208:
297:
442:
1080:
500:
The second
Parindra was established as a "splinter party" in November 1949 by one of the leaders of the pre-war party, R.P. Soeroso, who subsequently served in several cabinets. Its membership comprised members of the old Parindra that had decided not to join the PNI. Initially it had seven members
461:
political stage. Because of his strong political activities and his closeness to the
Japanese, the Dutch East Indies government considered Thamrin more dangerous than Soekarno, who was exiled in Ende since 1933. He was widely despised, but also feared, by Dutch conservatives. Thus motions led by
512:
The three pillars of the party were patriotism, populism and social justice. Its aims were to strengthen the position of the
Indonesian state and people, to bring about a democratic unitary state, to strive for a socialist society, and to promote national culture. Among its priorities were the
329:, president of the Volksraad from 1939 until 1942, put it in his memoirs: “Thamrin was buried like a prince. The interest and sympathy of the Indonesians were overwhelming.” During his burial ceremony, with a militaristic style, Soekardjo Wirjopranoto – an influential Parindrist, march through
279:
from 15-18 May 1937, the party claimed to be neither cooperative nor non-cooperative, although its willingness to participate in the
Volksraad meant it was in fact cooperative. It pledged to obtain as many seats as possible in the various councils. Two motions were passed, firstly the urge the
491:
Parindra is thus portrayed as a party that cooperated with the Dutch East Indies government at the beginning of its establishment, but was suspected at the end of the Dutch East Indies rule in
Indonesia in 1942 as a party that flirted with Japan to gain independence.
320:
or great salute. Newspaper articles from the period 1935-42 remarked on
Parindra’s bizarre practice, but it was only officially banned in 1941, as colonial authorities became increasingly uneasy about the prospects of a Japanese invasion. In 1941,
483:
Under suspicion of supplying the
Japanese with sensitive informations, on 9 February 1941, Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin's house was searched by the PID (Dutch East Indies secret service) while he was suffering from
346:, four Parindra members were elected to the Volksraad, but none were appointed. In May 1939, Thamrin was the main driving force behind the merger of Parindra and seven other nationalist organizations into the
480:(Dutch Indies, Dutch Indian, and Dutch Indians) be replaced with the nationalist terms of Indonesia, Indonesisch, and Indonesier (Indonesia, Indonesian, and Indonesians); Both vetoed by the Dutch government.
333:
youths performing the salute, which is allegedly a name with Pro-Japanese tendencies. Although
Parindra maintained that the party “did not adopt out of a particular sympathy for Hitler and his Nazis.”
275:
Over the course of 1936, Parindra held a series of public meetings to convey its aspirations to the people. By the end of the year, it had 3,425 members and 57 branches. At its first congress, held in
47:
457:
member. Before becoming chairman of
Parindra, Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin had established trade contacts with the Japanese so that he can played the Pro-Japanese card when he was on the
280:
government to improve the national shipping service and train
Indonesians to be sailors, and secondly to set up as many party branches as possible. A second party congress, held in
1493:
207:
288:
ethnic group to join the party. It also passed motions calling for a reduction in unemployment, more spending on public works and a reduction in laborers' working hours.
524:, but despite party members having held important roles in Indonesian cabinets, its share of the vote was so small that it failed to win any seats in the legislature.
1948:
434:
In 1937, Parindra had 4,600 members. By the end of 1938, it had 11,250 members. These members were mostly concentrated in East Java. By May 1941 (the eve of the
234:) with the aim of working with the Dutch to secure Indonesian independence, grouping it with the "cooperative" nationalist organizations. The party's aims were:
1068:
284:
from 24-27 December 1938 elected Woerjaningrat as leader to replace Soetomo, who had recently died in May 30th. The party also decided to allow members of the
1943:
921:
325:
died, five days after he was put under house arrest by the Dutch colonial authorities after being suspected for supplying information to the Japanese. As
1046:
984:
1938:
1918:
1615:
1953:
1933:
502:
370:
1892:
1774:
431:(administrator state) that gave comparatively better concessions to organisations that cooperated with the Dutch East Indies government.
1923:
1217:
1061:
416:
1958:
1928:
412:
343:
269:
241:
to conduct political activities in order to obtain full political rights in a system of government based on democracy and nationalism
1803:
445:
Leading Parindra, M.H. Thamrin was influential in repeatedly pressuring the Dutch to grant major concessions, much to his surprise.
312:, similar to the Nazi salute, with the arm in a straight line. As early as 1937, members began using this salute, which was called
1762:
1661:
1303:
1101:
859:
517:
within Indonesia, the implementation of a unitary, not federal, state and the holding of general elections as soon as possible.
1637:
1363:
1309:
1084:
160:
1643:
1054:
1027:
911:
889:
17:
1768:
1746:
1655:
1333:
1327:
521:
506:
1076:
1686:
1531:
1357:
1792:
1339:
1093:
359:
1451:
954:
848:
373:. On 20 March, the Japanese authorities ordered all political parties to be dissolved and banned political activity.
1315:
1462:
1321:
1166:
347:
929:
1869:
1851:
1603:
1561:
1446:
1282:
1186:
829:
1375:
265:
1863:
1757:
1649:
1591:
1537:
1426:
1196:
1131:
466:, such like the motions to implement Indonesian Autonomy and the change of use of degrading Dutch terms of
420:
128:
1740:
1709:
1549:
1468:
1345:
1181:
1815:
1734:
1585:
1555:
1526:
1416:
411:
that published newspapers and magazines. Parindra's activities were increasingly supported by the then
366:
276:
1798:
1752:
1667:
1609:
1579:
1573:
1483:
1369:
1191:
985:"Parindra's loyal cadres. Fascism and anticolonial nationalism in late colonial Indonesia, 1935-1942"
1457:
1441:
1351:
1149:
1137:
1125:
965:
194:'Great Indonesia Party', Parindra) was the name used by two Indonesian political parties.
1827:
1786:
1780:
1272:
1143:
450:
322:
253:
165:
133:
1897:
1701:
1597:
155:
137:
1839:
1381:
787:
785:
261:
8:
1857:
1240:
257:
189:
180:
782:
449:
When Dr. Soetomo died in May 1938, his position as chairman of Parindra was replaced by
1845:
1809:
1473:
514:
475:
1833:
1821:
1543:
1267:
1023:
950:
907:
885:
844:
825:
396:
264:
and Woerjaningrat. The party became the most influential Indonesian grouping in the
1726:
1277:
1225:
1887:
1631:
879:
363:
296:
272:, it won two seats in the body, with a further party member appointed directly.
1436:
1298:
1113:
1015:
408:
400:
1912:
1621:
1421:
1201:
899:
505:, although party faction leader Lobo subsequently defected to another party,
391:(Farmers' Association), organise the shipping workers' union by establishing
1176:
1171:
1119:
309:
1039:
Regents, Reformers and Revolutionaries: Indonesian Voices of Colonial Days
1626:
1521:
1206:
963:
791:
441:
435:
355:
326:
54:
822:
One hand clapping : Indonesian nationalists and the Dutch 1939-1942
358:, but it was cancelled following the enactment of martial law after the
46:
1235:
1230:
1041:. Asian Studies at Hawaii. Vol. 2. The University Press of Hawaii.
724:
722:
285:
227:
108:
92:
252:, who was elected at the 1935 congress. Other senior figures included
1079:
978:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia.
860:"Hero's Day, Anies Makes A Tradition Of MH Thamrin's Tomb Pilgrimage"
223:
719:
1488:
404:
268:, the notionally legislative body established by the Dutch. In the
1715:
1503:
1431:
824:. Victoria Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
485:
281:
249:
59:
1567:
1107:
383:
620:
569:
610:
608:
238:
to reinforce the spirit of the unity of the Indonesian people
226:
from 24-26 December 1935 as a result of a merger between the
734:
671:
659:
605:
581:
533:
770:
354:, GAPI). The party planned to hold its third congress in
928:(in Indonesian). Jakarta City Government. Archived from
920:
797:
728:
545:
488:, days later Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin breathed his last.
423:
in 1936. Governor-General van Starkenborg modified the
649:
647:
557:
230:
political society and the Indonesian National Union (
904:
The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia
758:
746:
707:
695:
222:
The first Parindra was established at a congress in
211:
Dr. Soetomo, Chairman of Parindra, with his family (
683:
644:
632:
244:
to improve the people's economic and social welfare
964:Kementerian Penerangan Republik Indonesia (1951).
593:
1160:Parties represented only in regional legislatures
1910:
857:
740:
202:
1949:1942 disestablishments in the Dutch East Indies
1616:League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence
949:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
792:Kementerian Penerangan Republik Indonesia 1951
438:), Parindra had an estimated 19,500 members.
395:(Rupelin), organise the economy by advocating
1062:
291:
1944:1935 establishments in the Dutch East Indies
1001:
665:
626:
614:
587:
575:
539:
1775:Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party
1254:
819:
677:
551:
503:Provisional People's Representative Council
304:Parindra had a youth 'scout organization',
1069:
1055:
1020:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
838:
776:
495:
348:Federation of Indonesian Political Parties
337:
45:
884:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1939:Political parties disestablished in 1942
1014:
982:
638:
563:
440:
427:(police state) left by de Jonge, into a
295:
206:
1763:Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion
1304:Concern for the Nation Functional Party
1102:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
1008:History of Indonesian Popular Movements
947:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
300:Perindra second congress, Bandung, 1939
14:
1919:Defunct political parties in Indonesia
1911:
1310:Indonesian Workers and Employers Party
1036:
881:The Idea of Indonesia : a History
713:
701:
462:Parindra was majority accepted in the
1954:Political parties established in 1949
1934:Political parties established in 1935
1644:Party of the People of Free Indonesia
1398:
1253:
1050:
944:
906:. Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd.
898:
877:
858:Diah Ayu Wardani (10 November 2021).
803:
764:
752:
689:
653:
599:
1769:Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party
1334:Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party
1328:Indonesian National Party Marhaenism
1687:Indonesian Irian Independence Party
1532:Chinese Indonesian Democratic Party
1358:Justice and Prosperous People Party
1022:(4th ed.). London: MacMillan.
1010:] (in Indonesian). Dian Rakyat.
1004:Sejarah pergerakan rakyat Indonesia
24:
841:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia
839:Cribb, R.B; Kahin, Audrey (2004).
507:Persatuan Rakyat Marhaen Indonesia
360:German invasion of the Netherlands
76:November 1949 (Second incarnation)
25:
1970:
1924:Conservative parties in Indonesia
1568:Indonesian Marhaen People's Union
74:December 1935 (First incarnation)
1959:1949 establishments in Indonesia
1929:Nationalist parties in Indonesia
1586:Islamic Education Movement Party
1364:Indonesian People's Da'wah Party
1078:
983:Lengkeek, Yannick (2019-07-19),
843:. Scarecrow Press. p. 157.
197:
38:Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra)
27:Political party in Indonesia
1793:National People's Concern Party
1463:Indonesian Political Federation
1322:New Indonesia Party of Struggle
945:Kahin, George McTurnan (1952).
381:Parindra tried to organise the
84:20 May 1942 (First incarnation)
1870:Ulema National Awakening Party
1562:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
1447:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
1346:Alliance of Independent People
1283:Prosperous and Safe Aceh Party
1085:Political parties in Indonesia
399:(self-help), establishing the
371:occupied the Dutch East Indies
13:
1:
1002:Pringgodigdo, A. K. (1991) .
878:Elson, Robert Edward (2008).
812:
376:
232:Perserikatan Bangsa Indonesia
212:
203:Establishment and early years
1864:Peace and Safe Islamic Party
1758:Functional Party of Struggle
1656:Socialist Party of Indonesia
1650:Socialist Party of Indonesia
1592:Islamic Tharikah Unity Party
1538:Communist Party of Indonesia
1427:Communist Party of Indonesia
1216:Parties represented only in
729:JCG, Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin
387:(peasantry) by establishing
7:
1741:Democratic Nationhood Party
1710:Indonesian Democratic Party
1550:Great Indonesia Unity Party
1399:
1182:Indonesian Solidarity Party
820:Abeyasekere, Susan (1976).
352:Gaboengan Politek Indonesia
95:, Indonesian National Union
10:
1975:
1816:Prosperous Indonesia Party
1735:Archipelago Republic Party
1556:Indonesian Christian Party
1376:People's Sovereignty Party
415:of the Dutch East Indies,
308:, which used a version of
292:Youth wing and Nazi salute
1893:List of political parties
1883:
1804:People's Democratic Party
1725:
1716:Muslim Party of Indonesia
1700:
1677:
1610:Labour Party of Indonesia
1580:Indonesian Peasants Party
1574:Indonesian National Party
1512:
1502:
1484:Partai Tionghoa Indonesia
1452:Indonesian National Party
1407:
1394:
1370:Indonesian Students Party
1291:
1260:
1249:
1215:
1192:Nusantara Awakening Party
1159:
1091:
1037:Wilson, Greta O. (1978).
922:"Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin"
522:1955 legislative election
393:Rukun Pelayaran Indonesia
151:
143:
127:
117:
107:
99:
88:
80:
70:
53:
44:
32:
1747:Democratic Renewal Party
1662:Socialist People's Party
1458:Indonesian Fascist Party
1442:Indonesian Islamic Party
1352:Green Party of Indonesia
1150:United Development Party
1138:Prosperous Justice Party
1126:National Awakening Party
527:
520:The party contested the
451:Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin
401:Indonesian National Bank
1638:National People's Party
1340:Justice and Unity Party
1255:Non-legislature parties
1092:Parties represented in
967:Kepartaian di Indonesia
926:Encyclopedia of Jakarta
496:Post-independence party
344:1939 Volksraad election
338:Final years and banning
1828:Prosperous Peace Party
1787:Indonesian Youth Party
1781:Indonesian Unity Party
1668:Village People's Union
1144:National Mandate Party
777:Cribb & Kahin 2004
453:(MHT), a merchant and
446:
362:. On 10 January 1942,
323:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
301:
254:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
219:
184:
134:Indonesian nationalism
123:10,000 (December 1939)
1898:Politics of Indonesia
1598:Islamic Victory Force
741:Diah Ayu Wardani 2021
444:
299:
248:The party was led by
210:
185:Partai Indonesia Raya
156:Politics of Indonesia
138:National conservatism
64:Woerjaningrat (1938)
35:Great Indonesia Party
18:Great Indonesia Party
1840:Regional Unity Party
1382:Masyumi Reborn Party
1316:National Front Party
1094:national legislature
972:Parties in Indonesia
262:Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
1273:Aceh People's Party
1241:Nanggroe Aceh Party
1167:Crescent Star Party
806:, pp. 435–436.
629:, pp. 139–140.
578:, pp. 138–139.
407:, and establishing
258:Susanto Tirtoprodjo
66:R.P. Soeroso (1949)
1846:National Sun Party
1474:Paguyuban Pasundan
472:Nederlands Indisch
447:
302:
220:
1906:
1905:
1879:
1878:
1834:Reform Star Party
1822:Sovereignty Party
1696:
1695:
1544:Dayak Unity Party
1408:Pre-independence
1390:
1389:
1268:Atjeh Green Party
1029:978-0-230-54685-1
913:978-0-674-01834-1
891:978-0-521-87648-3
680:, pp. 85–87.
666:Pringgodigdo 1991
627:Pringgodigdo 1991
615:Pringgodigdo 1991
588:Pringgodigdo 1991
576:Pringgodigdo 1991
540:Pringgodigdo 1991
369:and subsequently
193:
174:
173:
161:Political parties
16:(Redirected from
1966:
1510:
1509:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1278:Aceh Unity Party
1251:
1250:
1226:Aceh Abode Party
1218:Aceh legislature
1132:Democratic Party
1083:
1082:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1011:
998:
997:
996:
979:
977:
960:
941:
939:
937:
917:
895:
874:
872:
870:
854:
835:
807:
801:
795:
789:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
678:Abeyasekere 1976
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
552:Abeyasekere 1976
549:
543:
537:
468:Nederlands Indie
413:Governor General
409:printing presses
327:Jan Anne Jonkman
318:saluut terhormat
217:
214:
188:
89:Preceded by
49:
30:
29:
21:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1888:Portal:Politics
1875:
1810:Pioneers' Party
1721:
1692:
1680:West New Guinea
1679:
1678:Pre-integration
1673:
1632:Nahdlatul Ulama
1514:
1498:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1386:
1287:
1256:
1245:
1211:
1155:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1045:
1030:
994:
992:
989:IIAS Newsletter
975:
957:
935:
933:
914:
892:
868:
866:
851:
832:
815:
810:
802:
798:
790:
783:
775:
771:
763:
759:
751:
747:
739:
735:
727:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
645:
637:
633:
625:
621:
613:
606:
598:
594:
586:
582:
574:
570:
562:
558:
550:
546:
538:
534:
530:
498:
419:, who replaced
417:van Starkenborg
379:
340:
294:
215:
205:
200:
170:
136:
122:
103:Soeara Parindra
75:
65:
63:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1527:Catholic Party
1524:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Indische Party
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Catholic Party
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1299:Berkarya Party
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1114:Gerindra Party
1111:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1016:Ricklefs, M.C.
1012:
999:
980:
961:
955:
942:
932:on 8 June 2012
918:
912:
900:Feith, Herbert
896:
890:
875:
855:
849:
836:
830:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:
796:
794:, p. 154.
781:
779:, p. 320.
769:
767:, p. 469.
757:
755:, p. 144.
745:
733:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
668:, p. 140.
658:
643:
631:
619:
617:, p. 171.
604:
592:
590:, p. 138.
580:
568:
566:, p. 317.
556:
544:
542:, p. 139.
531:
529:
526:
497:
494:
378:
375:
339:
336:
331:Soerja Wirawan
306:Soerja Wirawan
293:
290:
246:
245:
242:
239:
204:
201:
199:
196:
172:
171:
169:
168:
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
131:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
111:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
37:
34:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1971:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Patriot Party
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Freedom Party
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Masyumi Party
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Chung Hwa Hui
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1202:Perindo Party
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
990:
986:
981:
973:
969:
968:
962:
958:
956:0-8014-9108-8
952:
948:
943:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
883:
882:
876:
865:
861:
856:
852:
850:9780810849358
846:
842:
837:
833:
827:
823:
818:
817:
805:
800:
793:
788:
786:
778:
773:
766:
761:
754:
749:
742:
737:
730:
725:
723:
716:, p. 99.
715:
710:
704:, p. 85.
703:
698:
692:, p. 92.
691:
686:
679:
674:
667:
662:
656:, p. 97.
655:
650:
648:
640:
639:Lengkeek 2019
635:
628:
623:
616:
611:
609:
602:, p. 95.
601:
596:
589:
584:
577:
572:
565:
564:Ricklefs 2008
560:
554:, p. 28.
553:
548:
541:
536:
532:
525:
523:
518:
516:
513:inclusion of
510:
508:
504:
493:
489:
487:
481:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
443:
439:
437:
432:
430:
429:beambtenstaat
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
374:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
335:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
298:
289:
287:
283:
278:
273:
271:
270:1935 election
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
240:
237:
236:
235:
233:
229:
225:
209:
198:Pre-war party
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:Mars Parindra
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
130:
126:
120:
116:
113:Surya Wirawan
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:
69:
61:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
31:
19:
1858:United Party
1852:Labour Party
1737:(RepublikaN)
1604:Labour Party
1478:
1187:Labour Party
1177:Gelora Party
1172:Garuda Party
1120:NasDem Party
1108:Golkar Party
1038:
1019:
1007:
1003:
993:, retrieved
988:
971:
966:
946:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
925:
903:
880:
867:. Retrieved
863:
840:
821:
799:
772:
760:
748:
736:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
634:
622:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
535:
519:
511:
499:
490:
482:
476:
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
448:
433:
428:
425:politiestaat
424:
392:
388:
382:
380:
351:
341:
330:
317:
314:groot saluut
313:
310:Roman salute
305:
303:
274:
247:
231:
221:
176:
175:
121:3,425 (1936)
1627:Murba Party
1522:Acoma Party
1513:Independent
1207:Ummah Party
714:Wilson 1978
702:Wilson 1978
436:Pacific war
356:Banjarmasin
216: 1937
55:Chairperson
1913:Categories
1727:Reform era
1588:(PI Perti)
1558:(Parkindo)
1236:Aceh Party
1231:SIRA Party
995:2022-02-08
831:0909835381
813:References
804:Feith 2007
765:Kahin 1952
753:Feith 2007
690:Elson 2008
654:Kahin 1952
600:Kahin 1952
515:West Papua
389:Rukun Tani
377:Activities
228:Budi Utomo
181:Indonesian
118:Membership
109:Youth wing
93:Budi Utomo
1812:(Pelopor)
1718:(Parmusi)
1702:New Order
1515:Indonesia
1469:Insulinde
1018:(2008) .
902:(2007) .
464:Volksraad
459:Volksraad
455:Volksraad
286:Peranakan
266:Volksraad
166:Elections
100:Newspaper
81:Dissolved
1866:(Idaman)
1777:(PNBK-I)
1664:(Parsas)
1570:(Permai)
1489:Partindo
1479:Parindra
1318:(Barnas)
1292:National
1261:Regional
936:17 April
477:Inlander
421:de Jonge
405:Surabaya
397:Swadeshi
177:Parindra
129:Ideology
1658:(Parsi)
1504:Sukarno
1432:Gerindo
1410:parties
1401:Defunct
1360:(PRIMA)
1336:(PPNUI)
1330:(PNI-M)
501:in the
486:malaria
367:invaded
342:In the
282:Bandung
277:Batavia
250:Soetomo
192:
71:Founded
62:(1935)
60:Soetomo
1872:(PKNU)
1795:(PPRN)
1771:(PPDI)
1765:(PKDI)
1689:(PKII)
1646:(PRIM)
1618:(IPKI)
1600:(AKUI)
1594:(PPTI)
1564:(PSII)
1534:(PDTI)
1465:(GAPI)
1366:(PDRI)
1324:(PPIB)
1312:(PPPI)
1306:(PKPB)
1197:Hanura
1026:
974:]
953:
910:
888:
864:voi.id
847:
828:
474:, and
144:Anthem
1848:(PMB)
1842:(PPD)
1836:(PBR)
1830:(PDS)
1818:(PIS)
1806:(PRD)
1789:(PPI)
1783:(PSI)
1749:(PDP)
1743:(PDK)
1712:(PDI)
1670:(PRD)
1652:(PSI)
1640:(PRN)
1612:(PBI)
1582:(PTI)
1576:(PNI)
1552:(PIR)
1546:(PPD)
1540:(PKI)
1494:PPPKI
1454:(PNI)
1378:(PKR)
1372:(PMI)
1354:(PHI)
1348:(SRI)
1342:(PKP)
1104:(128)
1006:[
976:(PDF)
970:[
869:8 May
528:Notes
364:Japan
1860:(PP)
1854:(PB)
1824:(PK)
1634:(NU)
1606:(PB)
1152:(19)
1146:(44)
1140:(50)
1134:(54)
1128:(58)
1122:(59)
1116:(78)
1110:(85)
1024:ISBN
991:(83)
951:ISBN
938:2012
908:ISBN
886:ISBN
871:2022
845:ISBN
826:ISBN
384:Tani
224:Solo
190:lit.
1506:era
403:in
1915::
987:,
924:.
862:.
784:^
721:^
646:^
607:^
509:.
470:,
316:,
260:,
256:,
213:c.
187:,
183::
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
1032:.
959:.
940:.
916:.
894:.
873:.
853:.
834:.
743:.
731:.
641:.
350:(
218:)
179:(
20:)
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