:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7824:
7817:
7801:
7797:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7746:
7745:on 17 June 2015
7742:
7735:
7729:
7725:
7718:
7702:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7678:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7660:
7654:Napoleonic Wars
7639:
7635:
7622:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7572:
7567:
7454:Politics portal
7452:
7445:
7442:
7399:Britain in 2011
7366:Vienna Congress
7337:
7258:
7235:
7207:Parthian Empire
7199:
7179:Jefe del Estado
7147:
7135:Oliver Cromwell
7128:
7089:
7081:
7079:
7071:
7069:
7061:
7049:
7003:British monarch
6999:Roman Catholics
6895:
6889:Black: deceased
6880:Grey: incumbent
6870:
6837:
6823:
6821:By constitution
6807:social contract
6803:
6763:
6727:
6719:
6603:Captains Regent
6563:
6553:
6512:14th Dalai Lama
6504:
6488:Padmanabha Dasa
6472:
6464:princely states
6380:Ottoman dynasty
6376:Caliph of Islam
6361:
6343:one of the two
6311:
6227:
6120:Solomon Islands
6100:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6087:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6065:
6064:
6053:
6047:
5999:
5941:
5811:
5798:
5789:
5786:Fabio Albergati
5778:
5769:
5763:
5644:
5553:Muammar Gaddafi
5428:Vice Presidents
5410:Malay honorific
5357:Yusof bin Ishak
5270:
5205:provides that:
5124:
5118:
5116:Right of pardon
5040:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
4995:
4989:
4832:
4822:
4786:
4733:
4728:
4612:
4505:provides that:
4384:Reigning Prince
4378:provides that:
4349:provides that:
4301:
4264:Communist party
4242:rests with the
4180:provides that:
3921:Nicolas Sarkozy
3891:
3885:
3871:as part of the
3729:Reigning Prince
3570:
3568:Diplomatic role
3370:
3285:foreign service
3273:
3032:
3014:provides that:
2732:Olympic Charter
2697:military troops
2635:national symbol
2631:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2575:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2544:primary sources
2532:
2521:
2442:, in which the
2425:Greek President
2413:Reigning Prince
2386:
2337:earlier in the
2237:
2129:
2108:
2054:provides for a
2043:
2022:
1998:
1996:Executive model
1925:Swedish monarch
1862:Nihonkoku-Kenpō
1852:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1789:
1741:, and then the
1631:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1587:chief executive
1428:An independent
1392:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1361:
1349:
1338:
1234:sovereign state
1210:
1180:Politics portal
1140:
1126:
1114:
1097:
1085:
1066:
1036:
1006:
1002:
998:
984:
945:Chief executive
917:
862:
824:
819:
818:
749:
748:
739:
738:
696:
695:
686:
685:
654:
653:
644:
643:
639:Public interest
624:Domestic policy
614:
607:
606:
595:
594:
559:
552:
551:
540:
539:
501:
494:
487:
480:
472:
471:
462:
461:
367:
366:
355:
354:
310:
309:
300:
269:Politics series
262:
261:
260:
259:
233:Cyril Ramaphosa
215:Emmanuel Macron
165:
164:
163:
155:
154:
146:
145:
136:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
107:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
87:
74:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20331:
20321:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20303:Heads of state
20300:
20283:
20282:
20277:
20276:
20274:
20273:
20263:
20253:
20243:
20233:
20223:
20213:
20203:
20192:
20189:
20188:
20185:Group of Seven
20181:Heads of state
20177:
20176:
20169:
20162:
20154:
20145:
20144:
20142:
20141:
20128:
20115:
20102:
20089:
20076:
20063:
20050:
20037:
20024:
20011:
19998:
19985:
19972:
19959:
19946:
19933:
19920:
19907:
19894:
19881:
19867:
19864:
19863:
19856:Heads of state
19852:
19851:
19844:
19837:
19829:
19820:
19819:
19816:
19815:
19813:
19812:
19807:
19801:
19799:
19798:of New Zealand
19792:
19791:
19789:
19788:
19783:
19778:
19773:
19768:
19763:
19758:
19753:
19748:
19743:
19738:
19733:
19728:
19723:
19717:
19715:
19708:
19702:
19701:
19698:
19697:
19695:
19694:
19689:
19683:
19681:
19680:of New Zealand
19674:
19673:
19671:
19670:
19665:
19660:
19655:
19650:
19645:
19640:
19635:
19630:
19625:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19599:
19597:
19590:
19588:Heads of state
19584:
19583:
19578:
19577:
19570:
19563:
19555:
19546:
19545:
19543:
19542:
19534:
19526:
19524:(Saudi Arabia)
19518:
19514:Sassou Nguesso
19510:
19502:
19494:
19486:
19478:
19470:
19462:
19454:
19446:
19437:
19434:
19433:
19426:Heads of state
19422:
19421:
19414:
19407:
19399:
19390:
19389:
19387:
19386:
19373:
19370:
19369:
19367:
19366:
19352:
19338:
19324:
19310:
19296:
19282:
19268:
19254:
19251:Spiteri Debono
19240:
19226:
19212:
19198:
19184:
19170:
19156:
19142:
19128:
19114:
19100:
19086:
19072:
19058:
19044:
19030:
19016:
19002:
18999:Van der Bellen
18987:
18984:
18983:
18977:European Union
18973:Heads of state
18969:
18968:
18961:
18954:
18946:
18937:
18936:
18934:
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18930:
18927:
18923:
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18899:
18897:
18896:
18891:
18886:
18881:
18875:
18873:
18869:
18868:
18866:
18865:
18863:United Kingdom
18860:
18855:
18850:
18845:
18840:
18835:
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18825:
18820:
18815:
18810:
18805:
18800:
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18765:
18760:
18755:
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18745:
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18720:
18715:
18710:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18685:
18680:
18675:
18670:
18668:Czech Republic
18665:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18645:
18640:
18635:
18630:
18625:
18620:
18615:
18609:
18607:
18598:
18590:
18589:
18586:
18585:
18583:
18582:
18576:
18574:
18570:
18569:
18567:
18566:
18561:
18556:
18551:
18545:
18543:
18539:
18538:
18536:
18535:
18533:United Kingdom
18530:
18525:
18520:
18515:
18510:
18505:
18500:
18495:
18490:
18485:
18480:
18475:
18470:
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18460:
18455:
18450:
18445:
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18415:
18410:
18405:
18400:
18395:
18390:
18385:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18360:
18355:
18350:
18345:
18340:
18338:Czech Republic
18335:
18330:
18325:
18320:
18315:
18310:
18305:
18300:
18295:
18290:
18285:
18279:
18277:
18268:
18260:
18259:
18254:
18253:
18246:
18239:
18231:
18222:
18221:
18214:
18211:
18210:
18208:
18207:
18202:
18191:
18186:
18184:Laos (Monarch)
18181:
18176:
18171:
18165:
18163:
18156:heads of state
18151:
18150:
18148:
18147:
18142:
18137:
18131:
18129:
18123:
18122:
18120:
18119:
18109:
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18079:
18069:
18064:
18059:
18049:
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18006:
17996:
17991:
17981:
17971:
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17961:
17951:
17946:
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17935:
17933:
17931:Heads of state
17927:
17926:
17921:
17920:
17913:
17906:
17898:
17889:
17888:
17885:
17882:
17881:
17879:
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17868:
17863:
17857:
17855:
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17844:
17842:
17841:
17836:
17831:
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17755:
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17605:
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17511:
17509:
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17336:
17331:
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17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17291:
17286:
17281:
17276:
17271:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17250:
17248:
17239:
17231:
17230:
17225:
17224:
17217:
17210:
17202:
17193:
17192:
17188:
17187:
17184:
17181:
17177:
17176:
17173:
17170:
17167:
17164:
17161:
17158:
17155:
17152:
17149:
17146:
17143:
17140:
17137:
17134:
17131:
17128:
17125:
17122:
17119:
17116:
17113:
17110:
17107:
17104:
17101:
17098:
17095:
17092:
17089:
17086:
17080:
17079:
17077:
17075:Nicolás Maduro
17072:
17067:
17065:Rafael Caldera
17062:
17057:
17052:
17039:
17038:
17036:
17031:
17029:Tabaré Vázquez
17026:
17021:
17016:
17011:
16998:
16997:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16975:
16970:
16965:
16952:
16951:
16949:
16947:Ollanta Humala
16944:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16906:
16905:
16903:
16901:Horacio Cartes
16898:
16893:
16888:
16886:Nicanor Duarte
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16855:
16854:
16852:
16850:Donald Ramotar
16847:
16845:Bharrat Jagdeo
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16809:
16808:
16806:
16801:
16796:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16779:Fabián Alarcón
16776:
16771:
16766:
16753:
16752:
16750:
16745:
16740:
16735:
16733:Ernesto Samper
16730:
16725:
16720:
16707:
16706:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16666:
16665:
16663:
16661:Dilma Rousseff
16658:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16638:
16625:
16624:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16569:
16568:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16528:
16527:
16524:
16521:
16518:
16515:
16512:
16509:
16506:
16503:
16500:
16497:
16494:
16491:
16488:
16485:
16482:
16479:
16476:
16473:
16470:
16467:
16464:
16461:
16458:
16455:
16452:
16449:
16446:
16443:
16440:
16436:
16435:
16432:
16429:
16426:
16418:
16415:
16414:
16410:Heads of state
16405:
16404:
16397:
16390:
16382:
16373:
16372:
16369:
16368:
16366:
16365:
16360:
16355:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16310:
16305:
16300:
16295:
16290:
16285:
16280:
16275:
16270:
16265:
16260:
16255:
16249:
16247:
16240:
16234:
16233:
16230:
16229:
16227:
16226:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16171:
16166:
16161:
16156:
16151:
16146:
16141:
16136:
16131:
16126:
16121:
16116:
16110:
16108:
16101:
16099:Heads of state
16095:
16094:
16089:
16088:
16081:
16074:
16066:
16057:
16056:
16053:
16052:
16050:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16028:Sint Eustatius
16026:
16021:
16016:
16013:
16008:
16007:Navassa Island
16005:
16000:
15995:
15990:
15985:
15980:
15975:
15973:Cayman Islands
15970:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15951:
15949:
15941:
15938:
15937:
15935:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15784:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15758:
15756:
15747:
15739:
15738:
15735:
15734:
15732:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15709:Sint Eustatius
15706:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15684:Navassa Island
15681:
15676:
15671:
15666:
15661:
15656:
15651:
15649:Cayman Islands
15646:
15641:
15636:
15631:
15625:
15623:
15615:
15612:
15611:
15609:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15432:
15430:
15421:
15413:
15412:
15407:
15406:
15399:
15392:
15384:
15375:
15374:
15372:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15341:
15336:
15331:
15326:
15321:
15315:
15313:
15310:Defunct states
15307:
15306:
15303:
15302:
15300:
15299:
15291:
15289:
15285:
15284:
15282:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15226:
15221:
15216:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15155:
15153:
15141:
15139:Heads of state
15135:
15134:
15125:
15124:
15117:
15110:
15102:
15093:
15092:
15090:
15089:
15088:
15087:
15079:
15078:
15077:
15075:Prime Minister
15069:
15068:
15067:
15065:Prime Minister
15059:
15058:
15057:
15055:Prime Minister
15052:
15044:
15043:
15042:
15034:
15033:
15032:
15030:Prime Minister
15027:
15022:
15014:
15013:
15012:
15004:
15003:
15002:
14994:
14993:
14992:
14984:
14983:
14982:
14980:Prime Minister
14974:
14973:
14972:
14964:
14963:
14962:
14960:Prime Minister
14954:
14953:
14952:
14951:
14950:
14937:
14936:
14935:
14933:Prime Minister
14927:
14926:
14925:
14923:Prime Minister
14917:
14916:
14915:
14913:Prime Minister
14907:
14906:
14905:
14904:
14903:
14890:
14889:
14888:
14887:
14886:
14873:
14872:
14871:
14863:
14862:
14861:
14853:
14852:
14851:
14843:
14842:
14841:
14839:Prime Minister
14833:
14832:
14831:
14822:
14820:
14817:Defunct states
14814:
14813:
14810:
14809:
14807:
14806:
14799:
14791:
14789:
14785:
14784:
14782:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14601:
14596:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14510:
14508:
14501:
14495:
14494:
14491:
14490:
14488:
14487:
14480:
14472:
14470:
14466:
14465:
14463:
14462:
14457:
14452:
14447:
14442:
14437:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14191:
14189:
14177:
14175:Heads of state
14171:
14170:
14165:
14164:
14157:
14150:
14142:
14136:
14133:
14132:
14120:
14119:
14114:
14113:
14111:
14110:
14098:
14085:
14082:
14081:
14079:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14063:
14058:
14053:
14051:Public holiday
14048:
14043:
14038:
14032:
14030:
14026:
14025:
14023:
14022:
14020:Youth services
14017:
14016:
14015:
14010:
14008:Social pension
14000:
13999:
13998:
13988:
13983:
13978:
13976:Public housing
13973:
13967:
13965:
13959:
13958:
13956:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13918:Public library
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13883:Infrastructure
13880:
13878:Free education
13875:
13870:
13864:
13862:
13856:
13855:
13853:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13836:
13835:
13825:
13820:
13814:
13812:
13810:Public utility
13806:
13805:
13803:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13786:
13785:
13783:Savings system
13778:Postal service
13775:
13770:
13765:
13759:
13757:
13756:Basic services
13753:
13752:
13750:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13672:Product sample
13669:
13667:Free newspaper
13664:
13659:
13653:
13651:
13647:
13646:
13644:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13627:
13624:
13623:
13616:
13615:
13608:
13601:
13593:
13584:
13583:
13581:
13580:
13570:
13558:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13551:
13546:
13541:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13455:
13453:
13449:
13448:
13446:
13445:
13439:
13437:
13433:
13432:
13430:
13429:
13428:
13427:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13392:
13387:
13382:
13377:
13372:
13371:
13370:
13360:
13355:
13354:
13353:
13343:
13338:
13337:
13336:
13326:
13321:
13316:
13315:
13314:
13303:
13301:
13297:
13296:
13294:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13272:
13271:
13260:
13258:
13255:Environment /
13252:
13251:
13249:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13212:
13210:
13209:infrastructure
13204:
13203:
13201:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13189:
13188:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13162:
13160:
13152:
13151:
13149:
13148:
13143:
13141:Undersecretary
13138:
13133:
13128:
13122:
13120:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13080:First minister
13077:
13072:
13070:Prime minister
13067:
13065:Vice president
13062:
13056:
13054:
13050:
13049:
13037:
13036:
13029:
13022:
13014:
13005:
13004:
13001:
13000:
12998:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12981:
12975:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12967:
12956:
12945:
12934:
12923:
12912:
12901:
12890:
12879:
12868:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12836:
12834:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12826:
12821:
12819:European Union
12816:
12814:United Nations
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12778:
12776:
12772:
12771:
12768:
12767:
12765:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12723:
12717:
12713:
12712:
12709:
12708:
12706:
12705:
12700:
12698:Urban planning
12695:
12690:
12684:
12678:
12674:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12617:
12611:
12607:
12606:
12603:
12602:
12600:
12599:
12594:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12545:
12539:
12533:
12532:
12529:
12528:
12526:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12468:Prime minister
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12419:
12413:
12409:
12408:
12406:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12393:Traffic lights
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12329:
12327:
12323:
12322:
12320:
12319:
12314:
12312:Theoreticians:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12297:Fundamentalism
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12262:Egalitarianism
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12188:
12187:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12141:
12136:
12127:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11985:
11983:
11979:
11978:
11976:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11909:
11907:
11903:
11902:
11891:
11890:
11883:
11876:
11868:
11862:
11859:
11858:
11846:
11845:
11842:
11841:
11839:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11769:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11727:
11721:
11719:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11630:
11628:
11624:
11623:
11621:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11523:Ottoman Empire
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11483:Kartli-Kakheti
11480:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11344:
11342:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11334:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11165:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11107:
11105:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11041:
11039:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10892:Central Africa
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10853:
10851:
10844:
10838:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10828:United Kingdom
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10788:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10742:
10740:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10724:
10722:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10656:
10654:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10644:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10571:
10569:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10559:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10536:
10534:
10525:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10485:Prince regnant
10482:
10481:
10480:
10470:
10465:
10459:
10457:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10402:Decolonization
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10373:
10371:
10367:
10366:
10364:
10363:
10358:
10356:Personal union
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10326:Constitutional
10323:
10317:
10315:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10270:
10269:
10262:
10255:
10247:
10240:
10239:External links
10237:
10236:
10235:
10202:
10199:head of state.
10193:
10172:
10166:
10152:, ed. (2009).
10146:
10140:
10124:
10118:
10101:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10071:
10048:
10025:
10002:
9979:
9949:
9919:
9895:
9866:
9857:
9834:
9818:
9797:
9769:
9750:
9730:
9723:
9703:
9687:
9661:
9649:
9621:
9593:
9584:
9572:
9557:
9545:
9533:
9514:
9511:on 8 June 2011
9492:
9469:
9446:
9423:
9400:
9370:
9342:
9316:
9286:
9252:
9217:
9204:
9184:
9177:
9157:
9136:"Constitution"
9127:
9097:
9061:
9021:
9019:: pp. 542-543.
9006:
8976:
8964:
8952:
8940:
8925:
8895:
8869:
8835:
8801:
8772:
8749:
8718:
8682:
8656:
8633:
8599:
8576:
8550:
8524:
8505:
8479:
8457:
8434:
8411:
8388:
8355:
8329:
8306:
8283:
8259:
8224:
8182:
8163:
8126:
8113:
8099:
8073:
8050:
8020:
8000:
7972:
7942:
7931:on 1 June 2013
7911:
7881:
7869:
7850:(1): 114–131.
7834:
7815:
7795:
7756:
7723:
7716:
7696:
7684:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7633:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7523:Oath of office
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7441:
7438:
7405:. The current
7395:Sweden in 2010
7385:Constantine II
7336:
7333:
7309:Mount Rushmore
7257:
7254:
7234:
7231:
7198:
7195:
7171:Zog of Albania
7146:
7143:
7127:
7126:By appointment
7124:
7120:papal conclave
7080:
7070:
7060:
7048:
7045:
7022:equal marriage
7018:state religion
6985:and the other
6983:United Kingdom
6932:head of family
6894:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6886:Circle: female
6884:
6881:
6877:
6869:
6866:
6822:
6819:
6802:
6799:
6762:
6759:
6745:granted after
6726:
6723:
6718:
6715:
6696:Omar Al-Bashir
6665:Czechoslovakia
6653:Supreme Soviet
6614:Roman Republic
6552:
6549:
6543:replaced this
6528:, was another
6522:Outer Mongolia
6508:5th Dalai Lama
6503:
6500:
6471:
6468:
6440:Supreme Leader
6403:Ottoman Sultan
6360:
6357:
6310:
6307:
6297:, a symbolic,
6226:
6223:
6146:United Nations
6090:Paulias Matane
6077:
6076:
6067:
6066:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:Main article:
6046:
6043:
6007:personal union
5998:
5995:
5946:vice-president
5940:
5937:
5813:
5812:
5799:
5792:
5790:
5779:
5772:
5770:
5764:
5757:
5755:
5705:
5704:
5685:
5678:
5672:
5655:, the Moorish
5643:
5640:
5619:Sadr-i-Riyasat
5464:, who is also
5448:was still the
5437:, then to the
5375:Mohammad Hatta
5372:Vice President
5269:
5268:Official title
5266:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5241:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5016:Prime Minister
4988:
4987:Reserve powers
4985:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4941:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4898:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4680:Prime Minister
4661:
4660:
4659:
4611:
4608:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4577:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4539:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4286:, but not the
4256:
4255:
4228:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4037:
4036:
4035:
3941:Champs-Élysées
3887:Main article:
3884:
3881:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3741:the assent of
3737:
3697:European Union
3585:Vladimir Putin
3569:
3566:
3558:prime minister
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3483:
3474:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3432:Prime Minister
3417:
3416:
3415:
3409:, appoint the
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:prime minister
3343:prime minister
3272:
3269:
3249:Czech Republic
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3077:United Kingdom
3031:
3030:Executive role
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2822:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2740:Olympic summer
2721:groundbreaking
2630:
2627:
2625:of a monarch.
2608:on 2 June 1953
2594:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2501:United Nations
2482:Manuel Noriega
2385:
2382:
2257:natural person
2236:
2233:
2212:Middle Eastern
2208:Latin American
2125:Main article:
2107:
2104:
2083:Weimar Germany
2076:Jacques Chirac
2056:prime minister
2039:Main article:
2021:
2018:
1997:
1994:
1975:reserve powers
1941:prime minister
1893:prime minister
1871:that followed
1813:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1641:, heading the
1630:
1629:Standard model
1627:
1595:
1592:
1551:
1550:
1531:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1491:
1480:United Kingdom
1472:standard model
1394:
1393:
1352:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1293:Meanwhile, in
1268:United Kingdom
1222:chief of state
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:cohabitational
1135:
1121:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1088:Constitutional
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
988:
987:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
970:Prime minister
967:
962:
957:
955:First minister
952:
950:Chief minister
947:
942:
936:
926:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
903:Supreme leader
900:
894:
891:
890:
884:
883:
877:
876:
864:
863:
861:
860:
853:
846:
838:
835:
834:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
795:
794:
778:
773:
768:
767:
766:
756:
750:
746:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
703:
697:
694:Related topics
693:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
662:
661:
655:
651:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
629:Foreign policy
626:
621:
608:
602:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
591:
590:
576:
571:
566:
553:
547:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
527:
525:Policy studies
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
490:
488:
476:
473:
469:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
362:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
308:Primary topics
307:
306:
305:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
288:
282:
279:
278:
272:
271:
258:
257:
248:
239:
230:
221:
212:
206:Droupadi Murmu
203:
194:
190:and the other
181:
169:Heads of state
167:
166:
157:
156:
148:
147:
139:
138:
137:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
109:
108:
99:
98:
90:
89:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20330:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20295:
20293:
20271:
20267:
20264:
20261:
20257:
20254:
20251:
20247:
20244:
20241:
20237:
20234:
20231:
20227:
20224:
20221:
20217:
20214:
20211:
20207:
20204:
20201:
20197:
20194:
20193:
20190:
20186:
20182:
20175:
20170:
20168:
20163:
20161:
20156:
20155:
20152:
20140:
20134:
20129:
20127:
20121:
20116:
20114:
20108:
20103:
20101:
20095:
20090:
20088:
20082:
20077:
20075:
20069:
20064:
20062:
20056:
20051:
20049:
20048:López Obrador
20043:
20038:
20036:
20030:
20025:
20023:
20017:
20012:
20010:
20004:
19999:
19997:
19991:
19986:
19984:
19978:
19973:
19971:
19965:
19960:
19958:
19952:
19947:
19945:
19939:
19934:
19932:
19926:
19921:
19919:
19913:
19908:
19906:
19900:
19895:
19893:
19887:
19882:
19880:
19874:
19869:
19868:
19865:
19861:
19857:
19850:
19845:
19843:
19838:
19836:
19831:
19830:
19827:
19811:
19808:
19806:
19803:
19802:
19800:
19797:
19793:
19787:
19784:
19782:
19779:
19777:
19774:
19772:
19769:
19767:
19764:
19762:
19759:
19757:
19754:
19752:
19749:
19747:
19744:
19742:
19739:
19737:
19734:
19732:
19729:
19727:
19724:
19722:
19719:
19718:
19716:
19712:
19709:
19707:
19703:
19693:
19690:
19688:
19685:
19684:
19682:
19679:
19675:
19669:
19666:
19664:
19661:
19659:
19656:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19646:
19644:
19641:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19626:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19600:
19598:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19585:
19576:
19571:
19569:
19564:
19562:
19557:
19556:
19553:
19539:
19535:
19531:
19527:
19523:
19519:
19515:
19511:
19507:
19503:
19499:
19495:
19491:
19487:
19483:
19479:
19475:
19471:
19467:
19463:
19459:
19455:
19451:
19447:
19443:
19439:
19438:
19435:
19431:
19427:
19420:
19415:
19413:
19408:
19406:
19401:
19400:
19397:
19385:
19375:
19374:
19371:
19364:
19359:
19353:
19350:
19345:
19339:
19336:
19331:
19325:
19322:
19317:
19311:
19308:
19303:
19297:
19294:
19289:
19283:
19280:
19275:
19269:
19266:
19261:
19255:
19252:
19247:
19241:
19238:
19233:
19227:
19224:
19219:
19213:
19210:
19205:
19199:
19196:
19191:
19185:
19182:
19177:
19171:
19168:
19163:
19157:
19154:
19149:
19143:
19140:
19135:
19129:
19126:
19121:
19115:
19112:
19107:
19101:
19098:
19093:
19087:
19084:
19079:
19073:
19070:
19065:
19059:
19056:
19051:
19045:
19042:
19037:
19031:
19028:
19023:
19017:
19014:
19009:
19003:
19000:
18995:
18989:
18988:
18985:
18981:
18980:member states
18978:
18974:
18967:
18962:
18960:
18955:
18953:
18948:
18947:
18944:
18931:
18928:
18925:
18924:
18921:
18911:
18908:
18907:
18905:
18901:
18895:
18894:South Ossetia
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
18876:
18874:
18870:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18846:
18844:
18841:
18839:
18836:
18834:
18831:
18829:
18826:
18824:
18821:
18819:
18816:
18814:
18811:
18809:
18806:
18804:
18801:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18781:
18779:
18776:
18774:
18771:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18744:
18743:Liechtenstein
18741:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18731:
18729:
18726:
18724:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18634:
18631:
18629:
18626:
18624:
18621:
18619:
18616:
18614:
18611:
18610:
18608:
18606:and observers
18602:
18599:
18597:
18591:
18581:
18578:
18577:
18575:
18571:
18565:
18564:South Ossetia
18562:
18560:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18546:
18544:
18540:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18501:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18486:
18484:
18481:
18479:
18476:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18466:
18464:
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18434:
18431:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18421:
18419:
18416:
18414:
18413:Liechtenstein
18411:
18409:
18406:
18404:
18401:
18399:
18396:
18394:
18391:
18389:
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18364:
18361:
18359:
18356:
18354:
18351:
18349:
18346:
18344:
18341:
18339:
18336:
18334:
18331:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18316:
18314:
18311:
18309:
18306:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18296:
18294:
18291:
18289:
18286:
18284:
18281:
18280:
18278:
18276:and observers
18272:
18269:
18267:
18261:
18252:
18247:
18245:
18240:
18238:
18233:
18232:
18229:
18219:
18218:
18212:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18172:
18170:
18167:
18166:
18164:
18162:
18157:
18152:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18132:
18130:
18128:
18124:
18117:
18113:
18110:
18107:
18103:
18100:
18097:
18093:
18090:
18087:
18083:
18080:
18077:
18073:
18070:
18068:
18065:
18063:
18060:
18057:
18053:
18050:
18048:
18045:
18042:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18029:
18027:
18025:
18021:
18014:
18010:
18007:
18004:
18000:
17997:
17995:
17992:
17989:
17985:
17982:
17979:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17965:
17962:
17959:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17945:
17942:
17940:
17937:
17936:
17934:
17932:
17928:
17919:
17914:
17912:
17907:
17905:
17900:
17899:
17896:
17883:
17877:
17874:
17872:
17869:
17867:
17864:
17862:
17859:
17858:
17856:
17854:
17850:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17834:South Ossetia
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17821:
17819:
17815:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17721:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17686:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17579:
17576:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17560:
17558:
17556:and observers
17552:
17549:
17547:
17541:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17525:South Ossetia
17523:
17521:
17518:
17516:
17513:
17512:
17510:
17506:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17270:
17267:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17251:
17249:
17247:and observers
17243:
17240:
17238:
17232:
17223:
17218:
17216:
17211:
17209:
17204:
17203:
17200:
17178:
17085:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17040:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16999:
16994:
16993:Dési Bouterse
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16907:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16891:Fernando Lugo
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16841:
16836:
16831:
16826:
16825:Desmond Hoyte
16821:
16816:
16811:
16810:
16805:
16804:Rafael Correa
16800:
16795:
16790:
16789:Gustavo Noboa
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16754:
16749:
16744:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16728:César Gaviria
16724:
16719:
16714:
16709:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16692:Ricardo Lagos
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16668:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16646:Itamar Franco
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16611:
16606:
16601:
16600:Jorge Quiroga
16596:
16591:
16586:
16581:
16576:
16571:
16570:
16565:
16560:
16555:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16529:
16437:
16425:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16403:
16398:
16396:
16391:
16389:
16384:
16383:
16380:
16364:
16363:United States
16361:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16309:
16306:
16304:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16279:
16276:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16250:
16248:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16235:
16225:
16224:United States
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16155:
16152:
16150:
16147:
16145:
16142:
16140:
16137:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16111:
16109:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16096:
16087:
16082:
16080:
16075:
16073:
16068:
16067:
16064:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16027:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15989:
15986:
15984:
15983:French Guiana
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15952:
15950:
15944:
15939:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15922:United States
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15759:
15757:
15755:and observers
15751:
15748:
15746:
15740:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15670:
15667:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15659:French Guiana
15657:
15655:
15652:
15650:
15647:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15626:
15624:
15618:
15613:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15596:United States
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15433:
15431:
15429:and observers
15425:
15422:
15420:
15414:
15405:
15400:
15398:
15393:
15391:
15386:
15385:
15382:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15316:
15314:
15308:
15298:
15297:
15293:
15292:
15290:
15286:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15152:
15151:member states
15149:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15136:
15131:
15123:
15118:
15116:
15111:
15109:
15104:
15103:
15100:
15086:
15083:
15082:
15081:Zulu Kingdom
15080:
15076:
15073:
15072:
15070:
15066:
15063:
15062:
15060:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15047:
15045:
15041:
15038:
15037:
15035:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15017:
15016:South Africa
15015:
15011:
15008:
15007:
15005:
15001:
14998:
14997:
14995:
14991:
14988:
14987:
14985:
14981:
14978:
14977:
14975:
14971:
14968:
14967:
14965:
14961:
14958:
14957:
14955:
14949:
14946:
14945:
14944:
14941:
14940:
14938:
14934:
14931:
14930:
14928:
14924:
14921:
14920:
14918:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14908:
14902:
14899:
14898:
14897:
14894:
14893:
14891:
14885:
14882:
14881:
14880:
14877:
14876:
14874:
14870:
14867:
14866:
14864:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14854:
14850:
14847:
14846:
14844:
14840:
14837:
14836:
14834:
14830:
14827:
14826:
14824:
14823:
14821:
14815:
14805:
14804:
14800:
14798:
14797:
14793:
14792:
14790:
14786:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14629:Guinea-Bissau
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14511:
14509:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14496:
14486:
14485:
14481:
14479:
14478:
14474:
14473:
14471:
14467:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14310:Guinea-Bissau
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14192:
14190:
14188:
14187:member states
14185:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14172:
14163:
14158:
14156:
14151:
14149:
14144:
14143:
14140:
14134:
14127:
14109:
14108:
14099:
14097:
14096:
14087:
14086:
14083:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14061:Public sector
14059:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14033:
14031:
14027:
14021:
14018:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14005:
14004:
14001:
13997:
13994:
13993:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13986:Job guarantee
13984:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13968:
13966:
13964:
13960:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13938:Public toilet
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13928:Public school
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13863:
13861:
13857:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13834:
13831:
13830:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13823:Oil & gas
13821:
13819:
13816:
13815:
13813:
13811:
13807:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13784:
13781:
13780:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13763:Civil service
13761:
13760:
13758:
13754:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13722:Public rights
13720:
13718:
13717:Public policy
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13697:Public health
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13687:Public domain
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13628:
13625:
13621:
13614:
13609:
13607:
13602:
13600:
13595:
13594:
13591:
13579:
13571:
13569:
13560:
13559:
13556:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13539:
13538:mental health
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13456:
13454:
13450:
13444:
13441:
13440:
13438:
13434:
13426:
13423:
13422:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13369:
13366:
13365:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13352:
13349:
13348:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13335:
13332:
13331:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13313:
13310:
13309:
13308:
13305:
13304:
13302:
13298:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13270:
13267:
13266:
13265:
13262:
13261:
13259:
13253:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13213:
13211:
13205:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13187:
13184:
13183:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13163:
13161:
13159:public safety
13153:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13123:
13121:
13117:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13057:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13035:
13030:
13028:
13023:
13021:
13016:
13015:
13012:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12982:
12979:
12976:
12972:
12963:
12957:
12952:
12946:
12941:
12935:
12930:
12924:
12919:
12913:
12908:
12902:
12897:
12891:
12886:
12880:
12875:
12869:
12864:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12840:Human history
12838:
12837:
12835:
12831:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12784:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12775:International
12773:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12724:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12682:
12679:
12675:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12623:
12619:
12618:
12615:
12612:
12608:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12546:
12543:
12540:
12534:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12448:Head of state
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12420:
12417:
12414:
12410:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12330:
12328:
12324:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12307:Progressivism
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12199:
12197:
12193:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12154:Collaborative
12152:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12133:
12129:
12128:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12099:Republicanism
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12029:Confederation
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11986:
11984:
11980:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11933:Unitary state
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11904:
11900:
11896:
11889:
11884:
11882:
11877:
11875:
11870:
11869:
11866:
11860:
11853:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11773:
11770:
11767:
11766:
11761:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11722:
11720:
11716:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11644:Easter Island
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11631:
11629:
11625:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11345:
11343:
11339:
11332:
11331:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11270:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11183:Jabal Shammar
11181:
11179:
11176:
11173:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11163:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11108:
11106:
11102:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11036:
11030:
11029:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10839:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10729:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10721:
10717:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10675:Liechtenstein
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10649:
10643:
10642:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10564:
10558:
10557:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10529:
10526:
10522:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10479:
10478:Queen regnant
10476:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10454:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10437:Republicanism
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10417:Head of state
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10368:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10351:Non-sovereign
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10312:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10279:
10275:
10268:
10263:
10261:
10256:
10254:
10249:
10248:
10245:
10225:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10200:
10196:
10194:1-85743-093-X
10190:
10186:
10181:
10180:
10173:
10169:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10141:9781925501155
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10115:
10111:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10075:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10052:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10034:
10029:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10011:
10006:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9988:
9983:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9953:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9923:
9917:
9913:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9899:
9883:
9879:
9873:
9871:
9861:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9843:
9838:
9831:
9827:
9822:
9815:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9802:
9786:
9779:
9773:
9757:
9753:
9751:90-247-3576-9
9747:
9743:
9742:
9734:
9726:
9720:
9716:
9715:
9707:
9701:
9697:
9691:
9675:
9671:
9665:
9658:
9653:
9638:
9634:
9633:
9625:
9610:
9606:
9605:
9597:
9588:
9581:
9576:
9569:
9564:
9562:
9554:
9549:
9542:
9537:
9530:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9496:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9478:
9473:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9450:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9432:
9427:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9404:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9386:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9356:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9330:
9326:
9320:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9290:
9275:
9271:
9270:
9265:
9259:
9257:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9221:
9207:
9201:
9197:
9196:
9188:
9180:
9174:
9170:
9169:
9161:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9131:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9076:
9071:
9065:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9025:
9018:
9013:
9011:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8980:
8973:
8968:
8961:
8956:
8949:
8944:
8937:
8932:
8930:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8881:
8876:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8855:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8758:
8753:
8746:
8745:960 560 073 0
8742:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8722:
8715:
8714:0 642 78285 7
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8692:
8686:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8668:
8663:
8661:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8637:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8580:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8557:
8555:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8536:
8531:
8529:
8521:
8517:
8514:
8509:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8491:
8486:
8484:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8464:
8462:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8443:
8438:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8415:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8392:
8376:
8372:
8365:
8359:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8341:
8336:
8334:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8315:
8310:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8287:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8256:
8244:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8228:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8186:
8179:
8175:
8172:
8167:
8160:
8159:presidencies.
8147:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8130:
8123:
8117:
8109:
8103:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8054:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8004:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7986:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7915:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7878:
7873:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7838:
7822:
7818:
7816:9781135071981
7812:
7809:. Routledge.
7808:
7807:
7799:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7741:
7734:
7727:
7719:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7700:
7693:
7688:
7681:
7676:
7674:
7669:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7637:
7630:
7626:
7625:State Council
7620:
7616:
7605:
7604:
7603:World Leaders
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7553:State funeral
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7463:21-gun salute
7461:
7460:
7455:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7433:
7431:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7391:
7387:ceased to be
7386:
7382:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7344:
7342:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7267:
7262:
7253:
7251:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7230:
7228:
7227:Roman emperor
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7159:authoritarian
7156:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7104:United States
7101:
7098:(such as the
7097:
7087:
7077:
7067:
7058:
7053:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7020:, residency,
7019:
7015:
7011:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6928:Primogeniture
6925:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6858:James Mancham
6855:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6722:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6448:head of state
6445:
6442:, at present
6441:
6437:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6368:Abdulmecid II
6365:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6283:, during the
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6174:at the time,
6173:
6169:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6062:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5855:Thomas Hobbes
5852:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5834:head of state
5831:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5802:Thomas Hobbes
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5768:
5761:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5743:lingua franca
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5628:Yasser Arafat
5625:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5571:his overthrow
5568:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:, who as the
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5341:crown colony
5340:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:reserve power
4980:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4905:based on the
4904:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:King or Queen
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:Head of State
4356:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3908:on Belgium's
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3883:Military role
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:civil service
3278:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2707:of the host.
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:military band
2690:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:Symbolic role
2626:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2573:
2570:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2536:This section
2534:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:Omar Torrijos
2475:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:Liechtenstein
2405:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:is a largely
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:Deng Xiaoping
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2269:Soviet Russia
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:United States
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2074:(right wing)
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1979:Supreme Court
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:. Today, the
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1798:
1784:
1782:
1781:head of state
1778:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:); likewise,
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:Indian states
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:United States
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:constitutions
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1379:
1376:November 2012
1369:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1353:This section
1351:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
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1296:
1291:
1289:
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1281:
1277:
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1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:head of state
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:Parliamentary
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:Parliamentary
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
991:
990:
989:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
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943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
934:
930:
929:
928:
927:
924:
921:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
892:
889:
888:Head of state
886:
885:
882:
879:
878:
874:
870:
869:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
840:
839:
837:
836:
833:
828:
823:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
792:
788:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
743:
742:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
690:
689:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
657:
656:
648:
647:
640:
637:
635:
634:Civil society
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
618:
613:
612:Public policy
610:
609:
605:
599:
598:
588:
584:
580:
579:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
558:
555:
554:
550:
544:
543:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
498:
493:
489:
484:
479:
475:
474:
466:
465:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Parliamentary
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
417:Hybrid regime
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
359:
358:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
304:
303:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
281:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
256:
252:
249:
247:
243:
242:Dina Boluarte
240:
238:
234:
231:
229:
225:
222:
220:
216:
213:
211:
207:
204:
202:
198:
195:
193:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
172:
170:
161:
152:
143:
132:
123:
114:
103:
94:
85:
76:
72:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
20180:
19855:
19805:Cook Islands
19687:Cook Islands
19587:
19425:
18972:
18910:Transnistria
18580:Transnistria
18263:
18215:
18155:
17930:
17788:Turkmenistan
17748:Saudi Arabia
17479:Turkmenistan
17439:Saudi Arabia
17234:
17083:
17024:Jorge Batlle
16830:Cheddi Jagan
16784:Jamil Mahuad
16743:Álvaro Uribe
16544:Carlos Menem
16423:
16098:
16032:Sint Maarten
16024:Saint Martin
15943:Dependencies
15714:Sint Maarten
15704:Saint Martin
15617:Dependencies
15416:
15294:
15288:Other states
15249:South Africa
15244:Sierra Leone
14801:
14794:
14788:Other states
14739:South Africa
14729:Sierra Leone
14534:Burkina Faso
14482:
14475:
14469:Other states
14420:South Africa
14410:Sierra Leone
14215:Burkina Faso
14105:
14093:
14046:Public float
13981:Job creation
13933:Public space
13860:Public works
13737:Public value
13732:Public trust
12965:}}
12959:{{
12954:}}
12948:{{
12943:}}
12937:{{
12932:}}
12926:{{
12921:}}
12915:{{
12910:}}
12904:{{
12899:}}
12893:{{
12888:}}
12882:{{
12877:}}
12871:{{
12866:}}
12860:{{
12854:
12850:Civilization
12803:
12781:
12751:
12741:
12726:
12687:
12659:Civil rights
12653:
12638:
12620:
12588:
12568:
12564:Town meeting
12548:
12497:
12472:
12447:
12442:
12428:Constitution
12422:
12387:
12367:
12311:
12257:Distributism
12242:Conservatism
12227:Collectivism
12195:Philosophies
12169:Cosmopolitan
12164:Conservative
12130:
12003:
11994:Govt systems
11988:
11968:Municipality
11947:
11821:South Africa
11816:Sierra Leone
11763:
11593:Two Sicilies
11528:Papal States
11328:
11267:
11160:
11026:
10786:Cook Islands
10639:
10625:Saudi Arabia
10554:
10416:
10227:. Retrieved
10217:
10198:
10178:
10153:
10131:
10108:
10100:Bibliography
10074:
10051:
10028:
10005:
9982:
9970:. Retrieved
9961:
9952:
9940:. Retrieved
9931:
9922:
9902:
9898:
9886:. Retrieved
9860:
9837:
9829:
9821:
9811:
9788:. Retrieved
9784:
9772:
9760:. Retrieved
9740:
9733:
9713:
9706:
9690:
9678:. Retrieved
9664:
9652:
9641:, retrieved
9631:
9624:
9613:, retrieved
9603:
9596:
9587:
9575:
9570:: pp. 42-43.
9555:: pp. 41-42.
9548:
9543:: pp. 37-38.
9536:
9509:the original
9504:
9495:
9472:
9449:
9426:
9403:
9333:. Retrieved
9329:the original
9319:
9307:. Retrieved
9303:the original
9289:
9278:, retrieved
9268:
9243:. Retrieved
9234:
9230:
9220:
9209:, retrieved
9194:
9187:
9167:
9160:
9148:. Retrieved
9144:the original
9139:
9130:
9088:. Retrieved
9084:the original
9073:
9064:
9052:. Retrieved
9039:
9033:
9024:
8997:. Retrieved
8988:
8979:
8974:: pp. 61-68.
8967:
8962:: pp. 71-79.
8955:
8950:: pp. 35-44.
8943:
8752:
8721:
8685:
8636:
8579:
8508:
8437:
8414:
8391:
8379:. Retrieved
8358:
8309:
8286:
8254:
8249:28 September
8247:. Retrieved
8236:
8227:
8212:
8207:28 September
8205:. Retrieved
8194:
8185:
8166:
8157:
8152:28 September
8150:. Retrieved
8139:
8129:
8116:
8102:
8053:
8003:
7933:. Retrieved
7929:the original
7920:
7914:
7902:. Retrieved
7893:
7884:
7872:
7847:
7843:
7837:
7825:. Retrieved
7821:the original
7805:
7798:
7790:the original
7769:
7759:
7747:. Retrieved
7740:the original
7726:
7706:
7699:
7687:
7636:
7619:
7601:
7498:Honors music
7468:Aide-de-camp
7434:
7427:
7388:
7378:
7374:Saint Helena
7359:
7345:
7338:
7317:South Dakota
7271:
7247:
7236:
7215:buffer state
7203:Roman Empire
7200:
7178:
7163:totalitarian
7154:
7148:
7129:
7092:
7041:Saudi Arabia
7030:
7010:ruling house
7007:
6973:in 1990 and
6956:
6940:
6926:
6913:royal family
6898:
6883:Square: male
6852:, where the
6827:constitution
6824:
6804:
6764:
6728:
6720:
6700:
6685:
6645:Soviet Union
6642:
6611:
6583:triumvirates
6564:
6526:Genghis Khan
6520:
6505:
6473:
6458:offshoot of
6444:Ali Khamenei
6433:
6429:Saudi Arabia
6410:
6398:
6384:
6338:
6331:Vatican City
6323:Papal States
6312:
6309:Christianity
6299:legitimating
6287:, the title
6281:Ancient Rome
6250:
6244:role of the
6241:
6180:
6165:
6150:
6111:
6101:
6092:(right) was
6031:King of Iraq
6023:
6000:
5969:
5962:
5942:
5864:
5858:
5840:
5833:
5819:
5814:
5805:
5781:
5766:
5741:
5706:
5656:
5617:
5615:
5610:
5582:
5575:
5566:
5560:
5550:
5543:
5529:
5511:, currently
5504:
5486:
5414:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5369:
5346:
5336:
5329:
5326:Adolf Hitler
5314:
5271:
5257:
5252:
5243:
5238:
5229:
5219:
5208:
5198:
5187:
5177:
5170:
5160:
5137:
5127:
5104:
5097:
5083:Martial Laws
5076:
5069:
5059:
5008:
4998:
4974:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4943:
4930:
4920:
4913:
4900:
4891:
4881:
4866:
4856:
4845:
4835:
4803:
4793:
4771:
4761:
4746:
4736:
4711:
4702:
4692:
4673:
4663:
4651:Dáil Éireann
4644:
4634:
4613:
4604:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4566:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4508:
4498:
4479:
4469:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4413:
4402:
4392:
4381:
4371:
4352:
4345:
4339:
4332:royal assent
4330:
4326:promulgation
4324:
4317:
4302:
4257:
4198:
4190:armed forces
4183:
4173:
4158:
4148:
4133:
4123:
4115:Armed Forces
4108:
4098:
4090:armed forces
4083:
4073:
4066:
4049:
4039:
4024:
4010:
3992:coups d'état
3985:
3977:royal family
3964:
3956:armed forces
3949:
3927:and General
3910:national day
3862:
3847:
3837:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3804:
3794:
3783:
3773:
3761:
3751:
3739:
3726:
3716:
3709:
3705:
3689:ratification
3682:
3671:
3659:papal nuncio
3631:
3606:Shimon Peres
3548:, under the
3543:
3533:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3504:Central Bank
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3448:
3429:
3419:
3407:Dáil Éireann
3400:
3390:
3364:
3354:
3337:, while the
3324:
3316:
3304:Elizabeth II
3293:
3274:
3246:
3235:
3225:
3210:
3200:
3189:
3179:
3168:
3158:
3143:
3133:
3118:
3108:
3093:
3083:
3033:
3017:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2954:
2947:
2938:
2928:
2920:Armed Forces
2909:
2899:
2887:
2877:
2866:
2856:
2845:
2835:
2824:
2815:
2805:
2793:
2783:
2778:
2767:
2752:
2744:winter games
2729:
2709:
2701:state dinner
2682:
2667:
2651:
2632:
2619:inauguration
2615:
2600:Elizabeth II
2565:
2559:October 2019
2556:
2537:
2511:through the
2494:
2472:
2440:South Africa
2437:
2406:
2402:
2397:Delhi Durbar
2343:
2314:
2304:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2238:
2225:single party
2201:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2117:, the first
2100:Adolf Hitler
2080:
2072:neo-Gaullist
2066:. President
2064:Cohabitation
2048:constitution
2044:
2002:South Africa
1999:
1983:
1960:
1914:
1877:militaristic
1873:World War II
1847:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1777:World War II
1769:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1688:
1686:
1632:
1552:
1494:
1471:
1454:
1430:nation state
1427:
1416:
1382:
1373:
1362:Please help
1357:verification
1354:
1325:
1315:
1311:party leader
1292:
1287:
1272:South Africa
1257:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1150:Presidential
1129:
1045:
1018:
993:
931:
887:
562:street-level
437:Presidential
397:Dictatorship
267:Part of the
168:
75:
46:
37:This is the
31:
20246:Charles III
20196:Charles III
20126:Charles III
19931:Charles III
19905:Charles III
19751:New Zealand
19633:New Zealand
19540:(Venezuela)
18848:Switzerland
18778:Netherlands
18518:Switzerland
18448:Netherlands
18194:Philippines
18082:Philippines
17876:North Korea
17861:Afghanistan
17763:South Korea
17733:Philippines
17713:North Korea
17563:Afghanistan
17454:South Korea
17424:Philippines
17404:North Korea
17254:Afghanistan
17070:Hugo Chávez
17034:José Mujica
16973:Johan Kraag
16942:Alan García
16922:Alan García
16840:Janet Jagan
16620:Evo Morales
16610:Carlos Mesa
16595:Hugo Banzer
16348:Saint Lucia
16298:El Salvador
16209:Saint Lucia
16159:El Salvador
16011:Puerto Rico
15902:Saint Lucia
15837:El Salvador
15689:Puerto Rico
15576:Saint Lucia
15511:El Salvador
15254:South Sudan
15204:Ivory Coast
14909:The Gambia
14744:South Sudan
14634:Ivory Coast
14425:South Sudan
14315:Ivory Coast
13898:Public bank
13873:Free clinic
13707:Public land
13657:Common good
13207:Economics /
12824:World Court
12757:Magna Carta
12574:Legislation
12536:Governance
12493:Legislature
12368:Regulation:
12277:Familialism
12252:Corporatism
12232:Communalism
12202:Agrarianism
12114:Technocracy
12074:Meritocracy
12069:Kleptocracy
12049:Ergatocracy
12044:Electocracy
12034:Colonialism
12019:Bureaucracy
12014:Aristocracy
11760:British Raj
11732:(Sri Lanka)
11618:Württemberg
11330:South Yemen
11218:Maguindanao
11111:Afghanistan
10872:Barotseland
10808:Saint Lucia
10781:New Zealand
10690:Netherlands
10463:Chhatrapati
10447:Sovereignty
10387:Aristocracy
9962:HISTORY.com
9762:20 December
9680:17 December
9335:29 November
9090:11 November
7935:10 December
7827:23 December
7749:23 December
7558:State visit
7548:Sacred king
7313:Black Hills
7250:impeachment
7243:Edward VIII
7047:By election
7026:legislature
6967:Netherlands
6954:in France.
6838: [
6787:investiture
6747:nationalist
6385:During the
6215:Saint Lucia
6207:New Zealand
6191:the Bahamas
6108:Charles III
6082:(left) was
5972:coup d'état
5919:of 1688 in
5889:sovereignty
5693:stadholders
5689:Netherlands
5598:chef d'état
5513:Kim Jong Un
5491:was named "
5489:Kim Il Sung
5211:Impeachment
4776:may bestow
4751:may confer
4616:legislature
4346:Riksdag Act
4000:World War I
3998:did during
3904:inspecting
3693:legislature
3651:ambassadors
2685:state visit
2452:legislature
2323:Kim Jong Il
2311:Kim Il Sung
2307:North Korea
2203:coup d'état
2177:El Salvador
2138:legislature
2035:(1959–1969)
1711:Edward VIII
1707:William III
1655:legislature
1547:South Korea
1423:governments
1130:simul simul
1117:Westminster
1107:Directorial
701:Sovereignty
666:Legislature
569:Technocracy
557:Bureaucracy
422:Meritocracy
402:Directorial
251:Hilda Heine
184:Charles III
20292:Categories
20226:Mattarella
20220:of Germany
20216:Steinmeier
20022:Mattarella
19983:Steinmeier
19335:Pirc Musar
19321:Pellegrini
19195:Mattarella
19139:Steinmeier
19083:Frederik X
18813:San Marino
18773:Montenegro
18753:Luxembourg
18733:Kazakhstan
18633:Azerbaijan
18596:government
18483:San Marino
18443:Montenegro
18423:Luxembourg
18403:Kazakhstan
18303:Azerbaijan
18161:government
18047:East Timor
17798:Uzbekistan
17773:Tajikistan
17673:Kyrgyzstan
17663:Kazakhstan
17613:East Timor
17583:Bangladesh
17573:Azerbaijan
17546:government
17489:Uzbekistan
17464:Tajikistan
17364:Kyrgyzstan
17354:Kazakhstan
17304:East Timor
17274:Bangladesh
17264:Azerbaijan
16278:Costa Rica
16139:Costa Rica
16003:Montserrat
15998:Martinique
15993:Guadeloupe
15812:Costa Rica
15745:government
15679:Montserrat
15674:Martinique
15669:Guadeloupe
15486:Costa Rica
15296:Somaliland
15239:Seychelles
15194:The Gambia
14803:Somaliland
14724:Seychelles
14689:Mozambique
14674:Mauritania
14659:Madagascar
14614:The Gambia
14549:Cape Verde
14484:Somaliland
14405:Seychelles
14370:Mozambique
14355:Mauritania
14340:Madagascar
14295:The Gambia
14230:Cape Verde
14071:Public use
13953:Urban park
13893:Public art
13682:Public bad
13459:Presidents
13155:Defence /
13053:Leadership
13046:ministries
12974:Categories
12907:liberalism
12855:Templates:
12752:Documents:
12727:Overviews:
12579:Regulation
12508:Parliament
12412:Components
12398:Sanitation
12388:Municipal:
12317:John Locke
12302:Liberalism
12282:Fanaticism
12094:Plutocracy
12064:Geniocracy
12054:Federalism
12024:Capitalism
11899:government
11856:Government
11826:Tanganyika
11741:The Gambia
11669:Niuē-Fekai
11608:Yugoslavia
11508:Montenegro
11315:Upper Yafa
11310:Upper Asir
10947:Madagascar
10680:Luxembourg
10412:Government
10377:Abdication
10346:Hereditary
10274:Monarchies
9972:7 February
9942:7 February
9904:Frampton's
9888:9 February
9309:16 January
9245:16 January
9211:16 January
9150:2 November
9054:1 November
8214:Xi Jinping
7904:8 February
7664:References
7503:Leadership
7372:on barren
7361:Cent Jours
7323:), in the
7239:abdication
7213:, a vital
7151:revolution
7014:legitimate
6901:hereditary
6850:Seychelles
6811:electorate
6795:coronation
6771:priesthood
6767:divine law
6731:legitimacy
6717:Legitimacy
6707:Kuomintang
6683:in 1974.
6607:San Marino
6571:precedence
6555:See also:
6496:Travancore
6460:Shia Islam
6446:serves as
6407:theocratic
6340:ex officio
6285:Principate
6273:Sapa Incas
6255:, various
6242:ex officio
6011:real union
5881:Absolutism
5877:Jean Bodin
5842:The Prince
5784:(1602) by
5767:The Prince
5562:Jamahiriya
5497:presidency
5484:in China.
5462:Xi Jinping
5446:Mao Zedong
5424:Liu Shaoqi
5390:Indonesian
5298:Grand Duke
5152:Parliament
5120:See also:
5099:Article 70
5071:Article 69
4991:See also:
4824:See also:
4714:State Duma
4699:provides:
4686:dissolved.
4618:. In most
4600:referendum
4435:State Duma
4021:, states:
3875:, but the
3743:Parliament
3733:Government
3643:ambassador
3306:appointed
3150:Government
2916:ex officio
2623:coronation
2596:Coronation
2540:references
2427:under the
2366:top leader
2095:chancellor
1910:figurehead
1879:and quasi-
1659:government
1407:Bratislava
1282:, such as
1262:, such as
1255:and more.
1249:figurehead
1246:ceremonial
1238:government
1062:Presidency
940:Chancellor
923:Government
791:Governance
781:Government
776:Federalism
377:City-state
20270:of the EU
20260:of the US
20250:of the UK
20210:of France
20200:of Canada
20087:Ramaphosa
19879:Ghazouani
19721:Australia
19603:Australia
19508:(Nigeria)
19444:(Algeria)
19384:EU portal
19349:Felipe VI
19209:Rinkēvičs
19041:Milanović
18748:Lithuania
18418:Lithuania
18092:Singapore
18052:Indonesia
17758:Sri Lanka
17753:Singapore
17728:Palestine
17633:Indonesia
17449:Sri Lanka
17444:Singapore
17419:Palestine
17324:Indonesia
17050:Venezuela
16835:Sam Hinds
16549:de la Rúa
16539:Argentina
16333:Nicaragua
16308:Guatemala
16194:Nicaragua
16169:Guatemala
15988:Greenland
15932:Venezuela
15877:Nicaragua
15847:Guatemala
15767:Argentina
15664:Greenland
15606:Venezuela
15551:Nicaragua
15521:Guatemala
15441:Argentina
15224:Mauritius
15132:of Africa
15071:Zimbabwe
15046:Zanzibar
14892:Ethiopia
14679:Mauritius
14360:Mauritius
13060:President
13042:ministers
12783:Diplomacy
12703:Sociology
12634:Campaigns
12622:Elections
12597:Precedent
12569:Outcomes:
12559:Committee
12538:processes
12488:Judiciary
12463:President
12423:Documents
12363:Espionage
12326:Functions
12272:Extremism
12207:Anarchism
12159:Consensus
12149:Cellular
12132:Democracy
12119:Theocracy
12104:Socialism
12089:Oligarchy
12059:Feudalism
12039:Communism
11906:Overviews
11796:Mauritius
11689:Rarotonga
11674:Nuku Hiva
11664:Mangareva
11639:Bora Bora
11518:Neuchâtel
11488:Lithuania
11393:Catalonia
11280:Sri Lanka
11233:Manchukuo
11208:Kurdistan
11162:Indonesia
11085:Talamanca
11045:Araucanía
11028:and other
11007:Wassoulou
10751:Australia
10427:Oligarchy
10229:5 October
9808:Tronföljd
9264:George VI
9115:Bundestag
9042:(C 306).
8938:: p. 221.
8936:Robertson
8381:31 August
7864:144612269
7543:President
7478:Bodyguard
7329:Democracy
7299:; or the
7281:monuments
7277:memorials
7169:and King
7116:cardinals
6969:in 1983,
6944:coregency
6936:Salic law
6903:, but in
6779:Akhenaten
6649:Presidium
6595:President
6579:coregency
6547:in 1924.
6538:Communist
6452:Aga Khans
6374:and last
6347:. In the
6305:dynasty.
6257:dynasties
6253:antiquity
6133:in Canada
6033:, during
5883:and the "
5865:Sovereign
5860:Leviathan
5807:Leviathan
5703:monarchs.
5592:président
5573:in 2011.
5523:, is the
5435:Dong Biwu
5402:tertinggi
5379:President
5343:Singapore
5328:, as the
5317:president
5278:President
5232:President
5144:Ministers
5031:measures.
4806:President
4655:Taoiseach
4647:President
4307:with the
4161:President
4086:President
3898:Albert II
3622:Lithuania
3436:President
3411:Taoiseach
3403:President
3339:president
3331:taoiseach
3327:president
3171:President
3100:Ministers
3045:Australia
2941:President
2755:delegated
2748:opened by
2746:shall be
2678:banknotes
2654:portraits
2444:president
2229:Communist
2185:Venezuela
2165:Argentina
2134:president
2087:Reichstag
1967:taoiseach
1727:president
1722:republics
1583:Basic Law
1579:Hong Kong
1543:Indonesia
1528:Sri Lanka
1438:sovereign
1299:one-party
1032:Secretary
1008:Secretary
908:President
771:Unitarism
759:Elections
747:Subseries
676:Judiciary
671:Executive
574:Adhocracy
457:Theocracy
412:Feudalism
392:Democracy
175:Joe Biden
20308:Monarchy
20240:of Japan
20236:Naruhito
20230:of Italy
20035:Naruhito
19731:Kiribati
19613:Kiribati
19498:al-Menfi
19492:(Kuwait)
19474:Khamenei
19452:(Angola)
19450:Lourenço
19442:Tebboune
19307:Iohannis
19013:Philippe
18879:Abkhazia
18828:Slovenia
18823:Slovakia
18798:Portugal
18653:Bulgaria
18594:Heads of
18549:Abkhazia
18498:Slovenia
18493:Slovakia
18468:Portugal
18323:Bulgaria
18266:of state
18154:Defunct
18102:Thailand
18067:Malaysia
18037:Cambodia
17824:Abkhazia
17778:Thailand
17723:Pakistan
17698:Mongolia
17693:Maldives
17688:Malaysia
17598:Cambodia
17544:Heads of
17515:Abkhazia
17469:Thailand
17414:Pakistan
17389:Mongolia
17384:Maldives
17379:Malaysia
17289:Cambodia
17237:of state
16963:Suriname
16866:Paraguay
16718:Colombia
16318:Honduras
16288:Dominica
16263:Barbados
16179:Honduras
16149:Dominica
16124:Barbados
15955:Anguilla
15912:Suriname
15887:Paraguay
15862:Honduras
15822:Dominica
15807:Colombia
15777:Barbados
15743:Heads of
15629:Anguilla
15586:Suriname
15561:Paraguay
15536:Honduras
15496:Dominica
15481:Colombia
15451:Barbados
15419:of state
15354:Ethiopia
15324:Cameroon
15279:Zimbabwe
15264:Tanzania
15169:Botswana
15036:Tunisia
14976:Nigeria
14865:Dahomey
14845:Burundi
14779:Zimbabwe
14754:Tanzania
14604:Ethiopia
14599:Eswatini
14579:Djibouti
14544:Cameroon
14529:Botswana
14460:Zimbabwe
14435:Tanzania
14285:Ethiopia
14280:Eswatini
14260:Djibouti
14225:Cameroon
14210:Botswana
14095:Category
14029:See also
13650:Concepts
13110:Minister
12747:Suffrage
12677:Academic
12610:Politics
12549:Process:
12518:Assembly
12503:Congress
12483:Ministry
12358:Military
12292:Feminism
12217:Centrism
12184:Republic
12084:Monarchy
12004:Systems:
11973:Township
11895:Politics
11811:Rhodesia
11806:Pakistan
11725:Barbados
11694:Rimatara
11684:Rapa Iti
11613:Valencia
11588:Tavolara
11578:Scotland
11543:Portugal
11503:Moldavia
11388:Bulgaria
11383:Brittany
11358:Asturias
11238:Mongolia
11228:Maldives
11090:Trinidad
11080:Suriname
11038:Americas
11022:Zimbabwe
11017:Zanzibar
11002:Wituland
10977:Ngazidja
10972:Ndzuwani
10907:Ethiopia
10630:Thailand
10610:Malaysia
10590:Cambodia
10540:Eswatini
10336:Elective
10321:Absolute
10208:(2010).
10130:(2016).
10082:Archived
10059:Archived
10036:Archived
10013:Archived
9990:Archived
9966:Archived
9936:Archived
9912:Archived
9882:Archived
9845:Archived
9832:, p. 16.
9756:Archived
9674:Archived
9637:archived
9609:archived
9582:: p. 43.
9531:: p. 39.
9480:Archived
9457:Archived
9434:Archived
9411:Archived
9388:Archived
9358:Archived
9274:archived
9239:Archived
9119:Archived
9048:Archived
8993:Archived
8913:Archived
8883:Archived
8857:Archived
8823:Archived
8760:Archived
8729:Archived
8694:Archived
8670:Archived
8644:Archived
8621:Archived
8587:Archived
8564:Archived
8538:Archived
8516:Archived
8493:Archived
8471:Archived
8445:Archived
8422:Archived
8399:Archived
8375:Archived
8343:Archived
8317:Archived
8294:Archived
8275:Archived
8243:Archived
8201:Archived
8174:Archived
8146:Archived
8091:Archived
8061:Archived
8038:Archived
7988:Archived
7964:Archived
7898:Archived
7440:See also
7381:courtesy
7352:Napoleon
7301:monument
7297:George V
7273:Effigies
7205:and the
7187:Idi Amin
7155:maintain
7112:Malaysia
7096:electors
7033:tanistry
6991:religion
6981:for the
6815:election
6755:Pergamon
6634:suffetes
6630:Carthage
6502:Buddhism
6492:Maharaja
6484:god-king
6476:Hinduism
6470:Hinduism
6412:imamates
6395:Muhammad
6325:. After
6303:de facto
6269:pharaohs
6263:and the
6118:and the
5976:dictator
5925:Scotland
5838:treatise
5830:Principe
5701:Habsburg
5626:leader,
5607:Idi Amin
5583:Cameroun
5579:Cameroon
5567:de facto
5443:Chairman
5398:panglima
5361:Malaysia
5274:republic
5184:states:
5134:states:
5051:Senators
5022:and the
5005:states:
4927:states:
4907:Senate's
4888:states:
4863:states:
4842:states:
4820:Immunity
4800:states:
4768:states:
4743:states:
4670:states:
4641:states:
4563:states:
4484:and the
4476:states:
4399:states:
4344:Swedish
4155:states:
4105:states:
4080:states:
4060:Storting
4046:states:
3972:de facto
3844:states:
3801:states:
3780:states:
3758:states:
3723:states:
3699:and the
3667:ratified
3426:states:
3232:states:
3148:and the
3075:and the
3040:de facto
2987:states:
2961:states:
2935:states:
2906:states:
2884:states:
2863:states:
2842:states:
2825:(2) The
2816:(1) The
2812:states:
2790:states:
2503:(1945),
2393:George V
2284:de facto
2173:Colombia
2161:Americas
2010:Kiribati
2006:Botswana
1906:appoints
1826:(right).
1755:de facto
1678:Harald V
1567:governor
1450:republic
1446:monarchy
1434:protocol
1288:de facto
1095:Republic
1083:Monarchy
1052:Governor
1027:Minister
1020:Ministry
871:Part of
799:Ideology
617:doctrine
578:Service
442:Republic
427:Monarchy
407:Federacy
296:Category
276:Politics
197:Naruhito
43:reviewed
20183:of the
20113:Erdoğan
19877:
19858:of the
19786:Vanuatu
19668:Vanuatu
19530:Mohamed
19500:(Libya)
19468:(Gabon)
19223:Nausėda
19181:Higgins
18975:of the
18858:Ukraine
18803:Romania
18763:Moldova
18723:Ireland
18718:Iceland
18713:Hungary
18698:Germany
18693:Georgia
18683:Finland
18678:Estonia
18673:Denmark
18658:Croatia
18643:Belgium
18638:Belarus
18628:Austria
18623:Armenia
18618:Andorra
18613:Albania
18528:Ukraine
18473:Romania
18433:Moldova
18393:Ireland
18388:Iceland
18383:Hungary
18368:Germany
18363:Georgia
18353:Finland
18348:Estonia
18343:Denmark
18328:Croatia
18313:Belgium
18308:Belarus
18298:Austria
18293:Armenia
18288:Andorra
18283:Albania
18145:Vietnam
18140:Myanmar
18112:Vietnam
18072:Myanmar
17803:Vietnam
17703:Myanmar
17683:Lebanon
17623:Georgia
17578:Bahrain
17568:Armenia
17494:Vietnam
17394:Myanmar
17374:Lebanon
17314:Georgia
17269:Bahrain
17259:Armenia
17084:Country
17009:Uruguay
16764:Ecuador
16580:Bolivia
16424:Country
16323:Jamaica
16303:Grenada
16258:Bahamas
16184:Jamaica
16164:Grenada
16119:Bahamas
15969:Bonaire
15965:Bermuda
15927:Uruguay
15867:Jamaica
15842:Grenada
15832:Ecuador
15787:Bolivia
15772:Bahamas
15644:Bonaire
15639:Bermuda
15601:Uruguay
15541:Jamaica
15516:Grenada
15506:Ecuador
15461:Bolivia
15446:Bahamas
15364:Somalia
15339:Comoros
15319:Algeria
15234:Nigeria
15229:Namibia
15214:Liberia
15174:Burundi
15128:Deputy
15061:Zambia
14996:Rwanda
14970:Monarch
14956:Malawi
14943:Monarch
14896:Emperor
14884:Monarch
14859:Emperor
14829:Monarch
14764:Tunisia
14734:Somalia
14719:Senegal
14704:Nigeria
14694:Namibia
14684:Morocco
14649:Liberia
14644:Lesotho
14594:Eritrea
14564:Comoros
14539:Burundi
14514:Algeria
14445:Tunisia
14415:Somalia
14400:Senegal
14385:Nigeria
14375:Namibia
14365:Morocco
14330:Liberia
14325:Lesotho
14275:Eritrea
14245:Comoros
14220:Burundi
14195:Algeria
14107:Commons
14036:Commons
13090:Premier
12833:Related
12789:Embassy
12742:Reforms
12716:History
12654:Issues:
12639:Groups:
12554:Hearing
12513:Council
12478:Cabinet
12473:Bodies:
12458:Monarch
12433:Charter
12287:Fascism
12109:Statism
12009:Anarchy
11982:Systems
11948:Levels:
11801:Nigeria
11776:Ireland
11704:Tahuata
11679:Raiatea
11659:Huahine
11634:Abemama
11627:Oceania
11598:Tuscany
11553:Romania
11548:Prussia
11513:Navarre
11493:Majorca
11473:Ireland
11468:Imereti
11463:Iceland
11458:Hungary
11453:Hanover
11448:Granada
11438:Germany
11433:Georgia
11428:Galicia
11418:Finland
11408:Corsica
11403:Cilicia
11373:Bavaria
11363:Austria
11348:Albania
11320:Vietnam
11263:Sarawak
11253:Qu'aiti
11188:Kathiri
11151:Dapitan
11126:Bukhara
11075:Miskito
10997:Tunisia
10987:Shilluk
10897:Dahomey
10887:Burundi
10877:Bagirmi
10857:Adamawa
10776:Jamaica
10771:Grenada
10756:Bahamas
10720:Oceania
10670:Denmark
10665:Belgium
10660:Andorra
10575:Bahrain
10550:Morocco
10545:Lesotho
10524:Current
10515:Pharaoh
10468:Emperor
10407:Dynasty
10361:Regency
10341:Federal
10331:Diarchy
10285:Monarch
10216:(ed.).
9853:Riksdag
9828:1977:5
9790:24 July
9659:, 51(2)
9580:Roberts
9568:Roberts
9553:Roberts
9541:Roberts
9529:Roberts
9465:Knesset
9419:Knesset
9080:EUR-Lex
9044:EUR-Lex
9017:Roberts
8999:27 June
8972:Roberts
8960:Roberts
8948:Roberts
8791:(2010)
8739:(2008)
8708:(2003)
8238:Reuters
7786:2288315
7694:, p. 62
7629:Premier
7223:Arsacid
7211:Armenia
7139:Richard
7102:in the
6975:Belgium
6917:dynasty
6793:during
6791:unction
6785:in the
6751:Attalid
6735:dynasty
6677:Romania
6673:Hungary
6651:of the
6643:In the
6626:archons
6612:In the
6575:diarchy
6530:lamaist
6480:viceroy
6434:In the
6391:caliphs
6370:is the
6295:emperor
6234:Francis
6203:Jamaica
6199:Grenada
6017:is the
5991:Harmost
5988:Spartan
5921:England
5857:in his
5826:Italian
5534:was an
5505:de jure
5382:Sukarno
5339:British
5315:Though
5294:Empress
5290:Emperor
5246:respite
4931:1. The
4873:Council
4569:Council
4363:Speaker
4355:Riksdag
4282:is the
4278:of the
4223:when a
4209:Germany
3967:de jure
3939:on the
3912:in 2011
3869:monarch
3727:1) The
3635:monarch
3616:A 1992
3562:Riksdag
3300:monarch
3253:Ireland
3057:Denmark
3049:Austria
2991:1. The
2939:(1)The
2848:Emperor
2703:at the
2505:India's
2421:Landtag
2399:, 1911.
2368:in the
2227:(e.g.,
2151:en bloc
2050:of the
1990:Knesset
1937:Riksdag
1919:of the
1901:emperor
1889:Cabinet
1763:de jure
1703:Mary II
1647:cabinet
1577:, etc.
1488:Germany
1442:monarch
1301:ruling
1276:Morocco
1266:or the
1226:persona
1074:Systems
995:Cabinet
965:Premier
898:Monarch
804:Culture
714:Country
372:Anarchy
286:Outline
20266:Michel
20206:Macron
20137:
20124:
20111:
20098:
20085:
20074:Salman
20072:
20059:
20046:
20033:
20020:
20009:Jokowi
20007:
19994:
19981:
19970:Macron
19968:
19957:Michel
19955:
19942:
19929:
19916:
19903:
19890:
19781:Tuvalu
19663:Tuvalu
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19522:Salman
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19490:Mishal
19484:(Iraq)
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19476:(Iran)
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19458:Obiang
19167:Sulyok
19125:Macron
18884:Kosovo
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18818:Serbia
18793:Poland
18788:Norway
18768:Monaco
18738:Latvia
18703:Greece
18688:France
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18523:Turkey
18513:Sweden
18488:Serbia
18463:Poland
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18438:Monaco
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17648:Israel
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17474:Turkey
17434:Russia
17359:Kuwait
17349:Jordan
17339:Israel
17299:Cyprus
17284:Brunei
17279:Bhutan
17186:2010s
17183:2000s
17180:1990s
16820:Guyana
16636:Brazil
16434:2010s
16431:2000s
16428:1990s
16338:Panama
16328:Mexico
16273:Canada
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16199:Panama
16189:Mexico
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14664:Malawi
14624:Guinea
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14450:Uganda
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14305:Guinea
14200:Angola
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13198:Europe
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12794:Treaty
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11989:Lists:
11923:Empire
11918:Nation
11836:Uganda
11786:Malawi
11751:Guyana
11730:Ceylon
11709:Tahiti
11699:Rurutu
11654:Hawaii
11583:Serbia
11568:Saxony
11558:Russia
11443:Greece
11423:France
11413:Cyprus
11398:Crimea
11378:Bosnia
11353:Aragon
11341:Europe
11305:Taiwan
11275:Sikkim
11258:Ryukyu
11243:Najran
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11121:Bengal
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10705:Sweden
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497:theory
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20256:Biden
20139:Biden
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15634:Aruba
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14335:Libya
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14265:Egypt
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13452:Lists
13436:Other
11913:State
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10937:Libya
10932:Kongo
10927:Kaffa
10922:Gumma
10917:Gomma
10912:Ghana
10902:Egypt
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10867:Aussa
10728:Tonga
10700:Spain
10620:Qatar
10595:Japan
10212:. In
9781:(PDF)
8691:1986.
8367:(PDF)
8008:Japan
7877:Watts
7860:S2CID
7743:(PDF)
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7611:Notes
7570:Lists
7370:exile
6842:]
6692:Sudan
6628:. In
6534:tulku
6516:Tibet
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1856:日本国憲法
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1264:India
1258:In a
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1228:of a
1158:Lists
1057:Mayor
1046:Other
787:forms
710:State
587:Civil
291:Index
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19918:Lula
19810:Niue
19726:Fiji
19692:Niue
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9764:2017
9746:ISBN
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9696:ISBN
9682:2014
9645:2015
9617:2015
9337:2007
9311:2011
9282:2009
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9092:2012
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9001:2017
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7937:2014
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7829:2014
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7782:SSRN
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