Historiography of the Eighty Years' War

3309:(1910) argued that, besides the great financial troubles, 'that the religious motive of Henry had great, if not decisive, weight'. According to Rainer Babel (2021), this was 'a judgement which later research, with some nuances in detail, has not refuted', stating however that Bertrand Haan (2010) had 'a deviating interpretation' challenging this consensus. Haan (2010) argued that finances were more important than domestic religious dissension; the fact that the latter were prominent in the 1560s in both France and Spain may have led historians astray in emphasising the role of religion in the 1559 treaty. Megan Williams (2011) summarised: 'Indeed, Haan contends, it was not the treaty itself but its subsequent justifications which stoked French religious strife. The treaty's priority, he argues, was not a Catholic alliance to extirpate heresy but the affirmation of its signatories' honor and amity, consecrated by a set of dynastic marriages.' According to Haan, there is no evidence of a Catholic alliance between France and Spain to eradicate Protestantism, even though some contemporaries have pointed to the treaty's second article to argue such an agreement existed: 'The second article expresses the wish to convene an oecumenical council. People, the contemporaries first, have concluded that the agreement sealed the establishment of a united front of Philip II and Henry II against Protestantism in their states as in Europe. The analysis of the progress of the talks shows that this was not the case.' 3364:...while being in France, I've heard from the own mouth of King Henry, that the Duke of Alba employed means to exterminate all the suspects of Religion in France, in this Country, and throughout all of Christendom. When the king had outlined the main goal of the Spanish Council and the intention of the Spanish king and the duke of Alba, I pretended that I was already informed on the matter. This caused him to continue with an elaborate narration, from which I was able to sufficiently deduce the intention of the inquisitors. I would happily like to confess that at that moment, I felt a great compassion for so many people of honour, who had been delivered to death; furthermore, I felt sympathy with this country, with which I am so connected and where one thought to introduce a certain kind of inquisition, which would be more cruel than the Spanish. This Spanish inquisition was a trap to entangle both the Noblemen of the land and the people. Those, who could not be subjected by the Spaniards and their adherents by other means, would surely have easily fallen into their hands through this inquisition, from which escape is impossible. After all, you only had to look at a holy statue with contempt in order to be burnt at the stake. Moreover, I confess that at that moment, I resolved in all seriousness, that I would do my utmost to help expell this Spanish rabble, which I have not regretted up to this very moment. 3336: 2706:(1896) admitted that he struggled with keeping his narration of the war's first half brief: 'The size of the first part, which deals with the first half of the Eighty Years' War, has nevertheless already become larger than intended. While writing, the author came to the point of view that it was impossible to abridge the story of events, the outline of circumstances in this time so rich in changes, without damaging the proper understanding of the entire development of our people's existence.' To Van der Lem (1995), the entire post-1588 period was less interesting to recount because the ideological struggle had essentially been decided: 'As soon as had been taken, the continuation of the 'Revolt' or 'Eighty Years' War' became a regulated war. The ideological element did retain a role, but disappeared to the background. (...) The course of the struggle is henceforth a military one, in which not all conquests and losses need be remembered.' Van der Lem (1995) ended his narrative in 1609, and not until 2014 did he publish a new edition of his 1995 book in which the narrative was extended to 1648. 3435: 1763: 1407: 2013:("History of the Netherlandish Troubles in the 16th Century"; Amsterdam, 1865–70, 8 volumes) was important for finding/retrieving the role of Dutch Catholics in the Revolt, and contributed to their emancipation. Contrasting his own situation to earlier times of Calvinist censorship against 'popish naughtiness', Nuyens (1869) expressed relief that he or fellow Catholic writers would not be 'arrested or thrown out of the country, not even risk being reviled as a bastard-Dutchman or somesuch. In that respect, we happily acknowledge, we must commended our Protestant fellow citizens. They have made a lot of progress in tolerance in recent years. Nowadays, they feel that anyone in the Netherlands may write what he deems to be true, including those who are in large part convinced that the history of the 16th century has had a very one-sided representation.' 3824: 3594: 3373:, a propaganda piece in which he subsequently justified his actions in 1580. Klink (1997) stated that the arguments for denial are not strong. Bertrand Haan (2010), however, argued that 'the authenticity of this allegation cannot be determined'; although Alba would later act in a way that is compatible with such a plan to exterminate all Protestants, Henry II seemed not to act on it at all. It may well be that this testimony had merely been a way for Orange 'to blacken Alba's reputation, and more generally to denounce the irreconcilable and tyrannical tendencies of the Spanish government as a whole.' On the other hand, René van Stipriaan (2021) claimed: 'In recent times, the doubts about the historicity of this story have significantly decreased.' In any case, Orange would have been present at Henry's deathbed in early July 1559. 2213:

taxes. Though the lesser nobility and merchant class would cooperate in their rebellion, the former would decline and the latter acquire a dominating position in the Republic. Historians would eventually agree that a defining feature of arguments used by various rebel factions was that they invoked medieval privileges, regional autonomy and a freer market in support of their resistance to the Spanish government, championing a return to the old ways, but ended up non-deliberately creating 'an entirely new form of government' due to a consensus reached by the leaders of the Revolt. Even though the Dutch Republic was thus a modern polity without a hereditary head of state, the Revolt was not a forward-looking modern revolution which sought to break with the past, but a classical revolution which idealised the past.

1594: 3958:'Some events, which were picturesquely presented, are described at length in full detail; others, on the other hand, who are less suited for this purpose, are dismissed in passing with few words. This, in my view, is a grave, almost unforgivable mistake. The facts must come to the fore in proportion as they are important, not as they appear poetically. Evidently, whatever fact is most elaborately and most vividly drawn makes the deepest impression on the mind of the reader: but if this is not also the main fact around which the other incidents are grouped, then in the mind of the reader, the main and secondary matter in the representation are confused, and the memory will retain a distorted and false picture of history. In our judgement, Motley is glaringly at fault in this regard.' 3703:

After some princely manipulation , he was appointed stadtholder of Guelders on 22 May 1578.' Nassau's aims differed from his brother Orange: he sought to establish a union of Calvinist provinces in the Netherlands for the benefit of his fellow job-seeking Protestant German noblemen, but his own Catholic-dominated province of Guelders was mostly opposed to such an alliance. Despite staging a coup d'état to get his way on 7 September 1578 and appointing a lot of confidants on key positions, Nassau was unable to sway the majority of the States of Guelders, and he temporarily returned to Germany; it was then the representatives of Holland and Zeeland who completed the preparations for the Union of Utrecht, which failed to obtain majority consent in Guelders.

3521: 3225:" (the Netherlandish/Dutch people versus the Spaniards). But by the late 20th century, all scholars had abandoned this perspective: the Revolt was rather a war between civilians than an interstate war. Due to the nature of the conflict, the factions involved, and changing alliances, modern-day historians have put forward arguments that the Dutch Revolt was also a civil war. H.A. Enno van Gelder hypothesised that the Revolt had a politically progressive character, leading the way forward 'directly to the constitutional monarchy of the 19th century', but most historians have rejected his argumentation. Instead, Geyl, Rogier and others argued that the Revolt was motivated by conservatism: the 3676: 3967:'The Eighty Years' War is the best-known part of our history (...), but even from this period, only the beginning is commonly known; with the death of Prince William , the coherent knowledge of most people fades; they only remember a few loose facts about what happened after. (...) Likewise, the historiographers are too focused on the first period. The war, which was not too much for the ancestors to sustain, becomes too long for them to narrate. They reach for the Truce, which they already see from afar, and all too quickly skip over that which preceded it. And it is exactly in the meantime that the great case was settled, and our people's existence was established.' 1835:– to that end his representations are generally too outdated." Van Vloten appreciated Motley's attempt to generate attention to the history of the Netherlands amongst an English-speaking audience, but his lack of Dutch-language knowledge prevented him from reviewing the latest insights from Dutch historiographers, and made him prone to partiality in favour of the Protestants and against the Catholics. Van Vloten therefore rejected Bakhuizen's assertion that Motley had laid a "proper foundation" for further research, and Fruin's suggestion of merely doing some "addition and correction" wouldn't be enough to save it. Fruin published a new two-part review of the book in 2347:("a war (...), that is now conducted in its seventy-third year"), meaning that he counted from 1568. Groenveld (2020) concluded that this discrepancy indictated that contemporaries did not exactly agree on when hostilities broke out, in part because at no point 'war' had been formally declared: 'The term "Eighty Years'" didn't possess mathematical precision, but was an approximate designation. And "War" had a broader meaning than just "large-scale and officially declared armed conflict".' For legal purposes, Article 56 of the Peace of Münster (signed 30 January 1648, ratified 15 May 1648) defined 1567 as the year in which the war started: 3246:

goes for the efforts to establish a monopolish Calvinist church, to counter the Habsburg centralisation policies and the defence of endangered privileges, to maintain the power of both the greater and lesser nobility, the attempts to definitively remove foreign troops.' Only because all these dissatisfied groups gradually joined forces over time in their struggle against the sovereign's advisors, and eventually the sovereign himself, with many unexpected turns of events, this result could come about. Quoting Hooft, Groenveld stated that the conflict had elements of civil war, revolt against lawful authority, and religious war.

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Dutch translation. It remains unclear why the States of Holland apparently blocked the Latin publication in 1612, but Waszink concluded they probably found Grotius too critical. Rather than presenting the war as 'a united fight for faith and the old freedoms', Grotius wrote that it was 'a difficult struggle with powerful Spain on the one hand, and with divisions, political self-interest and religious fanaticism on the Dutch side on the other.' Meanwhile, the Catholic Church, though initially positive about a Latin version of the book published in 1657, concluded it had anti-Catholic contents and put it

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the various provinces obstructed or delayed even the most reasonable compromises, and sabotaged the eventual mid-1571 full-on Tenth Penny introduction 'in all possible, sometimes very childish ways.' Nevertheless, Alba proved incompetent to introduce these necessary tax reforms, which he appears to have admitted by requesting king Philip II at the end of every letter to him to send a successor to take over his job as governor-general. He also vainly tried to force the matter upon the city of Brussels's populace by closing their shops and threatening to execute 17 prominent burghers in early 1572.

3805: 1487:(Rome 1638–49, 2 v.), and a Spanish edition by Melchior de Novar (Cologne 1681, 3 v.). Scifoni (1849) stated that 'Strada's work will hold a distinct place among the historical works of the 17th century', despite its 'useless digressions, the insignificant peculiarities and the abuse of comparisons, sentences and all the vain formulas marked by the oratory style'. Strada made extensive use of the Farnese family archives (now destroyed), and was very critical of Alba's performance in fighting the rebels in the Netherlands. According to Reijner (2020), Strada and 2037: 2075:: Nuyens supposedly always contradicted whatever Protestant historians had said (deviating from literary convention); was overly harsh of Motley's book; had an undeservedly negative judgement of Orange's character and goal; and an incorrect view of causes of the Revolt. Nuyens attempted to defend himself against Fruin's criticism in 1869, while thanking Fruin for his balanced review and praising him: '...no more talented, no more honest history writer will one find in the Netherlands but , who would never knowingly twist the truth.' 3658:(17 January 1583). Save from a few allies, Van der Lem (1995) stated that Orange had become 'an isolated political figure' amidst the overwhelmingly critical rebel leadership, and was even deserted by his brother and long-time ally Jan van Nassau, as he kept insisting on reconciling with Anjou and obtaining French intervention. Van der Lem (1995) regarded the assassination of William of Orange in 1584 as a turning point, arguing that his political and religious ideals died with him. He did note that 1896:"No wonder our people have only incomplete knowledge of the history of the revolt against Spain. Our Protestant historiographers do not consider themselves called upon to elaborate on the outrages perpetrated by the rebels: they pass over such scenes with a general description and a word of disapproval. And a Catholic historiographer worthy of being read by everyone has not yet arisen. Where, then, will the public, from whom one surely cannot require a study of the sources, learn the full truth?" 3712: 3210:, but the mayor calmed him down. According to Grotius (1612), the primary motive for the Revolt was not the struggle for faith (that is, orthodox Calvinism), but the (sometimes selfish) political considerations of the cities, nobility and provinces, namely, the maintenance of their privileges and serving their own (financial) interests. It has been suspected that the States of Holland, who commissioned Grotius' book, refused to publish it because they disagreed with this perspective on the war. 7266: 7979: 2071:: this Puritan American historian, whose work had been translated to Dutch by the liberal Bakhuizen van den Brink (who added an exciting introduction), had engaged in a systematic misrepresentation of a great deal of things, and that had to be corrected. Nuyens thus made essential contributions to Fruin's project of having a complete and balanced 'national' perspective on the Eighty Years' War. Fruin did object to four problematic aspects in the 3138: 2576: 3768:, who was executed on 13 May 1619 at the instigation of Maurice, has been the subject of many Dutch historians' disputes. The interest of scholars focuses not just on the characters and actions of the two men, but also on what they were (later) said to represent: the earliest forms of the Orangist militarist stadtholderate that would eventually evolve into the Orange dynasty / Dutch monarchy of 1813 that still exists today, versus the 2162:) was the military basis of the Spanish forces, and that the eventual border between these northern and southern strongholds therefore fell somewhere in between at an arbitrary line 'where the generals had managed to advance for all sorts of reasons'. His assumption that the Dutch-language area in the Habsburg Netherlands had constituted a cultural unit upon which it would have made more sense to found a state – the so-called 3645:

mission, so great were the mutual opposites in the Netherlands. (...) A second goal that Orange had set himself, and on which the rebellion's success largely depended, was to get France involved in the struggle. If this powerful country with its mighty potential would militarily back the rebels, it would be done deal.' Although Orange managed to get the States-General to accept the French king's brother and heir presumptive

4003:'The Eighty Years' War was not primarily a religious war, but religious conflicts did play an important role: Catholic Spain against the Protestant – or rather the Protestant-run – Netherlands, and inside the Netherlands itself the strict Calvinists against the more liberal Arminians, who – just like the Erasmians inside the Catholic Church – were influenced by a freethinking and tolerant Renaissance spirit.' 1883:. When reading the moving book, I hadn't noticed that as much. I did note many inaccuracies in it, and called them out in my review; but non-Catholic as I am, it hadn't occurred to me that many of those falsehoods and exaggerations came from a bias in Protestant and liberal understandings, and for that reason had to be doubly insulting to strict Catholics. Dr Nuyens was the first to make this clear to me.' 3554:(May–August 1588) began the 'adversity which Philip would suffer almost without interruptions from now on, which is to be attributed more to his own mistakes than the cooperation of his enemies. (...) The attack on England, waged recklessly, fell apart, and prevented the submission of the Netherlands.' Kosterman (1999), too, blamed Philip for appointing the inexperienced and incompetent 3977:

changes in the political and religious spheres had to be described in detail in order to show clearly how a free Republic was formed out of the nascent Burgundian Monarchy. Nor was it possible to speak briefly about the way in which during the war the foundations were laid in the North for the flourishing of trade and industry, which developed on such a grand scale in the 17th century.'

2022: 3909:'after long hesitation'. The fact that Oldenbarnevelt secured the Twelve Years' Truce (undermining Maurice's military position) and opposed one-person sovereignty (obstructing Maurice's dynastic aspirations) is what caused their rift, while the religious conflicts between them 'barely played a role, because the confessional colours of both has always remained vague.' According to 3890:

and the one which cost him both his office and his life; Maurice used his military force to stage a coup by disbanding the city mercenaries, arresting all political opposition, and appointing his own special court to have Oldenbarnevelt tried and executed. Although he had few friends in life due to being 'tyrannical', his 'dishonourable end motivated his allies such as the poet

1801:. Bakhuizen was very positive about the book: "The work of Motley seems to me to represent such a proper foundation for the history of the formation of the Commonwealth of United Netherlands, that it almost becomes a duty to contribute everything that one himself possesses to continue building on that foundation." Fellow liberal historian 1679:, mentioning their positive and negative sides, although the emphasis would still be on the latter. Towards the end of his book, Orange became the main character, the story's hero who was killed too soon, and never sought power for himself but only served the States. As his health deteriorated, Hooft's coverage of the period in which the 1356:

very one-sided in their views. Their successors, the men who wrote about the Dutch Revolt in the eighteenth century, drew on them and worked out their material further. There was no longer the slightest doubt in their minds whether the revolt was lawful: Philip was a hideous tyrant; Orange to one side a man of God, to the other (the

2005:, who was promoting a Calvinist-Orangist nationalism. He was hoping for a critical Catholic historian to arise and bring balance to the onesidedness of Dutch historiography of the war, that had been dominated by Protestants for centuries. The Catholic answer to the Protestant and liberal historiography came from 2684:(1857) noted that history writers had a tendency to write only about the early part of the conflict until the assassination of William of Orange in 1584 (and lay people likewise only remembered this early part well), while this was in no way a turning point of the war; in Fruin's view, it was not until the 2642:

breadth of the Netherlands, driven by class and sectarian dynamics, between loyalists and dissident subjects in "revolt" against their sovereign ruler. What followed, they argue, was a regular war between a de facto independent, territorially-bounded nation-state — the Dutch provinces united by the

3414:, the whole of imaginary stories that were doing and still do the rounds about Spanish history. (Swart 1975) In reality, the Spanish Inquisition was never introduced in the Netherlands, nor did Philip II intend to introduce it in the Netherlands." There was only a short-lived attempt at establishing a 3889:

and withstanding the pressure of the dynastic interests of Orange and Bourbon upon the republican government. His decision to have the States of Holland adopt the Sharp Resolution of August 1617 to allow cities to hire their own security forces was 'the only important defeat Oldenbarnevelt suffered',

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judged his decision to have Maurice appointed as stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland ('but with restrictions establishing the sovereignty of the States'), and thereby 'the 'national' counterpart of the English governor-general ', to be a 'masterpiece'. Simultaneously, however, this created the core of

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in 1883, but modern historians have challenged this notion. According to Kosterman (1999), Jan van Nassau more or less suddenly appeared in 1577, 'leaving behind family, house and possessions due to great financial stress, coming down from Dillenburg to the Netherlands looking for a well-paying job.

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in social organisation; the allegedly impoverished lesser nobility which rebelled against the threats to their privileges; or frustrations by the emerging middle classes that they were unable to obtain more political and economic power to match their increasing wealth, but instead faced heavier trade

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was the most influential Catholic historian; he vehemently rejected the apologetical Catholic historiography of the 19th century. Under the guise of 'Catholic emancipation', Rogier argued, Catholic historians had failed to be self-critical and to treat non-Catholics in the same way as they themselves

3477:, and thus the half-sister of Philip II, risked undermining her authority: 'It depended on the good disposition with which one wished to judge her, whether one remembered her illegitimate birth or her descent from Emperor Charles.' He rejected the view of traditional historiography that, through the 3469:

that the noblemen finally respected her authority: 'Henceforth powerfully supported by Peter Ernst von Mansfeld, Noircarmes, Arenberg and Megen, Margaret managed to restore order.' It concluded that Philip's sending of Alba to the Netherlands was 'an unfortunate and unnecessary measure' that led her

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Some historiographers doubt the historicity of this meeting. Van der Lem (1995) stated: "In later years, Orange spread a fable about this stay . (...) In reality, Orange's thoughts were hardly on matters of religion then: his wife Anna van Buren had died the year before and he was busy looking for a

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Historians have manifested a tendency to focus on the first part of the war, regarding the death of Orange in 1584, the year 1588 (various reasons), or the Truce of 1609 to be turning points, after which they considered it no longer important or interesting to narrate subsequent events of the war to

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had nothing positive to say about Motley, whom Nuyens accused of writing a novel rather than a history book. He shared the criticism of Fruin and especially Van Vloten that Motley had 'distorted' and 'twisted' facts, and 'painted them according to his fantasy' whenever that would make Philip II, the

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principle, excluded gruesome details of pillaging and battles. The book was commissioned by the States of Holland, but they didn't publish it. It was not until 1681 that a Dutch translation was published, and half a century later it was forgotten again until 2014, when Jan Waszink published a modern

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Because of all this, only one part of the Dutch people was left to do the talking, as soon as there was talk of 'the revolt against the Spanish tyranny'; the other, however, might have its traditions, its views, its opinions, yet it could not express them. Bor, van Meteren, Reyd, Hooft, all remained

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had to be abolished urgently. his harsh treatment of rebels rightly earned him his nickname 'iron duke'.' Kosterman (1999) even regarded the immediate collection of the Tenth Penny as 'necessary to finance the Spanish army', which was threatening mutiny due to lack of pay. Meanwhile, the States of

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and especially Granvelle could easily control Margaret, but although they frequently advised the governoress, this merely created 'the illusion that a clique of three people was running the show'. Contrary to what nationalist historians have implied, Van der Lem said, this woman and these three men

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Groenveld (2020) stated that the 'extraordinary result' of the war had not been envisioned by anyone at the start. 'All intended goals had been far more limited. Each one had manifested within a group of proponents, which had proven to be too weak to accomplish something definitive on its own. That

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after they proclaimed the Republic in 1588, expelled the Spanish forces and established peace, safety and prosperity for their population. Conventional historiography has a tendency to gloss over the rest of the war, and focus on the economic flourishing of especially the province of Holland in the

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as the Israelites' liberator from slavery. However, in the last 20 years of his life (1626–1647), he became more balanced and nuanced, and at that time he wrote his historical book about the war (which was still ongoing, and only concluded a year after Hooft died). Imitating Tacitus' style, Hooft's

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in 1569, which was confirmed by the emperor, although Philip II of Spain disapproved. Although the Papacy's diplomatic role increased during the Wars of Religion, popes and papal legates played no role in negotiating the most significant truces and treaties between the Habsburg and Valois monarchs

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between 1632 and 1647, the first 'decade' in 1632, the second in 1641. The first set of ten books (the first 'decade') covered the period from Charles V's abdication in 1555 to the death of Don Juan of Austria in October 1578. The second set of ten books (the second 'decade') covered the time from

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and the Eighty Years' War) in subsequent decades. Some historians think that this royal Catholic conspiracy to exterminate all European Protestants is historical, other historians have concluded that it never existed, and is part of Protestant propaganda that was especially promoted by William of

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for the Catholic religion in the North, thus putting religious interests above political ones. Van der Lem (1995) stated: 'The Revolt in the Netherlands or Eighty Years' War (...) was about three fundamental rights pertaining to all times, all countries, and – unfortunately – have lost nothing in

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In a 2019 official history produced under the direction of the Netherlands Institute of Military History, the authors contend that "Dutch Revolt" is a misnomer if applied to the entire span of the war, as only the first phase of the Eighty Years' War unfolded as an internecine conflict across the

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of August 1867 has become a classic. Fruin said the entire Dutch nation had a lot to learn from Nuyens's Catholic point of view, drawing attention to numerous issues he himself had missed, such as the Protestant biases of leading historiographers. Moreover, Fruin admitted that he had been carried

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vehemently criticised Maurice and admired Oldenbarnevelt in his poems), placing them at the beginning of both political traditions, modern historians have argued that these binary representations are oversimplifications of reality. Many have pointed out that Oldenbarnevelt and Maurice cooperated

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didn't yet have its later nationalistic meaning in the 16th century, and that the Protestant-dominated Dutch Republic covering just the northern Netherlands (as it would achieve independence in 1648) would certainly not have been the 'fatherland' that Orange had envisioned, namely, a 17-province

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L.J. Rogier (1947) wrote that the importance of religious motives varied throughout the war: although the Eighty Years' War would not have started because of religion, that would become the most important reason for its continuation because of "uproar of Calvinists". At the Truce negotiations in

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Nevertheless, the style of Nuyens was later criticised as overly apologetical; his writings to promote the rights and equality of Dutch Catholics has been considered hardly self-critical nor source-critical compared to Fruin. In the early 20th century, Catholic historians increasingly valued the

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The reverse side also features an abbreviation in the inner circle: N. O. V. L. S. G. I. P. A. C. (Nummus Obsessae Vrbis Lugduni Sub Gubernatione Illustrissimi Principis Auraici Cusus), Latin for "Coin stamped in the besieged city of Leiden under the governance of the most illustrious Prince of

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Blok explained why he couldn't abridge the first half: 'The sieges of Haarlem, Alkmaar, Leiden and Antwerp, the campaigns of prince William and prince Maurice are not just of great importance to military history: they are neatly interwoven with the entire people's history. The complex course of

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as its political organisation. Although various nominal counts or kings who had ruled over them in the intervening centuries, they 'never really mattered', and the supposed Batavi-turned-Hollanders had always remained republican at heart, and free in practice. The Dutch Revolt against Spain was

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stated that Maurice 'mastered the new, mathematics-based art of war equal to , and after Farnese's death, he was the unmatched greatest military leader of his time.' On the other hand, Maurice wasn't as political shrewd, being 'overshadowed by Oldenbarnevelt', and only 'managing to escape' the

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Although he acknowledged there had been other Catholic writers, Nuyens found none of their writings to be particularly notable so far: 'To be honest, in the Northern Netherlands one does not find a Catholic writer of any repute, or influence, who has described the history of the Netherlandish

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would have been impossible without the bulk of the Spanish army under Parma being tied up in France. Van der Lem (2019) concurred with Fruin that the Ten Years were militarily 'crucial', although it had more to do with the absence of Parma than the brilliance of the Republic's war efforts and

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Frederiks (1999) stated: 'During the 1570s, Orange had continuously attempted to get the rebel provinces in agreement in their resistance against the king. That way they would evidently be strongest, and prevent Philip from pitting them against each other. Orange was faced with an impossible

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The Dutch States General, for dramatic effect, decided to promulgate the ratification of the Peace of Münster (which was actually ratified by them on 15 May 1648) on the 80th anniversary of the execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horne (5 June 1568), namely, 5 June 1648. Within decades, the

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humorously pointed out in 2007: 'I don't think that during the Eighty Years' War, someone said after forty years: "Finally, we are half way!"' Nevertheless, during the war, people seem to have had roughly similar ideas about when the war started, and how long it had been ongoing so far. On 20

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were far from the only Italian historians writing about the Eighty Years' War: an unusually high number of them from across the peninsula, such as Florence and Genoa, used the revolt happening in the Habsburg Netherlands for their own purposes in arguing against the dominance of the Spanish

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as their new sovereign on 23 January 1581, 'yet Orange's plan was only half successful: Holland and Zeeland did not participate, as they refused to even consider subjecting themselves to a lord who was a Catholic.' Moreover, the other States would also be in constant conflict with Anjou.

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offered Margaret the petition on 5 April 1566, again demanding to moderate the persecution of Protestants, she was nervous and hesitant, leading Berlaymont to say: 'N'ayez pas peur, Madame, ce ne sont que des gueux' ("Do not fear, Madam, they are mere beggars"), the origin of the term

3734:(1911) went as far as to say that the assassination of Orange in 1584 was a meaningless crime, because he had already been powerless to mount a proper defence against Parma's seemingly unstoppable advances for years. Fruin (1857), seconded by Van der Lem (2019), emphasised that the 3539:'s planned tax reforms as reasonable for a 'modern ruler' in the face of unstable revenues, high expenditures and repeated bankruptcy crises in the second half of the 16th century: 'It was very much in the interest of Philip to be able to introduce regular taxes rather than 1351:', it was publicly privileged), whose Calvinist preachers were able to influence the secular authorities (the States) to punish any Catholic inhabitant for mounting public criticism of the Protestant consensus on history. Nuyens (1869) summarised the situation as follows: 1375:, the Defences of the States against Don Juan, etc., etc., were regarded as infallible truths: the "Romish folks," as one expressed themselves, they might well live in peace and tranquility, provided they behaved only quietly and did not claim the least of rights at all. 3360:, Orange alleged that, when he, Alba and Egmont were held as hostages in France in June 1559 to ensure the implementation of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, the following event occurred when he had a meeting with Henry II of France while the latter was on a hunt: 4464:"De Opkomst van de Nederlandsche Republiek, door John Lothrop Motley, met Inleiding en Aanteekeningen van Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink. Te 's Gravenhage, bij W.P. van Stockum. 1857. In drie Deelen à f 11-25. In roijaal 8vo. Eerste Aflevering, XXVIII en 32 bl" 3126:

Martin Berendse stated in 2009: 'Much has already been written about , and just as often attempts have been made to characterise it: a revolt against the legal authorities, a religious war, a struggle for independence, a European war, a struggle for free trade.'

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Although the name "Eighty Years' War" and the starting year of 1568 would thus come to dominate historiography, they would be challenged by the alternative names "Dutch Revolt" or simply "the Revolt", and earlier dates such as 1566 or 1567, in the 20th century.

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Despite this, Dutch historiographers have long assumed that such an alliance between the two Catholic monarchs was concluded during the peace talks at Le Cateau, albeit in secret, mostly because William of Orange made claims to that extent in his December 1580

2368:

tot den aenvanck vanden twaalfjarigen Trefves, als mede den tijt die gelopen heeft sedert de expiratie vande geleijde trefves tot het besluijt van dit tractaet, en sal niet werden gereeckent oom ijemand daermede te vercorten, ofte andersints te prejudicieren.

1821:(1860): "...regarding the appropriate valuation of Motley's efforts (...), I rather less agree with your overly favourable judgement. (...) One cannot continue building on Motley; to that end – save for the few bits and pieces he copied here and there from 3876:

the 'increasing animosity between Oldenbarnevelt and Maurice', as the former (backed by the States of Holland) continuously rejected the idea of granting sovereignty to a 'hereditary chief', while especially Zeeland was in favour of recognising Maurice as

2756:

committed by both rebel and royal forces. These atrocities and tragedies in the borderlands, scholars say, should not be ignored, let alone should it be implied that the 'Golden Age' was experienced by everyone in (what would become) the Dutch Republic.

3558:

as admiral of the Armada, while sending his very competent general Parma to invade France, 'thus spoiling his chances of still subduing the rebellious Northern Netherlands, a task that Parma had been carrying out with great success before the Armada.'

7470: 2335:: 'The heavy blows we had to endure in just this one, past year, have had a greater impression on the population here than all the misfortunes of 63 years of war put together', meaning that he counted from 1566. In 1641, in the first volume of the 3287:

Some historians have claimed that all signatories of the treaty needed to 'purge their lands of heresy'; in other words, all their subjects had to be forcefully reverted to Catholicism. Visconti (2003), for example, claimed that when pressured by

2665:

the same level of detail, either because these events are said to have had far less military significance for the result of the war in 1648, or far less significance for the further political, institutional, religious, cultural, or socio-economic

2807:

in the summer of 1566 also had a strongly organisational character, which was not without political motives . Therefore, I am in favour of viewing the initial phase of the Revolt as a troubled period of unrest, which is situated between 1566 and

1578:

therefore a confirmation of a very old, long-established freedom rather than a rebellion against a legitimate and widely recognised monarch. This Batavian myth continued to have large influence, reaching its zenith during the late-18th-century

3884:

stated that Oldenbarnevelt 'managed, based on no legal document whatsoever, to raise the position of his own office to be the most important officials in the entire Republic'. It admired his diplomatic skill of attracting allies, forcing the

2735:

continued to be devastated by decades of uninterrupted warfare, with armies forcing farmers to hand over their food, or destroying their crops to deny food to the enemy. Both parties levied taxes on farmers in the still-contested environs of

1666:

successors had supposedly violated the inalienable sovereignty of the States, even though his arguments were 'unhistorical' according to Groenveld (1981). On the other hand, he tried to present a nuanced view of Spanish adversaries such as

2376:

iusques au comancement dela Trefve de douze ans, comme aussy le temps, qui a couru depuis l'expiration de la ditte Trefve iusques á la conclusion de ce traité, ne sera compté, pour par ce moyen donner preiudices, ou dommage á quelqu'un.

1360:) in all cases a great benefactor of his country; the Reformed fought for the true freedom of the children of God, for the pure Gospel light; they also fought for civil liberties against a most appalling despotism. The party papers of 3847:(2002), 'Oldenbarnevelt is generally recognised as a first-rate intellect, a sharp jurist, the constitutional builder of the Republic of United Netherlands and the founder of its position in the world.' He worked 'with to prevent 1805:

published an almost equally positive review of the book in 1859, admiring Motley's talents as a writer, agreeing with Bakhuizen's "favourable judgement wholeheartedly", although the book required some "addition and correction".

1342:

would agree in the mid-19th century, 'before 1798, it was impossible for Catholics in the Northern Netherlands to describe the history of the revolution of the sixteenth century', because the Dutch Republic was dominated by the

3300:

in his domain that would last until July 1561. However, modern historians disagree about the primary motives of Philip II of Spain and especially Henry II of France to conclude this peace treaty. Because Henry II had told the

4022:

Original French text: "...quand estant en France j'eus entendu de la propre bouche du Roy Henry, que le Duc d'Alve traictoit des moyens pour exterminer tous les suspects de la Religion en France, en ce Pays et par toute la

1775: 1739:

historian H. Smitskamp (1940) judged that Groen was all too often limiting himself to ideals as a factor in history, and had an overreliance on 'God's hand in history', which was increasingly seen as scholarly problematic.

2384:

until the commencement of the Twelve Years' Truce, as well as the time which has run since the expiration of the said Truce until the conclusion of this treaty, will not be counted as a means to prejudice or harm anyone.

1654:

work was didactic, trying to teach his readers lessons by using events from the war as examples, but he often struggled to construct a coherent narrative to explain certain chains of events, especially the actions of Don

3725:

was an unmatched diplomatic and military genius. Mulder et al. (2008) called him 'a smart diplomat and a talented general.' Likewise, Groenveld (2009) referred to Farnese's 'capable military and diplomatic performance'.

3511:

that the Beeldenstorm outrage regained her the nobility's loyalty and thereby the ability to crush the unrest herself, but Philip already sent Alba with a Spanish army before he was informed that Margaret had succeeded.

3237:

1608, the revolt had already evolved so much to a war of religion that the Austrian archduke and archduchess were prepared to renounce their sovereignty over the United Provinces in exchange for their demand of complete

2168:– was not widely adopted and sometimes countered, but his other insights proved valuable for Eighty Years' War studies, such as the Protestantisation of the Northern Netherlands. Unlike his staunch nationalist colleague 3543:. A modern ruler – in the 16th century, therefore, an absolute monarch – had to have access to sufficient finances.' Similarly, they regarded criticism of Alba's implementation of Philip's tax reforms as 'unjustified'. 3653:

After years of conducting a pro-French policy and trying to secure Anjou's position as the new monarch of the Netherlands and getting French military support, Orange lost a great deal of power and influence due to the

2787:'...historical research of the last few years has brought to light that the traditional vision, in which the year 1568 is presupposed as the starting date of the Revolt , should be amended somewhat . The Revolt of the 3792:

fairly well during the Ten Years, were in fact dependent on each other to accomplish their goals, and balanced each other out. Still, there is a consensus that Maurice committed a coup d'état in August 1618, and the

2153:

were the result of the logical course of history, whereas it made more sense to Geyl if the state borders had coincided with the Franco–Dutch language border. Geyl managed to convince many of his colleagues that the

3913:'s 2000 biography of Maurice, he "failed as the winner of the conflict" the moment Oldenbarnevelt's head rolled: "If there was a court of history, it would unambigiously pronounce a guilty verdict over Maurice". 1492:

Habsburgers in (northern) Italy. In return, Netherlandish historiographers and opionmakers thankfully cited the works of Strada, Bentivoglio and other Italian authors in support of their arguments against Spain.

3452:(2002) regarded her as 'not very independent in general', as the powerful men in her political milieu repeatedly compelled her to act differently than she had intended. 'She acquiesced to the advice of cardinal 1868:. This was a well-known fact by the time Motley visited Belgium, and Nuyens suggested he could easily have falsified the story if he wanted to, but instead Motley repeated the already-refuted rumour by claiming 1839:

in 1862, which was a lot more critical of Motley's tendency to make up "facts", or emphasise less relevant events and downplay more relevant events, if they made for a more interesting or picturesque narrative.

2195:

sought to demonstrate that many of the developments during the Dutch Revolt were impossible to understand but from an international perspective, and that one also needed to look at events through Spanish eyes.

7465: 2207:

In the 1950s and 1960s, new ways of interpreting the various socio-economic processes during the war came to the fore. The driving forces behind the Revolt were variously identified as the role played by the

3730:(2002) stated: "Farnese, who was not just an outstanding general, but also a great diplomat, not only accomplished the reconquest, but also the reconciliation of the Southern Netherlands." Belgian historian 3464:

stated that the noblemen's interference with her government 'increased the chaos in the land', and that Margaret was 'filled with fear, and forced to compromise'. It was thanks to the outrage caused by the

2118:

without insight into the Spanish sources. Those are very extensive. They are located in Madrid and Brussels. Therefore, a Dutch historian needs to cross the border if they want to learn about their past."

1925:). Van der Zeijden circumscribed his method as 'a careful investigation of authentic historical sources (usually state documents as well as letters and memoirs of important statesmen)' and 'an impartial, 1636:

republican perspective on justifying the revolt against Spain based on the sovereignty of the States, regarding Orange as their servant. In 1609, 28-year-old Hooft wrote several poems to commemorate the

3641:. Historians from all backgrounds have struggled to come up with an evidence-based, balanced evaluation of who Orange was, what he did or tried to accomplish, and what his place in history ought to be. 2779:

Until the mid-20th century, 1568 was generally assumed as the year in which the war started. A new point of view regarding the early years of the conflict emerged in the 1960s, with Belgian historian

2692:(2002) stated: "One could argue that the struggle between the Republic and Spain was actually already decided by or during the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621), although the borders weren't yet clear." 2273: 2397: 16:

This article is about how the Eighty Years' War has been seen after it started, and debates between historians how to write about the war. For the reasons why the Eighty Years' War broke out, see

7621: 7261: 2583:

In part because of the arbitrary dating of the war's beginning, and thus the total length of eighty years upon which the war's name is based, some historians have endeavoured to replace the term

1509: 6854:"De Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Beroerten der XVIe Eeuw, uit een Katholiek oogpunt beschouwd. Andwoord aan Prof. R. Fruin, Prof. J. Van Vloten en Dr M. Van Deventer, door Dr W.J.F. Nuyens" 3498:(October 1565); this put the governoress at odds with the nobility, who had demanded several moderations of anti-heresy policies that Philip had now all rejected. According to legend, when the 2535:, era per dare riputatione alle loro armi, e tirare ne'loro interessi molti Principi, ch'erano gelosi della Francia." ("... the firmness with which the Hollanders had sustained for more than 3266:

agreed to a Catholic alliance to exterminate all Protestant 'heretics' in their realms and the rest of Europe. In part, this belief serves as an explanation why the kings decided to end the

7661: 3611:

is probably the most controversial figure of the Eighty Years' War, with commentators approaching him with a wide variety of views. These perspectives have ranged from considering Orange a

3335: 4032:'Henry was on the brink of death with high fevers for more than a week, during which William of Orange was one of the few allowed to pay him another visit. The king died on 10 July.' 4596:

Geschiedenis der nederlandsche beroerten in de XVIe eeuw. Geschiedenis van den opstand in de Nederlanden, van de komst van Alva tot aan de bevrediging van Gend (1567–1576). Volume 2

3196: 3406:(12 May 1559), Van der Lem (1995) remarked: "The secrecy that came about with the ecclesiastical reorganisation fed rumours that the king was also going to introduce the so-called 3296:

proclaimed the Edict of Nice (15 February 1560), prohibiting Protestantism on pains of a large fine, enslavement or banishment, which soon led to an armed revolt by the Protestant

2710:

The chaotic and dramatic early decades of the Eighty Years' War, which were filled with civil revolts and large-scale urban massacres, largely ended for the provinces north of the

7779: 3181: 3494:(Granvelle); they were neither necessarily 'pro-Spanish' nor 'anti-national'. The only person who could really overrule Margaret was king Philip, which he did with the first two 2009:(1823–1894), who argued that Catholics could also be good patriots, and that many of them had fought on the Dutch side against the Spanish during the Revolt. Nuyens's main work 3242:

relevance: about the freedom of religion and conscience, the right to self-determination, and the right to co-determination' (representatives having a say in decision-making).

4044:'The Belgian historian Henri Pirenne qualified the murder of Orange as a useless crime. After all, in his last years, the prince was unable to cope with the advance of Parma.' 3410:

in the Netherlands. About few institutions in history such great fables and absurdities have been told as the Spanish Inquisition. (...) All of this is part of the so-called

3176:("this is about liberty"). In a 19 December 1573 church sermon, preacher Taling rebuked the city magistrate, comparing them to pigs and asserting the coins should have said 1793:(2002), Bakhuizen 'renewed and raised historical scholarship together with Robert Fruin as historian and unsurpassed master of historical criticism.' In 1857, he translated 2089:

historical-critical method; they criticised Nuyens for not supporting many of his claims, and they pointed to Fruin as the example to be followed. In the mid-20th century,

1762: 1532: 7580: 1852:

Spaniards or the Catholics look worse, or the Dutch rebels or Protestants look better. For example, Nuyens (1869) pointed out that the baseless rumour that the heads of

1198:

of the war (particularly when it started, which events to include or exclude, and whether the effective length of the war justifies counting "eighty years" or not), the

807: 3555: 949: 78: 1483:(London 1650). There were many editions of the original Latin, and continuations were prepared by G. Dondini and A. Gallucci, an Italian translation by C. Papini and 7724: 1611: 1872:

to be true (whereas his predecessors never presumed the story's veracity), and even exaggerated it by adding details that made Philip II look even more despicable.

945: 3990:(sold out) and has been corrected and supplemented here. An entirely new text was published on 24 October 2014 by Vantilt Publishers in Nijmegen under the title: 7244: 1406: 2659: 6719:

Kosterman, Hans (1999). "Alva en de tiende penning; De Unie van Utrecht; De Armada; De terechtstelling van Johan van Oldenbarnevelt". In Willem Velema (ed.).

2300:(15 May 1648), thereby amounting to roughly eighty years. In the 20th century, historians came to consider this dating to be "completely arbitrary", with the 7379: 5901: 1361: 7606: 1447:(30 January 1590). A third volume is said to have been prevented from publication by Spanish authorities. Strada's first volume was translated to Dutch as 3164:

Even during the war, there were fierce and sometimes violent arguments amongst the rebels about why they were fighting. For example, during the 1573–1574

1879:, he stated in 1867: 'I must now confess that the tone in which the eloquent American has written must be offensive to Catholics, and what is much worse, 7818: 7429: 7305: 2431: 1691:

became increasingly incoherent. Hooft got as far as describing 1587 when he died in 1647, unable to realise his ambition of catching up to his own time.

1270:

in an exaggerated extremely negative light, while other scholars maintain that the atrocities committed by the Spanish military in order to preserve the

3434: 7095: 3392: 1699:

In the eighteenth century, the collection of sources from the time of the Eighty Years' War became more important. In particular, the compilation of

3662:

downplayed the significance of Orange's death in view of Parma's seemingly unstoppable military advance. Van der Lem also pointed out that the term

3574:

in August 1567 to restore order and shortly afterwards succeeded Margaret of Parma as governor-general (1567–1573). Mulder et al. (2008) remarked: '

7953: 5645: 1274:

for the Empire have historically been portrayed fairly accurately. Controversy also rages about the importance of the war for the emergence of the

1194:. Some of the main issues of contention between scholars include the name of the war (most notably "Eighty Years' War" versus "Dutch Revolt"), the 3743:(2002) alleged that Maurice of Orange 'mastered the new mathematics-based art of war equal to ', although Maurice wasn't very politically gifted. 1970:

traditions had to be reconciled with each other, and on the other hand that liberalism was supposed to function as an 'impartial' referee between

7867: 5397: 3793: 3752: 4980: 3575: 3567: 1672: 1235: 7930: 7842: 2793:

in the autumn of 1566, an uprising that concretised in a gathering of troops in and around Tournai and in the advance of a Geuzen army towards

1074: 71: 6545:

Duke, A. (1997). "A legend in the making: News of the 'Spanish Inquisition' in the Low Countries in German evangelical pamphlets, 1546–1550".

2306:(2002) stating: 'One could just as easily claim that this 'war' already began somewhere between 1555 and 1568 (the 'Prelude' in the naming of 7585: 6739: 3316: 2090: 1703:

from the mid-eighteenth century became a standard work for that time and as a result, contemporary writers receded more into the background.

3369:

suitable, wealthy second wife, Catholic or Protestant, it didn't matter. The conversation with King Henry II has been added to the Prince's

7506: 7703: 7405: 1780: 106: 7004: 2770: 2766: 2402: 2332: 8024: 8009: 7874: 3690:, also simply known as Jan van Nassau, has long been hailed by nationalist historians as the driving force and 'great hero' behind the 3593: 7920: 64: 7530: 7229: 3823: 3356:

imposed the royal ban on him in March 1580, publicly calling for the assassination of Orange in return for a large reward). In the

7784: 5305: 2774: 7666: 7501: 7315: 7239: 3933:

revolution of the 16th century in his mother tongue. Father van Teylingen's booklet, for example, does not deserve that status.

3864: 3637:, to an opportunist without principles, down to a war criminal, or even an anti-Christian heretic who was justly assassinated by 2158:

were an important geographic barrier that allowed the Rebellion to sustain itself in Holland and Zeeland, that Luxemburg (on the

7681: 712: 7760: 7742: 7693: 7347: 5143:

t'Verloste Nederland van het Spaense, en Franse jok door het wijs, en voorsichtigh beleyt van de loffelijcke princen van Oranje

4235: 2646:— and the territorially contiguous possession of a multinational empire — Spain as dynastic ruler of the remaining 2199:

C. Holland (2001) saw the Dutch Revolt as the seedbed of the major democratic revolutions from England, to America to France.

7088: 6949: 6890: 6690: 3787:

of the 1780s. While early modern writers usually had a distinct preference of either Maurice or Oldenbarnevelt (for example,

3687: 3101: 1167: 21: 5139: 3578:

has become the bogeyman in our national history. As for his taxation plans certainly unjustified. The hopelessly outdated

3207: 2520:, mais pendant tout ce temps-là le Roy d'Espagne n'a jamais entrepris une telle injustice..." ("The Lords Estates had had a 1953:

agenda: history was to be viewed in national terms. For the history of the Netherlands, this meant on the one hand that the

1379:

Aside from them, there were a few Catholic historians who covered the Eighty Years' War, but either wrote in Latin, such as

7915: 7884: 7354: 7285: 1857: 1680: 1574: 1514: 3255: 1438:(1572–1649) became popular throughout Europe and was translated into many languages. Strada first published it in Rome as 7894: 7672: 7550: 7540: 7330: 7176: 3116: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 2234: 2230: 1991: 1751:

also carried out a thorough source research into the Eighty Years' War, especially in the Brussels and Spanish archives.

1593: 1199: 937: 890: 782: 730: 357: 317: 217: 180: 115: 102: 17: 8014: 7849: 7611: 6968: 6820: 6669: 4273: 3201: 1444: 484: 384: 7249: 2392:

uncapitalised phrase "eighty years' war" became established in the literature of various European languages, such as:

1626:

who took no sides in religious matters, nor was he a member of any church, but he was educated with an admiration for

902: 8019: 7359: 7325: 7310: 7057: 6930: 6911: 6839: 6792: 6647: 6627: 6465: 5002: 3293: 3186: 1251: 1042: 839: 531: 237: 7413: 5118:

Historia delle guerre d'Europa arriuate dall'anno 1643 fino al 1680. descritta da d. Pietro Gazzotti: 2, Volumes 1-2

2322:).' Of course, nobody knew ahead of time when the war would end, and thus how long it would last, as Dutch comedian 8029: 7982: 7698: 7374: 7337: 7210: 7081: 6514: 3735: 3722: 3715: 3547: 3457: 3082: 2685: 1983: 1239: 1103: 877: 514: 31:

The Eighty Years' War has given rise to more historical controversies than any other topic from the history of the

7535: 7481: 7342: 5898: 2539:, was to give reputation to their arms, and to draw in their interests many Princes, who were jealous of France.") 7441: 7423: 7256: 5674:

Woltjer, J.J. (1994): Tussen vrijheidsstrijd en burgeroorlog. Over de Nederlandse Opstand 1555-1580, Balans, p. 9

1676: 1642: 742: 707: 596: 7049:

Katholieke identiteit en historisch bewustzijn: W.J.F. Nuyens (1823–1894) en zijn 'nationale' geschiedschrijving

6416: 3520: 1913:(1823–1899) was described by Albert van der Zeijden (2012) as the first Dutch historian who strove to apply the 7879: 7827: 7800: 7562: 7159: 6728: 6709: 6583: 3695: 3597: 3495: 3478: 3418: 3382: 3270:

between them at Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559, and why devastating wars of religion broke out in both kingdoms (the

2002: 1860:(decapitated on 5 June 1568 in Brussels) had been shipped to Madrid, had already been refuted in 1801 when the 1822: 1724: 1083: 907: 526: 506: 434: 8004: 7398: 7290: 7164: 5883: 3762: 3474: 3453: 2115: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1064: 7734: 3675: 1206:

or the violation of the rights and privileges of the nobility and autonomous cities) and thus its nature (a

7631: 3833: 3814: 3267: 2794: 2293: 1736: 1573:

and had supposedly been independent ever since, but just changed its name to "Hollanders", and evolved the

1431: 1108: 932: 429: 304: 252: 157: 132: 7491: 6980:"De economie als factor bij het begin van de opstand in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden door Herman van der Wee" 3305:

that the fight against heresy required all his strength and thus he needed to establish peace with Spain,

7708: 7676: 7626: 7434: 7384: 7275: 5687: 2719:. However, modern historians have taken issue with this shift in focus, as the countryside in especially 2188: 1748: 1125: 757: 611: 267: 172: 7152: 6979: 6853: 6447: 5653: 4563: 4490: 4463: 4363: 4203: 591: 7857: 7590: 7364: 3460:

to an Austrian princess and the return of Piacenza) to the king.' After Granvelle's departure in 1564,

2666: 2579:

Map indicating various processes of state formation and the stadtholderate during the Eighty Years' War

2554:

gekost heeft soo geluckelijck ten eynde gebracht." ("Because of these Illustrious Princes, that severe

1922: 1914: 1616: 1315: 1279: 1155: 1027: 1007: 844: 671: 666: 571: 369: 7813: 3448:, governor-general of the Habsburg Netherlands (1559–1567), has received a mixed scholarly reception. 1012: 3810: 3758: 2340: 1964: 1606: 1311: 1243: 1059: 955: 922: 824: 772: 681: 651: 646: 606: 601: 586: 581: 424: 334: 262: 6773: 3694:

as he was the first to put his signature under the treaty on 23 January 1579. For this reason, king

1658:. Again Hooft attempted to justify the revolt against Spain as a fight against tyranny, because the 7656: 7636: 7193: 7127: 6721:

Het aanzien van een millennium. Kroniek van historische gebeurtenissen van de Lage Landen 1000–2000

6576:

Het aanzien van een millennium. Kroniek van historische gebeurtenissen van de Lage Landen 1000–2000

3829: 3765: 3698:, a direct descendant of Jan van Nassau, had a statue of him erected on the Dom Square next to the 3546:

According to Fruin (1857), the turning point in the war that started the Dutch Republic's greatest

1853: 1247: 1093: 912: 566: 546: 374: 344: 294: 202: 7005:"Review of: Bertrand Haan, Une paix pour l'éternité: La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis" 6745: 7808: 5091: 5016: 3491: 3271: 2753: 2181: 1562: 1366: 1135: 1088: 1022: 965: 927: 812: 661: 621: 541: 536: 439: 394: 299: 7183: 7147: 6640:

De Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Opstand en consolidatie in de Nederlanden (ca. 1560–1650). Derde editie

3855:

families' in 1573–1576. It credited his contacts with exiled Southerners and economic policy as

3233:. Later historians such as J.W. Smit and Geoffrey Parker agreed with this latter point of view. 1929:

manner of historiography'. Fruin is said to have laid the basis for this approach in his speech

1817:

was utterly critical, and addressed Fruin (and indirectly Bakhuizen) in the preface to his book

1395:, and as such were either inaccessible for Dutch Catholics, or could not speak on their behalf. 7616: 7570: 7419: 3886: 3646: 3473:

Van der Lem (1995) stated that Margaret's status as an illegitimate daughter of Charles V with

3320: 3091: 2688:

that the 'victory'/independence of the northern Netherlands as the Dutch Republic was secured.

2036: 1728: 1659: 1638: 1203: 1113: 865: 852: 829: 802: 762: 686: 636: 409: 379: 247: 6782: 5615: 5580: 5116: 4165: 3550:

was a military one that was to be blamed primarily on Philip's errors. The destruction of the

7958: 7047: 5600: 5561: 5544: 5141: 4834: 3804: 3630: 3625:) of the Netherlands, to a great benefactor of his country, to one of the founders of modern 3486: 2732: 2311: 2209: 2137:

brought a new perspective on the Revolt by arguing that Belgian and Dutch historians such as

1945:

school. Fruin did not always follow purely scholarly principles, however, but also pursued a

1829: 1744: 1344: 1130: 1054: 995: 990: 975: 970: 941: 917: 882: 834: 797: 792: 787: 656: 641: 561: 494: 469: 464: 257: 7575: 5066: 5041: 3456:, until she suspected him of not supporting her dynastic interests (the marriage of her son 7729: 7446: 6619:

Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden

6490: 3891: 3788: 3780: 3699: 3616: 3601: 3528: 3499: 3411: 3386: 3226: 2703: 2647: 2440: 2436: 2177: 1663: 1623: 1566: 1271: 1255: 1188: 1032: 767: 752: 676: 556: 479: 414: 349: 227: 197: 147: 88: 6597: 6494: 1098: 8: 7451: 5140:

Anonymous (self-described as 'a genuine lover of his fatherland's preservation') (1690).

5071:. Amsterdam: Jacob von Meurs, Johannes von Someren, Henrich and Diederich Boom. p. 5 4836:

De conferentie van Londen: het vredesverdrag tussen Nederland en Belgié van 19 April 1839

3934: 3667:

Netherlandish monarchy with a Valois dynasty and equality for Catholics and Protestants.

3634: 3580: 3407: 3157: 3151: 2737: 2615:

only to an initial part of the war, or to the prelude of the war. Some examples include:

2524:, but during all this time the King of Spain has never undertaken such an injustice....") 2164: 2064: 1814: 1798: 1579: 1380: 1319: 1215: 1037: 1017: 980: 747: 626: 616: 551: 449: 399: 212: 162: 137: 7773: 7188: 6449:

Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe

3638: 2297: 1163: 717: 7496: 7280: 7027: 6761: 6562: 6471: 5546:

Europese democratieën: vrijheid, gelijkheid, solidariteit en soevereiniteit in praktijk

3906: 3776: 3608: 3536: 3524: 3401: 3397: 3353: 3302: 3263: 3259: 3238: 2780: 2724: 2095: 1960: 1954: 1785:

made important contributions to Eighty Years' War studies starting in 1844, and as the

1668: 1646: 1631: 1554: 1526: 1327: 1227: 1223: 1069: 339: 284: 272: 192: 167: 4981:

NL-HaNA_1.01.02_12588.55C Franse versie van het tractaat 1648 januari 30; 1648 maart 1

7648: 7053: 7031: 6964: 6945: 6926: 6907: 6886: 6835: 6816: 6788: 6724: 6705: 6686: 6665: 6643: 6623: 6579: 6530: 6475: 6461: 4998: 3946: 3938: 3867:, only partially succeeded in securing the principle of religious peace' during the 3860: 3445: 3438: 3415: 3230: 3122: 2789: 2728: 2512: 2496:/ zwischen Spanien und dem Vereinigten Niedrlande / entstanden?" ("But where did the 2319: 1938: 1934: 1861: 1786: 1558: 1488: 1392: 1384: 1331: 1231: 1219: 576: 489: 289: 7963: 7120: 7019: 6942:

The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588

6849: 6554: 6526: 6480: 6453: 5908:, hertaling en evaluatie na vierhonderd jaar 1580-1980, Lannoo Tielt/Amsterdam 1980 3910: 3868: 3691: 3571: 3258:, or in a secret clause or separate agreement made around the same time, the kings 2720: 2716: 2643: 2625: 2315: 2285: 2256: 2042: 2006: 1848: 1716:

In the nineteenth century, the Eighty Years' War was again extensively researched.

1476: 1339: 1263: 459: 404: 389: 232: 222: 152: 142: 3992:

The Revolt in de Netherlands 1568–1648: The Eighty Years' War in Words and Images.

2636:

The Revolt in de Netherlands 1568–1648: The Eighty Years' War in Words and Images.

7948: 7522: 7198: 6901: 6880: 6810: 6680: 6617: 5905: 4594: 4538: 3190: 3165: 3145: 2277: 2264: 2192: 2169: 2125: 2114:"You can't understand the period from the Dutch Revolt to the early 18th-century 1655: 1302:

Various historiographers have portrayed the Eighty Years' War in different ways.

1291: 1283: 1267: 985: 960: 777: 474: 454: 444: 329: 309: 242: 2570: 7832: 7460: 7456: 7107: 5595: 5334: 3942: 3784: 3551: 3289: 2801:, for a political purpose by ministers and members of the lesser nobles . The 2711: 2604: 2592: 2248: 2240: 2155: 2142: 1688: 1464: 1435: 1411: 1388: 1275: 1259: 1191: 722: 698: 207: 6654:(e-book; original publication 2008; in cooperation with M. Mout and W. Zappey) 6484: 6457: 6140: 3711: 7998: 7822: 6702:

Opstand, politiek en religie bij Willem van Oranje. Een thematische biografie

5689:

Geschiedenis van het katholicisme in Noord-Nederland in de 16e en de 17e eeuw

5208: 4110: 3986:"This text appeared in 1995 at Uitgeverij Kosmos in Utrecht under the title: 3731: 3659: 3621: 3306: 3214: 3131: 2328: 2302: 2138: 1971: 1727:, the Revolt was about how through God's guidance the Dutch people under the 1546: 1484: 1207: 1195: 56: 48: 32: 6574:

Frederiks, Jaap (1999). "Placcaet van Verlatinghe". In Willem Velema (ed.).

6558: 2702:, in which he had to leave out lots of things to control 'the work's size', 2558:, which the Netherlands have had with Spain, and which has cost the Spanish 6593: 6308: 4928: 4857:

C. Holland: The Death that saved Europe, G.P. Putnams' Sons, 2001, page 104

3626: 3466: 2803: 2681: 2670: 2660:

Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War § War-time violence and devastation

2323: 2307: 2159: 2027: 2001:

Fruin's approach was a clear break from that of his contemporaries such as

1910: 1902: 1802: 1700: 1582:, but was scrutinised and refuted by historians in the early 19th century. 1570: 1504: 1348: 1335: 1323: 631: 127: 7073: 4599:. Amsterdam: C. L. van Langenhuysen. pp. 13, 19, 93, 96, 159–160, 235 7203: 6812:

The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe

6723:. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum. pp. 49–51, 61–63, 76–78, 91–93. 6363: 6361: 6359: 6000: 5998: 5335:"Alle de gedrukte werken 1611-1738. Deel 4 en 5. Nederlandsche Historien" 4923: 4564:"Motley's geschiedenis der Vereenigde Nederlanden. (review part 1 and 2)" 3655: 3376: 3312: 3297: 3218: 3169: 3141: 2150: 2134: 1975: 1946: 1810: 1684: 1287: 419: 6659: 6566: 4796: 4794: 4540:

Nederlands opstand tegen Spanje, in zijn verderen voortgang. (1575–1577)

3775:/ merchant / proto-capitalist class, later evolving into the republican 2531:(1681): "...la fermezza, con cui gli Olandesi havevano sostenuto più di 2366:

den oorloch te beginnen sedert den jare vijftienhondert seven en sestich

7766: 7409: 6547:

Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis/Dutch Review of Church History

5732: 5720: 3612: 3229:

were resisting the modern phenomenon of a state trying to establish an

2749: 1950: 1926: 1892:

Fruin criticising the onesidedness of Dutch historiography (up to 1865)

6661:

Une paix pour l'éternité. La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis

6385: 6356: 6203: 5995: 5983: 5582:

De schilderkunst der Lage Landen: De Middeleeuwen en de zestiende eeuw

4951: 4949: 4947: 1731:

had achieved its liberty. This view was most clearly expounded in his

7686: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 4791: 3856: 3137: 3134:, although other descriptions are possible besides "religious war". 2745: 1942: 1754: 1720: 1211: 6515:"The 80 Years' Question: The Dutch Revolt in Historical Perspective" 5471: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 3757:

The relationship between stadtholder and unofficial captain-general

2575: 2529:

Historia delle guerre d'Europa arriuate dall'anno 1643 fino al 1680.

2345:

een oorlogh (...), dat nu in 't drientzeventighste jaar gevoert wort

1864:

containing Egmont's skull and bones had been found in the church of

1495: 7104: 7023: 6903:

De opmaat tot de Opstand: Zeeland en het centraal gezag (1566–1572)

6446:

Babel, Rainer (2021). "42. Der Frieden von Cateau-Cambrésis 1559".

5708: 5696: 5507: 5444: 5432: 4944: 4769: 4767: 4662: 4660: 4658: 3852: 3772: 2173: 1865: 1443:

the start of Alexander Farnese's government in October 1578 to the

1294:

as a result of the split of the Northern and Southern Netherlands.

5847: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 4725: 2546:(1690): "Door dese Doorluchtige Princen is eyndelijck dien swaren 6744:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from 5923: 5250: 4106: 3746: 3680: 3482: 2741: 2146: 2058: 1627: 1543:

Treatise of the Antiquity of the Batavian now Hollandish Republic

1541:

Another work by Grotius that did see publication in 1610 was his

1521: 44: 5203:

De last van veel geluk. 1555-1702, de geschiedenis van Nederland

4779: 4764: 4700: 4698: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4655: 4365:

Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft en de geschiedenis van zijn eigen tijd

3570:, better known simply as Alba, came to the Netherlands with the 2550:, die de Nederlanden met Spanje gehad hebben, en die de Spaense 6634:(in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel) 5602:

Verzuiling, Pacificatie en Kentering in de Nederlandse Politiek

5173: 3895: 3848: 3504: 3470:

to resign from office and leave for Italy on 30 December 1567.

3249: 3222: 2552:

seven en twintig duysent, seven hondert en veertig tonnen gouts

2382:

the war beginning from the year fifteen hundred and sixty-seven

2374:

la guerra á comancer depuis l'annee mil cinq cent soixante sept

2021: 6247: 6245: 3721:

Historians, including Dutch ones, are in broad agreement that

2698:: In the introduction to the second volume of his four-volume 2504:/ between Spain and the United Netherlands / originate from?") 2145:: they assumed that the eventual modern state borders between 1743:

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Belgian scholars

5935: 5420: 5310: 4695: 4672: 4425: 3877: 1650: 1641:, in which he compared the Dutch revolt against Spain to the 1630:(whose style he adopted, just like Grotius before him) and a 1622:(1642–1647), which covered the 1555–1587 period. Hooft was a 1455:

in Amsterdam in 1649; both parts in Rotterdam in 1655 titled

1310:

A group of 17th-century Dutch Protestant chroniclers such as

6682:

The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806

5811: 5163: 5161: 4616: 4614: 2172:, Geyl did not think one should still try to reunite modern 6858: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6257: 6242: 6191: 6169: 6167: 6152: 6118: 6116: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6022: 5835: 5823: 5769: 5229:

The Eighty Years War: From Revolt to Regular War, 1568-1648

2052:

Fruin's generally positive but critical review of Nuyens's

1819:

The Netherlands' Revolt Against Spain. Volume 4 (1575–1577)

6784:

Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648

6352:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 6287:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 6238:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 5979:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 5786: 5784: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5467:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 4906: 4904: 4822:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 4721:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 4451:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 4421:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 4334:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 4114:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 2221: 1933:(1860) on the occasion of his appointment as professor at 6078: 6076: 5524: 5522: 5483: 5158: 5018:

Politica y mecánica militar para sargento mayor de tercio

4737: 4611: 4274:"Hugo de Groot was te kritisch over Opstand tegen Spanje" 3928: 3926: 2650:— across a defined and relatively static frontier. 2409:

Politica y mecánica militar para sargento mayor de tercio

2104: 7228: 6830:

Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008).

6397: 6373: 6291: 6215: 6179: 6164: 6128: 6113: 6088: 6061: 6034: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5400:

Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche beroerten in de XVIe eeuw

5366: 4961: 4754: 4752: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4130: 4118: 2310:), or in 1572 (first meeting of rebel cities), in 1576 ( 2011:

Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Beroerten in de XVIe eeuw

1334:

could build on first-hand reports. As liberal historian

5911: 5801: 5799: 5781: 5744: 5306:"Die eeuw van goud ging aan Brabant en Limburg voorbij" 4901: 4872: 4400: 4398: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 3130:

The Eighty Years' War is often seen by historians as a

2727:

and the lands constituting the modern two provinces of

1921:("fatherland/national/patriotic history", that is, the 1520:

for the 1559–1588 period. Grotius adopted the style of

1218:), the meaning of its historical documents such as the 1192:

has been viewed or interpreted throughout the centuries

20:. For the short- and long-term effects of the war, see 6829: 6391: 6367: 6314: 6209: 6073: 6004: 5989: 5519: 5477: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5214: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4800: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4292: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 3923: 3377:

Other claims of Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands

6832:

Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden

5959: 5693:(2e druk 1947) 450-451, 474. Amsterdam: Urbi et orbi. 5495: 5240: 5238: 4749: 4638: 4626: 4385: 4383: 4104:"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". 7662:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

6637: 6578:. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum. pp. 67–69. 5947: 5796: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5513: 5378: 4955: 4513: 4395: 3736:

Dutch breakthroughs during the Ten Years (1588–1598)

3490:

were not 'Spanish', but born in the Netherlands and

3217:

in the early 20th century) were often influenced by

2740:

after the Dutch conquered it in 1629. Towns such as

2696:

Significance to further (non-military) Dutch history

1998:

views, his later work had more Orangist undertones.

1776:

Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brink (born 1810)

1292:

development of Dutch and Belgian national identities

6599:

Tien jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog. 1588–1598

6010: 5577:

A. M. Koldeweij, Alexandra Hermesdorf, Paul Huvenne

5269: 4884: 4860: 4304: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4058: 3706: 3343:, in which he alleged the conspiracy 20 years later 3282: 2775:

Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) § Historiography

2752:were repeatedly subjected to pillaging, arson, and 2631:

Mulder et al. (2008): "The Dutch Revolt, 1559–1609"

2544:

t'Verloste Nederland van het Spaense, en Franse jok

1937:. This made him comparable to the German historian 1585: 7622:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 7480: 7018:(2). The Renaissance Society of America: 626–628. 5235: 4380: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 2771:Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588 § Historiography 2767:Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576 § Historiography 1457:De thien eerste Boecken der Nederlandtsche oorloge 1451:and published in Amsterdam in 1646, the second as 3859:pensionary (1576–1586) for the flourising of the 3160:(right) states in Latin: "This is about liberty". 3154:(left) states in Dutch: "May God protect Leiden". 2562:, was finally so fortunately brought to an end.") 1467:published both volumes in French under the title 1453:De tweede thien boeken der Nederlandsche oorlogen 1449:De thien eerste Boecken der Nederlandsche oorloge 1222:, and the role of its central characters such as 7996: 6899: 6642:(in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 750. 4182: 3327: 3195:was furious, pulled out his gun and asked mayor 2176:and the Netherlands, and opposed a hypothetical 1881:that he has not spoken the pure truth everywhere 7052:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 386. 7045: 6704:. Heerenveen: J.J. Groen en Zoon. p. 392. 6622:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. 6496:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche volk. Deel 2 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 5885:History of the Rise of the Huguenots. Volume I. 5639: 5637: 5635: 5096:. Amsterdam: Henry et Theodore Boom. p. 52 4785: 4773: 4704: 4689: 4666: 4431: 4338: 3794:Trial of Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and Hogerbeets 3753:Trial of Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and Hogerbeets 3391:In connection with the simultaneous papal bull 2795:Valenciennes which was besieged by royal troops 2611:), while other historians have sought to apply 2083: 6343: 5620:. London: Spink & Son's. 1894. p. 627 4574:. P.N. van Kampen, Amsterdam: 514–566, 658–706 4271: 3747:Maurice of Orange and Johan van Oldenbarnevelt 3213:19th-century historians (as well as some like 2110:J. Israel on the importance of Spanish sources 1569:, this people allegedly freed itself from the 86: 7089: 6990:. Royal Netherlands Historical Society: 15–32 6920: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 5941: 5929: 5643: 5303: 5046:. Amsterdam: Hendrik and Dirk Boom. p. 9 5014: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4447:"Bakhuizen van den Brink, Reinier Cornelis". 4236:"De Nederlandse Opstand door Italiaanse ogen" 3779:, some of which still later evolved into the 2261:guerra de los Ochenta Años; guerra de Flandes 2187:In the late 20th century, British historians 1398: 72: 6882:Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe 6787:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 142–243. 6638:Groenveld, Simon; Leeuwenberg, Huib (2020). 6269: 5632: 5146:. The Hague: Hermanus Groenhouts. p. 28 4491:"Het voorspel van den Tachtigjarigen oorlog" 4442: 4440: 4233: 3761:(until 1618 known as Maurice of Nassau) and 3568:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 3250:Alleged Cateau-Cambrésis Catholic conspiracy 2101:wished to be treated as equal Dutch people. 7103: 6977: 6923:De zwijger. Het leven van Willem van Oranje 6808: 6780: 6737: 6417:"Maurits van Nassau. De winnaar die faalde" 6263: 6251: 6146: 6107: 5870: 5841: 5829: 5702: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5263: 5186: 5167: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4040: 4038: 3863:for decades thereafter, but 'as a tolerant 2356:French text (Peace of Münster, Article 56) 1994:. His early work showed a tendency towards 1797:(1856) from the American puritan historian 1557:which asserted that the inhabitants of the 1461:Het Tweede Deel der Nederlandtsche Oorlogen 7096: 7082: 6900:Rooze-Stouthamer, Clasina Martina (2009). 6809:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2014). 6602:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 386 6320: 5361:Het voorspel van den tachtigjarigen oorlog 5332: 5064: 5039: 4536: 4525: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4201: 4167:Dizionario biografico universale. Volume 5 2653: 2353:Dutch text (Peace of Münster, Article 56) 2202: 1875:After Fruin had read Nuyens's critique of 79: 65: 7725:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6925:. Amsterdam: Querido Facto. p. 944. 6718: 6615: 6612:(5th edition; original published in 1857) 6573: 6509:(3rd edition; original published in 1896) 6403: 6379: 6302: 6221: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6158: 6134: 6122: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6028: 5528: 5501: 4967: 4543:. Haarlem: A. C. Kruseman. pp. I–III 4437: 4361: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 3988:The Revolt in the Netherlands (1568–1609) 3206:sitting next to him whether to shoot the 2621:The Revolt in the Netherlands (1568–1609) 2571:"Eighty Years' War" versus "Dutch Revolt" 2216: 1988:Het voorspel van de Tachtigjarigen Oorlog 1733:Handbook of the History of the Fatherland 7002: 6958: 6741:De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) 5817: 5790: 5775: 5286: 5114: 4806: 4461: 4170:. Florence: Davide Passagli. p. 198 4035: 3710: 3674: 3592: 3519: 3433: 3334: 3221:, regarding the war as one between two " 3136: 2574: 1980:Tien jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog 1770:, covering the years 1576–1584, full PDF 1761: 1592: 1405: 1305: 5585:(2006) 156. Amsterdam University Press. 5021:. Madrid: Julián de Paredes. p. 65 4250: 4163: 3424: 3421:in 1522, which never amounted to much. 3339:Printed 1581 Dutch version of Orange's 2484:German translation: Pieter Valckenier, 1258:in order to portray the actions of the 1185:historiography of the Eighty Years' War 7997: 6878: 6848: 6678: 6082: 5975:"Margaretha § Margaretha van Parma". 5876: 5605:(2008) 29. Amsterdam University Press. 5534: 5450: 5438: 5231:. Leiden University Press. p. 11. 5089: 4758: 4743: 4731: 4649: 4632: 4620: 4592: 4220: 4142: 4136: 4124: 3796:was unfair and politically motivated. 3180:("this is about religion"). Secretary 2105:Geographic and linguistic perspectives 1510:Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicis 1497:Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicis 1481:The History of the Low-Countrey Warres 1471:(Paris 1650). The first decade of the 7077: 6984:BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review 6939: 6699: 6592: 6445: 6016: 5917: 5805: 5489: 5384: 5372: 5244: 5226: 5121:. Venice: Nicolò Pezzana. p. 137 4561: 4519: 4488: 4323: 3688:Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg 3515: 3110: 2364:Den tijt die gelopen heeft gedurende 1978:views. Fruin focused on two periods: 1711: 60: 6657: 6544: 6525:(3). Blackwell Publishing: 914–934. 6512: 6499:. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff. p. 710 6489: 6392:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 6368:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 6315:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 6210:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 6005:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 5990:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 5953: 5763: 5617:The Numismatic Circular, Volumes 2–4 5563:Op stap langs historische slagvelden 5478:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 5426: 5280: 5215:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 4910: 4895: 4878: 4866: 4832: 4801:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008 4404: 4389: 4317: 4298: 3588: 3507:. Otherwise Van der Lem agreed with 3429: 1575:States of Holland and West Friesland 7667:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 6834:. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. 5304:Runa Hellinga (27 September 2019). 4839:. Leiden: Brill Archive. p. 37 4417:"Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume". 4272:André Horlings (11 February 2021). 2667:history of the northern Netherlands 2533:ottant'anni la guerra con la Spagna 2516:(1677): "Mess. les Etats ont û une 2243:, the war has long been called the 1886: 1687:'s Governor-General of the budding 1605:One of the first Dutch authors was 1475:was translated into English by Sir 13: 6350:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 6285:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 6236:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 5977:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 5465:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 4820:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 4719:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 4449:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 4419:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 4332:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 3352:(written in his own defence after 2628:(2004): "The Revolt of 1572–1584." 2411:(1669): "(experimentado en mas de 1434:) of the Italian Jesuit historian 1278:as the predecessor of the current 22:Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War 14: 8041: 8025:Historiography of the Netherlands 8010:Historiography by war or conflict 6963:. Xulon Press. pp. 299–300. 6906:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. 6149:, p. 6. De geregelde oorlog. 5015:Dávila Orejón, Francisco (1669). 4593:Nuyens, Willem Jan Frans (1867). 4470:. P. Ellerman, Amsterdam: 356–360 3670: 3294:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 3256:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) 1931:The impartiality of the historian 1847:(1867), Catholic historiographer 1252:Protestant Reformation propaganda 7978: 7977: 7819:Palestinian expulsion and flight 7046:van der Zeijden, Albert (2012). 6679:Israel, Jonathan Irvine (1995). 6664:(in French). Casa de Velázquez. 6531:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00400.x 6409: 6227: 5897:Stichting Gihonbron Middelburg, 5891: 5739:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020 5727:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020 5715:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020 5514:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020 4956:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020 4818:"Geyl, Pieter Catharinus Arie". 4026: 4016: 3822: 3803: 3723:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 3716:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 3707:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 3283:Religious contents of the Treaty 3254:It has been alleged that in the 3117:Origins of the Eighty Years' War 2760: 2678:Significance to military outcome 2398:Francisco Dávila Orejón y Gastón 2231:Origins of the Eighty Years' War 2035: 2020: 1789:from 1854 to 1865. According to 1469:Histoire de la guerre de Flandre 18:Origins of the Eighty Years' War 7682:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 7617:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 7424:Causes of the Armenian genocide 6439: 5677: 5668: 5608: 5588: 5570: 5551: 5456: 5390: 5353: 5326: 5220: 5192: 5133: 5108: 5083: 5058: 5033: 5008: 4987: 4973: 4916: 4851: 4826: 4710: 4586: 4555: 4482: 4455: 4410: 4234:Cees Reijner (1 October 2020). 4006: 3997: 3980: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3562: 3197:Pieter Adriaansz. van der Werff 2797:, was already the result of an 2537:eighty years the war with Spain 2449:(1675): "Waar uyt ontstont den 2419:)" ("(experienced in more than 2078: 1766:An 1882 edition of Volume 3 of 1706: 1694: 1643:Overthrow of the Roman monarchy 7954:Gunpowder and gun transmission 7828:Zionism as settler colonialism 5899:Apologie van Willem van Oranje 4468:Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen 4330:"Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon". 3851:dictatorship in favour of the 3696:William III of the Netherlands 3609:William "the Silent" of Orange 3535:Mulder et al. (2008) regarded 3496:Letters from the Segovia Woods 3419:inquisition in the Netherlands 3383:Inquisition in the Netherlands 3292:to implement this obligation, 2380:The time which has run during 2180:to achieve it, but did favour 2003:Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer 1877:The Rise of the Dutch Republic 1795:The Rise of the Dutch Republic 1768:The Rise of the Dutch Republic 1756:The Rise of the Dutch Republic 1725:Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer 1723:anti-revolutionary politician 1387:, or were foreigners, such as 1228:William "the Silent" of Orange 1: 6348:"Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van". 5567:(2006) 51. Lannoo Uitgeverij. 4995:Encyclopedie van misvattingen 4984:The Hague: Nationaal Archief. 4537:van Vloten, Johannes (1860). 4238:(in Dutch). Leiden University 4051: 3639:a pious, God-fearing Catholic 3475:Johanna Maria van der Gheynst 3454:Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle 3168:, the city government issued 2799:organised programme of action 2488:(1677): "Woraus ist doch der 2372:Le temps qui a couru pendant 2116:War of the Spanish Succession 1440:De Bello Belgico decades duae 1250:. It has been theorised that 6978:Van der Wee, Herman (1969). 6921:van Stipriaan, René (2021). 5453:, p. Table of Contents. 5441:, p. Table of Contents. 3097:Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 3088:Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 3079:Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588 3075:Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579 3071:Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576 3067:Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 2235:Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572 2084:Critical Catholic historians 1941:(1795–1886), founder of the 1200:origins or causes of the war 7: 7586:German resistance to Nazism 7442:Persian famine of 1917–1919 6944:. Oxford University Press. 6781:van der Lem, Anton (2019). 6738:van der Lem, Anton (1995). 5090:Piélat, Barthélemy (1677). 5065:Valckenier, Pieter (1677). 5040:Valckenier, Pieter (1675). 4932:(in Dutch). 13 January 2022 4734:, p. 238, footnote 1.. 3315:raised the Florentine duke 2700:History of the Dutch People 2269:guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans 2133:In the early 20th century, 1749:Joseph Kervyn de Lettenhove 1563:ancient tribe of the Batavi 1535:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 1297: 10: 8046: 7591:Nazi foreign policy debate 5652:(in Dutch). Archived from 5093:La Vie du Michel de Ruyter 4202:Van der Aa, A. J. (1874). 3763:Land's Advocate of Holland 3750: 3679:Statue of Jan van Nassau ( 3380: 3114: 3102:Aftermath, c. 1648–1650/72 2764: 2657: 2634:Anton van der Lem (2014): 2619:Anton van der Lem (1995): 2527:Italian: Pietro Gazzotti, 2228: 2069:Rise of the Dutch Republic 1923:history of the Netherlands 1915:historical-critical method 1410:A 1681 Spanish edition of 1347:(although not formally a ' 1280:Kingdom of the Netherlands 15: 8015:Historiography of Belgium 7972: 7941: 7905: 7799: 7753: 7739:Second Sino-Japanese War 7717: 7647: 7599: 7561: 7521: 7397: 7219: 7138: 7114: 6961:The Waldensian Way to God 6959:Visconti, Joseph (2003). 6879:Parker, Geoffrey (2002). 6616:Groenveld, Simon (2009). 6485:10.1515/9783110591316-042 6458:10.1515/9783110591316-042 5904:28 September 2020 at the 5115:Gazzotti, Pietro (1681). 4993:Maanen, Hans van (2002), 4717:"Fruin, Robert Jacobus". 4362:Groenveld, Simon (1981). 3759:Maurice, Prince of Orange 2518:guerre de quatrevingt ans 2331:wrote in a letter to the 2182:federalisation of Belgium 1420:de las Guerras de Flandes 98: 8020:Historiography of France 7657:Auschwitz bombing debate 7343:Indian Rebellion of 1857 7194:Late Bronze Age collapse 7128:List of military museums 7003:Williams, Megan (2011). 6700:Klink, Hubrecht (1997). 5463:"Tachtigjarige Oorlog". 5429:, p. Inhoudsopgave. 4164:Scifoni, Felice (1849). 3916: 3766:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt 3664:father of the fatherland 3617:Father of the Fatherland 3268:Italian War of 1551–1559 3123:Algemeen Rijksarchivaris 2463:Vereenigde Nederlanders? 2290:guerra degli ottant'anni 1919:vaderlandse geschiedenis 1870:it was generally assumed 1561:were descended from the 1248:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt 8030:Historiography of Spain 7607:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 7466:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 6658:Haan, Bertrand (2010). 6559:10.1163/002820397X00225 6234:"Farnese § Alexander". 5842:Mallett & Shaw 2014 5830:Mallett & Shaw 2014 5705:, p. Introduction. 3905:monarchal influence of 3272:French Wars of Religion 2654:Focus on the first part 2337:Nederlandsche Historien 2203:Socio-economic analyses 2141:had been led astray by 2073:Nederlandsche Beroerten 2054:Nederlandsche Beroerten 2007:Willem Jan Frans Nuyens 1845:Nederlandsche Beroerten 1809:On the other hand, the 1612:Nederlandsche Historien 1599:Nederlandsche Historien 1587:Nederlandsche Historien 1503:Between 1601 and 1612, 1338:and Catholic historian 7730:"Battle for Australia" 7612:Soviet offensive plans 7581:Broad vs. narrow front 7420:Late Ottoman genocides 5650:dutchrevolt.leiden.edu 5217:, p. VI, 120–126. 4562:Fruin, Robert (1862). 4489:Fruin, Robert (1859). 3783:democratic-republican 3718: 3684: 3647:Francis, Duke of Anjou 3605: 3532: 3442: 3441:by anonymous (c. 1560) 3366: 3344: 3328:Testimony in Orange's 3161: 2810: 2608: 2596: 2580: 2333:Count-Duke of Olivares 2292:), and dated from the 2289: 2281: 2268: 2260: 2252: 2222:Length and the phrase 2217:Name and periodisation 2121: 1898: 1771: 1729:House of Orange-Nassau 1602: 1423: 1377: 1290:in it, as well as the 1254:has given rise to the 1204:Protestant Reformation 39: 7959:Torsion mangonel myth 7891:Sri Lankan Civil War 7012:Renaissance Quarterly 6815:. Pearson Education. 6594:Fruin, Robert Jacobus 6491:Blok, Petrus Johannes 6421:Historisch Nieuwsblad 5888:(1880), footnote 685. 5873:, p. Chapter II. 5266:, p. Chapter VI. 5227:Groen, Petra (2019). 3880:. On the other hand, 3751:Further information: 3714: 3678: 3631:freedom of conscience 3596: 3548:Ten Years (1588–1598) 3523: 3437: 3362: 3338: 3321:Grand Duke of Tuscany 3140: 3115:Further information: 3062:Origins, c. 1555–1566 2785: 2715:subsequent so-called 2686:Ten Years (1588–1598) 2578: 2560:27,740 tonnes of gold 2548:tachtigjarigen oorlog 2500:/ and irreconcilable 2492:/ und unversühnliche 2479:United Netherlandish 2312:Pacification of Ghent 2296:(23 May 1568) to the 2294:Battle of Heiligerlee 2282:Achtzigjähriger Krieg 2210:Dutch Reformed Church 2112: 1894: 1765: 1745:Louis-Prosper Gachard 1596: 1545:, a rehashing of the 1445:conquest of Rheinberg 1409: 1353: 1345:Dutch Reformed Church 1306:17th and 18th century 29: 7576:"Blitzkrieg" concept 7447:Powder keg of Europe 7322:Franco-Prussian War 6940:Tracy, J.D. (2008). 6513:Cruz, Laura (2007). 6452:. pp. 857–876. 5882:Henry Martyn Baird, 5068:Das Verwirrte Europa 4786:van der Zeijden 2012 4774:van der Zeijden 2012 4705:van der Zeijden 2012 4690:van der Zeijden 2012 4667:van der Zeijden 2012 4432:van der Zeijden 2012 4208:. pp. 1031–1033 3892:Joost van den Vondel 3789:Joost van den Vondel 3700:Dom Tower of Utrecht 3602:Adriaen Thomasz. Key 3529:Sofonisba Anguissola 3500:Compromise of Nobles 3425:Role of main players 3387:Black Legend (Spain) 3178:haec religionis ergo 3174:haec libertatis ergo 2704:Petrus Johannes Blok 2648:Habsburg Netherlands 2486:Das verwirrte Europa 2417:la guerra en Flandes 2359:English translation 2253:Tachtigjarige Oorlog 2178:partition of Belgium 1624:Renaissance humanist 1597:Frontispiece of the 1567:Revolt of the Batavi 1524:, and following his 1282:and the role of the 1272:Habsburg Netherlands 1256:Spanish Black Legend 1043:2nd Cape St. Vincent 933:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch 840:1st Cape St. Vincent 783:1st 's-Hertogenbosch 699:1st English Channel 515:Ten Years, 1588–1598 7912:Russo-Georgian War 7885:Sovereignty dispute 7864:Iranian Revolution 7694:"Polish death camp" 7671:In relation to the 7380:Myth of English aid 7371:War of the Pacific 7148:Albigensian Crusade 6685:. Clarendon Press. 6317:, p. 133, 135. 5778:, pp. 299–300. 5644:Anton van der Lem. 5492:, p. Contents. 5333:P.C. Hooft (1972). 5205:, Bakker, p. 71–115 5189:, p. Contents. 3894:to turn him into a 3887:Twelve Years' Truce 3635:freedom of religion 3408:Spanish Inquisition 3324:during these wars. 3275:Orange in his 1580 3092:Twelve Years' Truce 2673:up to the present. 2597:Nederlandse Opstand 2522:war of eighty years 2469:and irreconcilable 2165:Greater Netherlands 2065:John Lothrop Motley 1815:Johannes van Vloten 1799:John Lothrop Motley 1758:by Motley/Bakhuizen 1639:Twelve Years' Truce 1580:Batavian Revolution 1565:. During the 69–70 1507:wrote in Latin the 1479:under the title of 1381:Floris Van der Haer 1362:Jacob van Wesembeke 1216:war of independence 1033:3rd English Channel 853:Twelve Years' Truce 835:2nd English Channel 743:1st Schenckenschans 597:3rd Geertruidenberg 532:2nd Geertruidenberg 238:1st Geertruidenberg 7927:Syrian revolution 7839:Malayan Emergency 7814:1948 Palestine war 7547:Spanish Civil War 7497:War guilt question 7306:American Civil War 7286:Invasion of Russia 7262:New Russian School 5942:van Stipriaan 2021 5932:, p. 148–149. 5930:van Stipriaan 2021 5820:, p. 627–628. 5766:, p. 171–189. 5741:, p. 621–622. 5729:, p. 620–621. 5375:, p. 522–523. 4913:, p. 920–921. 4881:, p. 919–920. 4746:, p. 241–242. 4623:, p. 250–251. 4301:, p. 915–916. 4139:, p. 239–240. 4127:, p. 238–239. 3907:Henry IV of France 3777:Loevestein faction 3719: 3685: 3606: 3537:Philip II of Spain 3533: 3525:Philip II of Spain 3516:Philip II of Spain 3443: 3354:Philip II of Spain 3345: 3303:Parlement of Paris 3264:Philip II of Spain 3260:Henry II of France 3239:freedom of worship 3227:privileged estates 3162: 3111:Causes and motives 2887:English Knowledge 2781:Herman Van der Wee 2581: 2481:originate from?") 2465:" ("Where did the 2453:en onversoenlyken 2451:tachentig jaarigen 2415:, que se continuô 1787:National Archivist 1772: 1712:Early 19th century 1603: 1555:invented tradition 1527:sine ira et studio 1424: 1224:Philip II of Spain 966:2nd Schenkenschans 908:2nd Bergen op Zoom 527:1st Bergen op Zoom 8005:Eighty Years' War 7992: 7991: 7795: 7794: 7673:Armenian genocide 7536:Polish–Soviet War 7531:Burning of Smyrna 7517: 7516: 7507:Reichstag inquiry 7430:Patriotic consent 7301: 7300: 7276:War in the Vendée 7240:French Revolution 7222:century conflicts 7211:Peloponnesian War 7172:Eighty Years' War 6951:978-0-19-920911-8 6892:978-0-7139-9515-2 6692:978-0-19-873072-9 6423:. 5 February 2001 5558:D. van den Broeck 5043:'t Verwerd Europa 4833:Smit, C. (1949). 4462:(review) (1857). 3949:were foreigners.' 3861:Port of Rotterdam 3604:, c. 1570–84 3589:William of Orange 3458:Alexander Farnese 3446:Margaret of Parma 3439:Margaret of Parma 3430:Margaret of Parma 3317:Cosimo de' Medici 3231:absolute monarchy 3108: 3107: 2585:Eighty Years' War 2556:eighty years' war 2447:'t Verwerd Europa 2432:Pieter Valckenier 2389: 2388: 2320:Act of Abjuration 2245:Eighty Years' War 2224:Eighty Years' War 1939:Leopold von Ranke 1935:Leiden University 1719:According to the 1681:Earl of Leicester 1559:County of Holland 1489:Guido Bentivoglio 1393:Guido Bentivoglio 1385:Michael ab Isselt 1244:Maurice of Orange 1232:Margaret of Parma 1220:Act of Abjuration 1189:Eighty Years' War 1187:examines how the 1180: 1179: 90:Eighty Years' War 8037: 7981: 7980: 7964:War and genocide 7788: 7774:Résistancialisme 7761:Battle of France 7743:Nanjing Massacre 7597: 7596: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7438: 7388: 7270: 7253: 7226: 7225: 7153:Catharism debate 7139:pre-18th century 7121:Military history 7098: 7091: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6974: 6955: 6936: 6917: 6896: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6859:Dietsche Warande 6850:Nuyens, W. J. F. 6845: 6826: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6765: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6748:on 8 August 2022 6734: 6715: 6696: 6675: 6653: 6633: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6589: 6570: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6479: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6354: 6353: 6345: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6289: 6288: 6280: 6267: 6264:van der Lem 2019 6261: 6255: 6252:van der Lem 2019 6249: 6240: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6200:, p. 61–62. 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6162: 6161:, p. 61–63. 6156: 6150: 6147:van der Lem 1995 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6111: 6108:van der Lem 1995 6105: 6086: 6080: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6058:, p. 49–51. 6053: 6047: 6041: 6032: 6031:, p. 76–78. 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5972: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5920:, p. 89–94. 5915: 5909: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5874: 5871:van der Lem 1995 5868: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5703:van der Lem 1995 5700: 5694: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5656:on 9 August 2022 5641: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5612: 5606: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5301: 5284: 5278: 5267: 5264:van der Lem 1995 5261: 5248: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5199:Arie van Deursen 5196: 5190: 5187:van der Lem 1995 5184: 5171: 5168:Van der Wee 1969 5165: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5012: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4899: 4893: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4815: 4804: 4798: 4789: 4788:, p. 79–80. 4783: 4777: 4776:, p. 78–79. 4771: 4762: 4756: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4693: 4687: 4670: 4669:, p. 64–65. 4664: 4653: 4647: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4534: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4368:. pp. 13–15 4359: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4269: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4231: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4199: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4161: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4101: 4045: 4042: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3941:wrote in Latin. 3930: 3911:Arie van Deursen 3869:Union of Utrecht 3826: 3807: 3739:economics. Only 3692:Union of Utrecht 3629:principles such 3572:Army of Flanders 3479:Council of State 3405: 3205: 3194: 3172:with the slogan 2812: 2811: 2783:(1969) stating: 2738:'s-Hertogenbosch 2717:Dutch Golden Age 2644:Union of Utrecht 2626:Arie van Deursen 2513:Michel de Ruyter 2444: 2406: 2350: 2349: 2327:September 1629, 2316:Union of Utrecht 2298:Peace of Münster 2276: 2129: 2099: 2039: 2024: 1906: 1887:Fruin and Nuyens 1849:Wilhelmus Nuyens 1843:Finally, in his 1784: 1620: 1518: 1477:Robert Stapylton 1473:De Bello Belgico 1432:Caesar's classic 1428:De Bello Belgico 1416:De Bello Belgico 1400:De Bello Belgico 1370: 1264:Army of Flanders 1146:2nd San Salvador 1141:1st San Salvador 1114:2nd Saint Martin 1084:1st Saint Martin 93: 91: 81: 74: 67: 58: 57: 53: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8034: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7987: 7968: 7949:Conflict thesis 7937: 7901: 7791: 7782: 7749: 7713: 7643: 7595: 7557: 7523:Interwar period 7513: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7452:Schlieffen Plan 7432: 7393: 7382: 7297: 7264: 7247: 7232: 7221: 7215: 7199:Dorian invasion 7184:Fall of Babylon 7140: 7134: 7133: 7110: 7102: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7036: 7034: 7007: 6993: 6991: 6971: 6952: 6933: 6914: 6893: 6869: 6867: 6842: 6823: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6769: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6751: 6749: 6731: 6712: 6693: 6672: 6650: 6630: 6605: 6603: 6586: 6535: 6533: 6519:History Compass 6502: 6500: 6468: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6357: 6347: 6346: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6292: 6282: 6281: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6243: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6089: 6081: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5973: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5906:Wayback Machine 5896: 5892: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5646:"Hout, Jan van" 5642: 5633: 5623: 5621: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5302: 5287: 5279: 5270: 5262: 5251: 5243: 5236: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5174: 5166: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5009: 4997:, Boom, p. 68. 4992: 4988: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4816: 4807: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4673: 4665: 4656: 4648: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4407:, p. V–VI. 4403: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4339: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4270: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4103: 4102: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3755: 3749: 3709: 3673: 3591: 3565: 3518: 3432: 3427: 3395: 3393:Super Universas 3389: 3381:Main articles: 3379: 3333: 3285: 3252: 3199: 3184: 3170:temporary coins 3166:Siege of Leiden 3155: 3149: 3146:siege of Leiden 3119: 3113: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3015:(c. 1590–1650) 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2777: 2763: 2754:sexual violence 2662: 2656: 2573: 2490:achtzig jährige 2434: 2425:war in Flanders 2400: 2318:), or in 1581 ( 2272: 2239:In traditional 2237: 2227: 2219: 2205: 2193:Jonathan Israel 2189:Geoffrey Parker 2170:Carel Gerretson 2131: 2126:Jonathan Israel 2123: 2111: 2107: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2025: 1908: 1900: 1893: 1889: 1833:Correspondances 1778: 1760: 1714: 1709: 1697: 1656:Juan of Austria 1614: 1601:Volume I (1642) 1591: 1512: 1501: 1426:The Latin work 1404: 1364: 1308: 1300: 1284:House of Orange 1268:Catholic Church 1181: 1176: 1160: 1065:Bay of Matanzas 1002:European waters 887: 849: 819:European waters 727: 713:Gulf of Almería 693:European waters 511: 501:European waters 354: 314: 279:European waters 177: 112: 109: 107:List of battles 94: 89: 87: 85: 55: 41: 25: 12: 11: 5: 8043: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7921:Responsibility 7918: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7877: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7852: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7833:New Historians 7830: 7825: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7699:Responsibility 7696: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7603: 7601: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7475: 7463: 7457:Spirit of 1914 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7427: 7417: 7414:Fischer thesis 7403: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7377: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7357: 7355:Paraguayan War 7352: 7351: 7350: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7281:Napoleonic era 7278: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7259: 7254: 7245:Pre-revolution 7236: 7234: 7230:Coalition Wars 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7144: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7124: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7108:historiography 7101: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7058: 7043: 7024:10.1086/661851 7000: 6975: 6970:978-1591607922 6969: 6956: 6950: 6937: 6931: 6918: 6912: 6897: 6891: 6885:. Allen Lane. 6876: 6846: 6840: 6827: 6822:978-0582057586 6821: 6806: 6793: 6778: 6735: 6729: 6716: 6710: 6697: 6691: 6676: 6671:978-8490961308 6670: 6655: 6648: 6635: 6628: 6613: 6590: 6584: 6571: 6553:(2): 125–144. 6542: 6510: 6487: 6466: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6408: 6404:Kosterman 1999 6396: 6394:, p. 137. 6384: 6380:Kosterman 1999 6372: 6370:, p. 133. 6355: 6319: 6307: 6303:Kosterman 1999 6290: 6268: 6266:, p. 142. 6256: 6254:, p. 143. 6241: 6226: 6222:Groenveld 2009 6214: 6212:, p. 122. 6202: 6198:Kosterman 1999 6190: 6186:Kosterman 1999 6178: 6174:Kosterman 1999 6163: 6159:Kosterman 1999 6151: 6139: 6135:Frederiks 1999 6127: 6123:Frederiks 1999 6112: 6087: 6085:, p. 240. 6072: 6068:Kosterman 1999 6060: 6056:Kosterman 1999 6048: 6044:Kosterman 1999 6033: 6029:Kosterman 1999 6021: 6009: 6007:, p. 118. 5994: 5992:, p. 112. 5982: 5958: 5956:, p. 143. 5946: 5944:, p. 148. 5934: 5922: 5910: 5890: 5875: 5846: 5844:, p. 297. 5834: 5832:, p. 298. 5822: 5810: 5808:, p. 875. 5795: 5793:, p. 627. 5780: 5768: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5717:, p. 620. 5707: 5695: 5676: 5667: 5631: 5607: 5596:Arend Lijphart 5587: 5569: 5550: 5533: 5529:Groenveld 2009 5518: 5516:, p. 6–9. 5506: 5502:Groenveld 2009 5494: 5482: 5470: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5406:bibliotheek.nl 5389: 5387:, p. 2–4. 5377: 5365: 5352: 5325: 5285: 5283:, p. VII. 5268: 5249: 5234: 5219: 5207: 5191: 5172: 5157: 5132: 5107: 5082: 5057: 5032: 5007: 4986: 4972: 4970:, p. 177. 4968:Groenveld 2009 4960: 4958:, p. 619. 4943: 4924:"Theo Maassen" 4915: 4900: 4898:, p. 920. 4883: 4871: 4869:, p. 919. 4859: 4850: 4825: 4805: 4803:, p. 125. 4790: 4778: 4763: 4761:, p. 244. 4748: 4736: 4724: 4709: 4694: 4671: 4654: 4652:, p. 241. 4637: 4635:, p. 245. 4625: 4610: 4585: 4554: 4524: 4522:, p. 741. 4512: 4481: 4454: 4436: 4424: 4409: 4394: 4379: 4337: 4322: 4320:, p. 916. 4303: 4291: 4249: 4219: 4205:Famiano Strada 4181: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4034: 4025: 4023:Chrestienté... 4015: 4005: 3996: 3979: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3871:preparations. 3830:Oldenbarnevelt 3828: 3821: 3820: 3809: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3748: 3745: 3708: 3705: 3672: 3671:Jan van Nassau 3669: 3590: 3587: 3564: 3561: 3556:Medina-Sidonia 3552:Spanish Armada 3517: 3514: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3378: 3375: 3332: 3326: 3284: 3281: 3251: 3248: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3058: 3035: 3016: 3003: 2990: 2979: 2966: 2953: 2944: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2762: 2759: 2708: 2707: 2693: 2655: 2652: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2540: 2525: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2428: 2387: 2386: 2378: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2241:historiography 2226: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2204: 2201: 2143:hindsight bias 2109: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1862:Egmont's crypt 1759: 1753: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1696: 1693: 1689:Dutch Republic 1590: 1584: 1551:Divisiekroniek 1549:from the 1517 1500: 1494: 1465:Pierre du Ryer 1436:Famiano Strada 1412:Famiano Strada 1403: 1397: 1389:Famiano Strada 1307: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1276:Dutch Republic 1260:Spanish Empire 1178: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1172:Historiography 1159: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1109:Southern Chile 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 999: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 942:2nd Maastricht 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 897:Western Europe 894: 893: 886: 885: 880: 869: 868: 860:Western Europe 857: 856: 848: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 821: 820: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 737:Western Europe 734: 733: 726: 725: 720: 715: 710: 708:Bayona Islands 705: 695: 694: 690: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 521:Western Europe 518: 517: 510: 509: 503: 502: 498: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 370:1st Maastricht 364:Western Europe 361: 360: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 324:Western Europe 321: 320: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 295:Haarlemmermeer 292: 287: 281: 280: 276: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 187:Western Europe 184: 183: 176: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 122:Western Europe 119: 118: 111: 110: 99: 96: 95: 84: 83: 76: 69: 61: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8042: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7984: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906:Post-Cold War 7904: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7880:Falklands War 7878: 7876: 7875:Iran–Iraq War 7873: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7823:Ongoing Nakba 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7786: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7754:Western Front 7752: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7735:Bengal famine 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7649:The Holocaust 7646: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600:Eastern Front 7598: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7331:Paris Commune 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7316:Turning point 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7268: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7220:18th and 19th 7218: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7165:Islamic views 7163: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7137: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7061: 7059:9789065507099 7055: 7051: 7050: 7044: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7006: 7001: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6932:9789021402758 6928: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6913:9789087040918 6909: 6905: 6904: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6877: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6841:9789055746262 6837: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6807: 6796: 6794:9781789140880 6790: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6763: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6656: 6651: 6649:9789462495661 6645: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6629:9789087041274 6625: 6621: 6620: 6614: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6467:9783110591316 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6406:, p. 92. 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6382:, p. 91. 6381: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6351: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6305:, p. 93. 6304: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6286: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6265: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6230: 6224:, p. 16. 6223: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6188:, p. 61. 6187: 6182: 6176:, p. 63. 6175: 6170: 6168: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6137:, p. 69. 6136: 6131: 6125:, p. 68. 6124: 6119: 6117: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6070:, p. 51. 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6046:, p. 49. 6045: 6040: 6038: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5991: 5986: 5978: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5931: 5926: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5818:Williams 2011 5814: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5791:Williams 2011 5787: 5785: 5777: 5776:Visconti 2003 5772: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5690: 5680: 5671: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5480:, p. VI. 5479: 5474: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5369: 5362: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5170:, p. 15. 5169: 5164: 5162: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5120: 5119: 5111: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5070: 5069: 5061: 5045: 5044: 5036: 5020: 5019: 5011: 5004: 5003:90-5352-834-2 5000: 4996: 4990: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4854: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4720: 4713: 4707:, p. 65. 4706: 4701: 4699: 4692:, p. 64. 4691: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4598: 4597: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4521: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4434:, p. 79. 4433: 4428: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4392:, p. VI. 4391: 4386: 4384: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4300: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4169: 4168: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4113: 4112: 4111:Winkler Prins 4109:Encyclopedie 4108: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4057: 4041: 4039: 4029: 4019: 4009: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935:Fl. v.d. Haer 3929: 3927: 3922: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3902:Winkler Prins 3899: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3882:Winkler Prins 3879: 3874: 3873:Winkler Prins 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845:Winkler Prins 3843:According to 3835: 3832:portrayed by 3831: 3825: 3816: 3813:portrayed by 3812: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3741:Winkler Prins 3737: 3733: 3732:Henri Pirenne 3729: 3728:Winkler Prins 3724: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3660:Henri Pirenne 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3622:Pater Patriae 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3527:portrayed by 3526: 3522: 3513: 3510: 3509:Winkler Prins 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3492:Free Burgundy 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3462:Winkler Prins 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450:Winkler Prins 3447: 3440: 3436: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416:papal (Roman) 3413: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3307:Lucien Romier 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3215:Henri Pirenne 3211: 3209: 3203: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3133: 3132:religious war 3128: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3036: 3017: 3004: 2991: 2980: 2967: 2954: 2945: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867:Mulder et al. 2866: 2862: 2861:Winkler Prins 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2782: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761:Periodisation 2758: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2733:Dutch Limburg 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690:Winkler Prins 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2498:eighty years' 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:eighty years' 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Carlos Coloma 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2303:Winkler Prins 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2214: 2211: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:Henri Pirenne 2136: 2130: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1961:Loevesteinian 1958: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1897: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:Winkler Prins 1788: 1782: 1777: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1704: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:Batavian myth 1544: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:Duke of Parma 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:religious war 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:periodisation 1193: 1190: 1186: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1008:2nd Gibraltar 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 956:5th Rheinberg 954: 951: 947: 943: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 923:2nd Oldenzaal 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 899: 898: 892: 889: 888: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 874: 873: 867: 864: 863: 862: 861: 854: 851: 850: 846: 845:1st Gibraltar 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 818: 817: 814: 811: 809: 808:4th Rheinberg 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 773:3rd Rheinberg 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 739: 738: 732: 729: 728: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 702: 697: 696: 692: 691: 688: 685: 683: 682:1st Oldenzaal 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 652:2nd Rheinberg 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 612:2nd Luxemburg 610: 608: 605: 603: 602:2nd Coevorden 600: 598: 595: 593: 592:1st Luxemburg 590: 588: 587:1st Coevorden 585: 583: 582:2nd Steenwijk 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 516: 513: 512: 508: 507:Ponta Delgada 505: 504: 500: 499: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 485:1st Rheinberg 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 385:1st Steenwijk 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 366: 365: 359: 356: 355: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 326: 325: 319: 316: 315: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 278: 277: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 189: 188: 182: 179: 178: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 117: 114: 113: 108: 104: 101: 100: 97: 92: 82: 77: 75: 70: 68: 63: 62: 59: 54: 51: 50: 49:Winkler Prins 47:Encyclopedie 46: 38: 36: 35: 27: 23: 19: 7854:Six-Day War 7850:Algerian War 7821: / 7780:Vichy France 7772: 7765: 7675: / 7563:World War II 7459: / 7171: 7126: 7119: 7063:. Retrieved 7048: 7035:. Retrieved 7015: 7011: 6992:. Retrieved 6987: 6983: 6960: 6941: 6922: 6902: 6881: 6868:. Retrieved 6863: 6857: 6831: 6811: 6798:. Retrieved 6783: 6750:. Retrieved 6746:the original 6740: 6720: 6701: 6681: 6660: 6639: 6618: 6604:. Retrieved 6598: 6575: 6550: 6546: 6534:. Retrieved 6522: 6518: 6501:. Retrieved 6495: 6448: 6440:Bibliography 6425:. Retrieved 6420: 6411: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6349: 6310: 6284: 6283:"Maurits ". 6259: 6235: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6154: 6142: 6130: 6063: 6051: 6024: 6019:, p. 9. 6012: 5985: 5976: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5913: 5893: 5884: 5878: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5771: 5734: 5722: 5710: 5698: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5658:. Retrieved 5654:the original 5649: 5622:. Retrieved 5616: 5610: 5601: 5590: 5581: 5572: 5562: 5553: 5545: 5536: 5531:, p. 7. 5509: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5410:. Retrieved 5405: 5399: 5398:"Catalogus: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5360: 5355: 5343:. Retrieved 5338: 5328: 5316:. Retrieved 5309: 5247:, p. 1. 5228: 5222: 5210: 5202: 5194: 5148:. Retrieved 5142: 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5117: 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5092: 5085: 5073:. Retrieved 5067: 5060: 5048:. Retrieved 5042: 5035: 5023:. Retrieved 5017: 5010: 4994: 4989: 4979: 4975: 4963: 4934:. Retrieved 4929:De Standaard 4927: 4918: 4874: 4862: 4853: 4841:. Retrieved 4835: 4828: 4819: 4781: 4739: 4727: 4718: 4712: 4628: 4601:. Retrieved 4595: 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4571: 4567: 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4539: 4515: 4503:. Retrieved 4498: 4494: 4484: 4472:. Retrieved 4467: 4457: 4448: 4427: 4418: 4412: 4370:. Retrieved 4364: 4331: 4325: 4294: 4282:. Retrieved 4277: 4240:. Retrieved 4210:. Retrieved 4204: 4172:. Retrieved 4166: 4132: 4120: 4105: 4028: 4018: 4008: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3939:M. ab Isselt 3901: 3900: 3881: 3872: 3844: 3842: 3769: 3756: 3740: 3727: 3720: 3686: 3663: 3652: 3643: 3627:human rights 3620: 3607: 3579: 3566: 3563:Duke of Alba 3545: 3540: 3534: 3508: 3472: 3467:Beeldenstorm 3461: 3449: 3444: 3412:Black Legend 3390: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3329: 3311: 3286: 3276: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3212: 3182:Jan van Hout 3177: 3173: 3163: 3158:obverse side 3152:reverse side 3129: 3121: 3120: 3057:(1648–1650) 3002:(1621–1648) 2952:(1702–1806) 2943:(1621–1648) 2884:et al. 2020 2860: 2804:Beeldenstorm 2802: 2798: 2790:Westkwartier 2788: 2786: 2778: 2712:Great Rivers 2709: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2682:Robert Fruin 2677: 2671:Dutch people 2663: 2640: 2635: 2620: 2613:Dutch Revolt 2612: 2600: 2599:) or simply 2589:Dutch Revolt 2588: 2584: 2582: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2473:between the 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457:tusschen de 2454: 2450: 2446: 2427:continued)") 2424: 2421:eighty years 2420: 2416: 2413:ochenta anos 2412: 2408: 2390: 2381: 2373: 2365: 2344: 2336: 2324:Theo Maassen 2301: 2244: 2238: 2223: 2206: 2198: 2186: 2163: 2160:Spanish Road 2156:major rivers 2132: 2122: 2113: 2087: 2079:20th century 2072: 2068: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2028:Robert Fruin 2010: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1979: 1966:prinsgezinde 1965: 1955: 1930: 1918: 1911:Robert Fruin 1909: 1903:Robert Fruin 1899: 1895: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1808: 1803:Robert Fruin 1794: 1790: 1774:The liberal 1773: 1767: 1755: 1742: 1732: 1718: 1715: 1707:19th century 1701:Jan Wagenaar 1698: 1695:18th century 1632: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1586: 1571:Roman Empire 1550: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1525: 1508: 1505:Hugo Grotius 1502: 1496: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1399: 1378: 1372: 1357: 1354: 1349:state church 1309: 1301: 1288:stadtholders 1236:Duke of Alba 1184: 1182: 1171: 1119: 1118: 1094:2nd Salvador 1076: 1055:1st Salvador 1048: 1047: 1023:Lizard Point 1001: 1000: 981:2nd Roermond 950:1st Roermond 896: 895: 871: 870: 859: 858: 825:Dover Strait 793:Hoogstraaten 763:Lekkerbeetje 736: 735: 700: 547:2nd Deventer 520: 519: 375:2nd Mechelen 363: 362: 345:1st Deventer 323: 322: 203:1st Mechelen 186: 185: 133:Valenciennes 128:Beeldenstorm 121: 120: 43: 40: 37:whatsoever. 33: 30: 26: 7783: [ 7718:Pacific War 7502:Article 231 7492:Reparations 7469: [ 7433: [ 7410:Color books 7399:World War I 7383: [ 7360:War of 1812 7265: [ 7248: [ 7233:(1792–1815) 7204:Sea Peoples 7189:Gallic Wars 6770:|work= 6083:Nuyens 1869 5684:L.J. 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