184:). This emphasis on economic freedom and capitalism is accompanied by the decline of traditional forms of society and the rise of the nation-state. In contrast, high modernism transcends traditional political ideological divisions in its reordering of society towards a utopian ideal as such ideal societies are highly subjective across the political spectrum. Furthermore, projects characteristic of high modernity are best enacted under conditions of authoritarian and technocratic rule, as populations are more easily controlled and changed.
528:
99:
5173:
467:
426:
664:, was strongly influenced by Soviet high modernism in his prescriptions for the new capital as the Soviet Union began to slowly open up to the rest of the world in a new period of internationalism. Despite the cultural and ideological differences of the two countries, both shared common ground in their determination to modernize, strong state authority and a strong belief in the doctrine of high modernity.
25:
331:
accounted for nearly ninety percent of the total male population . This did not pose a problem to local people, who would add informal by-names for disambiguation (âJohn-the-miller,â âJohn-the shepherdâ). Furthermore, a personal name can change over time, as a person takes on new traits and loses old traits. It could also be different in different contexts, such as with
660:. Here, long-considered plans for a new capital were finally able to come to fruition thanks to global enthusiasm for the potential of technology. BrasĂlia's massive scale, rational design and cultural offerings, all built from the ground up in the forests of Brazil made it the ultimate manifestation of high modernity. The project's chief architect,
570:. Both the Soviet Union and the United States viewed the modernization of the developing world as a way to expand their respective spheres of influence and create new economic markets; however, it was the Soviet Union and other autocratic regimes during this period that adopted high modernism as the optimal vision to bring about modernization.
459:, first formed in 1960. While its original mission was to build cheap flats for the poor, it later expanded its mission to plan and develop public housing for all Singapore residents. In the year 2020, 78.7% residents live in public housing, decreasing from a high of 88.0% in 2000. There was a concurrent rise in residents living private
1678:
James
Holston, âThe Spirit of BrasĂlia: Modernity as Experiment and Risk,â in ââCity/Art: The Urban Scene in Latin America,ââ ed. Rebecca E. Biron (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009), p. 92; Tanya Li, âBeyond the âStateâ and Failed Schemes,â ââAmerican Anthropologistââ New Series 107, no. 3 (2005): p. 386; Rupprecht, pp. 507-508
705:. Furthermore, the aesthetic monotony and scale of the cityâs built environment created feelings of isolation, forced conformity and disorientation among residents; there also existed a stark contrast between the wealthier residents living in the centre of the city and the poorer residents situated along the cityâs margins.
566:, Khrushchev retooled Soviet policy to include most of the ideas of Western high modernity with socialist undertones, emphasizing the role of science in providing progress without exploitation or social inequity. It social sphere it went further as to aspirations to reconstruct the whole human society and formation of
700:
and organic growth of public space. The organization of BrasĂlia's settlement similarly restricted social space by collectivizing residents according to their occupation in the ââsuperquadraââ, transforming the private sphere of the home into a space where the individual was âsymbolically minimized.â
667:
The new
Brazilian capital was completed in under four years and was presented to the world upon its completion in 1960 as the epitome of urban modernism. The city was planned as a manifestation of Brazil's future as a modern, industrialized power, creating a completely new city that would then create
173:
Both concepts operate on an ambiguous understanding of what the final stage of societal progress will entail. While modernity is retrospective in its prescriptions for the future and promotes organic growth, high modernity advocates a complete transformation of existing conditions and the creation of
622:
The overwhelming enthusiasm for the power of science and technology to manage the human and natural world encouraged regimes to attempt monumental development projects that would rapidly catapult developing countries into
Western-style development. High modernism emphasized spatial order as rational
614:
from the previous century, constructing a global hierarchy based on economic development. In this worldview, Western countries were the most developed, while the rest of the world (particularly countries that had just experienced decolonization) still possessed traditional, pre-modern economies. In
514:
developed within, such as explaining that the tenant selection process selected people unprepared for urban living, or that the geometry of design precluded the direct surveillance for preventing crime. The legacy of PruittâIgoe remains contested, both between architects concerning the benefits and
609:
in order for underdeveloped countries in Asia, Africa and Latin
America to 'catch up' to the developed Western nations. Post-World War II development schemes were problematized by a focus on economy (ignoring the political, social and institutional impediments to growth), as well as its assumption
1677:
Anthropologist Tanya Li notes that in addition to the well-known âhigh modern, state-driven projects of rural and urban planning,â regimes also conducted modernization initiatives through less conspicuous methods of education and technologies of management (including maps, censuses and surnames).
786:
Much of the post-WWII high modernism in
America and the rest of the western world is antihumanist, hostile to notions of community, of any form of humanism. It becomes about the lack of meaning, the need to create our own significance out of nothing. The highest level of significance, that of the
683:
Following the completion of the city, it became apparent that BrasĂliaâs high modernist design had overlooked the complexities of urban space and had overestimated the ability of functional, rational design to improve socio-political order. Plannersâ focus on orienting mobility in the city around
330:
are connected by a road, which those who live in Durham call the âGuilford Road,â while those living in
Guilford call it the âDurham Road.â The same informality and a focus on use over uniformity characterizes personal naming. For example, around the year 1700 in England, a mere eight given names
842:
The term "high modernism" as used in literary criticism generally lacks the pejorative connotations it has in other contexts. High literary modernism, on the contrary, is generally used to describe a subgenre of literary modernism, and generally encompasses works published between the end of the
1812:
Farish and
Lackenbauer note that while Canada did not possess an authoritarian government to enforce high modernist planning, the limited political agency of native northerners in the early years of the Cold War allowed the Canadian government and military to administer their plans in a similar
1667:
that development failures in this period were not always attributable to ââhighââ modernism. In the case of
Tanzanian villagization, modernization projects were driven by policy makers acting on their own hubris as creators of a modern state, rather than as proponents of scientific rationality.
754:
were ambitiously designed by federal officials to overcome the previously 'uninhabitable' arctic environment and rapidly incorporate the Inuit into the modern age; however, the disregard for the local conditions and opinions of northerners resulted in spatial segregation of Inuit and military
169:
Modernity and high modernity are concerned with human progress and the potential of human intervention to bring about positive change in the structure of society; however, high modernity's visions of societal change rely on the expertise of intellectuals and scientific innovation, making high
755:
personnel in the two towns. In pursuit of a modernized, self-sufficient northern settlement, state-led projects to stabilize the nomadic Inuit in towns disrupted native resource-based economies and contributed to spatial segregation, social inequity, health problems and cultural dislocation.
645:. The modernization of the Brazilian economy was also accompanied by grand designs to improve education, culture, health care, transportation systems, community organization, property distribution, and administration in order to spark a new sense of national agency in the population.
813:'s well-known essay "Who Cares if You Listen" describes "efficiency", an increase in "the number of functions associated with each component", "a high degree of contextuality and autonomy", and an "extension of the methods of other musics" as being among the traits possessed by
954:
162:; however, modernity refers specifically to the social conditions and relations that arise out of the modern period, usually as a result of capitalism and industrialization. Thus, modernity can be understood as the state of society during and following the process of
1653:
Walt
Whitman Rostow, âThe Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960),â in ââFrom Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Changeââ, ed. J. Timmons Roberts and Amy Hite (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd., 2000), pp.
1048:
701:
While these ââsuperquadraââ featured their own educational, entertainment, recreational and retail facilities to meet any perceivable need of the cityâs residents, these perceived needs were based on
European models from CIAM and architect
1617:(Dakar, Senegal: Counsel for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2009), pp. 2-4; Kimber Charles Pearce, ââRostow, Kennedy, and the Rhetoric of Foreign Aidââ (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2001), p. 29.
679:
Total state control of development was critical to the creation of utopian high modernist cities by the CIAM, as it prevented conflict between the planned ideal society and the incoherence of imposing this model on existing conditions.
174:
a blank slate. This break from the historical and geographical contexts of places often results in the application of standardized models to a variety of locations, often with socially disruptive consequences (see examples below).
672:(CIAM), BrasĂlia's urban space was oriented around mobility, uniformity and functionality, achieved through the elimination of corridor streets (seen as the source of disease and criminality) and the creation of indistinguishable
284:
Although the brutality of the Qin regime contributed to its rapid collapse, the outcomes of its unification projects remained largely intact throughout history. The unification of philosophy remained intact too, but with
452:. In Hong Kong in the year 2020, 2.1 million residents were in public housing, which is 28% of the total population. In terms of households, 0.8 million households were in public housing, which is 43% of all households.
346:
was promoted at the expense of informal local naming systems. Whereas in Europe, patronymy was the exception in 14th century, it became the norm in 19th century. This process reached its logical conclusion with the
855:
calls the "Great Divide". That is, it believes that there is a clear distinction between capital-A Art and mass culture, and it places itself firmly on the side of Art and in opposition to popular or mass culture.
494:
housing project, a housing complex of 33 buildings, of 11 stories each, first occupied in 1954. Living conditions rapidly deteriorated, and it was demolished in 1972. It came to become a symbol of the failures of
317:
Throughout most of human history, the act of naming is a local and informal affair. For example, the local names of geographical features depend critically on how they appear to the local people. The towns of
582:
argues that high modernism is predicated upon a false optimism in the transformative power of science and technology contributed to confusion in the modernization process, especially in the case of
351:, which allows unique identification of any citizen across their entire lifespan. It is purely a naming system for the state administration, completely devoid of any personal or local meaning.
91:, characterized by an unfaltering confidence in science and technology as means to reorder the social and natural world. The high modernist movement was particularly prevalent during the
130:
Strong confidence in the potential for scientific and technological progress, including a reliance on the expertise of scientists, engineers, bureaucrats and other intellectuals.
623:
design; by standardizing, simplifying and ordering physical space, otherwise complex concepts or entities could be made legible and more easily controlled, including economies.
641:
was a primarily agricultural nation that was economically reliant on the United States. Beginning in the 1950s, Brazilian elites sought to reinvent Brazil's economy through
610:
that conditions in developing countries were the same as those in Europe that experienced success under the Marshall Plan. Modernization theory built upon previous ideas of
1121:
177:
Modernity and modernization are associated with capitalist and industrial development, and emphasize the increased movement of goods, people, capital and information (
277:), and more practical details, such as the length of chariot axles. More controversially, the Qin dynasty also unified philosophy, with the promotion of Legalism and
1250:
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515:
faults of architectural modernism, and between general political observers concerning the benefits and faults of public housing, or high modernism in general.
656:. Essentially located in the wilderness, BrasĂlia was to be a âsingle-function, strictly administrative capital,â says political scientist and anthropologist
136:
An emphasis on rendering complex environments or concepts (such as old cities or social dynamics) legible, most often through spatial ordering (for example,
3924:
510:
These claims are problematized both by the long-term functioning of modernist housing projects outside of the United States, as well as by multiple
1274:
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way of life" resulted in towns and houses patterned on southern Canadian models that ignored the cultural and geographical context of the Arctic.
490:
Despite its origin in the west, modernist housing projects have met with far less success in Western countries. The most iconic failure is the
1155:
851:. Regardless of the specific year it was produced, high modernism is characterized primarily by a complete and unambiguous embrace of what
463:
and other kinds of apartments, from 6.5% to 16.0%. The rest 5% live in "landed properties", a proportion that remained stable since 2000.
1015:
Tobias Rupprecht, "Socialist High Modernity and Global Stagnation: A Shared History of Brazil and the Soviet Union During the Cold War,"
192:
Despite its name, high modernism is not an exclusively modern phenomenon. One of the first manifestations of high modernism appeared in
820:, though the words "modernism" and "modernist" do not occur in the article, and "modern" occurs only in a quotation with reference to
787:
elite, becomes abstraction. So the concept of the evolutionary elite arises again, deliberately excluding those who 'haven't evolved.'
558:
Despite the strong association of modernization with Western society, high modernism also found purchase in the Soviet Party, under
278:
230:, and standardization necessarily increases legibility and homogenizes local context. The drive to standardization can be seen in
619:, the third world would therefore need to emulate developed Western countries, through optimistic social engineering endeavours.
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automobile traffic had eliminated the street as a place for public gathering; the removal of street corners in favour of
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67:
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Peter C. Dawson, "Seeing Like an Inuit Family: The Relationship Between House Form and Culture in Northern Canada,"
616:
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For many critics of high modernism, the PruittâIgoe housing project illustrated both the essential unlivability of
693:
342:
With modern state-building, the problem of illegible naming became acute. Consequently, a common naming system of
1237:
49:
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Zaheer Baber, âModernization Theory and the Cold War,â ââJournal of Contemporary Asiaââ 31, no. 1 (2001): p. 74.
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State reliance on high modernity to control human populations during the Cold War was not limited to the US. In
4938:
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4753:
348:
110:
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Matthew Farish and P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "High Modernism in the Arctic: Planning Frobisher Bay and Inuvik,"
253:(221 BCâ206 BC). The Qin dynasty undertook massive standardization projects for the entire country, including
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254:
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Part of this grand vision for Brazil's future was the relocation of the nation's capital from the coastal
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486:. Its demolition on July 15, 1972, was the day âmodern architecture diedâ, according to Charles Jencks.
460:
355:
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539:
40:
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Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore (September 2021).
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2745:
906:
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689:
394:
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The grid plan is a common motif in Chinese and Japanese capitals, which is visible in the maps of
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was a major impetus of high modernism. In industrial production, standardization is necessary for
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4100:
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1941:
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is an architecture style based on modern construction materials, particularly glass, steel, and
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2757:
2661:
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1849:
1049:"The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States: The Case of the Permanent Family Surname"
805:
385:). When applied to architecture intended for human residence, it is called modernist housing.
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3207:
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1095:"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement"
441:
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2008:
911:
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8:
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1290:"Reviewed work: Form Follows Fiasco, Why Modern Architecture Hasn't Worked, Peter Blake"
860:, according to Huyssen, may be defined precisely by its rejection of this distinction.)
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This state-sponsored standardization apparatus is clearly visible in Iceland, where the
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499:, public-policy planning and public housing. Some, such as the architectural historian
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and open space (punctuated by monumental sculptural and architectural forms like the
559:
511:
436:, consists of 10 housing blocks of New Harmony I design, housing about 22,000 people.
262:
215:
Notably, our main source on Hippodamus is Aristotle, who criticized his grid plan in
35:
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Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
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countries striving to develop according to Western principles of modernization.
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1584:. Internet Archive. New York : Knopf : Distributed by Random House.
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507:, argued that it demonstrated the error of architectural modernism itself.
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106:
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415:, it remains popular and in use to this day. In 2016, it was added to the
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143:
Disregard for historical, geographical and social context in development.
98:
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in Europe, economists turned their attention towards development in the
527:
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2138:
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1423:
1321:
685:
466:
336:
241:
The high modernist method of governance has also been practiced in the
231:
133:
Attempts to master nature (including human nature) to meet human needs.
1813:
manner to authoritarian regimes. Farish and Lackenbauer, pp. 517, 521.
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4627:
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3332:
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3004:
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1957:
1438:
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Volker H. Schmidt, "Multiple Modernities or Varieties of Modernity?"
896:
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activity in the north, disrupting the traditional lifestyle of local
504:
406:
258:
201:
159:
153:
137:
109:, an iconic symbol of high modernity and its outlook, along with its
103:
88:
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1407:
1305:
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populations and the arctic landscape in the process. Prime Minister
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in urban planning, and implemented the grid plan in construction of
2934:
2801:
2159:
2120:
2104:
2090:
1981:
1101:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
975:(Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), pp. 18, 32.
916:
332:
270:
158:
Modernity relates to the modern era and the aesthetic qualities of
92:
1047:
Scott, James C.; Tehranian, John; Mathias, Jeremy (January 2002).
440:
Modernist housing has been implemented extensively in the form of
425:
126:
High modernity is distinguished by the following characteristics:
4693:
3731:
3193:
2808:
2097:
2081:
2067:
1803:
30, no. 2 (2006): 120; Farish and Lackenbauer, pp. 518, 535, 538.
881:
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471:
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for its importance to the development of modernist architecture.
409:
of 23 different layouts, over 12 stories, all suspended on large
297:
219:
II.8. Thus, criticism of high modernism also has a long history.
205:
2015:
1664:
1663:
Schneider notes in his evaluation of James Scottâs analysis of
1474:"Planning Note: Pruitt-Igoe and the Critique of Public Housing"
800:
751:
720:
697:
638:
479:
416:
411:
209:
1440:
Defensible space : people and design in the violent city
732:
1926:
739:'s promise to build "a nation in the ... patterned on
601:. Contemporary development theory stressed the necessity of
2488:
2022:
1119:
398:
residential housing principle, and implemented it first in
238:: "You can have any color you want so long as it's black."
1835:
778:
criticizes "high modernism" as an austere, abstract, and
444:
with high urban densities. Two illustrative examples are
1392:"The Vertical Ghetto: Everyday Life in an Urban Project"
1037:
World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, p. 36
170:
modernity a more elitist project than its predecessor.
1122:"éŠæžŻæżć±ć§ćĄæćčŽć ± Hong Kong Housing Authority Annual Report"
1046:
212:), which has remained largely unchanged to this day.
1822:
Dawson, p. 117; Farish and Lackenbauer, pp. 537â539.
1581:
Cogs in the wheel : the formation of Soviet man
455:
In Singapore, public housing is administered by the
113:
project of a surrounding large park and car centric
3925:
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
944:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 4.
1615:Development as Modernity, Modernity As Development
708:
518:
1288:Woodhouse, David; Blake, Peter (September 1977).
878:, a periodization correspondent to high modernity
791:High modernism is exemplified in the writings of
573:
5187:
668:a new society. Based on the master plans of the
637:During the first half of the twentieth century,
307:
1921:, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986)
676:based on occupation, known as ââsuperquadraââ.
388:The main proponent of architectural modernism,
196:. In the 5th century BC, the Greek philosopher
1287:
1942:
442:high-rise apartment buildings in Asian cities
4864:
4853:
2047:
2036:
1990:
1979:
1759:Holston, pp. 94-95; Scott, pp. 120-121, 126.
1478:Journal of the American Planning Association
1390:Kronus, Sidney; Moore, William (June 1970).
1273:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1156:Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)
670:CongrĂšs International dâArchitecture Moderne
45:Too much commentary relative to information.
2118:
1389:
973:Modernities: A Geohistorical Interpretation
312:
1949:
1935:
1120:Hong Kong Housing Authority (2021-03-31).
1053:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1019:6, no. 3 (2011): p. 522; Scott, pp. 88-89.
95:, especially in the late 1950s and 1960s.
1878:
1471:
1240:"Population Trends, 2021, ISSN 2591-8028"
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
1340:The Language of Post-Modern Architecture
1031:
1006:54, no. 77 (2006): p. 80; Taylor, p. 39.
763:
465:
424:
187:
147:
97:
1518:
795:, who described an opposition between "
358:maintains an official list of approved
234:'s quote concerning consumer choice of
5188:
1577:
1436:
1334:
1087:
4790:Six Characters in Search of an Author
1930:
1777:Holston, p. 103; Scott, pp. 127, 130.
1362:
643:import substitution industrialization
279:suppression of all other philosophies
522:
365:
18:
1915:After the Great Divide: Modernism,
1195:. Singapore. 6 July 1960. p. 7
16:Science and tech-oriented modernism
13:
3985:Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
1528:Journal of Architectural Education
1519:Bristol, Katharine G. (May 1991).
1294:Journal of Architectural Education
1247:Singapore Department of Statistics
696:) discouraged pedestrian traffic,
14:
5227:
971:Scott, pp. 4-5; Peter J. Taylor,
5172:
5171:
1472:Heathcott, Joseph (2012-09-01).
1342:. New York: Rizzoli. p. 9.
1256:from the original on 19 Jan 2022
1164:Census and Statistics Department
526:
245:for millennia. It originated in
23:
1907:
1872:
1855:
1841:
1825:
1816:
1806:
1793:
1788:Journal of Historical Geography
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1671:
1657:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1607:
1598:
1571:
1562:
1512:
1465:
1430:
1383:
1356:
1328:
1281:
1231:
1207:
1181:
1170:from the original on 2022-02-04
1148:
1113:
1040:
746:The newly constructed towns of
709:Inuit and the Canadian military
589:Following the successes of the
519:Development in the Soviet Union
4939:Grosvenor School of Modern Art
4932:Fourth dimension in literature
1834:, conducted by Ron Hogan, for
1741:Holston, p. 96; Scott, p. 125.
1022:
1009:
996:
987:
978:
965:
947:
934:
758:
574:Development in the third world
405:, completed in 1952. With 337
349:national identification number
1:
1956:
1732:Holston, p. 93; Scott, p. 120
928:
831:
698:traditional social networking
615:order to advance beyond this
457:Housing and Development Board
308:Modernization and development
121:
1832:Interview with Bram Dijkstra
1490:10.1080/01944363.2012.737972
1099:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
7:
5032:List of avant-garde artists
4009:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
863:
652:to a new inland site named
626:
379:form should follow function
249:, which was adopted by the
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
5232:
5216:1960s in the United States
5211:1950s in the United States
4890:Classical Hollywood cinema
1879:Kavaloski, Joshua (2014).
1838:. (Accessed Aug. 17, 2006)
1189:"Coming: A housing record"
922:United States in the 1950s
835:
767:
725:Distant Early Warning Line
723:, the construction of the
712:
694:National Congress Building
630:
356:Icelandic Naming Committee
243:East Asian cultural sphere
151:
5153:
4831:
4672:
4540:
4380:
4129:
4118:
3961:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
3915:
3741:
3301:
2784:
2775:
2652:
2436:
2178:
2169:
1964:
1863:"Who Cares if You Listen"
1665:villagization in Tanzania
1613:Lwazi Siyabonga Lushaba,
1366:From Bauhaus to Our House
1065:10.1017/S0010417502000026
1017:Journal of Global History
847:and the beginning of the
715:Inuit during the Cold War
562:. Following the death of
2746:The Master and Margarita
1885:. Boydell & Brewer.
1578:Geller, Mikhail (1988).
1568:Rupprecht, pp. 509, 522.
1203:– via NewspaperSG.
907:Technological utopianism
597:in the aftermath of the
313:Standardized legal names
5039:List of modernist poets
4925:Fourth dimension in art
4101:Meshes of the Afternoon
1443:. Architectural Press.
1437:Oscar., Newman (1973).
612:sociocultural evolution
432:, completed in 2003 in
138:city planning on a grid
5123:Second Viennese School
4865:
4854:
2758:The Sound and the Fury
2662:In Search of Lost Time
2119:
2048:
2037:
1991:
1980:
1850:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
1521:"The Pruitt-Igoe Myth"
1160:"Housing and Property"
993:Taylor, pp. 14, 40-41.
806:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
487:
437:
371:Modernist architecture
118:
5102:Reactionary modernism
5025:List of art movements
955:"The Best-Laid Plans"
782:vision of modernism:
764:Visual arts and music
690:Cathedral of BrasĂlia
469:
428:
360:Icelandic given names
255:measurement standards
224:Industrial Revolution
188:Historical precedents
148:Relation to modernity
111:modern urban planning
101:
4946:Hanshinkan Modernism
4802:The Threepenny Opera
4718:Pelléas et Mélisande
1801:Ătudes/Inuit/Studies
1668:Schneider, pp. 32-33
912:Techno-progressivism
603:capital accumulation
377:, and the idea that
289:replacing Legalism.
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
5004:International Style
4754:Afternoon of a Faun
4033:Battleship Potemkin
3937:Mont Sainte-Victoir
1901:10.7722/j.ctt5vj759
1847:Clement Greenberg,
1363:Wolfe, Tom (1982).
1158:(14 January 2022).
959:archive.nytimes.com
420:World Heritage List
375:reinforced concrete
265:, institution of a
4883:Buddhist modernism
4840:American modernism
4766:The Rite of Spring
2734:The Sun Also Rises
2710:The Magic Mountain
1790:35 (2009): p. 520.
838:Literary modernism
538:. You can help by
512:counter-narratives
488:
438:
395:Unité d'habitation
344:Patronymic surname
228:economies of scale
119:
5183:
5182:
4911:Experimental film
4827:
4826:
4814:Waiting for Godot
4114:
4113:
2771:
2770:
2674:The Metamorphosis
1913:Andreas Huyssen,
1714:Rupprecht, p. 509
1705:Rupprecht, p. 510
1696:Rupprecht, p. 508
1591:978-0-394-56926-0
1376:978-0-671-45449-4
1349:978-0-8478-0571-6
1193:The Straits Times
1004:Current Sociology
793:Clement Greenberg
674:residence sectors
617:traditional state
560:Nikita Khrushchev
556:
555:
503:, and journalist
366:Modernist housing
78:
77:
70:
41:quality standards
32:This article may
5223:
5175:
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5146:
5144:Vulgar modernism
5139:
5137:Underground film
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4960:Hippie modernism
4955:
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4876:Bloomsbury Group
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4057:Un Chien Andalou
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4021:Ballet MĂ©canique
4015:
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3949:The Starry Night
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3278:Toulouse-Lautrec
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2039:Der Blaue Reiter
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2018:
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1986:
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1975:
1951:
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1861:Milton Babbitt,
1859:
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1644:Lushaba, pp. 2-3
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1369:. Pocket Books.
1360:
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1215:"HDB | About Us"
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1130:. Archived from
1126:
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1111:
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1106:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1028:Scott, p. 5, 94.
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1007:
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985:
982:
976:
969:
963:
962:
951:
945:
940:James C. Scott,
938:
887:Manifest Destiny
876:High Middle Ages
774:Cultural critic
737:John Diefenbaker
599:Second World War
551:
548:
530:
523:
484:central planning
476:box architecture
401:La Cité Radieuse
326:in the state of
73:
66:
62:
59:
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19:
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5130:Structural film
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5081:New Objectivity
5079:
5072:
5067:Neo-romanticism
5065:
5060:Neo-primitivism
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4706:VerklÀrte Nacht
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2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2046:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1971:
1960:
1955:
1925:
1919:, Postmodernism
1912:
1908:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1865:(originally in
1860:
1856:
1846:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:Holston, p. 97.
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:Holston, p. 93.
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
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1621:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1540:10.2307/1425266
1523:
1517:
1513:
1470:
1466:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1408:10.2307/2575593
1388:
1384:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1336:Jencks, Charles
1333:
1329:
1306:10.2307/1424542
1286:
1282:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1242:
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1223:
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1045:
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1036:
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1027:
1023:
1014:
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1001:
997:
992:
988:
984:Scott, p. 94-96
983:
979:
970:
966:
953:
952:
948:
939:
935:
931:
926:
866:
853:Andreas Huyssen
845:First World War
840:
834:
803:" in his essay
772:
766:
761:
717:
711:
635:
629:
580:Peter J. Taylor
576:
552:
546:
543:
536:needs expansion
521:
430:Kin Ming Estate
392:, designed the
368:
315:
310:
190:
156:
150:
124:
87:) is a form of
83:(also known as
74:
63:
57:
54:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5229:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5181:
5180:
5163:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5088:Poetic realism
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5018:Late modernity
5014:
5011:Late modernism
5007:
5000:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4963:
4956:
4953:High modernism
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4897:Degenerate art
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4867:Ballets Russes
4861:
4850:
4843:
4835:
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3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3613:Ray (Satyajit)
3609:
3606:Ray (Nicholas)
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
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3211:
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3141:
3134:
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2779:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2698:The Waste Land
2693:
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2669:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
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2583:
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2541:
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2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
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2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2044:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2009:Constructivism
2005:
1998:
1987:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1906:
1891:
1882:High Modernism
1871:
1854:
1840:
1824:
1815:
1805:
1792:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1670:
1656:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1606:
1604:Taylor, p. 18.
1597:
1590:
1570:
1561:
1534:(3): 163â171.
1511:
1484:(4): 450â451.
1464:
1449:
1429:
1382:
1375:
1355:
1348:
1327:
1280:
1230:
1219:www.hdb.gov.sg
1206:
1180:
1147:
1112:
1086:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1008:
995:
986:
977:
964:
946:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:Technocentrism
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
867:
865:
862:
833:
830:
811:Milton Babbitt
789:
788:
770:Late modernism
765:
762:
760:
757:
710:
707:
662:Oscar Niemeyer
658:James C. Scott
650:Rio de Janeiro
631:Main article:
628:
625:
575:
572:
568:New Soviet Man
554:
553:
533:
531:
520:
517:
501:Charles Jencks
367:
364:
314:
311:
309:
306:
263:writing system
194:urban planning
189:
186:
152:Main article:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
134:
131:
123:
120:
115:infrastructure
85:high modernity
81:High modernism
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5228:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5178:
5168:
5167:
5166:Postmodernism
5161:
5160:
5152:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5109:Metamodernism
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:New Hollywood
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
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5033:
5029:
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5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:Impressionism
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
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4947:
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4933:
4929:
4926:
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4908:
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4873:
4869:
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4862:
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4857:
4851:
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4810:
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4803:
4798:
4792:
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4767:
4762:
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4755:
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4744:
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4732:
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4726:
4720:
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4714:
4708:
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3987:
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3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:Hundertwasser
3791:
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3777:
3774:
3770:
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2075:Functionalism
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2002:Ashcan School
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1867:High Fidelity
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818:serious music
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564:Joseph Stalin
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534:This section
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58:December 2023
51:
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30:
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5206:1960s in art
5201:1950s in art
5164:
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4952:
4904:Ecomodernism
4812:
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4788:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4742:The Firebird
4740:
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4716:
4704:
4692:
4680:
4099:
4089:Citizen Kane
4087:
4078:Fallingwater
4068:Villa Savoye
4055:
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4031:
4019:
4007:
3997:Black Square
3995:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3815:Le Corbusier
3743:Architecture
2756:
2744:
2732:
2722:Mrs Dalloway
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2545:Lowell (Amy)
1917:mass culture
1914:
1909:
1881:
1874:
1869:, Feb. 1958)
1866:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1836:beatrice.com
1827:
1818:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1787:
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1764:
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1737:
1728:
1723:Holston, 86.
1719:
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1283:
1258:. Retrieved
1246:
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1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1163:
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1132:the original
1128:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1098:
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892:New Frontier
871:High culture
841:
815:contemporary
804:
790:
773:
745:
740:
718:
703:Le Corbusier
682:
678:
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647:
636:
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588:
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540:adding to it
535:
509:
489:
461:condominiums
454:
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410:
400:
393:
390:Le Corbusier
387:
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353:
341:
316:
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287:Confucianism
283:
275:Zhou dynasty
240:
236:Ford Model T
221:
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172:
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157:
125:
107:Gateway Arch
84:
80:
79:
64:
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
5159:Romanticism
5116:Remodernism
4997:Incoherents
4856:Avant-garde
4847:Armory Show
4454:Maeterlinck
4357:Villa-Lobos
4343:Szymanowski
4322:Stockhausen
4259:LutosĆawski
3977:(1909â1910)
2777:Visual arts
2750:(1928â1940)
2666:(1913â1927)
2189:Apollinaire
2153:Synchromism
1993:Art Nouveau
1059:(1): 4â44.
826:Tchaikovsky
809:. Composer
799:" art and "
797:avant-garde
759:In the arts
686:cul-de-sacs
595:Third World
584:third world
578:Geographer
492:PruittâIgoe
403:, Marseille
337:stage names
328:Connecticut
269:(replacing
267:bureaucracy
251:Qin dynasty
52:if you can.
5190:Categories
5046:Maximalism
4981:Literature
4656:Wiesenthal
4558:Cunningham
4551:Balanchine
4531:Witkiewicz
4503:Strindberg
4489:Pirandello
4461:Mayakovsky
4336:Stravinsky
4308:Schoenberg
4120:Performing
4045:Metropolis
3836:Mendelsohn
3641:Rossellini
3634:Richardson
3445:Fassbinder
3431:Eisenstein
3368:Cassavetes
3124:Modigliani
2998:Goncharova
2984:Giacometti
2378:Dos Passos
2180:Literature
2139:Surrealism
2050:Die BrĂŒcke
1402:(4): 546.
1260:2022-02-04
1224:2022-02-04
1174:2022-02-04
1141:2022-02-04
1105:15 January
929:References
836:See also:
832:Literature
768:See also:
727:increased
713:See also:
478:, and the
474:-inspired
407:apartments
232:Henry Ford
198:Hippodamus
122:Definition
5196:Modernism
5095:Pulp noir
5053:Modernity
4918:Film noir
4642:St. Denis
4565:Diaghilev
4301:Schaeffer
4224:Hindemith
4196:Dutilleux
4168:Boulanger
3973:The Dance
3669:Tarkovsky
3662:Sternberg
3494:Hitchcock
3410:Dovzhenko
3326:Antonioni
3271:Stieglitz
3110:Metzinger
3061:Kokoschka
3040:Kandinsky
2454:Aldington
2447:Akhmatova
2364:Marinetti
2357:Mansfield
2308:Hemingway
2146:Symbolism
1965:Movements
1958:Modernism
1548:1046-4883
1506:154252952
1498:0194-4363
1459:632410127
1416:0037-7732
1314:0149-2993
1300:(1): 48.
1081:146687944
1073:1475-2999
897:Scientism
822:Beethoven
505:Tom Wolfe
450:Singapore
446:Hong Kong
333:nicknames
302:Heian-kyĆ
271:feudalism
202:grid plan
160:modernism
154:Modernity
104:St. Louis
89:modernity
5177:Category
4778:Fountain
4682:Don Juan
4621:Nijinsky
4517:Wedekind
4496:Piscator
4391:Anderson
4315:Scriabin
4231:Honegger
3885:Sullivan
3871:Saarinen
3864:Rietveld
3857:Niemeyer
3829:Melnikov
3759:Bunshaft
3690:Truffaut
3655:Sjöström
3599:Pudovkin
3571:Minnelli
3536:Kurosawa
3529:Kuleshov
3459:Flaherty
3285:Vuillard
3264:Steichen
3222:Rousseau
3187:Pissarro
3166:O'Keeffe
3131:Mondrian
3082:Malevich
3075:Magritte
3047:Kirchner
2991:van Gogh
2942:Doesburg
2921:Delaunay
2914:Delaunay
2837:BrĂąncuÈi
2823:Boccioni
2786:Painting
2636:Williams
2559:Mallarmé
2475:Cendrars
2385:Platonov
2343:Lawrence
2336:Koestler
2273:Flaubert
2266:Faulkner
2231:Bulgakov
2160:Tonalism
2121:De Stijl
2105:Lettrism
2091:Futurism
1982:Art Deco
1654:100-101.
1338:(1984).
1269:cite web
1251:Archived
1168:Archived
917:Progress
864:See also
692:and the
654:BrasĂlia
633:BrasĂlia
627:BrasĂlia
324:Guilford
294:Chang'an
259:currency
247:Legalism
217:Politics
93:Cold War
34:require
4832:Related
4694:Ubu Roi
4649:Tamiris
4635:Sokolow
4614:Massine
4482:Osborne
4475:O'Neill
4468:O'Casey
4426:Chekhov
4412:Beckett
4398:Anouilh
4382:Theatre
4329:Strauss
4287:Russolo
4266:Milhaud
4245:JanĂĄÄek
4217:GĂłrecki
4210:Feldman
4189:Debussy
4182:Copland
4140:Antheil
3878:Steiner
3801:Johnson
3780:Guimard
3773:Gropius
3620:Resnais
3522:Kubrick
3452:Fellini
3438:Epstein
3424:Edwards
3389:Cocteau
3375:Chaplin
3347:Bresson
3340:Bergman
3319:Aldrich
3312:Akerman
3257:Soutine
3229:Schiele
3180:Picasso
3173:Picabia
3103:Matisse
2977:Gauguin
2949:Duchamp
2907:Kooning
2886:Claudel
2879:Chirico
2872:Chagall
2865:CĂ©zanne
2858:Cassatt
2830:Bonnard
2816:Bellows
2809:Balthus
2686:Ulysses
2608:Stevens
2601:Seferis
2420:Unamuno
2259:Forster
2238:Chekhov
2203:Beckett
2132:Orphism
2098:Imagism
2082:Bauhaus
2068:Fauvism
1973:Acmeism
1556:1425266
1424:2575593
1322:1424542
882:Fordism
472:Bauhaus
412:pilotis
339:, etc.
298:Beijing
273:of the
206:Piraeus
36:cleanup
4818:(1953)
4806:(1928)
4794:(1921)
4782:(1917)
4770:(1913)
4758:(1912)
4746:(1910)
4734:(1905)
4730:Salome
4722:(1902)
4710:(1899)
4698:(1896)
4686:(1888)
4663:Wigman
4593:Graham
4586:Fuller
4579:Fokine
4572:Duncan
4524:Wilder
4510:Toller
4447:Kaiser
4419:Brecht
4405:Artaud
4364:Webern
4350:VarĂšse
4280:Partch
4252:Ligeti
4175:Boulez
4147:BartĂłk
4105:(1943)
4093:(1941)
4081:(1936)
4071:(1931)
4061:(1929)
4049:(1927)
4037:(1925)
4025:(1923)
4013:(1920)
4001:(1915)
3989:(1912)
3965:(1907)
3953:(1889)
3941:(1887)
3929:(1886)
3906:Wright
3892:Tatlin
3850:Neutra
3752:Breuer
3718:Welles
3704:Vertov
3627:Renoir
3578:Murnau
3564:Marker
3557:Lupino
3515:Keaton
3501:Hubley
3487:Godard
3473:Fuller
3417:Dreyer
3396:Dassin
3354:Buñuel
3250:Sisley
3243:Signac
3236:Seurat
3208:Renoir
3026:Hopper
2928:Demuth
2851:Calder
2844:Braque
2795:Albers
2762:(1929)
2738:(1926)
2726:(1925)
2714:(1924)
2702:(1922)
2690:(1922)
2678:(1915)
2629:Valéry
2615:Thomas
2580:Pessoa
2524:George
2517:Elytis
2510:Ăluard
2496:Desnos
2468:Cavafy
2438:Poetry
2399:Proust
2392:Porter
2294:Hamsun
2252:Döblin
2245:Conrad
2217:Breton
2196:Barnes
2016:Cubism
1899:
1889:
1588:
1554:
1546:
1504:
1496:
1457:
1447:
1422:
1414:
1373:
1346:
1320:
1312:
1199:19 May
1079:
1071:
849:Second
801:kitsch
752:Inuvik
721:Canada
639:Brazil
480:hubris
417:UNESCO
320:Durham
300:, and
210:Athens
4988:Post-
4974:Music
4673:Works
4628:Shawn
4607:Laban
4542:Dance
4440:Jarry
4433:Ibsen
4371:Weill
4294:Satie
4203:Falla
4161:Berio
4131:Music
3916:Works
3843:Nervi
3787:Horta
3766:GaudĂ
3725:Wiene
3697:Varda
3683:Trnka
3592:Pabst
3550:Losey
3508:Jones
3480:Gance
3403:Deren
3382:Clair
3361:Carné
3333:Avery
3215:Rodin
3201:Redon
3159:Nolde
3152:Munch
3145:Moore
3138:Monet
3089:Manet
3068:LĂ©ger
3033:Kahlo
3012:Grosz
2970:Ernst
2963:Ensor
2900:Degas
2653:Works
2643:Yeats
2622:Tzara
2594:Rilke
2587:Pound
2566:Moore
2538:Lorca
2531:Jacob
2503:Eliot
2482:Crane
2461:Auden
2427:Woolf
2413:Svevo
2406:Stein
2371:Musil
2329:Kafka
2322:Joyce
2315:Hesse
2301:HaĆĄek
2224:Broch
2059:Music
1897:JSTOR
1552:JSTOR
1524:(PDF)
1502:S2CID
1420:JSTOR
1318:JSTOR
1254:(PDF)
1243:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
1077:S2CID
733:Inuit
4600:Holm
4273:Nono
4238:Ives
4154:Berg
4122:arts
3899:Mies
3822:Loos
3808:Kahn
3732:Wood
3711:Vigo
3676:Tati
3648:Sirk
3543:Lang
3466:Ford
3303:Film
3292:Wood
3117:MirĂł
3096:Marc
3054:Klee
3019:Höch
3005:Gris
2956:Dufy
2893:DalĂ
2573:Owen
2489:H.D.
2350:Mann
2287:Gide
2280:Ford
2210:Bely
2023:Dada
1887:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1544:ISSN
1494:ISSN
1455:OCLC
1445:ISBN
1412:ISSN
1371:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1310:ISSN
1275:link
1201:2021
1107:2022
1069:ISSN
824:and
750:and
605:and
448:and
322:and
222:The
179:see
102:The
3585:Ozu
3194:Ray
2935:Dix
2802:Arp
1536:doi
1486:doi
1404:doi
1302:doi
1061:doi
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1316:.
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1271:}}
1267:{{
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