452:, who commanded a substantial number of Gothic auxiliaries. Alaric would go on to become Stilicho's chief adversary during his later career as the head of the Western Roman armies. Stilicho distinguished himself at the Frigidus, and Theodosius, exhausted by the campaign, saw him as a man worthy of responsibility for the future safety of the empire. In several of the Claudian poems celebrating Theodosius's victories, Stilicho's participation and contribution to the campaign were highlighted. This helped him gain popularity in the empire. The last emperor of a united Rome appointed Stilicho guardian of his son
684:(Pavia) led this force at the beginning of the campaigning season in 406 against Radagaisus. Fortunately for Stilicho, Radagaisus had split his forces into three divisions; two were pillaging the Italian countryside while the largest contingent – under Radagaisus himself – was laying siege to Florentia. Stilicho marched his entire army against Radagaisus at Florentia, managed to surprise him and captured almost his entire force. Stilicho executed Radagaisus and enrolled 12,000 of his warriors in his army. The rest were sold off as slaves.
688:
Stilicho wanted
Illyricum as a recruiting ground for his army (recruiting troops in the western provinces proved difficult because most able bodied men were employed by the western elite which he could not afford to antagonize). 2) Stilicho feared that Italy could be invaded from Illyricum if he did not control the Diocese himself (directly or indirectly through Alaric). 3) Stilicho planned to neutralize Alaric as a threat by employing him and his battle-hardened troops in the Western Empire's defences and made him
387:. Historians have a difficult time explaining exactly what led to his marriage to Serena which occurred after his return to Constantinople at the successful conclusion of peace talks. Claudian claims that Theodosius awarded Stilicho with Serena’s hand because of his outstanding achievements, but as Stilicho was actually just a junior member of the embassy and not its leader, nor had he done anything else of note, this is certainly panegyrical publicity. Perhaps the varied duties of the
42:
551:, criticizes Stilicho for being overconfident in victory and indulging in luxury and women, allowing Alaric to escape. Contemporary scholarship disagrees, and finds a variety of possible explanations, including an order from Arcadius directing him to evacuate the Eastern Empire, the unreliability of his mostly barbarian troops, the revolt of Gildo in Africa or the possibility that he simply was never as close to Alaric as Claudian suggests.
803:
Goths, attempting to secure a permanent peace treaty and rights to settle within Roman territory. He besieged Rome three times without attacking while the Roman army of Italy watched helplessly, but only after a fourth failed attempt at a deal was Alaric's siege a success. After months under siege the people of Rome were dying of hunger and some were resorting to cannibalism. Then, the Gothic army broke through the gates and
603:. The campaign against the Picts is highly disputed. The troops defending the British provinces probably defeated an invasion by the Picts without any support from Stilicho – who is never recorded to have left Italy in 398. Claudian refers to Stilicho providing Britannia with forts and a legion to protect it from incursions by Picts and Scots. However, a critical analysis of his panegyric suggests that things went badly.
827:
467:, Stilicho's panegyrist, makes Theodosius's spirit say "When I was raised to heaven disorder... and tumult did I leave behind me. The army was still drawing the forbidden sword in that Alpine war, and conquerors and conquered gave alternate cause for dissension. Scarce could this madness have been calmed by my vigilance, much less by a boy's rule... 'Twas then that Stilicho took my place..."
527:. Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect of the East, attempted to negotiate with Alaric in person. Officials in Constantinople suspected Rufinus was in league with the Goths. Stilicho led the army, which had been victorious at the Frigidus and was still assembled in Italy, into the Balkans to confront the Goths, eventually surrounding them somewhere in Thessaly. According to
535:. Stilicho resented the orders, for he was in a position to defeat Alaric's Goths, but he obeyed them anyway. When the Eastern Empire's forces arrived at Constantinople, Arcadius and Rufinus rode out to meet them. At this meeting Rufinus was murdered by the troops. Many historians suspect the involvement of Stilicho in the assassination/murder of Rufinus.
676:, the king of one of the Gothic tribes north of the Danube, led a combined force of Goths, Alans, Sueves, and Vandals across the Danube and the Alps and into Italy. This disrupted Stilicho's plans to re-take Illyricum from the Eastern Empire with the help of Alaric. Stilicho, scraping together a force of c. 20,000 men (thirty
709:(Quadians, Marcomanni, and Alemanni) from central Europe arrived at the Rhine frontier. The Franks, Rome's allies on the northern Rhine, tried to stop the Vandals from entering the Empire and fought them on the far bank of the Rhine. The Vandals defeated the Franks with the help of the Alans, but lost their king
802:
Without a strong general like
Stilicho, Honorius could do little to break the siege, and adopted a passive strategy trying to wait out Alaric, hoping to regather his forces to defeat the Visigoths in the meantime. What followed was two years of political and military manoeuvering, Alaric, king of the
487:
throne in
Constantinople. As both were underage, Stilicho remained the caretaker for Honorius until he came of age. He would claim to have been given a similar role in regards to Arcadius, although no independent verification of this exists. Neither proved to powerfully assert themselves as leaders,
700:
In order to protect Italy from invasions by Alaric (401–402) and
Radagaisus (405–406), Stilicho had seriously depleted the Roman forces defending the Rhine frontier. He left it defended "only by the faith of the Germans and the ancient terror of the Roman name", as Gibbon put it. In 406 a coalition
391:
at some point placed
Stilicho inside the imperial residence of Constantinople where he encountered Serena and they decided the match themselves, or maybe Theodosius saw a good outcome in tying a young, up-and-coming, half-barbarian general to the imperial household. The marriage would see the birth
538:
In 396 Stilicho campaigned against the Franks and other
Germanic tribes in Gaul. He used the campaign to boost the morale of the western army – which had suffered three consecutive defeats in the civil wars against Theodosius – and to recruit Germanic auxiliaries to bolster its depleted ranks. The
747:
Meanwhile, Constantine's rebellion having interrupted the negotiations between Alaric and
Stilicho for the joint attack on Illyria, Alaric demanded the payment he was owed, threatening to attack Italy again if he did not receive a large amount of gold. The senate, "inspired by the courage, rather
496:
became the power behind the throne in the east. To strengthen his hold over the emperor, he gave
Honorius his daughter Maria's hand in marriage in 398, and after her death, Thermantia's in 408. Both of these marriages did not produce any children. Stilicho used his military leadership as well as
687:
In late 406, Stilicho demanded the return of the eastern half of
Illyricum (which had been transferred to the administrative control of Constantinople by Theodosius), threatening war if the Eastern Roman Empire resisted. The exact reasons for this are unclear, but there are several theories: 1)
629:
invaded Italy and lay siege to
Mediolanum (Milan) where Honorius was residing. In 402 Stilicho returned to Italy and hastened forward with a selected vanguard in advance of his main body, breaking the siege of Mediolanum and rescuing the besieged emperor. One of his chieftains implored him to
790:
throughout Italy were slain by the local Romans. The natural consequence was that these men (estimates describe their numbers as perhaps 30,000 strong) flocked to the protection of Alaric, clamoring to be led against their enemies. The Visigothic warlord accordingly crossed the
343:
cavalry officer and a provincial woman of Roman birth. Despite his father's origins there is little to suggest that Stilicho considered himself anything other than a Roman, and his high rank within the empire suggests that he was probably not an
1643:
Bendle, Christopher. 2024. The Office of "Magister Militum" in the 4th Century CE: a Study into the Impact of Political and Military Leadership on the Later Roman Empire. Studies in Ancient Monarchies. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN
748:
than the wisdom, of their predecessors", as Gibbon put it, favored war with Alaric until Stilicho persuaded them to give into Alaric's demands. They were angry at Stilicho for this, and one of the most outspoken of them, Lampadius, said "
298:. After nine years of struggle against barbarian and Roman enemies, political and military disasters finally allowed his enemies in the court of Honorius to remove him from power. His fall culminated in his arrest and execution in 408.
775:
organized by Stilicho's political opponents". Stilicho retired to Ravenna, where he was taken into captivity. Stilicho did not resist and was executed on August 22, 408, as was his son, Eucherius, shortly afterwards.
634:, capturing his camp and his wife. Alaric himself managed to escape with most of his men. This battle was the last victory celebrated in a triumphal march in Rome, which was saved for the time being. At
692:(Stilicho and Alaric would take Illyricum from the Eastern Empire, Alaric would defend Illyricum, leaving Stilicho free to concentrate on the north). A combination of all three is also a possibility.
585:
was drowned under questionable circumstances, perhaps on the orders of a jealous Stilicho. The year 400 also saw Stilicho accorded the highest honour within the Roman state by being appointed consul.
969:
680:
of Roman troops with supporting units of federates of Alans and Huns) through a variety of desperate methods, including efforts to enroll slaves in the army in exchange for their freedom, at
515:
when they decided to raid the countryside. By doing so Alaric effectively broke his treaty with Rome. Unfortunately for the Romans, the armies of the Eastern Empire were occupied with
1914:
744:, but a relief force drove him back and saved the rebellion. Sarus withdrew and Stilicho decided to seal off the Alps to prevent Constantine from threatening Italy.
324:
is the main source; he derived his information on Stilicho from two prior historians, whose texts he copies faithfully, although in summary. One of these historians,
511:
His first brush with such court politics came in 395. After the Battle of Frigidus the Goths, under their new king Alaric, were returning to their allotted lands in
497:
Honorius' youth and inexperience to consolidate his authority over the empire, though he acquired many rivals and enemies in the process, both in the West and East.
577:. He declared his intention to place the African provinces, the critical source of Rome's grain supply, under the control of the Eastern Empire. Stilicho sent
332:, was supportive, resulting in a bit of a garbled, contradictory account. Stilicho also maintained correspondence with his friend, the renowned pagan senator
1657:
947:
320:, whom he patronized after the death of Theodosius I. These are likely quite biased and portray Stilicho in a positive light. For events after 404,
1350:
807:. Many historians argue that the removal of Stilicho was the main catalyst leading to this monumental event, the first barbarian capture of Rome
463:
At the time of Theodosius's death, the field armies that had clashed at the Frigidus were still in disarray and fighting was still continuing.
2041:
1052:
2036:
1734:
2016:
1250:
581:, the brother of Gildo, into Africa with an army, which quickly suppressed the rebellion. However, upon his return to Italy,
1827:
1760:
1720:
1706:
1617:
1559:
1465:
1260:
1196:
1170:
1029:
982:
1082:
736:
in Britain, which Stilicho proved unable to quash. As Constantine moved his forces into Gaul, Stilicho sent his subordinate
1377:
A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius: with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature
531:, Stilicho was in a position to destroy them, but was ordered by Arcadius to return the Eastern Empire's forces and leave
476:
2001:
1996:
1795:
1688:
1513:
1405:
1384:
1215:
755:
Stilicho's unsuccessful attempts to deal with Constantine, and rumors that he had earlier planned the assassination of
643:
532:
1187:
630:
retreat from Italy, but Alaric refused. In a surprise attack on Easter Sunday in 402, Stilicho defeated Alaric at the
1813:
1667:
733:
812:
17:
1991:
876:"The portrait of Flavius Aetius (390–454) from Durostorum (Silistra) inscribed on a consular diptych form Monza"
2006:
1950:
1078:
2056:
2011:
363:
of the Roman Empire from Constantinople, and who was to become the last emperor to rule both the eastern and
1504:
1457:
771:
5.32). John Matthews observed that the following events "have every appearance of a thoroughly co-ordinated
185:
1680:
Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, CA. 375–425 A.D.
359:
Stilicho joined the Roman army and rose through the ranks during the reign of Theodosius I, who ruled the
2046:
2021:
845:
740:
to oppose him. Sarus had some initial success, winning a major victory and killing both of Constantine's
397:
393:
51:
1869:
312:, the major primary source for the events of Stilicho's reign, or at least events prior to 404, are the
540:
333:
2026:
600:
594:
287:
198:
638:, Stilicho again bested Alaric, who managed to escape with a diminished force. A truce was made and
2051:
1963:
1872:– A collection of Claudian's works in both Latin and English, including his panegyrics for Stilicho
795:
and began a campaign through the heart of Italy. By September 408, the barbarians stood before the
189:
1906:
113:
1750:
1890:
441:
423:
or remained in Constantinople during that time. In 392 or 393, Theodosius promoted Stilicho to
329:
212:
728:
The destruction that occurred in Gaul and the lack of an effective response from the court in
1940:
1933:
1897:
808:
714:
407:
Whatever its origin, this match undoubtedly raised Stilicho's prospects. He was promoted to
1981:
612:
484:
364:
360:
279:
151:
599:
Stilicho also fought a war in Britain in this time period, likely in the year 398, dubbed
8:
1986:
832:
768:
631:
548:
408:
349:
321:
207:
203:
1928:
1678:
929:
804:
506:
453:
415:
384:
308:
295:
2031:
1886:
1823:
1809:
1791:
1774:
1756:
1716:
1702:
1684:
1663:
1613:
1555:
1509:
1461:
1401:
1380:
1256:
1192:
1166:
1074:
1025:
978:
667:
216:
1216:
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/De_Bello_Gildonico*.html
772:
1579:
756:
493:
424:
235:
174:
66:
759:
and that he planned to place his son on the throne following the death of emperor
1785:
1608:
1069:
974:
275:
193:
1649:
911:
855:
433:
420:
1975:
1653:
796:
767:
mutinied on August 13, 408, killing at least seven senior imperial officers (
722:
544:
1554:. Trans. Janet Sondheimer. (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967) p. 182.
1846:
737:
574:
560:
512:
353:
291:
123:
1778:
997:. Trans. Janet Sondheimer. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967, p. 179.
1163:
The Complete Works of Claudian: Translated with an Introduction and Notes
792:
524:
933:
917:
784:
In the disturbances which followed, the wives and children of barbarian
625:
in response to an invasion by Vandals and Alans. Sensing an opportunity
356:, who declared Nicene Christianity the official religion of the empire.
1416:
M. Miller "Stilicho's Pictish War." Britannia. Vol. 6, (1975), 141–144
1351:
A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397
718:
673:
520:
436:
in 392, Theodosius appointed Stilicho as co-commander of the army with
401:
376:
1571:
419:
in 385. It is unclear whether he participated in the campaign against
41:
786:
710:
445:
380:
313:
1047:
is a given name of Germanic origin, containing the Germanic element
1958:
1918:
1583:
1211:
875:
760:
651:
639:
626:
582:
578:
528:
492:
commander-in-chief of the Roman armies in the west while his rival
480:
464:
449:
437:
345:
325:
317:
475:
Following the death of Theodosius, Honorius became emperor of the
371:, an office in the branch of military administrators known as the
1659:
The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425
1188:
Barbarians and Romans: The Birth Struggle of Europe, A.D. 400–700
905:
840:
764:
729:
681:
647:
622:
340:
283:
101:
47:
725:. Stilicho's reputation would never recover from this disaster.
850:
635:
618:
367:
halves of the empire jointly. In 383, Theodosius sent him as a
1552:
The Decline of Rome: The Metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization
995:
The Decline of Rome: The Metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization
717:. These new migrants proceeded to devastate the provinces of
706:
702:
646:
where he and his men were settled in the border provinces of
566:
543:, but Alaric himself escaped into the surrounding mountains.
170:
62:
1572:
The Usurpers Constantine III (407–411) and Jovinus (411–413)
50:, possibly of Stilicho (right) with his wife Serena and son
1729:
Thesis (Ph.D.). Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2004.
1070:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
516:
259:
253:
247:
1683:
Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
1191:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. pp. 78–81
617:
In 401 Stilicho led the praesental army from Italy into
539:
next year, in 397, Stilicho defeated Alaric's forces in
1745:
Vol. 1, the Visigothic Invasion. See Chapters XIII–XVI.
1648:
Blockley, R.C. (1998). "The Dynasty of Theodosius". In
1398:
The Eagle and the Bear: A New History of Roman Scotland
1230:
375:
on an embassy mission to the court of the Persian King
1713:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation
721:, as well as triggering military revolts there and in
460:(supreme commander), shortly before his death in 395.
1787:
Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455
1622:
278:
who, for a time, became the most powerful man in the
256:
241:
1088:
1022:
Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity
1010:, third edition. Oxford University Press, 1996 1444.
822:
440:. They were victorious over the Western army at the
250:
244:
1609:
Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court AD 364–425
238:
1727:The Death of Stilicho: A Study of Interpretations.
444:. One of his comrades during the campaign was the
1252:Honorius: The Fight for the Roman West AD 395–423
458:comes et magister utriusque militiae praesentalis
274:– 22 August 408) was a military commander in the
1973:
1024:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 279.
763:(1 May 408), caused a revolt. The Roman army at
571:comes et magister utriusque militiae per Africam
958:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 920.
752:(This is not peace, but a pact of servitude)."
1460:. (New York: Thames & Hudson, 2009) 288.
1051:– meaning "calm, quiet", from Proto-Germanic
970:A History of the Later Roman Empire AD 284–641
1743:The Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire.
1593:
1591:
1006:Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth eds.
429:and gave him command of soldiers in Thrace.
383:to negotiate a peace settlement relating to
301:
1820:Defending Rome: The Masters of the Soldiers
1771:Stilicone: La crisi imperiale dopo Teodosio
348:like many Germanic Christians but rather a
1806:Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire
1612:, Oxford: University Press, 1990, p. 281.
715:crossed the poorly defended Rhine frontier
661:
328:, was hostile to Stilicho, and the other,
306:Besides the relevant legal records in the
40:
1588:
1355:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1160:
1019:
573:(the commander of all troops in Africa),
1735:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1647:
1524:
1522:
1236:
873:
1375:Albrecht, M. von and Schmeling, G. L.,
915:
750:Non est ista pax, sed pactio servitutis
690:comes et magister militum per Illyricum
432:After the death of the Western emperor
14:
1974:
1783:
1755:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
1748:
1628:
946:Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (1911). "
294:. He became guardian for the underage
1808:, University of Alberta Press, 1983.
1676:
1519:
1248:
1156:
1154:
1118:
1116:
1094:
1842:Claudian. "De Consulatu Stilichonis"
713:. On 31 December 406, the coalition
426:comes et magister utriusque militiae
2042:People executed by the Roman Empire
1752:Stilicho: The Vandal Who Saved Rome
1400:, Birlinn Ltd., Edinburgh, p. 199,
588:
554:
500:
470:
24:
1833:
1151:
1113:
25:
2068:
1863:
1699:History of the Later Roman Empire
1357:. Vol. 53, No. 2 (2004): 251–256.
1020:Grig, Lucy; Kelly, Gavin (2012).
732:lent support to the rebellion of
606:
27:Roman army general (c. 359 – 408)
1508:, Oxford University Press, 2007
1214:. Loeb Classical Library, 1922.
1185:Randers-Pehrson, Justine Davis.
825:
813:fall of the Western Roman Empire
805:sacked the city in August of 410
234:
2037:People executed by decapitation
1600:
1564:
1544:
1535:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1456:Gibbon, 263–267. David Potter.
1450:
1441:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1390:
1369:
1360:
1349:Blockley, 113f. Emma Burrell. "
1343:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1242:
1221:
1201:
1179:
1142:
1125:
1100:
1008:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
918:"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol"
1839:Claudian. "De Bello Gildonico"
1662:. Cambridge University Press.
1061:
1038:
1013:
1000:
987:
961:
940:
897:
867:
13:
1:
2017:Executed ancient Roman people
1578:. Vol. 29, (1998): 269–298.
1108:Theodosius, The Empire at Bay
914:by the late 4th century, see
861:
316:addressed to him by the poet
268:
92:
78:
55:
1505:The Fall of the Roman Empire
950:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
779:
488:and Stilicho came to be the
186:Battle of the Frigidus (394)
7:
1790:. Oxford University Press.
1458:Ancient Rome: A New History
1249:Doyle, Chris (2018-08-06).
1161:Bernstein, Neil W. (2023).
1135:, p. 21; Bendle 2024, 113;
1073:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
818:
695:
175:magister utriusque militiae
10:
2073:
1637:
1067:Frasetto, Michael (2003).
880:Studia Academia Sumenensia
665:
610:
592:
558:
504:
339:Stilicho was the son of a
2002:5th-century Roman consuls
1997:4th-century Roman consuls
1955:
1938:
1925:
1911:
1895:
1883:
1878:
1106:Williams, S., Friell, G.
874:Atanasov, Georgi (2014).
809:in nearly eight centuries
302:Origins and rise to power
223:
181:
165:
157:
147:
142:
138:
130:
119:
108:
87:
74:
65:). It may instead depict
39:
32:
1964:Anicius Petronius Probus
1870:Claudian at LacusCurtius
1784:McEvoy, Meaghan (2013).
392:of a son, who was named
385:the partition of Armenia
1804:O'Flynn, John Michael.
952:Encyclopædia Britannica
662:Campaign in North Italy
290:, the niece of emperor
286:origins and married to
114:Sarcophagus of Stilicho
1992:5th-century executions
1852:Claudian. "In Rufinum"
1677:Burns, Thomas (1994).
1396:Reid, John H. (2023),
1209:The War Against Gildo.
916:Cameron, Alan (1988).
601:Stilicho's Pictish War
595:Stilicho's Pictish War
442:Battle of the Frigidus
213:Battle of Verona (402)
112:Unknown, possibly the
2007:Comites rei militaris
1218:accessed 28 Sept 2020
396:, and two daughters,
369:tribunus praetorianus
282:. He was partly of
158:Years of service
2057:Generals of Honorius
2012:Comites domesticorum
1749:Hughes, Ian (2010).
975:Blackwell Publishing
910:. The name became a
613:Gothic War (401-403)
477:Western Roman Empire
280:Western Roman Empire
190:Gothic War (395–398)
152:Western Roman Empire
91:22 August 408 (aged
1725:Fletcher, David T.
1570:J.F. Drinkwater. "
1438:, pp. 143, 148–149.
1207:De Bello Gildonico
1165:. Oxon: Routledge.
833:Roman Empire portal
632:Battle of Pollentia
456:, with the rank of
410:comes sacri stabuli
208:Battle of Pollentia
204:Siege of Asti (402)
2047:Theodosian dynasty
2022:Last of the Romans
1879:Political offices
1818:Reynolds, Julian.
1769:Mazzarino, Santo.
1644:978-3-515-13614-3.
1137:Codex Theodosianus
967:Stephen Mitchell.
811:and a part of the
507:Revolt of Alaric I
483:was placed on the
479:while his brother
416:comes domesticorum
413:and soon after to
309:Codex Theodosianus
1970:
1969:
1959:Arcadius Augustus
1956:Succeeded by
1929:Honorius Augustus
1912:Succeeded by
1887:Mallius Theodorus
1828:978-146-285-105-8
1762:978-1-84415-969-7
1741:Hodgkin, Thomas.
1721:978-050-027-495-8
1711:Ferrill, Arther.
1707:978-048-620-399-7
1618:978-019-814-499-1
1560:978-029-781-392-7
1466:978-0-500-28786-6
1262:978-1-317-27807-8
1197:978-080-612-511-4
1172:978-1-000-82182-6
1148:Bendle 2024, 119.
1122:Bendle 2024, 167.
1031:978-0-19-973940-0
983:978-1-118-31242-1
948:Stilicho, Flavius
903:Sometimes called
668:War of Radagaisus
565:Later that year,
227:
226:
217:War of Radagaisus
16:(Redirected from
2064:
2027:Magistri militum
1926:Preceded by
1884:Preceded by
1876:
1875:
1801:
1766:
1732:Gibbon, Edward.
1694:
1673:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1586:
1568:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1502:Heather, Peter,
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:Gibbon, 233–235.
1364:
1358:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1205:
1199:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1065:
1059:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1017:
1011:
1004:
998:
991:
985:
965:
959:
944:
938:
937:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
871:
835:
830:
829:
828:
742:magistri militum
656:Pannonia Secunda
589:Pictish Campaign
555:Revolt in Africa
501:Balkans Campaign
471:Serving Honorius
352:like his patron
350:Nicene Christian
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
97:
94:
83:
80:
60:
57:
44:
30:
29:
21:
18:Flavius Stilicho
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2052:Vandal warriors
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1921:
1917:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1866:
1836:
1834:Primary sources
1822:Xlibris, 2012.
1798:
1763:
1691:
1670:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1606:John Matthews,
1605:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1379:, Brill, 1996.
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1066:
1062:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1001:
992:
988:
977:, 2007, p. 89.
966:
962:
945:
941:
902:
898:
889:
887:
872:
868:
864:
831:
826:
824:
821:
782:
734:Constantine III
698:
670:
664:
615:
609:
597:
591:
563:
557:
509:
503:
473:
304:
271:
237:
233:
215:
211:
206:
202:
197:
192:
188:
143:Military career
104:
99:
95:
81:
70:
63:Monza Cathedral
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1954:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1864:External links
1862:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1797:978-0199664818
1796:
1781:
1773:. Rome. 1942.
1767:
1761:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1709:
1695:
1690:978-0253312884
1689:
1674:
1668:
1650:Averil Cameron
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1631:, p. 184.
1621:
1599:
1587:
1584:10.2307/526818
1563:
1543:
1534:
1518:
1514:978-0195325416
1495:
1493:, pp. 169–175.
1482:
1469:
1449:
1440:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1406:978-1780278148
1389:
1385:978-9004107113
1368:
1359:
1342:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1268:
1261:
1241:
1239:, p. 113.
1229:
1220:
1200:
1178:
1171:
1150:
1141:
1124:
1112:
1099:
1097:, p. 220.
1087:
1060:
1037:
1030:
1012:
999:
986:
960:
939:
912:courtesy title
896:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
856:Flavius Aetius
853:
848:
843:
837:
836:
820:
817:
781:
778:
697:
694:
666:Main article:
663:
660:
611:Main article:
608:
607:The Gothic War
605:
593:Main article:
590:
587:
559:Main article:
556:
553:
519:incursions in
505:Main article:
502:
499:
472:
469:
434:Valentinian II
421:Magnus Maximus
303:
300:
225:
224:
221:
220:
183:
179:
178:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
121:
117:
116:
110:
106:
105:
100:
89:
85:
84:
76:
72:
71:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2069:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1858:
1857:Historia Nova
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:0-88864-031-5
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1669:0-521-30200-5
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:Peter Garnsey
1651:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:Joseph Vogt.
1547:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1447:Blockley, 121
1444:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1255:. Routledge.
1254:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1237:Blockley 1998
1233:
1227:Mitchell, 89.
1224:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1131:Hughes, Ian,
1128:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1003:
996:
993:Joseph Vogt.
990:
984:
980:
976:
973:. Singapore:
972:
971:
964:
957:
953:
949:
943:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
909:
907:
900:
885:
881:
877:
870:
866:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
823:
816:
814:
810:
806:
800:
798:
797:walls of Rome
794:
789:
788:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
693:
691:
685:
683:
679:
675:
669:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
614:
604:
602:
596:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
552:
550:
547:, drawing on
546:
545:Edward Gibbon
542:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
498:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
412:
411:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
264:
231:
222:
218:
214:
209:
205:
200:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
109:Resting place
107:
103:
90:
86:
77:
73:
68:
64:
53:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1948:
1941:Roman consul
1939:
1934:Aristaenetus
1904:
1898:Roman consul
1896:
1856:
1847:In Eutropium
1819:
1805:
1786:
1770:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1726:
1712:
1698:
1679:
1658:
1624:
1607:
1602:
1575:
1566:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1529:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1452:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1397:
1392:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1331:, pp. 93–95.
1328:
1323:
1318:, pp. 85–87.
1315:
1310:
1305:, pp. 82–85.
1302:
1297:
1292:, pp. 81–85.
1289:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1251:
1244:
1232:
1223:
1208:
1203:
1186:
1181:
1162:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1110:. 1994. p 41
1107:
1102:
1090:
1083:Google Books
1068:
1063:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1002:
994:
989:
968:
963:
955:
951:
942:
928:(1): 26–33.
925:
921:
904:
899:
888:. Retrieved
883:
879:
869:
801:
785:
783:
754:
749:
746:
741:
727:
701:of Vandals,
699:
689:
686:
677:
671:
655:
616:
598:
570:
564:
561:Gildonic War
537:
513:Lower Moesia
510:
489:
474:
462:
457:
431:
425:
414:
409:
406:
388:
372:
368:
361:Eastern half
358:
354:Theodosius I
338:
330:Olympiodorus
307:
305:
292:Theodosius I
229:
228:
194:Gildonic War
169:
1982:350s births
1845:Claudian. "
1697:Bury, J.B.
1629:McEvoy 2013
1597:Gibbon, 277
1541:Potter, 298
1425:Gibbon, 256
1340:Gibbon, 245
793:Julian Alps
773:coup d'état
199:Pictish War
1987:408 deaths
1976:Categories
1915:Vincentius
1907:Aurelianus
1095:Burns 1994
1081:, p. 320.
1079:1576072630
1045:Stilic(h)o
890:2016-08-24
862:References
674:Radagaisus
654:(probably
521:Asia Minor
446:Visigothic
402:Thermantia
377:Shapur III
314:panegyrics
276:Roman army
272: 359
148:Allegiance
126:(400, 405)
82: 359
59: 395
1951:Anthemius
1891:Eutropius
1855:Zosimus.
1779:470254528
1576:Brittania
1532:, p. 181.
1480:, p. 165.
1055:stillijaz
787:foederati
780:Aftermath
723:Britannia
711:Godigisel
644:Illyricum
541:Macedonia
533:Illyricum
394:Eucherius
381:Ctesiphon
334:Symmachus
219:(405–406)
96: 49
52:Eucherius
2032:Patricii
1961: VI
1931: VI
1919:Fravitta
1656:(eds.).
1530:Stilicho
1528:Hughes,
1491:Stilicho
1489:Hughes,
1478:Stilicho
1476:Hughes,
1436:Stilicho
1434:Hughes,
1329:Stilicho
1327:Hughes,
1316:Stilicho
1314:Hughes,
1303:Stilicho
1301:Hughes,
1290:Stilicho
1288:Hughes,
1279:, p. 81.
1277:Stilicho
1275:Hughes,
1212:Claudian
1139:, 7.9.3.
1133:Stilicho
934:41540754
908:Stilicho
846:Arbogast
819:See also
761:Arcadius
696:Downfall
652:Pannonia
642:went to
583:Mascezel
579:Mascezel
575:revolted
529:Claudian
490:de facto
481:Arcadius
465:Claudian
454:Honorius
448:warlord
438:Timasius
373:notarii,
326:Eunapius
318:Claudian
296:Honorius
230:Stilicho
131:Children
34:Stilicho
1638:Sources
1387:p. 1340
1049:stil(l)
922:Latomus
906:Flavius
841:Ricimer
769:Zosimus
765:Ticinum
757:Rufinus
730:Ravenna
682:Ticinum
672:In 405
648:Noricum
623:Noricum
549:Zosimus
494:Rufinus
485:Eastern
389:notarii
365:western
322:Zosimus
182:Battles
161:382–408
102:Ravenna
48:diptych
1826:
1812:
1794:
1777:
1759:
1719:
1705:
1687:
1666:
1652:&
1616:
1558:
1516:p. 219
1512:
1464:
1404:
1383:
1259:
1195:
1169:
1077:
1028:
981:
932:
886:: 7–21
851:Gainas
705:, and
678:numeri
640:Alaric
636:Verona
627:Alaric
619:Raetia
569:, the
517:Hunnic
450:Alaric
341:Vandal
288:Serena
284:Vandal
124:Consul
120:Office
67:Aetius
46:Ivory
1949:with
1905:with
930:JSTOR
738:Sarus
707:Suevi
703:Alans
567:Gildo
525:Syria
398:Maria
346:Arian
210:(402)
201:(398)
196:(398)
171:Comes
1824:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1775:OCLC
1757:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1026:ISBN
979:ISBN
719:Gaul
650:and
621:and
523:and
400:and
166:Rank
88:Died
75:Born
1946:405
1943:II
1902:400
1580:doi
1574:."
1353:."
956:25.
658:).
379:in
173:et
1978::
1715:.
1701:.
1590:^
1521:^
1153:^
1115:^
954:.
926:47
924:.
920:.
882:.
878:.
815:.
799:.
404:.
336:.
269:c.
267:;
260:oʊ
93:c.
79:c.
56:c.
54:,
1859:.
1849:"
1800:.
1765:.
1738:.
1693:.
1672:.
1582::
1265:.
1175:.
1085:.
1058:.
1053:*
1034:.
936:.
893:.
884:1
263:/
257:k
254:ɪ
251:l
248:ɪ
245:t
242:s
239:ˈ
236:/
232:(
134:3
98:)
69:.
61:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
