40:
109:
28:
725:
506:
766:
458:
684:
290:, according to which the High Command was, on 14 March 1899, replaced by the Admiralty Staff responsible for planning, officer training, and naval intelligence. In time of war the Admiralty Staff was to assume overall command of the Imperial Navy, although in peacetime it acted only in an advisory capacity. Direct control of the various elements of the fleet was subordinated to officers commanding those elements, accountable to the
643:
376:
297:
This reorganization suited
Wilhelm II, who wanted to maintain direct control of his ships. A disadvantage was that it split apart the integrated military command structure, which before had balanced the importance of the navy within overall defense considerations. It also suited Tirpitz, because it
298:
removed the influence of the admiralty staff from naval planning, but it left him the possibility, in wartime, to reorganise command around himself. Wilhelm II, however, never agreed to relinquish direct control of his fleet.
1802:
1135:
1611:
261:. With the accession of Emperor Wilhelm II in 1888, the naval forces strongly gained in importance. Soon after, the command structure was reorganized with the establishment of the Imperial Naval Cabinet, the
1831:
1703:
1378:
1013:
155:
1656:
554:
1388:
1263:
602:
417:
1318:
1815:
1028:
1698:
1527:
221:
The
Admiralty Staff had, in principle, overall operational authority over the navy during wartime. In practice this was diluted by the ability of subordinate station commands (such as the
1220:
1063:
1651:
1150:
1857:
1542:
1328:
1068:
1661:
1537:
1487:
1363:
1145:
1114:
1104:
1091:
992:
1842:
1820:
1774:
1403:
1333:
2009:
1885:
1746:
1575:
1477:
1443:
1383:
1368:
1348:
1308:
1278:
1239:
1176:
1018:
1008:
987:
519:
1945:
1784:
1769:
1583:
1565:
1459:
1398:
1353:
1323:
1288:
1273:
1186:
1140:
1119:
1109:
1081:
1033:
1003:
963:
1756:
1532:
1472:
1338:
1283:
1096:
1058:
1048:
968:
1671:
1626:
1606:
1510:
1343:
1168:
1086:
1073:
1043:
1023:
973:
1591:
1560:
1517:
1313:
1181:
1877:
1268:
1960:
925:
471:
1646:
1482:
567:
1303:
1903:
1160:
1965:
2063:
918:
1794:
1419:
2058:
1847:
1547:
1975:
1970:
1872:
1727:
1373:
1497:
911:
1690:
1298:
215:
1862:
1552:
313:, the Admiralty Staff closely directed German efforts at submarine commerce raiding, pushing strongly and repeatedly for
1890:
1807:
1454:
262:
69:
1779:
1621:
1464:
877:
505:
321:, has been strongly criticized by postwar German authors. The Admiralty Staff would eventually be reorganized under
317:. The decisions made by the Admiralty Staff in the conduct of the campaign, which was a major factor leading to the
1492:
211:
1908:
1867:
1738:
1666:
1601:
1596:
1293:
1225:
1038:
524:
318:
1980:
1937:
1932:
1764:
1751:
1631:
1522:
1127:
314:
2048:
1505:
191:
724:
214:, the Admiralty Staff became subordinate to the Naval Office and was finally disestablished by order of the
1053:
277:
195:
187:
167:
2014:
1155:
457:
1852:
175:
2053:
2004:
1616:
1393:
282:
250:
246:
765:
1570:
738:
310:
814:
Which under Scheer insisted that their submarines be used solely in fleet actions. Lundeberg p.111
683:
1955:
1358:
93:
39:
1895:
1789:
476:
615:
171:
375:
8:
553:
430:
389:
258:
183:
601:
572:
416:
270:
238:
179:
642:
873:
287:
27:
326:
203:
779:
697:
322:
306:
222:
159:
44:
The stamp, and official emblem of the
Imperial Admiral Staff of the German Empire
903:
1913:
207:
2042:
656:
302:
242:
113:
108:
123:
186:
of the naval forces, the military staff was split into the
Admiralty, the
199:
198:. The command structure had a negative impact on German naval warfare in
888:
241:
of 1871, a united
Imperial Navy was established as successor of the
225:) to execute control over their own ships, and the ability of the
1636:
226:
210:, was not established until August 1918. After the war and the
127:
889:"The German Naval Critique of the U-Boat Campaign, 1915-1918"
269:) and the Naval Office, from 1897 under State Secretary
301:
During WWI, under the successive control of
Admirals
329:in August 1918, shortly before the end of the war.
870:'Luxury Fleet', The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918
933:
249:, from 1 January 1872 under the authority of the
2040:
867:
332:
339:Chefs des Admiralstabs der Kaiserlichen Marine
919:
174:from 1899 to 1918. While the German Emperor
926:
912:
38:
26:
886:
32:Flag of the Chief of the Admiralty Staff
170:agencies for the administration of the
2041:
204:professional head of the Imperial Navy
907:
346:
267:Kaiserliches Oberkommando der Marine
360:
357:
13:
263:German Imperial Naval High Command
14:
2075:
2064:1918 disestablishments in Germany
764:
723:
682:
641:
600:
552:
504:
456:
415:
374:
286:parliament in 1898 passed a new
107:
319:American entry into World War I
151:German Imperial Admiralty Staff
2059:1899 establishments in Germany
872:. London: The Ashfield Press.
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
347:
315:unrestricted submarine warfare
229:to override their directives.
182:exercised supreme operational
1:
1420:Confederate States of America
934:Chiefs of the navy by country
887:Lundeberg, Philip K. (1963).
801:
333:Chiefs of the Admiralty Staff
1938:Independent State of Croatia
520:Friedrich Graf von Baudissin
355:Chief of the Admiralty Staff
327:single supreme naval command
278:Anglo-German naval arms race
212:German Revolution of 1918–19
140:Chief of the Admiralty Staff
7:
754:2 years, 340 days
494:5 years, 161 days
446:2 years, 230 days
257:) led by Minister of State
70:Imperial Naval High Command
10:
2080:
672:1 year, 306 days
631:2 years, 19 days
590:1 year, 187 days
542:1 year, 219 days
232:
2000:
1993:
1925:
1723:
1716:
1680:
1439:
1432:
1412:
1259:
1252:
1204:
959:
952:
939:
868:Holger H. Herwig (1980).
251:German Imperial Admiralty
247:North German Federal Navy
133:
119:
102:
86:
78:
62:
54:
49:
37:
25:
997:Central African Republic
944:Chief of the Naval Staff
739:Henning von Holtzendorff
311:Henning von Holtzendorff
325:with the creation of a
255:Kaiserliche Admiralität
94:Oberkommando der Marine
1743:Bosnia and Herzegovina
163:
1379:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1136:São Tomé and Príncipe
1014:Republic of the Congo
733:Holtzendorff, Henning
276:In the course of the
2049:Imperial German Navy
1687:Democratic Kampuchea
1657:United Arab Emirates
616:August von Heeringen
514:Baudissin, Friedrich
172:Imperial German Navy
1389:Trinidad and Tobago
1264:Antigua and Barbuda
850:Lundeberg p.109-116
431:Otto von Diederichs
390:Felix von Bendemann
259:Albrecht von Stosch
184:command and control
22:
1319:Dominican Republic
271:Alfred von Tirpitz
239:German unification
180:commander-in-chief
166:) was one of four
87:Superseding agency
16:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
1989:
1988:
1712:
1711:
1632:Republic of China
1428:
1427:
1248:
1247:
1029:Equatorial Guinea
799:
798:
786:
745:
704:
663:
622:
610:Heeringen, August
581:
533:
485:
437:
396:
206:, similar to the
196:Inspector-General
147:
146:
82:15 September 1919
2071:
2054:Staff (military)
2019:Papua New Guinea
1998:
1997:
1951:Imperial Germany
1721:
1720:
1640:
1437:
1436:
1257:
1256:
1226:Ethiopian Empire
957:
956:
928:
921:
914:
905:
904:
900:
893:Military Affairs
883:
860:
857:
851:
848:
842:
839:
833:
830:
824:
821:
815:
812:
784:
775:
774:Scheer, Reinhard
768:
743:
734:
727:
702:
693:
692:Bachmann, Gustav
686:
661:
652:
645:
620:
611:
604:
579:
576:
563:
556:
531:
528:
515:
508:
483:
480:
467:
466:Diederichs, Otto
460:
435:
426:
425:Diederichs, Otto
419:
394:
385:
384:Bendemann, Felix
378:
349:
344:
343:
216:German President
158:
134:Agency executive
112:
111:
63:Preceding agency
42:
30:
23:
15:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2028:
1985:
1933:Austria–Hungary
1921:
1708:
1676:
1634:
1424:
1408:
1244:
1200:
948:
935:
932:
880:
864:
863:
859:Lundeberg p.116
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
783:
780:Reinhard Scheer
777:
773:
770:
769:
742:
736:
732:
729:
728:
701:
698:Gustav Bachmann
695:
691:
688:
687:
660:
654:
650:
647:
646:
619:
613:
609:
606:
605:
578:
570:
568:Max von Fischel
565:
561:
558:
557:
530:
522:
517:
513:
510:
509:
482:
474:
472:Wilhelm Büchsel
469:
465:
462:
461:
434:
428:
424:
421:
420:
393:
387:
383:
380:
379:
364:Time in office
335:
323:Reinhard Scheer
307:Gustav Bachmann
235:
223:High Seas Fleet
154:
143:
106:
98:
74:
50:Agency overview
45:
33:
18:
17:Admiralty Staff
12:
11:
5:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Russian Empire
1968:
1966:Ottoman Empire
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:Czechoslovakia
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:United Kingdom
1911:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:Czech Republic
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1691:Imperial Japan
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1214:Bophuthatswana
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
998:
995:
990:
985:
982:
979:
976:
971:
966:
960:
954:
950:
949:
947:
946:
940:
937:
936:
931:
930:
923:
916:
908:
902:
901:
884:
878:
862:
861:
852:
843:
841:Herwig p.22-23
834:
825:
816:
806:
805:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
771:
763:
762:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
730:
722:
721:
719:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
689:
681:
680:
678:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
648:
640:
639:
637:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
607:
599:
598:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
559:
551:
550:
548:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
511:
503:
502:
500:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
463:
455:
454:
452:
448:
447:
444:
441:
438:
422:
414:
413:
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
381:
373:
372:
370:
366:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
334:
331:
234:
231:
208:First Sea Lord
145:
144:
142:
141:
137:
135:
131:
130:
121:
117:
116:
104:
100:
99:
97:
96:
90:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
73:
72:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2076:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1704:South Vietnam
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:United States
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:British Egypt
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Guinea-Bissau
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
958:
955:
951:
945:
942:
941:
938:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
910:
909:
906:
899:(3): 105-118.
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
879:0-948660-03-1
875:
871:
866:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
807:
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791:
788:
782:
781:
772:
767:
761:
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750:
747:
741:
740:
735:Grand Admiral
731:
726:
720:
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716:
713:213 days
712:
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706:
700:
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659:
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657:Hugo von Pohl
649:
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405:292 days
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303:Hugo von Pohl
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243:Prussian Navy
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197:
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192:Naval Cabinet
189:
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139:
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114:German Empire
110:
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95:
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77:
71:
68:
67:
65:
61:
58:14 March 1899
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
29:
24:
21:
1976:Soviet Union
1961:East Germany
1956:Nazi Germany
1950:
1652:Turkmenistan
1612:Saudi Arabia
1161:South Africa
1151:Sierra Leone
981:Burkina Faso
943:
896:
892:
869:
855:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
795:95 days
778:
737:
696:
655:
614:
612:Vice-Admiral
566:
562:Fischel, Max
518:
470:
468:Vice-Admiral
429:
427:Vice-Admiral
388:
338:
336:
300:
296:
291:
281:
275:
266:
254:
236:
220:
188:Naval Office
150:
148:
124:Bendlerblock
120:Headquarters
103:Jurisdiction
19:
2015:New Zealand
1900:Switzerland
1848:Netherlands
1602:Philippines
1548:South Korea
1543:North Korea
1483:PR of China
1448:Afghanistan
1329:El Salvador
1165:South Sudan
1069:Ivory Coast
832:Herwig p.22
823:Herwig p.22
792:14 Nov 1918
789:11 Aug 1918
785:(1863–1928)
751:10 Aug 1918
744:(1853–1919)
703:(1860–1943)
662:(1855–1916)
628:31 Mar 1913
625:12 Mar 1911
621:(1855–1927)
587:11 Mar 1911
580:(1850–1929)
571: [
536:29 Jan 1908
532:(1852–1921)
523: [
491:28 Jan 1908
488:20 Aug 1902
484:(1848–1920)
475: [
443:19 Aug 1902
436:(1843–1918)
402:31 Dec 1899
399:14 Mar 1899
395:(1848–1915)
361:Left office
358:Took office
200:World War I
164:Admiralstab
20:Admiralstab
2043:Categories
1981:Yugoslavia
1843:Montenegro
1825:Luxembourg
1662:Uzbekistan
1643:Tajikistan
1557:Kyrgyzstan
1538:Kazakhstan
1488:East Timor
1465:Bangladesh
1455:Azerbaijan
1146:Seychelles
1115:Mozambique
1105:Mauritania
1092:Madagascar
993:Cape Verde
802:References
748:4 Sep 1915
710:3 Sep 1915
707:2 Feb 1915
669:1 Feb 1915
666:1 Apr 1913
651:Pohl, Hugo
584:6 Sep 1909
539:5 Sep 1909
440:1 Jan 1900
237:After the
194:, and the
176:Wilhelm II
2005:Australia
1828:Macedonia
1821:Lithuania
1699:Manchukuo
1695:Mengjiang
1622:Sri Lanka
1617:Singapore
1498:Indonesia
1404:Venezuela
1364:Nicaragua
1334:Guatemala
1269:Argentina
1173:Swaziland
352:Portrait
288:Naval Law
283:Reichstag
156:‹See Tfd›
79:Dissolved
1886:Slovenia
1882:Slovakia
1863:Portugal
1747:Bulgaria
1647:Thailand
1597:Pakistan
1580:Mongolia
1576:Maldives
1571:Malaysia
1478:Cambodia
1444:Abkhazia
1384:Suriname
1369:Paraguay
1349:Honduras
1309:Colombia
1279:Barbados
1253:Americas
1233:Transkei
1230:Rhodesia
1197:Zimbabwe
1177:Tanzania
1039:Ethiopia
1019:Djibouti
1009:DR Congo
988:Cameroon
978:Botswana
245:and the
2025:Vanuatu
1994:Oceania
1946:Prussia
1918:Vatican
1909:Ukraine
1868:Romania
1836:Moldova
1803:Ireland
1799:Hungary
1790:Germany
1785:Georgia
1775:Finland
1770:Estonia
1765:Denmark
1752:Croatia
1739:Belgium
1735:Belarus
1732:Austria
1728:Albania
1667:Vietnam
1584:Myanmar
1566:Lebanon
1460:Bahrain
1451:Armenia
1399:Uruguay
1354:Jamaica
1324:Ecuador
1289:Bolivia
1274:Bahamas
1187:Tunisia
1156:Somalia
1141:Senegal
1128:Nigeria
1120:Namibia
1110:Morocco
1082:Liberia
1078:Lesotho
1034:Eritrea
1004:Comoros
984:Burundi
964:Algeria
776:Admiral
694:Admiral
653:Admiral
564:Admiral
516:Admiral
386:Admiral
233:History
202:, as a
168:command
1926:Former
1904:Turkey
1896:Sweden
1878:Serbia
1873:Russia
1858:Poland
1853:Norway
1839:Monaco
1816:Latvia
1812:Kosovo
1795:Greece
1780:France
1757:Cyprus
1717:Europe
1681:Former
1637:Taiwan
1553:Kuwait
1533:Jordan
1523:Israel
1506:NEDAJA
1473:Brunei
1469:Bhutan
1413:Former
1359:Mexico
1339:Guyana
1299:Canada
1294:Brazil
1284:Belize
1217:Ciskei
1211:Biafra
1205:Former
1194:Zambia
1191:Uganda
1132:Rwanda
1097:Malawi
1059:Guinea
1049:Gambia
969:Angola
953:Africa
876:
292:Kaiser
280:, the
227:Kaiser
190:, the
160:German
128:Berlin
55:Formed
2022:Tonga
1891:Spain
1832:Malta
1808:Italy
1672:Yemen
1627:Syria
1607:Qatar
1588:Nepal
1528:Japan
1511:NEDSA
1502:Iran
1493:India
1344:Haiti
1304:Chile
1240:Zaire
1236:Venda
1169:Sudan
1124:Niger
1087:Libya
1074:Kenya
1054:Ghana
1044:Gabon
1024:Egypt
974:Benin
575:]
527:]
479:]
2010:Fiji
1592:Oman
1561:Laos
1518:Iraq
1433:Asia
1374:Peru
1314:Cuba
1182:Togo
1101:Mali
1000:Chad
874:ISBN
309:and
149:The
348:No.
178:as
2045::
897:27
895:.
891:.
573:de
525:de
477:de
341:)
305:,
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273:.
218:.
162::
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1639:)
1635:(
927:e
920:t
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759:8
718:7
677:7
636:6
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547:4
499:3
451:3
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337:(
265:(
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153:(
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