1317:
1822:
1485:
1659:, his father-in-law. On the other hand, the States of Holland sought to reduce the size of the army and cut upkeep costs now that peace had been established, clashing with William's desire for a strong military. The two points of view were irreconcilable. When the States-Party regents started to cut down the size of the standing army to a peacetime complement of about 30,000, a struggle for power in the Republic ensued. When negotiations for a compromise failed, the States of Holland unilaterally decided to suspend paying the troops, resulting in William II attempting a coup in July 1650 by abducting several leading Hollandic regenten and leading his army in an
1968:
completely dominate that of competing powers, like
England, that had only a few years previously profited greatly from the handicap the Spanish embargoes posed to the Dutch. Now the greater efficiency of Dutch shipping had a chance to be fully translated into shipping prices, and the competitors were left in the dust. The structure of European trade therefore changed fundamentally in a way that was advantageous to Dutch trade, agriculture and industry. One could truly speak of Dutch primacy in world trade. This not only caused a significant boom for the Dutch economy, but also much resentment in neighbouring countries, like first the
1637:
1456:
1899:, as well as waves of religious fervour (with Christian doomsday prophets emerging at times of trouble) and superstition. These times of crises, as well as the fact that the eastern parts of the Republic remained focused on traditional agriculture and relatively poor, challenge the notion of a general 'Dutch Golden Age'. On the other hand, constant immigration of skilled labourers from the Southern Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia enabled the economy to survive, flourish and grow after every epidemic that raged across the Republic, unlike elsewhere in Europe.
2007:'Toen de Fransen "versochten, indien Spagnien sich met haer niet wilde accomoderen, dat wij ons tractaet niet souden voltrecken" – toen was het zonneklaar. Frankrijk wilde meer winst behalen en trachtte het Staatse belang aan zijn zelfzucht ondergeschikt te maken: dat was 'tergiverseren', opzettelijk dwarsbomen.' ("When the French 'requested, in case Spain would not accommodate to them , that we would not conclude our treaty' – it was obvious. France was trying to make more profit and attempted to submit the States' interest to its own selfishness: that was "
1806:
1684:
1544:(1602–1663) resumed fiercely after the expiration of the ten-year truce of 1640. In Brazil and Africa the Portuguese managed to reconquer most of the territory lost to the WIC in the early 1640s after a long struggle. However, this occasioned a short war in Europe in the years 1657–60, during which the VOC completed its conquests in Ceylon and the coastal areas of the Indian subcontinent. Portugal was forced to indemnify the WIC for its losses in Brazil.
31:
1353:
1618:, on the other hand, far less adept as a politician than his father, hoped to continue the predominance of the stadtholderate and the Orangist faction (mostly the aristocracy and the Counter-Remonstrant regents) as in the years before 1640. Above all, he wanted to maintain the large wartime military establishment, even though the peace made that superfluous.
1473:
Dutch allies from sealing the deal; the
Republic's annoyed negotiators felt the "selfish" French were stalling for time to gain more Spanish concessions over the back of the Dutch. The Dutch decided to conclude a separate peace with Spain on 30 January 1648, confirmed on 15 May 1648, while there was still no sign of Franco–Spanish rapprochement. And so the
1333:
cities. Another factor was that the unpopularity of the
Spanish army, which existed even before the start of the revolt, was exacerbated when in the early stage of the war a few cities were purposely sacked by the Spanish troops after having surrendered; this was done as a practice to intimidate the remaining rebel cities into surrender.
1655:, since 1647 the stadtholder of all provinces except Friesland, was disgruntled with the Peace of MĂĽnster, as waging war gave him a powerful position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He secretly negotiated with France to declare war on Spain again, and also planned to invade England in order to avenge the 1649
1947:. Catholics, who formed the majority in these lands, were tolerated and permitted to practice their religion in private, all Catholic churches and cloisters were confiscated, it was illegal to hold Catholic religious services in public, and most public offices were reserved for Calvinists. The general population of
1895:. However, wealth and health were rather unequally distributed, and when various plagues hit the urban Dutch populations, the differences in hygiene resulted in the lower classes suffering by far the worst illness and the highest death toll. Deadly epidemics could lead to mass panic, including the 1637
1837:
after they proclaimed the
Republic in 1588, expelled the Spanish forces and established peace, safety and prosperity for their population. In literature, the last few decades have often been considered a rather 'regulated' and 'professional' armed conflict in the borderlands of the Dutch Republic and
1472:
The French and Dutch had originally agreed to join forces in negotiating with Spain. While the willing Dutch and
Spanish had been able to establish the text of their peace treaty by January 1648, the French and Spanish still could not reach any agreements, and the French were trying to withhold their
2030:
Van der Lem (1995): 'As soon as had been taken, the continuation of the 'Revolt' or 'Eighty Years' War' became a regulated war. The ideological element did retain a role, but disappeared to the background. (...) The course of the struggle is henceforth a military one, in which not all conquests and
1997:
In 1635, the Dutch States-General and France had agreed: 'Rien ne sera conclué entre la France et l'Espagne, si en mesme temps le Traité d'entre l'Espagne et
Messieurs les Estats n'est aussij conclud.' ("Nothing will be concluded between France and Spain, if not also the Treaty between Spain and the
1764:
was removed: Subjects were no longer forced to follow the conversion of their ruler. Rulers were allowed to choose
Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. 1 January 1624 was defined as the normative date for determining the dominant religion of a state. All ecclesiastical property was to be restored
1536:
situation that had already existed for a long time. In the Dutch
Republic, the peace was solemnly promulgated on 5 June 1648, on the 80th anniversary of the execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horne, and celebrated across most of the country with sumptuous festivities. The province of Zeeland and
1791:
The Peace of
Westphalia marked the start of a new period of European history, in which a far larger number of wholly or partially sovereign princes of the Holy Roman Empire than before would play a role in the political arena for centuries to come. This also increased the risk of conflicts between
1967:
Dutch trade on the
Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean exploded in the decade after the peace, as did trade in general, because trade patterns in all European areas were so tightly interlocked via the hub of the Amsterdam EntrepĂ´t. Dutch trade in this period reached its pinnacle; it came to
1332:
As the revolt and its suppression centered largely around issues of religious freedom and taxation, the conflict necessarily involved not only soldiers, but also civilians at all levels of society. This may be one reason for the resolve and subsequent successes of the Dutch rebels in defending
1906:
in the territories that would coalesce into the Dutch Republic changed radically during the war. In the chaotic early decades of the revolt, there were numerous opportunities for social and political advancement by people from lower classes, especially if they managed to become accomplished
2114:
Parker (1985, 46) cites Granvelle commenting that "people here universally display discontent with any and all Spaniards in these provinces" in a letter to Philip II of 10 March 1563, and refers to Margaret of Parma's objections to Alva's intention of billeting his "unpopular
1663:. In this sense, he finally followed the path of his uncle Maurice. However, the army got lost, and by the time it reached the city, the defences had been prepared, and William had to concede defeat. When he unexpectedly died shortly after on 6 November 1650 to
1769:
the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in private, as well as in public during allotted hours. The independence of the Dutch Republic, which practiced religious toleration, also provided a safe haven for European Jews.
2020:
The Dutch States-General, for dramatic effect, decided to promulgate the ratification of the Peace of MĂĽnster (which was actually ratified by them on 15 May 1648) on the 80th anniversary of the execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horne, 5 June
1854:
continued to be devastated by decades of uninterrupted warfare, with armies forcing farmers to hand over their food, or destroying their crops to deny food to the enemy. Both parties levied taxes on farmers in the still-contested environs of
1976:
on the Republic in 1672. They almost succeeded in destroying the Republic in that year, but the Republic rose from its ashes and by the turn of the century, she was one of the two European power centres, together with the France of king
1919:
had managed to take over the positions of power that the old nobility once wielded. The situation in the eastern Netherlands was quite different: the traditional rural nobility still had a more powerful position than the urban regenten.
1284:
remained under Spanish Habsburg sovereignty. Whereas the Spanish Empire and the Southern Netherlands along with it were financially and demographically ruined, declining politically and economically, the Dutch Republic became a global
1792:
them, and therefore France and Sweden were given the status of generally accepted powers of guaranteeing the peace. Although this was a first attempt at a European security system, it would turn out not to be particularly effective.
1387:—a place of "endless war, suffering and death"—haunted the Spanish for many years after the war ended. In the 16th and 17th centuries the concept of a second or "another" Flanders was variously used while referring to the
1597:
Soon after the conclusion of the peace the political system of the Republic entered a crisis. The same forces that had sustained the Oldenbarnevelt regime in Holland, and that had been so thoroughly shattered after
1489:
1719:(1581), implied that a sovereign could be deposed by the population if there was agreement that he did not fulfill his God-given responsibility. This act by the Dutch challenged the concept of the
18:
This article is about the short- and long-term effects of the war. For how the Eighty Years' War has been seen after it started, and debates between historians how to write about the war, see
1951:
was agricultural and poor, but there were large differences between classes, with rich Brabanders often having families living above the Great Rivers and participating in trade and the
1316:
1833:
The chaotic and dramatic early decades of the Eighty Years' War, which were filled with civil revolts and large-scale urban massacres, largely ended for the provinces north of the
2517:
1821:
1955:(VOC), even before the war was over. The unequal political status of the Generality Lands, and the legal discrimination against Catholics, would continue for the rest of the
1838:
the Spanish Southern Netherlands, which is less interesting to recount, because the ideological struggle had essentially been decided. However, the countryside in especially
1293:, despite continued great socio-economic, geographic and religious inequalities and problems, as well as internal and external political, military and religious conflicts.
877:
1019:
148:
1883:
The upper and middle classes of the Republic, especially in the provinces of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht, prospered during this time and experienced the so-called
1015:
1915:, had been formed that almost entirely closed itself off from lower social groups, with a few exceptions. Especially in the province of Holland, these typically
2169:
1484:
48:
1943:) conquered in the last decades of the war were not granted an equal status to the Seven Provinces in the north, but ruled directly by the States-General as
1641:
95:
1603:
1592:
67:
1559:, promising to never appoint another member of the House of Orange as stadtholder or captain-general of the United Provinces. In the aftermath,
1144:
141:
1916:
2450:
1440:
74:
1379:, a concept that, according to Olivares' biographer J. H. Elliot, strongly motivated that statesman. In the minds of Spaniards the land of
1311:
176:
2525:
1241:
19:
81:
134:
2489:
2087:
1781:
calling it "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all time" in the
63:
782:
1260:(c. 1568–1648) had far-reaching military, political, socio-economic, religious, and cultural effects on the Low Countries, the
1972:
and, later, France. Soon, the Republic was embroiled in military conflicts with these countries, which culminated in their
2554:
69:9: "For the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up, and the reproaches of them that reproached thee are fallen upon me."
1007:
960:
852:
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427:
387:
287:
250:
185:
172:
1474:
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454:
1537:
the city of Leiden, who had been opposed to peace, refused to hold celebrations, but did promulgate the peace treaty.
972:
2802:
2737:
2716:
2694:
2671:
2315:
2155:
1735:
1611:
1112:
909:
601:
307:
114:
1173:
947:
584:
88:
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army that was even paid when no hostilities were taking place, a radical innovation in that time and part of the
812:
777:
666:
1512:(IPO), "Instrument of Peace of OsnabrĂĽck") of 24 October 1648. The three treaties are collectively known as the
1153:
977:
596:
576:
504:
52:
2821:
2160:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1134:
1671:(1650–1672). The power-vacuum which followed was quickly filled by the States-Party regents, who founded a
1668:
1652:
1645:
1615:
1178:
1002:
499:
374:
322:
227:
202:
1388:
1754:
of 1555, in which each prince had the right to determine the religion of his own state (the principle of
1375:
The success of the Dutch Republic in its struggle to get away from the Spanish Crown had damaged Spain's
1195:
827:
681:
337:
242:
1555:(1652–1654), only four years after the peace was signed. The Dutch were defeated and forced to sign the
1504:, "Treaty of Peace") did serve as an example for the treaties between France and the Holy Roman Empire (
661:
2826:
2128:
This is argued by M. Roberts in "The Military Revolution, 1560–1660" (inaugural lecture, Belfast 1955).
1731:
obtained independence from not just their previous Habsburg overlords, but also the Holy Roman Empire.
1660:
1627:
1494:
1325:
1225:
1097:
1077:
914:
741:
736:
641:
439:
1082:
1952:
1756:
1708:
1599:
1577:
1552:
1129:
1025:
992:
894:
842:
751:
721:
716:
676:
671:
656:
651:
494:
404:
332:
2785:
2755:
1541:
1163:
982:
636:
616:
444:
414:
364:
272:
2461:
1636:
1450:
1969:
1872:
1548:
1532:
independence from the Holy Roman Empire, although in both cases it was just a formalisation of a
1205:
1158:
1092:
1035:
997:
882:
731:
691:
611:
606:
509:
464:
369:
41:
1610:
faction. This faction had slowly been gaining prominence during the 1640s until they had forced
1455:
1656:
1563:
rose to prominence in the Dutch Republic, significantly increasing its international standing.
1478:
1183:
935:
922:
899:
872:
832:
756:
706:
479:
449:
317:
2457:
1903:
1891:
than other societies in Europe, with high wages and low prices, providing citizens with high
1851:
1728:
1720:
1704:
1525:
1200:
1124:
1065:
1060:
1045:
1040:
1011:
987:
952:
904:
867:
862:
857:
726:
711:
631:
564:
539:
534:
327:
2754:
van der Lem, Anton (1995). "Het verhaal van de Opstand. Hoofdstuk 6: De geregelde oorlog".
2664:
Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden
1765:
to the condition of 1624. Christians living in principalities where their denomination was
1280:, independent of the Spanish and Holy Roman Empires, while the southern Catholic-dominated
1273:
1256:
1102:
837:
822:
746:
626:
549:
484:
419:
297:
267:
217:
158:
1168:
8:
1856:
1692:
1513:
1341:
1307:
1281:
1107:
1087:
1050:
817:
696:
686:
621:
519:
469:
282:
232:
207:
1444:
1269:
1233:
787:
2773:
1843:
1696:
1672:
1631:
1607:
1581:
1139:
409:
354:
342:
262:
237:
1911:
had been severely reduced again, as a new class of merchant aristocracy, known as the
1289:
and achieved a high level of prosperity for its upper and middle classes known as the
2798:
2733:
2712:
2690:
2667:
2563:
2311:
1847:
1751:
1750:
was given legal recognition as an official religion. All parties would recognise the
1716:
1688:
1614:
to support the peace. And now they wanted their peace dividend. The new stadtholder,
1517:
1464:
1265:
646:
559:
359:
1944:
1936:
1892:
1884:
1839:
1810:
1715:
The Dutch revolt against their lawful sovereign, most obviously illustrated in the
1556:
1412:
1408:
1290:
1286:
1276:
were split in two, with the northern Protestant-dominated Netherlands becoming the
529:
474:
459:
302:
292:
222:
212:
1956:
2727:
2704:
2682:
1908:
1888:
1887:. The 17th-century Republic's population achieved a significantly higher average
1805:
1396:
1368:
1055:
1030:
847:
544:
524:
514:
399:
379:
312:
1834:
1743:
1739:
1724:
1700:
1521:
1508:(IPM), "Instrument of Peace of MĂĽnster") and Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire (
1428:
1416:
1400:
1277:
1261:
792:
768:
277:
1667:, the States-General decided not to appoint a new stadtholder, leading to the
2815:
2275:
2224:
1560:
1360:
126:
1268:, as well as other regions of Europe and European colonies overseas. By the
2052:
2050:
2048:
1490:
Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of MĂĽnster
1321:
701:
197:
2119:" on loyal Flemish towns at his arrival in August 1568 (Parker 1985, 104).
2398:
2348:
1896:
1683:
1459:
1364:
489:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2415:
2413:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2338:
2336:
2156:"Chile como un "Flandes indiano" en las crĂłnicas de los siglos VI y VII"
2045:
1746:. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal before the law, and
1868:
1782:
1778:
1420:
1547:
As newly emerging commercial world powers, the Dutch Republic and the
2618:
2599:
2410:
2379:
2333:
1978:
1864:
1826:
1747:
1606:, had finally coalesced again around what was to become known as the
1540:
Portugal was no party in the 1648 Peace of MĂĽnster, and the overseas
1392:
30:
1973:
1912:
1774:
1664:
1380:
2564:
Larry Jay Diamond; Marc F. Plattner; Philip J. Costopoulo (2005).
2587:
2547:
2271:
2220:
1860:
1404:
2678:(in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel)
2551:
2550:
of this bull, meaning "Zeal of the house of God", quotes from
2142:
The Count-Duke of Olivares. The Statesman in an Age of Decline
1644:
of 1651 decided to appoint no new stadtholder, commencing the
1500:
On the other hand, the Hispano–Dutch Peace Treaty of Münster (
1352:
2092:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2709:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
2290:
2288:
2286:
2237:
2235:
1738:
were stripped from him and bestowed upon the rulers of the
1312:
Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) § Dutch military reforms
2577:
2575:
2279:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
2228:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
2201:
2199:
1709:
the right of German princes to choose their state religion
2639:
2432:
2430:
2428:
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2793:
Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008).
2321:
2283:
2247:
2232:
2572:
2448:
2196:
2184:
2088:"Die eeuw van goud ging aan Brabant en Limburg voorbij"
1846:
and the lands constituting the modern two provinces of
1441:
Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 § Endgame (1640–1648)
2792:
2732:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
2633:
2612:
2425:
2419:
2404:
2392:
2354:
2342:
2056:
1571:
2795:
Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden
2264:
2262:
1859:
after the Dutch conquered it in 1629. Towns such as
1816:
1878:
1871:were repeatedly subjected to pillaging, arson, and
1678:
1336:In the later stages, Maurice raised a professional
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1825:The aftermath of the plundering of the village of
2760:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University
2259:
2211:
1777:was very displeased at the settlement, with Pope
1621:
2813:
1427:), a phrase that was later adopted by historian
2666:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200.
1593:Trial of Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and Hogerbeets
1800:
156:
2085:
1998:Lords States is concluded at the same time.")
1723:, and eventually led to the formation of the
1516:. Aside from achieving independence from the
142:
1363:likens the devastation caused by the war to
2753:
2593:
2484:
2482:
1468:, painted to celebrate the Peace of MĂĽnster
1383:became linked to war. The idea of a second
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2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
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1875:committed by both rebel and royal forces.
1795:
1699:(yellow) remained part of the Empire, the
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115:Learn how and when to remove this message
2757:De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648)
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1804:
1682:
1635:
1483:
1454:
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1315:
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2687:Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740
2451:"Which Countries have State Religions?"
2442:
2436:
2144:. Yale University: New Haven and London
2062:
1347:
20:Historiography of the Eighty Years' War
2814:
2703:
2681:
2645:
2518:"This day, Mary 15, in Jewish history"
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2327:
1477:continued for 11 more years until the
1734:Moreover, certain powers asserted by
130:
2729:A Concise History of the Netherlands
2634:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
2613:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
2420:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
2405:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
2393:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
2355:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
2343:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
2172:from the original on 26 January 2017
2057:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
1566:
1301:
64:"Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War"
53:adding citations to reliable sources
24:
2797:. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288.
2449:Barro, R. J. & McCleary, R. M.
2086:Runa Hellinga (27 September 2019).
1572:Dutch States Party versus Orangists
1451:Peace of Westphalia § Treaties
1434:
1296:
13:
1809:Map of the Netherlands c. 1593 by
1727:. Both the Dutch Republic and the
1586:
14:
2838:
1817:War-time violence and devastation
1707:obtained their independence, and
1506:Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis
1879:Dutch society and the Golden Age
1679:Political implications in Europe
1510:Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis
29:
2655:
2557:
2540:
2510:
2300:
2024:
2014:
2001:
40:needs additional citations for
2147:
2131:
2122:
2108:
1991:
1622:William II's 1650 coup attempt
1:
2566:World religions and democracy
2308:Encyclopedie van misvattingen
2161:Revista Chilena de Literatura
2038:
2011:", deliberate obstruction.")
1923:The territories of Brabant (
1669:First Stadtholderless Period
1653:William II, Prince of Orange
1646:First Stadtholderless Period
7:
2711:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2460:. p. 5. Archived from
2218:"Pyreneeën, Vrede van de".
2031:losses need be remembered.'
1962:
1939:and the Lands of Overmaze (
1801:Effect on the Low Countries
1551:would come to heads in the
10:
2843:
2726:Kennedy, James C. (2017).
1628:Attack on Amsterdam (1650)
1625:
1590:
1575:
1495:Bartholomeus van der Helst
1448:
1438:
1305:
17:
2662:Groenveld, Simon (2009).
2490:"The Peace of Westphalia"
2306:Maanen, Hans van (2002),
2154:Baraibar, Alvaro (2013).
1953:Dutch East Indies Company
1757:cuius regio, eius religio
1578:Orangism (Dutch Republic)
168:
2269:"Westfalen, Vrede van".
1984:
1970:Commonwealth of England
1796:Socio-economics effects
1742:, including choosing a
1549:Commonwealth of England
1830:
1813:
1712:
1657:Execution of Charles I
1649:
1497:
1479:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1469:
1423:as "Indian Flanders" (
1421:military point of view
1372:
1329:
2596:, p. Chapter VI.
2522:Cleveland Jewish News
2458:University of Chicago
1904:social stratification
1824:
1808:
1736:Emperor Ferdinand III
1729:Old Swiss Confederacy
1721:divine right of kings
1705:Old Swiss Confederacy
1686:
1673:new republican regime
1639:
1576:Further information:
1553:First Anglo–Dutch War
1526:Old Swiss Confederacy
1487:
1458:
1439:Further information:
1355:
1319:
2497:University of Oregon
1907:merchants. By 1650,
1542:Dutch–Portuguese War
1359:. This engraving by
1348:Psychological impact
1274:Habsburg Netherlands
1113:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1003:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
910:1st Cape St. Vincent
853:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
769:1st English Channel
585:Ten Years, 1588–1598
49:improve this article
2689:. Clarendon Press.
2059:, pp. 143–144.
1931:), Upper Guelders (
1693:Spanish Netherlands
1691:in 1648. While the
1661:Attack on Amsterdam
1514:Peace of Westphalia
1493:(1648), painted by
1342:Military Revolution
1308:Military Revolution
1282:Spanish Netherlands
1272:(15 May 1648), the
1103:3rd English Channel
923:Twelve Years' Truce
905:2nd English Channel
813:1st Schenckenschans
667:3rd Geertruidenberg
602:2nd Geertruidenberg
308:1st Geertruidenberg
2648:, p. 197–292.
2407:, p. 138–139.
2376:, p. 597–609.
2357:, p. 151–152.
1933:Staats-Opper-Gelre
1831:
1814:
1713:
1697:County of Burgundy
1650:
1632:Loevestein faction
1608:Dutch States Party
1582:Dutch States Party
1498:
1475:Franco-Spanish War
1470:
1373:
1330:
1036:2nd Schenkenschans
978:2nd Bergen op Zoom
597:1st Bergen op Zoom
2827:Aftermath of wars
2822:Eighty Years' War
2467:on 30 August 2006
2330:, p. 248–50.
1929:Staats-Vlaanderen
1752:Peace of Augsburg
1717:Act of Abjuration
1689:Holy Roman Empire
1600:Maurice of Orange
1567:Political effects
1518:House of Habsburg
1465:Allegory of Peace
1302:Nature of the war
1266:Holy Roman Empire
1257:Eighty Years' War
1255:aftermath of the
1250:
1249:
160:Eighty Years' War
125:
124:
117:
99:
2834:
2808:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2722:
2705:Israel, Jonathan
2700:
2683:Israel, Jonathan
2677:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2616:
2610:
2597:
2594:van der Lem 1995
2591:
2585:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2524:. Archived from
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2377:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2281:
2280:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2083:
2060:
2054:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1945:Generality Lands
1937:Duchy of Limburg
1917:urban patricians
1893:purchasing power
1885:Dutch Golden Age
1857:'s-Hertogenbosch
1811:Cornelis de Jode
1760:). However, the
1557:Act of Seclusion
1445:Peace of MĂĽnster
1435:Military outcome
1413:Diego de Rosales
1297:Military effects
1291:Dutch Golden Age
1287:commercial power
1270:Peace of MĂĽnster
1216:2nd San Salvador
1211:1st San Salvador
1184:2nd Saint Martin
1154:1st Saint Martin
163:
161:
151:
144:
137:
128:
127:
120:
113:
109:
106:
100:
98:
57:
33:
25:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2719:
2697:
2674:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2619:
2611:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2380:
2372:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2310:, Boom, p. 68.
2305:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2152:
2148:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2063:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1965:
1941:Staats-Overmaas
1909:social mobility
1889:quality of life
1881:
1873:sexual violence
1819:
1803:
1798:
1740:Imperial States
1681:
1634:
1626:Main articles:
1624:
1612:Frederick Henry
1595:
1589:
1587:Post-war crisis
1584:
1574:
1569:
1502:Tractatus Pacis
1453:
1447:
1437:
1425:Flandes indiano
1369:Greek mythology
1350:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1251:
1246:
1230:
1135:Bay of Matanzas
1072:European waters
957:
919:
889:European waters
797:
783:Gulf of AlmerĂa
763:European waters
581:
571:European waters
424:
384:
349:European waters
247:
182:
179:
177:List of battles
164:
159:
157:
155:
121:
110:
104:
101:
58:
56:
46:
34:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2790:
2751:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2701:
2695:
2679:
2672:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2636:, p. 144.
2617:
2615:, p. 143.
2598:
2586:
2582:Groenveld 2009
2571:
2568:. p. 103.
2556:
2539:
2528:on 19 May 2014
2509:
2478:
2441:
2439:, p. 131.
2424:
2422:, p. 139.
2409:
2397:
2395:, p. 138.
2378:
2359:
2347:
2345:, p. 151.
2332:
2320:
2299:
2297:, p. 131.
2295:Groenveld 2009
2282:
2258:
2256:, p. 157.
2254:Groenveld 2009
2246:
2244:, p. 156.
2242:Groenveld 2009
2231:
2210:
2208:, p. 146.
2206:Groenveld 2009
2195:
2193:, p. 144.
2191:Groenveld 2009
2183:
2164:(in Spanish).
2146:
2130:
2121:
2107:
2061:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1964:
1961:
1949:Staats-Brabant
1925:Staats-Brabant
1880:
1877:
1818:
1815:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1786:Zelo Domus Dei
1762:ius reformandi
1744:state religion
1725:Dutch Republic
1711:was confirmed.
1701:Dutch Republic
1680:
1677:
1642:Grand Assembly
1623:
1620:
1588:
1585:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1522:Dutch Republic
1436:
1433:
1429:Gabriel Guarda
1401:1673 rebellion
1397:Catalan Revolt
1389:1591 situation
1349:
1346:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1278:Dutch Republic
1262:Spanish Empire
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1242:Historiography
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:Southern Chile
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1012:2nd Maastricht
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
967:Western Europe
964:
963:
956:
955:
950:
939:
938:
930:Western Europe
927:
926:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
890:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
807:Western Europe
804:
803:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:Bayona Islands
775:
765:
764:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
591:Western Europe
588:
587:
580:
579:
573:
572:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
440:1st Maastricht
434:Western Europe
431:
430:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
394:Western Europe
391:
390:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
365:Haarlemmermeer
362:
357:
351:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
257:Western Europe
254:
253:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
192:Western Europe
189:
188:
181:
180:
169:
166:
165:
154:
153:
146:
139:
131:
123:
122:
37:
35:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2839:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2804:9789055746262
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2775:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2741:
2739:9781108364010
2735:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2718:0-19-873072-1
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2696:0-19-821139-2
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:9789087041274
2669:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2584:, p. 27.
2583:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2316:90-5352-834-2
2313:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2276:Winkler Prins
2274:Encyclopedie
2273:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2225:Winkler Prins
2223:Encyclopedie
2222:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2027:
2017:
2010:
2009:tergiverseren
2004:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1958:
1957:Ancien RĂ©gime
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:), Flanders (
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:Dutch Limburg
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1812:
1807:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1583:
1579:
1564:
1562:
1561:Johan de Witt
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Hans Collaert
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:2nd Gibraltar
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:5th Rheinberg
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:2nd Oldenzaal
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
969:
968:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
943:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
924:
921:
920:
916:
915:1st Gibraltar
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
879:
878:4th Rheinberg
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
843:3rd Rheinberg
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
808:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
772:
767:
766:
762:
761:
758:
755:
753:
752:1st Oldenzaal
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:2nd Rheinberg
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:2nd Luxemburg
680:
678:
675:
673:
672:2nd Coevorden
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:1st Luxemburg
660:
658:
657:1st Coevorden
655:
653:
652:2nd Steenwijk
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:Ponta Delgada
575:
574:
570:
569:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:1st Rheinberg
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:1st Steenwijk
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
252:
249:
248:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:
187:
184:
183:
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1322:Spanish Fury
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1125:1st Salvador
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1093:Lizard Point
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1051:2nd Roermond
1020:1st Roermond
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895:Dover Strait
863:Hoogstraaten
833:Lekkerbeetje
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617:2nd Deventer
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445:2nd Mechelen
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47:Please help
42:verification
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2646:Israel 1989
2374:Israel 1995
2328:Israel 1989
1935:), and the
1897:tulip mania
1460:Jan Lievens
1190:East Indies
1130:Puerto Rico
998:4th Groenlo
953:Playa Honda
942:East Indies
925:, 1609–1621
883:3rd Groenlo
828:San Andreas
732:2nd Groenlo
692:1st Groenlo
627:Knodsenburg
612:2nd Zutphen
560:1st Zutphen
515:3rd Antwerp
500:Steenbergen
490:2nd Antwerp
400:1st Antwerp
375:Reimerswaal
338:Schoonhoven
328:Mookerheyde
228:Heiligerlee
2816:Categories
2471:7 November
2176:30 January
2096:(in Dutch)
2039:References
1869:Oisterwijk
1779:Innocent X
1616:William II
1591:See also:
1449:See also:
1415:described
1377:ReputaciĂłn
1326:Maastricht
1306:See also:
873:2nd Lingen
838:Nieuwpoort
818:Zaltbommel
757:1st Lingen
737:Bredevoort
420:Borgerhout
323:Valkenburg
298:IJsselmeer
288:Middelburg
243:Le Quesnoy
218:Oosterweel
75:newspapers
2784:ignored (
2774:cite book
2502:6 October
1979:Louis XIV
1865:Eindhoven
1827:Wommelgem
1748:Calvinism
1604:1618 coup
1481:of 1659.
1238:Aftermath
1174:Itamaracá
1159:1st Unare
1145:Trujillo
1108:The Downs
1083:2nd Cádiz
1066:4th Hulst
1061:3rd Hulst
1046:3rd Venlo
1041:4th Breda
1016:2nd Venlo
988:3rd Breda
961:1621–1648
900:2nd Sluis
868:3rd Sluis
858:2nd Grave
801:1599–1609
788:1st Cádiz
747:Ootmarsum
727:1st Meurs
712:2nd Hulst
677:Groningen
632:1st Hulst
607:2nd Breda
565:1st Sluis
540:1st Venlo
535:1st Grave
495:Eindhoven
470:Noordhorn
465:1st Breda
428:1579–1588
388:1576–1579
370:Zuiderzee
343:Zierikzee
333:Oudewater
251:1572–1576
233:Jemmingen
208:Wattrelos
186:1566–1572
105:July 2022
2707:(1995).
2685:(1989).
2170:Archived
1963:Commerce
1913:regenten
1844:Flanders
1775:Holy See
1695:and the
1665:smallpox
1534:de facto
1524:and the
1399:and the
1385:Flanders
1381:Flanders
1338:standing
1196:MormugĂŁo
1149:Campeche
1140:Abrolhos
1119:Americas
773:Flanders
742:Enschede
717:Turnhout
702:2nd Lier
647:Caudebec
637:Nijmegen
622:Delfzijl
485:1st Lier
410:Rijmenam
405:Gembloux
355:Flushing
238:Jodoigne
2764:15 July
2745:15 July
2548:incipit
2532:13 July
2272:Encarta
2221:Encarta
2140:(1986)
2117:tercios
2100:15 July
1861:Helmond
1848:Belgian
1840:Brabant
1829:in 1589
1530:de jure
1419:from a
1411:father
1405:Messina
1328:in 1579
1206:Malacca
1169:Cabañas
1098:Dunkirk
983:Fleurus
948:Ternate
475:Niezijl
360:Borsele
303:Alkmaar
293:Haarlem
283:Naarden
263:Brielle
173:Origins
89:scholar
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2314:
1520:, the
1443:; and
1409:Jesuit
1395:, the
1393:AragĂłn
1264:, the
1226:Cavite
1221:Manila
1031:Leuven
973:JĂĽlich
936:Aachen
848:Ostend
793:Azores
707:Calais
530:Boksum
520:Arnhem
480:Lochem
460:Kollum
313:Leiden
223:Dahlen
213:Lannoy
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2552:Psalm
2493:(PDF)
2465:(PDF)
2454:(PDF)
2093:Trouw
2021:1648.
1985:Notes
1417:Chile
1234:Peace
1201:Galle
1088:Slaak
1056:Kallo
1008:Meuse
697:Lippe
642:Rouen
550:Neuss
525:Empel
510:Aalst
505:Ghent
450:Diest
380:Lillo
318:Delft
96:JSTOR
82:books
2799:ISBN
2786:help
2766:2022
2747:2022
2734:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2546:The
2534:2022
2504:2021
2473:2006
2312:ISBN
2178:2016
2102:2022
1902:The
1867:and
1850:and
1783:bull
1773:The
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278:Goes
268:Mons
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