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against the
Italians. Although outnumbered, he managed to fend off attacks by Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces in skirmishes at Monte Suello (3 July), Vezza (4 July), Spondalunga (11 July), Cimego (16 July), and Monte Notta (18 July). On the 21st of July, his central force was defeated by Garibaldi at the
280:
Minister of War. He served until 14 June 1874, during which time a set of identical
Austrian and Hungarian laws were passed which introduced a unified system of conscription in both parts of Austria-Hungary, and to finally end corporal punishment in the military. On the same day as the new Austrian
358:, who had sketched some maps while on a mountaineering holiday. Payer later claimed that the meeting with Kuhn had been the decisive moment in his life. When Kuhn was appointed Minister of War at the beginning of 1868, he assigned Payer to the Institute of Military Geography, whose director
342:
Colonel Baron Daniel Salis-Soglio. The campaign had demonstrated to Kuhn the importance of having adequate forces to defend the alpine valleys in
Trentino and South Tyrol, especially since the Alpine border was now hundreds of kilometres long, since Italy had gained control of the
116:(Hungary and Croatia) was introduced, corporal punishment in military service was abolished, and the Franz-Josephinian Land Survey was initiated. He was a supporter of the Austro-Hungarian polar expedition and an opponent of the Austria-Hungary's 1879 alliance with the
807:
Beiträge zur
Geschichte der österreichischen Landesaufnahmen: Ein Überblick der topographischen Aufnahmeverfahren, deren Ursprünge, ihrer Entwicklungen und Organisationsformen der vier österreichischen Landesaufnahmen. Herausgegeben vom Bundesamt für Eich- und
305:
476:. Seven weeks after a discussion of these issues with Rudolf in May 1888, Kuhn was suddenly and unexpectedly sent into retirement, probably because Rudolf had named him as someone who shared his own views.
300:, on 8 October 1869 Kuhn asked Emperor Franz Joseph for permission to undertake a new cartographic survey of the whole of Austria-Hungary. The Emperor approved this request only two days later. The new
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502:, near the one which his daughter had inherited from her father-in-law. Kuhn died at this estate of a heart attack, still bitter about his "bleak position", on 25 May 1896.
164:), the son of Major Franz von Kuhn (1772-1842), who had been ennobled in 1823, and the farmer's daughter Johanna Schwab (1787-1856). He graduated with distinction from the
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Kuhn had a daughter, Rosa Kuhn von
Kuhnenfeld (22 February 1856 - 30 October 1917), who had married on 24 June 1878, Julius Cäsar von Strassoldo, a nephew of
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After Payer had completed this survey work in autumn 1868, Kuhn released him from service in
January 1869, in order to allow him to participate in the Second
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region in the war. This led Kuhn to take a special interest in alpine geography and mountaineering and to author a book dealing with
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over the following eighteen years. It was produced on a 1:25,000 scale and was the first land survey of the realm to be based on the
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499:
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On 14 July 1874, Kuhn was dismissed by Franz Joseph I from the position of
Minister of War and appointed as Commander General of
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identified Kuhn as the key figure in Payer's academic career and the launching of the expedition. As a result of this patronage,
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on 25 July. Due to his well-chosen troop disposition and his flexible leadership, he was able to regain control of the
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came under immediate threat, but he was able to recover the position in skirmishes against the
Italian troops under
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204:(lieutenant colonel) in 1853. In 1856, Kuhn became professor of military strategy at the military academy in
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military law came into force on 5 December 1868, Emperor Franz Joseph I awarded Kuhn the Grand Cross of the
1079:
670:
189:
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256:. For his successful defence of the southern border of Tyrol, he was awarded the Commander's Cross in the
128:
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During his time as a Major
General in the Tyrol in September 1864, Kuhn noticed a young lieutenant named
319:. In its published form it consisted of 752 sheets of maps of Austria-Hungary on a 1:75,000 scale, with
565:
491:
282:
165:
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1063:
Neue Ă–sterreichische
Biographie ab 1815. GroĂźe Ă–sterreicher. Band XIII, Amalthea-Verlag, Wien 1959.
261:
241:
33:
444:
As an Austrian patriot and opponent of Prussia, Kuhn unsuccessfully argued for intervening on the
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50:
1038: Part 13 Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1865, p. 344–348 (
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133:
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8:
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304:(also known as the Kuhn Land Survey or the Third Land Survey) was undertaken by Vienna's
297:
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96:(15 July 1817 – 25 May 1896) was an Austro-Hungarian military officer who fought against
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Die Welt begreifen und erfahren. Aufsätze zur Wissenschafts- und Entdeckungsgeschichte
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737:"Kriegsminister als Erfinder der Wehrpflicht - Franz Kuhn Freiherr von Kuhnenfeld"
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of the 11th army corps in Hungary for several years. In 1852 he was granted
1059:(in German), vol. 51, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 422–428
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177:
109:
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1126:(in German), vol. 13, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 269–270
157:
410:
335:
330:, Kuhn drew up a plan for a radical reorganisation of the defense of the
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Drawing on his experience of fighting on the Alpine frontier during the
227:
in 1866, General Kuhn was given independent command over the defence of
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876:. (= Perspektiven der Wissenschaftsgeschichte; 1). Böhlau, Wien 1993,
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with the German Empire and advocated an alternative alliance with the
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Since Austria-Hungary's military charts had proven inadequate in the
615:
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293:. On 23 April 1873, he was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal.
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in 1870. In the 1880s he made no secret of his opposition to the
375:
149:
939:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Ă–sterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
914:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Ă–sterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
684:
677:
367:
344:
323:. These charts remained in use in some places until the 1960s.
249:
237:
205:
1225:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1152:
Aus Ă–sterreichs Vergangenheit. Von Prinz Eugen zu Franz Joseph
228:
1137:
Geschichte des k. k. Kriegsministeriums, II. Band 1866–1888.
285:. Over the following years, he began the dissolution of the
826:
Julius Payer. Die unerforschte Welt der Berge und des Eises
145:
81:
1082:, Vienna 1969, p. 336 f. (Direct links to "
979:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Ă–sterreichischen Kaiserthumes
362:
further supported Payer. In order to produce new maps of
975:"Ritter-Orden: K.K. Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden"
104:
from 1868 to 1874. During his term, a unified system of
1215:
Commanders Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
828:. Tyrolia-Verlag, Innsbruck-Wien 2015, pp. 17–19.
172:
and entered military service in 1837. He served on the
1230:
Knights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great
1220:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
216:, On 29 October 1863, he was promoted to the rank of
810:. 2 volumes. Vienna 1989, pp. 99–100, DNB 943727200.
494:). After his retirement, Kuhn acquired an estate at
212:
in 1859, as chief of general staff to Field Marshal
1034:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich
522:He received the following orders and decorations:
100:in the wars of Italian independence and served as
1075:Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950
472:. Kuhn was totally supported in this position by
1240:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
1181:
1036:(Biographical Lexicon of the Empire of Austria).
200:and married Rosa von Thuren. He was promoted to
1154:, Otto Müller, Salzburg 1949, pp. 141–221
1235:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo
421:in Franz Josef Land were named in his honour.
1115:
490:and of Franziska Romana Strassoldo (wife of
340:k.u.k. Befestigungs - Bau Direktor in Trient
1045:
725:Austria: RGBl. Nr. 151 vom 5. Dezember 1868
393:. Kuhn was later also a supporter of the
260:and on 17 August 1866 he was promoted to
85:Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld, lithograph by
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
820:
818:
816:
518:of Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld, granted in 1852.
509:
127:
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
468:) and committing to the destruction of
132:Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld (Portrait by
1182:
395:Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition
192:. Subsequently, Kuhn was chief of the
1118:"Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld, Franz Freiherr"
813:
692:: Commander Grand Cross of the Royal
854:, 10 February 1916, p. 3 (Online at
18:
16:Austrian general and Minister of War
1051:Kuhn, Franz Freiherr von Kuhnenfeld
1029:Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld, Franz Freiherr
787:, 8 December 1868, p. 1 (Online at
604:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
574:Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian
505:
13:
267:
210:Second Italian War of Independence
138:Museum of Military History, Vienna
102:Imperial and Royal Minister of War
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1256:
1245:Theresian Military Academy alumni
1158:
760:, 3 Jänner 1894, p. 5 (Online at
535:, 3rd Class with War Decoration,
328:Third Italian War of Independence
302:Franzisco-Josephinian Land Survey
225:Third Italian War of Independence
1190:War ministers of Austria-Hungary
683:
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625:
620:Order of Saint Gregory the Great
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23:
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1004:(in Swedish), 1881, p. 381
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654:Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky
543:Military Order of Maria Theresa
306:Institute of Military Geography
1069:Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld Franz Frh.
1056:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
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1139:Böhlau, Wien-Köln-Graz 1971,
861:Template:ANNO/Maintenance/tsa
847:Julius Payer ĂĽber sich selbst
794:Template:ANNO/Maintenance/wrz
767:Template:ANNO/Maintenance/bbb
703:
636:Order of the Lion and the Sun
439:
397:(1872-1874) led by Payer and
387:German North Polar Expedition
1102:Kronprinz Rudolf. Ein Leben.
1080:Austrian Academy of Sciences
671:Order of the Cross of Takovo
564:Grand Cross of the Imperial
338:, which he entrusted to the
272:On 18 January 1868, Emperor
7:
898:, Wien, 26. Mai 1896, p. 3.
481:Julius Cäsar von Strassoldo
370:, Payer was assigned three
10:
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852:Teplitz-Schönauer Anzeiger
492:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
166:Theresian Military Academy
1200:Austro-Hungarian generals
1195:Field marshals of Austria
1165:Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld
652:: Knight of the Imperial
413:off the eastern coast of
208:. He participated in the
94:Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld
1123:Neue Deutsche Biographie
1011:– via runeberg.org
262:lieutenant field marshal
1025:Constantin von Wurzbach
910:"K. und K. Generalität"
558:, with War Decoration,
533:Order of the Iron Crown
531:Knight of the Imperial
123:
53:more precise citations.
1116:Walter Wagner (1982),
1001:Sveriges statskalender
667:Principality of Serbia
576:Order of Saint Stephen
519:
258:Order of Maria Theresa
144:Kuhn was born 15 July
141:
90:
1104:Piper, MĂĽnchen 2007,
757:Badener Bezirks-Blatt
669:: Grand Cross of the
602:: Grand Cross of the
513:
458:French Third Republic
182:wars of 1848 and 1849
174:quartermaster general
134:Ludwig Ferdinand Graf
131:
112:(Austria proper) and
84:
1150:Heinrich von Srbik,
1078:(Ă–BL). Vol. 4,
556:Military Merit Cross
500:Gorizia and Gradisca
389:(1869-1870), led by
1112:, pp. 351–354.
916:, 1896, p. 241
618:: Commander of the
474:Crown Prince Rudolf
450:Franco-Prussian War
401:, which discovered
298:Austro-Prussian War
981:, 1856, p. 41
805:Ernst Hofstätter,
694:Order of the Sword
520:
466:Bosnia-Herzegovina
360:August von Fligely
278:Imperial and Royal
248:on 23 July and at
234:Battle of Bezzecca
142:
98:Giuseppe Garibaldi
91:
1147:, pp. 37–127
1110:978-3-492-24572-2
941:, 1896, pp.
896:Neue Freie Presse
834:978-3-7022-3441-6
751:Auch ein Jubiläum
287:Military Frontier
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850:. In:
754:. In:
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634:: Imperial
484: [
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411:Kuhn Island
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1049:(1906), "
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430:Carinthia
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158:Prostějov
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884:. p. 251
616:Holy See
460:and the
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378:, and a
374:, 1,000
332:Trentino
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