776:. It deals primarily with the control of variables in a chemical process in a plant. It is taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum of any chemical engineering program and employs many of the same principles in control engineering. Other engineering disciplines also overlap with control engineering as it can be applied to any system for which a suitable model can be derived. However, specialised control engineering departments do exist, for example, in Italy there are several master in Automation & Robotics that are fully specialised in Control engineering or the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering at the University of Sheffield or the Department of Robotics and Control Engineering at the United States Naval Academy and the Department of Control and Automation Engineering at the Istanbul Technical University.
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techniques included developments in optimal control in the 1950s and 1960s followed by progress in stochastic, robust, adaptive, nonlinear control methods in the 1970s and 1980s. Applications of control methodology have helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and more efficient chemical processes.
499:
algorithms (MPC). It is currently used in tens of thousands of applications and is a core part of the advanced control technology by hundreds of process control producers. MPC's major strength is its capacity to deal with nonlinearities and hard constraints in a simple and intuitive fashion. His work
443:
was able to explain instabilities exhibited by the flyball governor using differential equations to describe the control system. This demonstrated the importance and usefulness of mathematical models and methods in understanding complex phenomena, and it signaled the beginning of mathematical control
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There are not very many careers that are classified as "control engineer", most of them are specific careers that have a small semblance to the overarching career of control engineering. A majority of the control engineers that took the survey in 2019 are system or product designers, or even control
779:
Control engineering has diversified applications that include science, finance management, and even human behavior. Students of control engineering may start with a linear control system course dealing with the time and complex-s domain, which requires a thorough background in elementary mathematics
908:
Therefore, at the design stage either digital components are mapped into the continuous domain and the design is carried out in the continuous domain, or analog components are mapped into discrete domain and design is carried out there. The first of these two methods is more commonly encountered in
467:
can often be easily described using control theory techniques. In the first control relationships, a current output was represented by a voltage control input. However, not having adequate technology to implement electrical control systems, designers were left with the option of less efficient and
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the city in 1258 CE. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply just to entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over
875:
Because of this, there are many job opportunities in aerospace companies, manufacturing companies, automobile companies, power companies, chemical companies, petroleum companies, and government agencies. Some places that hire
Control Engineers include companies such as Rockwell Automation, NASA,
930:
extend the traditional focus of addressing only planned disturbances to frameworks and attempt to address multiple types of unexpected disturbance; in particular, adapting and transforming behaviors of the control system in response to malicious actors, abnormal failure modes, undesirable human
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Control theory made significant strides over the next century. New mathematical techniques, as well as advances in electronic and computer technologies, made it possible to control significantly more complex dynamical systems than the original flyball governor could stabilize. New mathematical
863:
A control engineer's career starts with a bachelor's degree and can continue through the college process. Control engineer degrees are typically paired with an electrical or mechanical engineering degree, but can also be paired with a degree in chemical engineering. According to a
892:
Originally, control engineering was all about continuous systems. Development of computer control tools posed a requirement of discrete control system engineering because the communications between the computer-based digital controller and the physical system are governed by a
924:. CAD can be applied not just to tuning a predefined control scheme, but also to controller structure optimisation, system identification and invention of novel control systems, based purely upon a performance requirement, independent of any specific control scheme.
427:, Egypt, around the third century BCE. It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vessel. This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols
730:
systems for industry, other applications range far beyond this. As the general theory of feedback systems, control theory is useful wherever feedback occurs - thus control theory also has applications in life sciences, computer engineering, sociology and
214:
Modern day control engineering is a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th century with the advancement of technology. It can be broadly defined or classified as practical application of
880:, and Goodrich. Control Engineers can possibly earn $ 66k annually from Lockheed Martin Corp. They can also earn up to $ 96k annually from General Motors Corporation. Process Control Engineers, typically found in
297:
that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner. Although such controllers need not be electrical, many are and hence control engineering is often viewed as a subfield of electrical engineering.
223:. It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modelling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors; to use control system design tools to develop
658:
signal, or SP-PV error, is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled process variable to the same value as the set point. Other aspects which are also studied are
623:
in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any
432:
again; these automata are examples of open-loop control. Milestones among feedback, or "closed-loop" automatic control devices, include the temperature regulator of a furnace attributed to
909:
practice because many industrial systems have many continuous systems components, including mechanical, fluid, biological and analog electrical components, with a few digital controllers.
500:
underpins a class of algorithms that are provably correct, heuristically explainable, and yield control system designs which meet practically important objectives.
373:
Although feedback is an important aspect of control engineering, control engineers may also work on the control of systems without feedback. This is known as
872:
or instrument engineers. Most of the jobs involve process engineering or production or even maintenance, they are some variation of control engineering.
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Automatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. The first feedback control device on record is thought to be the ancient
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to design equipment and systems with desired behaviors in control environments. The discipline of controls overlaps and is usually taught along with
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219:. Control engineering plays an essential role in a wide range of control systems, from simple household washing machines to high-performance
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to design automation that have revolutionized manufacturing, aircraft, communications and other industries, and created new fields such as
1747:
685:, also known as the system function or network function, is a mathematical model of the relation between the input and output based on the
1715:
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and systems theory. Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in
Maxwell's analysis.
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and detectors to measure the output performance of the process being controlled; these measurements are used to provide corrective
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slow responding mechanical systems. A very effective mechanical controller that is still widely used in some hydro plants is the
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Rieger, Craig G.; Gertman, David I.; McQueen, Miles. A. (2009). "Resilient control systems: Next generation design research".
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Control theory dates from the 19th century, when the theoretical basis for the operation of governors was first described by
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1890:
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436:, circa 1620, and the centrifugal flyball governor used for regulating the speed of steam engines by James Watt in 1788.
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905:. Today, many of the control systems are computer controlled and they consist of both digital and analog components.
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To do this, a controller with the requisite corrective behavior is required. This controller monitors the controlled
119:
86:
708:, who all contributed to the establishment of control stability criteria; and from 1922 onwards, the development of
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is used to automatically control a process or operation. The control system compares the value or status of the
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1998:
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helping to achieve the desired performance. Systems designed to perform without requiring human input are called
1390:"Systems & Control Engineering FAQ | Computer and Data Science/Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering"
68:
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in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation of control systems mainly derived by
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784:, called classical control theory. In linear control, the student does frequency and time domain analysis.
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Li, Yun; Ang, Kiam Heong; Chong, Gregory C. Y.; Feng, Wenyuan; Tan, Kay Chen; Kashiwagi, Hiroshi (2004).
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Burns, S. Roland. Advanced
Control Engineering. Butterworth-Heinemann. Auckland, 2001. ISBN 0750651008
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for those systems; and to implement controllers in physical systems employing available technology. A
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survey, most of the people who answered were control engineers in various forms of their own career.
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A Gradient Method for
Determining Optimal Control of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems in Proceedings of
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can be used to determine how the system responds to such feedback. In practically all such systems
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568:(SP), and applies the difference as a control signal to bring the process variable output of the
476:, process control systems for industrial applications were devised by mechanical engineers using
428:
316:. Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of
93:
46:
1481:"CAutoCSD-evolutionary search and optimisation enabled computer automated control system design"
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2015:
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495:, (1930–2024) was among the early developers of a rigorous mathematical method for analysing
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Similarly, the design technique has progressed from paper-and-ruler based manual design to
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At many universities around the world, control engineering courses are taught primarily in
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654:(SP). The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable, called the
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Before it emerged as a unique discipline, control engineering was practiced as a part of
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Institution of
Mechanical Engineers - Mechatronics, Informatics and Control Group (MICG)
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manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using
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1102:"Systems & Control Engineering FAQ | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"
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and algebra respectively, and could be said to complete a basic control education.
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1440:"Performance-based control system design automation via evolutionary computing"
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764:, as most control techniques today are implemented through computers, often as
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or machines. The control systems are designed via control engineering process.
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The
Michigan Chemical Engineering Process Dynamics and Controls Open Textbook
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is continuously monitored and fed back to the system, which adjusts the
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1002:
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is important and control theory can help ensure stability is achieved.
344:
325:
275:
2596:
255:, and its mathematical modelling, analysis and controller design uses
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1970:
416:
287:
1650:
Milestones in
Automation: From the Transistor to the Digital Factory
35:
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2342:
1720:
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and
Specialty Chemical plants, can earn upwards of $ 90k annually.
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Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the
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332:
317:
268:
244:
183:
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Systems
Science & Control Engineering: An Open Access Journal
1202:(1922). "Directional stability of automatically steered bodies".
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179:
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359:
290:
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1725:
1231:"Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (Authority control)"
1091:
1077:
819:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
541:. It can range from a single home heating controller using a
352:
240:
151:
or
Automation engineering (In Some European Countries) is an
1705:
385:
that runs through a pre-determined cycle without the use of
2804:
1674:(7th ed.). Stanford Cali. U.S.: Pearson. p. 880.
1308:
1666:
768:(as in the automotive field). The field of control within
271:
domains, depending on the nature of the design problem.
484:
control devices, many of which are still in use today.
1136:
Parisini, Thomas; Astolfi, Alessandro (10 June 2024).
27:
Engineering discipline that deals with control systems
1527:
1447:
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
1108:. Case Western Reserve University. 20 November 2015
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1628:
1584:Symposium, Theory of Self-Adaptive Control Systems
1204:Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers
1488:International Journal of Automation and Computing
760:. In others, control engineering is connected to
3012:
1670:; Powell, J. David; Emami-Naeini, Abbas (2014).
1531:2009 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions
564:(PV) being controlled with the desired value or
1138:"Professor David Q Mayne FREng FRS 1930 - 2024"
1478:
1313:USNA Weapons, Robotics and Control Engineering
817:The examples and perspective in this section
362:accordingly. Where there is regular feedback,
2612:
1741:
1647:
1415:"Control Systems Engineer Salary | PayScale"
650:(PV), and compares it with the reference or
639:; often with the aim to achieve a degree of
411:is one of the more challenging applications.
1612:A history of control engineering, 1930-1955
1593:A history of control engineering, 1800-1930
1574:
2619:
2605:
1748:
1734:
1355:
1353:
835:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
696:. Control theory was further advanced by
851:Learn how and when to remove this message
487:
331:In most cases, control engineers utilize
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2662:Earth systems engineering and management
1334:"İTÜ Control and Automation Engineering"
1198:
752:, but some courses can be instructed in
516:
402:
136:Control systems play a critical role in
131:
2626:
1609:
1590:
1350:
1256:Mechatronics and Automation Engineering
1162:
920:or CAD which has been made possible by
545:controlling a domestic boiler to large
274:Control engineering is the engineering
175:at many institutions around the world.
14:
3013:
2528:Electrical and electronics engineering
1706:Control System Integrators Association
1129:
611:is a field of control engineering and
556:For continuously modulated control, a
2600:
1729:
1437:
1253:
887:
339:. This is often accomplished using a
2561:
1288:"ACSE - The University of Sheffield"
803:
194:for regulating the speed of a car).
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2571:
1711:List of control systems integrators
1672:Feedback control of dynamic systems
572:to the same value as the setpoint.
24:
1568:
1216:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1922.tb04958.x
1013:List of control engineering topics
503:
439:In his 1868 paper "On Governors",
25:
3057:
2697:Sociocultural Systems Engineering
1689:
1338:Kontrol ve Otomasyon Mühendisliği
726:, which deals with the design of
594:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2420:
1517:from the original on 2012-01-27.
1468:from the original on 2015-05-03.
1188:from the original on 2008-12-19.
1175:Proceedings of the Royal Society
808:
718:Although a major application of
635:and ensuring a level of control
600:This section is an excerpt from
509:This section is an excerpt from
34:
1755:
1586:. Plenum Press. pp. 19–27.
1521:
1472:
1431:
1407:
1382:
1326:
1228:
549:which are used for controlling
472:. Later on, previous to modern
45:needs additional citations for
2779:Systems development life cycle
2672:Enterprise systems engineering
2647:Biological systems engineering
1301:
1280:
1247:
1222:
1192:
1156:
1120:
1053:Control Engineering (magazine)
972:Outline of control engineering
901:in the discrete domain is the
399:Control systems § History
13:
1:
2738:System of systems engineering
2652:Cognitive systems engineering
1591:Bennett, Stuart (June 1986).
1578:(1965). P. H. Hammond (ed.).
1459:10.1016/S0952-1976(01)00023-9
1084:
666:. Control theory is used in
588:programmable logic controller
312:can all be used to implement
1778:List of engineering branches
1633:. Thompson Delmar Learning.
1361:"Career & Salary Report"
1018:Quantitative feedback theory
739:
7:
2815:Quality function deployment
2728:Verification and validation
1629:Christopher Kilian (2005).
934:
831:, discuss the issue on the
724:control systems engineering
343:system. For example, in an
209:
155:discipline that deals with
149:control systems engineering
10:
3062:
2677:Health systems engineering
1438:Tan, K.C.; Li, Y. (2001).
962:Communications engineering
799:
668:control system engineering
599:
547:industrial control systems
508:
396:
392:
2995:
2944:
2848:
2825:Systems Modeling Language
2787:
2746:
2705:
2634:
2546:
2493:
2477:
2429:
2418:
2193:
2135:
2054:
1979:
1906:
1799:
1786:
1763:
1631:Modern Control Technology
1500:10.1007/s11633-004-0076-8
987:Computer-automated design
928:Resilient control systems
918:computer-automated design
459:was studied as a part of
306:digital signal processors
2840:Work breakdown structure
2718:Functional specification
2713:Requirements engineering
2657:Configuration management
1610:Bennett, Stuart (1993).
1540:10.1109/HSI.2009.5091051
977:Advanced process control
922:evolutionary computation
754:mechatronics engineering
497:Model predictive control
3041:Engineering disciplines
2687:Reliability engineering
2682:Performance engineering
2439:Bachelor of Engineering
2281:Engineering mathematics
1254:Zhang, Jianhua (2017).
1142:Imperial College London
993:Control reconfiguration
942:Artificial intelligence
689:describing the system.
377:. A classic example of
324:present in many modern
3031:Mechanical engineering
3026:Electrical engineering
2962:Industrial engineering
2667:Electrical engineering
2538:Structural engineering
2533:Mechanical engineering
2276:Engineering management
1696:Control Labs Worldwide
1063:Process control system
957:Electrical engineering
952:Automation engineering
750:mechanical engineering
746:electrical engineering
687:differential equations
530:
488:Mathematical modelling
461:electrical engineering
453:mechanical engineering
412:
282:of a diverse range of
259:in one or many of the
202:of a diverse range of
173:mechanical engineering
165:electrical engineering
141:
2896:Arthur David Hall III
2866:Benjamin S. Blanchard
2642:Aerospace engineering
2518:Aerospace engineering
2431:Engineering education
1648:Arnold Zankl (2006).
914:computer-aided design
829:improve this section
758:aerospace engineering
722:control theory is in
520:
409:fractionating columns
406:
200:mathematical modeling
135:
69:"Control engineering"
2987:Software engineering
2957:Computer engineering
2459:Graduate certificate
1534:. pp. 632–636.
1394:engineering.case.edu
1106:engineering.case.edu
1033:Sliding mode control
1008:Lead–lag compensator
967:Satellite navigation
897:. The equivalent to
770:chemical engineering
615:that deals with the
527:proportional control
523:centrifugal governor
318:commercial airliners
293:) and the design of
278:that focuses on the
169:chemical engineering
54:improve this article
3036:Systems engineering
3021:Control engineering
2967:Operations research
2952:Control engineering
2921:Joseph Francis Shea
2628:Systems engineering
2444:Bachelor of Science
2286:Engineering physics
2270:Engineering drawing
1792:Interdisciplinarity
1368:Control Engineering
1038:Systems engineering
982:Building automation
876:Ford, Phillips 66,
866:Control Engineering
733:operations research
694:James Clerk Maxwell
613:applied mathematics
580:combinational logic
558:feedback controller
465:electrical circuits
441:James Clerk Maxwell
302:Electrical circuits
145:Control engineering
18:Control Engineering
2977:Quality management
2972:Project management
2800:Function modelling
2723:System integration
2692:Safety engineering
2046:Telecommunications
1951:Naval architecture
1043:Testing controller
989:(CAutoD, CAutoCSD)
888:Recent advancement
772:is often known as
633:steady-state error
531:
413:
196:Multi-disciplinary
178:The practice uses
142:
3008:
3007:
2931:Manuela M. Veloso
2871:Wernher von Braun
2594:
2593:
2523:Civil engineering
2469:Licensed engineer
2464:Engineer's degree
2416:
2415:
2248:Building services
2231:Health technology
2092:Chemical reaction
2041:Signal processing
1668:Franklin, Gene F.
1659:978-3-89578-259-6
1640:978-1-4018-5806-3
1621:978-0-86341-299-8
1602:978-0-86341-047-5
1549:978-1-4244-3959-1
1273:978-981-320-852-0
1200:Minorsky, Nicolas
899:Laplace transform
861:
860:
853:
790:nonlinear control
782:Laplace transform
683:transfer function
621:dynamical systems
493:David Quinn Mayne
474:power electronics
379:open loop control
375:open loop control
190:systems (such as
188:automatic control
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3053:
2936:John N. Warfield
2906:Robert E. Machol
2835:Systems modeling
2830:Systems analysis
2769:System lifecycle
2754:Business process
2621:
2614:
2607:
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2011:Electromechanics
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1023:Robotic unicycle
856:
849:
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842:
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804:
794:Z transformation
792:courses require
766:embedded systems
762:computer science
714:Nicolas Minorsky
648:process variable
562:process variable
310:microcontrollers
221:fighter aircraft
125:
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2982:Risk management
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2881:Harold Chestnut
2876:Kathleen Carley
2844:
2820:System dynamics
2795:Decision-making
2783:
2759:Fault tolerance
2742:
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2630:
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2590:
2542:
2489:
2473:
2449:Master's degree
2425:
2412:
2326:Instrumentation
2189:
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2097:Electrochemical
2050:
2036:Radio frequency
1975:
1902:
1866:Municipal/Urban
1790:
1788:
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1569:Further reading
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1068:Robotic control
937:
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857:
846:
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837:
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813:
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802:
786:Digital control
774:process control
742:
737:
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728:process control
660:controllability
605:
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592:
591:
586:, such as in a
514:
506:
504:Control systems
490:
401:
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383:washing machine
337:control systems
335:when designing
314:control systems
284:dynamic systems
212:
157:control systems
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2945:Related fields
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2911:Radhika Nagpal
2908:
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2901:Derek Hitchins
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1690:External links
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1210:(2): 280–309.
1191:
1168:"On Governors"
1164:Maxwell, J. C.
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821:worldwide view
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609:Control theory
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364:control theory
351:the vehicle's
349:cruise control
341:PID controller
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706:Adolf Hurwitz
704:and in 1895,
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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2951:
2926:Katia Sycara
2810:Optimization
2502:Engineering
2348:Mechatronics
2201:Agricultural
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1851:Geotechnical
1819:Construction
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1422:. Retrieved
1418:
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2016:Electronics
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