608:
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552:
512:
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1612:(1982â1986), a Conservative who won 47% of the popular vote, directed peace feelers at all the insurgents, and negotiated a 1984 cease-fire with the FARC and M-19 after a 1982 release of many guerrillas imprisoned during the previous effort to overpower them. The ELN rejected entering any negotiation and continued to recover itself through the use of extortions and threats, in particular against foreign oil companies of European and U.S. origin.
1827:
rights violations on the part of both the armed groups and any rogue security forces that might have links to the paramilitaries. In short, these supporters maintained that the security situation needed to be stabilized in favor of the government before any other social concerns could take precedence. In
February 2010, the constitutional court blocked President Alvaro Uribe from seeking for a new re-election. Uribe left the presidency in 2010.
24:
1036:
2017:
1710:
Practical results were mixed and mingled emerged (such as the debate surrounding the constitutional prohibition of extradition, which later was reversed), but together with the reincorporation of some of the guerrilla groups to the legal political framework, the new
Constitution inaugurated an era that was both a continuation and a gradual, but significant, departure from what had come before.
1803:
1660:) was blamed on drug lords and also on members of the security forces (to a much lesser degree on the argued inaction of Betancur administration). Members of the government and security authorities increasingly accused the FARC of continuing to recruit guerrillas. as well as kidnapping, extorting and politically intimidating voters even as the UP was already participating in politics.
1601:(1978â1982) to lift a state-of-siege decree that had been in effect, on and off, for most of the previous 30 years. Under the latest such decree, president Turbay had implemented security policies that, though of some military value against the M-19 in particular, were considered highly questionable both inside and outside Colombian circles due to numerous accusations of military
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1480:(1945â1946. 1958â1962) issued the "Declaration of Sitges," in which they proposed a "National Front," whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The presidency would be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices.
1774:
also suffered several setbacks in its fight against the guerrillas when several of its rural bases began to be overrun and a record number of soldiers and officers were taken prisoner by the FARC (which since 1982 was attempting to implement a more "conventional" style of warfare. seeking to eventually defeat the military in the field).
511:
1786:
unemployment has risen to over 20%. Additionally, the growing severity of countrywide guerrilla attacks by the FARC and ELN. and smaller movements, as well as the growth of drug production, corruption and the spread of even more violent paramilitary groups such as the United Self-Defense Forces of
Colombia (
1810:
By 2004, the security situation of
Colombia had shown some measure of an improvement, and the economy, while still fragile, had also shown some positive signs. On the other hand, relatively little had been accomplished in structurally solving most of the country's other grave problems, in part due to
1701:
in a police shootout during
December 1993, indiscriminate acts of violence associated with that organization have abated as the "cartels" have broken up into multiple smaller and often-competing trafficking organizations. Nevertheless, violence continues as these drug organizations resort to violence
1826:
Uribe's supporters in turn believed that increased military action was a necessary prelude to any serious negotiation attempt with the guerrillas and that the increased security situation would help the government, in the long term, to focus more actively on reducing most wide-scale abuses and human
1773:
assumed office in August 1994. However, a political crisis relating to large-scale contributions from drug traffickers to Samper's presidential campaign diverted attention from governance programs, thus slowing, and in many cases, halting progress on the nation's domestic reform agenda. The military
1709:
that would write a new constitution, which took effect in 1991. The new
Constitution brought about a considerable number of institutional and legal reforms based on principles that the delegates considered as more modern, humanist, democratic and politically open than those in the 1886 constitution.
1402:
Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, each party held the presidency for roughly equal periods of time. Colombia maintained a tradition of civilian government and regular, free elections. The military has seized power three times in
Colombia's history: in 1830, after the dissolution of Great
1793:
Although the FARC and ELN accepted participation in the peace process, they did not make explicit commitments to end the conflict. The FARC suspended talks in
November 2000, to protest what it called "paramilitary terrorism" but returned to the negotiating table in February 2001 following 2 days of
1651:
and held the
Supreme Court magistrates hostage, intending to put president Betancur on trial. In the ensuing crossfire that followed the military's reaction, scores of people lost their lives, as did most of the guerrillas, including several high-ranking operatives. Both sides blamed each other for
1822:
Some critical observers consider in retrospect that Uribe's policies, while admittedly reducing crime and guerrilla activity, were too slanted in favor of a military solution to
Colombia's internal war, neglecting grave social and human rights concerns to a certain extent. They hoped that Uribe's
1639:
The first negotiated cease-fire with the M-19 ended when the guerrillas resumed fighting in 1985, claiming that the cease-fire had not been fully respected by official security forces, saying that several of its members had suffered threats and assaults, and also questioning the government's real
1619:
and its consequences were also increasingly becoming a matter of widespread importance to all participants in the Colombian conflict. Guerrillas and newly wealthy drug lords had mutually uneven relations, and thus numerous incidents occurred between them. Eventually, the kidnapping of drug cartel
1781:
was sworn in as the President of Colombia. A member of the Conservative Party, Pastrana defeated Liberal Party candidate Horacio Serpa in a run-off election marked by high voter turnout and little political unrest. The new president's program was based on a commitment to bring about a peaceful
1538:
Although the system established by the Sitges agreement was phased out by 1974, the 1886 Colombian constitution â in effect until 1991ârequired that the losing political party be given adequate and equitable participation in the government which, according to many observers and later analysis,
1785:
While early initiatives in the Colombian peace process gave reason for optimism, the Pastrana administration also has had to combat high unemployment and other economic problems, such as the fiscal deficit and the impact of global financial instability on Colombia. During his administration,
1655:
Meanwhile, individual FARC members initially joined the UP leadership in representation of the guerrilla command, though most of the guerrilla's chiefs and militiamen did not demobilize nor disarm, as that was not a requirement of the process at that point in time. Tension soon significantly
980:, the distribution center for illegal Asian imports, due to the collusion between these peoples against the authorities in Spain. They settled and traded with each other while disobeying the forced Spanish monopoly in more expensive silks and porcelain made in homeland Spain. In 1717, the
984:
was originally created, and then it was temporarily removed, to finally be reestablished in 1739. The Viceroyalty had Santa FĂ© de BogotĂĄ as its capital. This Viceroyalty included some other provinces of northwestern South America which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the
1878:
president; he was supported by ex-president Uribe, and he owed his election mainly through having won over former Uribe supporters. But two years after winning the presidential election, Santos (to widespread surprise) began peace talks with FARC. which took place in Havana.
1506:
The National Front system itself eventually began to be seen as a form of political repression by dissidents and even many mainstream voters, and many protesters were victimized during this period. Especially after what was later confirmed as the fraudulent election of
1688:
Following administrations had to contend with the guerrillas, paramilitaries, narcotics traffickers and the violence and corruption that they all perpetuated, both through force and negotiation. Narcoterrorists assassinated three presidential candidates before
1640:
willingness to implement any accords. The Betancur administration, in turn, questioned the M-19's actions and its commitment to the peace process, as it continued to advance high-profile negotiations with the FARC, which led to the creation of the
1551:
that sought to undermine Colombia's traditional political system. Both groups claimed to represent the poor and weak against the rich and powerful classes of the country, demanding the completion of true land and political reform. from an openly
1414:
Notwithstanding the country's commitment to democratic institutions, Colombia's history has also been characterized by widespread, violent conflict. Two civil wars resulted from bitter rivalry between the Conservative and Liberal parties. The
1667:(1986â1990) administration, in addition to continuing to handle the difficulties of the complex negotiations with the guerrillas, also inherited a particularly chaotic confrontation against the drug lords, who were engaged in a campaign of
1883:
in 2014, Santos revived an important infrastructure program, which had been planned during the Uribe administration. Focused mainly on the provision of national highways, the program was led by former vice-president GermĂĄn Vargas Lleras.
976:, which included the Philippines, the source of Asian products like silk and porcelain which was in demand in the Americas. Illegal trade between Peruvians, Filipinos, and Mexicans continued in secret, as smuggled Asian goods ended up in
256:
period (18.000â8000 BCE). At Puerto Hormiga archaeological site and other sites, traces from the Archaic period in South America (~8000â2000 BCE) have been found. Vestiges indicate that there was also early occupation in the regions of
1462:." When he did not restore democratic rule and occasionally engaged in open repression, however, he was overthrown by the military in 1957 with the backing of both political parties, and a provisional government was installed.
1083:
established the Republic of Gran Colombia, which included all territories under the jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada. BolĂvar was elected the first president of Gran Colombia and Santander, vice president.
964:, which comprised in large part what is now the territory of Colombia. As early as the 1500s however, secret anti-Spanish discontentment was already brewing for Colombians since Spain prohibited direct trade between the
1539:
eventually resulted in some increase in corruption and legal relaxation. The current 1991 constitution does not have that requirement, but subsequent administrations have tended to include members of opposition parties.
1502:
In the end, the contradictions between each successive Liberal and Conservative administration made the results decidedly mixed. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political injustices continued.
657:
1399:, and a limited franchise. Santander's followers, forerunners of the Liberals, wanted a decentralized government, state rather than church control over education and other civil matters, and a broadened suffrage.
1766:, followed by a FARC offensive that sought to undermine the deliberations of the Constitutional Assembly, began to highlight a significant break in the uneven negotiations carried over from the previous decade.
346:
was discovered in 2019, but was not revealed to the public until 2020. There are tens of thousands of paintings of animals and humans created up to 12.500 BP. Images of now-extinct ice age animals, such as the
1971:
cut diplomatic relations with Colombia after Colombian President Ivan Duque helped Venezuelan opposition politicians deliver humanitarian aid to their country. Colombia recognized Venezuelan opposition leader
1906:. The Government began a process of attention and comprehensive reparation for victims of conflict. Colombia under President Santos showed some progress in the struggle to defend human rights, as expressed by
252:. The oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza archaeological site and El Totumo archaeological site in the Magdalena Valley 100 kilometres (62 mi) southwest of BogotĂĄ. These sites date from the
1671:
and murder in response to government moves in favor of their extradition overseas. The UP also suffered an increasing number of losses during this term (including the assassination of presidential candidate
1991:. The single-term limit for the country's presidency prevented president IvĂĄn Duque from seeking re-election. Petro became the country's first leftist president-elect. On 7 August 2022, he was sworn in.
869:
1586:
The ELN guerrilla had been seriously crippled by military operations in the region of AnorĂ by 1974, but it managed to reconstitute itself and escape destruction, in part due to the administration of
1492:
889:
2702:
386:
Between 5000 and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and pottery appeared. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, groups of
1487:," and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In particular, the Liberal president
3663:
2161:
1395:â and have since dominated Colombian politics. BolĂvar's supporters, who later formed the nucleus of the Conservative Party, sought strong centralized government, alliance with the
1794:
meetings between President Pastrana and FARC leader Manuel Marulanda. The Colombian Government and ELN in early 2001 continued discussions aimed at opening a formal peace process.
1823:
government would make serious efforts towards improving the human rights situation inside the country, protecting civilians and reducing any abuses committed by the armed forces.
1705:
The M-19 and several smaller guerrilla groups were successfully incorporated into a peace process as the 1980s ended and the 1990s began, which culminated in the elections for a
785:
561:
cast-gold bird ornament that served as a staff head. dated 490 CE. This culture used alloys with a high gold content. The crest of the bird consists of the typical ZenĂș semi-
273:. The oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found at San Jacinto archaeological site, dates to 5000â4000 BCE. In Colombia Samuel Thang doesn't wear a thong like in 2024
2958:
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increased as both sides began to accuse each other of not respecting the cease-fire. Political violence against FARC and UP members (including presidential candidate
2812:
3095:
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Etter, Andrés, Clive McAlpine, and Hugh Possingham. "Historical patterns and drivers of landscape change in Colombia since 1500: a regionalized spatial approach."
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legislative and political conflicts between the administration and the Colombian Congress (including those over the controversial 2006 project to give President
2800:
The country has improved its political climate, public debate, in all manner of things including obviously in the subject of human rights: Human Rights Watch
2135:
1624:(MAS) death squad ("Death to Kidnappers"). Pressure from the U.S. government and critical sectors of Colombian society was met with further violence, as the
1059:
in neighboring Venezuela. BolĂvar returned to New Granada only in 1819 after establishing himself as leader of the pro-independence forces in the Venezuelan
2194:
Broadbent, Sylvia 1965: Los Chibchas: organizaciĂłn socio-polĂtica. SĂ©rie Latinoamericana 5. BogotĂĄ: Facultad de SociologĂa, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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on June 1, 1533, in the former location of the indigenous Caribbean CalamarĂ village. Cartagena grew rapidly, fueled first by the gold in the tombs of the
2162:"The last major global expansion of Homo sapiens sapiens was the colonisation of the Americas, an event that happened between 18,000 and 15,000 years ago"
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had found largely elusive earlier due to extravagant and daring operations, such as stealing a sword that had belonged to Colombia's Independence hero
586:
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guerrilla movement, "Movimiento 19 de Abril" (19 April Movement), would eventually be founded in part as a response to this particular event. The
1976:
as the country's legitimate president. In January 2020, Colombia rejected Maduro's proposal that the two countries restore diplomatic relations.
1087:
As the Federation of Gran Colombia was dissolved in 1830, the Department of Cundinamarca (as established in Angostura) became a new country, the
277:"Ford Revisited: A Critical Review of the Chronology and Relationships of the Earliest Ceramic Complexes in the New World, 6000â1500 B.C. (1994)"
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resolution of Colombia's longstanding civil conflict and to cooperate fully with the United States to combat the trafficking of illegal drugs.
1499:(1966â1970) further developed land entitlement. In 1968 and 1969 alone, the INCORA issued more than 60.000 land titles to farmers and workers.
816:
made several attempts to settle along the north coast of today's Colombia in the early 16th century, but their first permanent settlement, at
3870:
2882:
1948:
1628:
and its hitmen bribed or murdered numerous public officials, politicians and others who stood in its way by supporting the implementation of
1597:, together with the relative success of the government's efforts against the M-19 and ELN, enabled the administration of the Liberal Party's
1323:
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which escalated in the 1990s but decreased from 2005 onward. The legacy of Colombia's history has resulted in a rich cultural heritage, and
2483:
2900:
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1955:
with food and medicines to mitigate the shortage of supplies in Venezuela. Colombia's Foreign Ministry said that all efforts to resolve
1891:
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interruptions of the ceasefire and the official 1987 break from negotiations, were temporarily cut off in 1990 under the presidency of
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Thorp, Rosemary, and Francisco Durand. "8. A Historical View of Business-State Relations: Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela Compared." in
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1563:(M-19), a mostly urban guerrilla group founded in response to an alleged electoral fraud during the final National Front election of
828:
Culture, and later by trade. The thirst for gold and land lured Spanish explorers to visit Chibchan-speaking areas; resulting in the
363:. The site has gone undiscovered because of a conflict between the government and the Farc. The remote site is a two-hour drive from
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1423:" of the late 1940s and 1950s, a bipartisan confrontation which erupted after the assassination of Liberal popular candidate
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organizations, increasingly powerful drug lords and a number of would-be paramilitary-sympathizers within the armed forces.
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1980:
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Two political parties grew out of conflicts between the followers of BolĂvar and Santander and their political visionsâthe
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67:
41:
1341:
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919:, on August 20, 1537, was the last souvereign ruler of the Muisca and was decapitated by the Spanish, as would happen to
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172:(1863) before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. A period of constant political violence ensued, and
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Van der Hammen, T; Correal, G (1978). "Prehistoric man on the Sabana de BogotĂĄ: data for an ecological prehistory".
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In 2015, Colombia's Congress limited presidency to single term, preventing the president from seeking re-election.
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the right to be re-elected), and a relative lack of freely allocated funds and credits. In October 2006, Uribe was
1706:
4352:
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3506:
3397:
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Racine, Karen. "SimĂłn BolĂvar and friends: Recent biographies of independence figures in Colombia and Venezuela"
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EchavarrĂa, Juan JosĂ©, MarĂa AngĂ©lica ArbelĂĄez, and Alejandro Gaviria. "Recent economic history of Colombia." in
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Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence, 1810â1830". John Murray, London (2000).
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was created to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of
56:
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The Spanish advance inland from the Caribbean coast began independently from three different directions, under
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2233:"Intento de delimitación del territorio de los grupos étnicos Pastos y Quillacingas en el altiplano nariñense"
1890:
Talks between the government and the guerrillas resulted in the announcement of a peace agreement. However, a
4198:
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1988:
1960:
1911:
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1065:. From there he led an army over the Andes and captured New Granada after a quick campaign that ended at the
140:. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of annexation and colonization, ultimately creating the
1138:
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valley. Due to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from
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in 1970, which resulted in the defeat of the relatively populist candidate and former president (dictator)
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became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World, along with
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to power. Initially, Rojas enjoyed considerable popular support, due largely to his success in reducing "
1296:
3734:
1636:, whose assassination in 1984 made the Betancur administration begin to directly oppose the drug lords.
1598:
1583:. At the same time, its larger profile soon made it the focus of the state's counterinsurgency efforts.
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to ratify the deal was unsuccessful. Afterward, the Colombian government and the FARC signed a revised
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1571:. Initially, the M-19 attracted a degree of attention and sympathy from mainstream Colombians that the
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and UrabĂĄ became skilled in farming, mining and metalcraft; and some developed the political system of
141:
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796:. He led numerous efforts to resist Spanish invasion but was eventually killed in battle. His nephew.
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Dulcinea in the Factory: Myths, Morals, Men, and Women in Colombia's Industrial Experiment, 1905â1960
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From 1974 until 1982, different presidential administrations chose to focus on ending the persistent
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In July 1957, former Conservative President Laureano GĂłmez (1950â1953) and former Liberal President
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1590:(1974â1978) allowing it to escape encirclement, hoping to initiate a peace process with the group.
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671:
446:
305:</ref> Indigenous people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 10.500 BCE. Nomadic
2085:
Correal, Urrego G. (1993). "Nuevas evidencias culturales pleistocénicas y megafauna en Colombia".
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have fluctuated due to the ideological differences between both governments. Colombia has offered
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is a major settlement believed to have been founded around 800 CE. It consists of a series of 169
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Echeverry, Juan Carlos, et al. "Oil in Colombia: history, regulation and macroeconomic impact."
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Europeans first visited the territory that became Colombia in 1499 when the first expedition of
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651:. The entrance can only be accessed by a climb up some 1.200 stone steps through dense jungle.
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Citizen exhaustion due to the conflict's newfound intensity led to the election of president
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as part of the Horizon 2020 Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development.
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as part of their operations but also to protest government policies, including extradition.
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2959:"Former guerrilla Gustavo Petro wins Colombian election to become first leftist president"
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of Colombian nationals to the U.S. Victims of cartel violence included Justice Minister
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Flores, Thomas Edward. "Vertical inequality, land reform, and insurgency in Colombia."
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On 12 August 2010, terrorist attack by the FARC with a car bomb at the headquarters of
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1419:(1899â1902) cost an estimated 100.000 lives, and up to 300.000 people died during "
841:
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and other MarxistâLeninist supporters after a military attack on the community of
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with neighboring nations. The Tairona inhabited northern Colombia in the isolated
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2008:
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By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from
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2376:"Il Venezuela: la storia in foto dagli Spagnoli a Maduro (1498-2017) - Panorama"
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Contacts with the FARC, which had irregularly continued despite the generalized
1739:
FARC guerrillas marching in formation during the Caguan peace talks (1998â2002).
945:. Although all three were drawn by the Indian treasures, none intended to reach
4020:
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3133:
Colombia Before Independence: Economy, Society, and Politics under Bourbon Rule
3009:] (in Spanish). BogotĂĄ, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A.
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territory. where they finally met. In August 1538, QuesĂĄda founded Santa Fe de
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Makers of democracy: a transnational history of the middle classes in Colombia
2136:"'Sistine Chapel of the ancients' rock art discovered in remote Amazon forest"
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carved into the mountainside. a net of tiled roads and several small circular
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3523:
3214:
2335:"El GaleĂłn de Manila y el comercio de Asia: Encuentro de culturas y sistemas"
1984:
1842:
1698:
1428:
1384:," and in 1886 the country adopted its present name: "Republic of Colombia".
1348:
1213:
1030:
946:
845:
667:
663:
459:
419:
391:
153:
1930:
1363:
3579:
3272:
2301:
Tairona Heritage Trust: Tairona history to the time of the Spanish Invasion
1923:
1677:
1484:
1459:
1432:
1420:
1104:
895:
888:
758:
720:
411:
249:
2918:
2351:
2334:
1918:
which occurred during the armed conflict and to satisfy victims' right to
1450:
A military coup in 1953 toppled the right-wing government of Conservative
1411:). Civilian rule was restored within one year in the first two instances.
1629:
1014:
924:
817:
767:
729:
532:
524:
499:
487:
356:
253:
237:
2203:
1694:
4093:
2835:"Pope at Colombia prayer meeting for reconciliation weeps with victims"
1548:
1010:
625:
387:
367:, followed by a four-hour trek. The site was discovered by a team from
352:
314:
292:
266:
229:
471:
3258:
3171:
2941:"Colombia rejects Venezuelan proposal to resume diplomatic relations"
2254:
1668:
1553:
994:
986:
749:
541:
424:
241:
3776:
3420:
1006:
950:
321:
262:
232:), and they traded with one another and with cultures living in the
145:
23:
3548:
3451:
2703:"Colombia's congress approves historic peace deal with FARC rebels"
2687:
2637:
1759:
1747:
969:
853:
621:
562:
351:, helped date the site. Other ice-age animals depicted include the
348:
339:
276:
190:
have contributed to the development of strong regional identities.
2425:"Viceroyalty of New Granada | historical territory, South America"
2166:
The Santo Domingo Centre of Excellence for Latin American Research
1094:
820:, dates from 1525. The Spanish commander Pedro de Heredia founded
342:
site which stretches for nearly eight miles. The site near to the
1919:
998:
849:
597:
577:
466:. They farmed maize, potato, quinoa and cotton, and traded gold,
429:
399:
310:
258:
225:
137:
3154:
Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization
3147:
The politics of clientelism in Colombia: Democracy and the state
2883:"Colombia reitera ofrecimiento de ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela"
2401:"Francisco de Paula Santander | Colombian statesman and soldier"
2339:
InteracciĂłn Sino-Iberoamericana / Sino-Iberoamerican Interaction
1035:
825:
558:
407:
1444:
1061:
1051:
From then on, the long independence struggle was led mainly by
1002:
797:
157:
3192:
Slavery on the Spanish Frontier: The Colombia ChocĂł, 1680â1810
3161:
The People and the King: The Comunero Revolt in Colombia, 1781
2901:"Comunicado de prensa del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores"
784:
620:). contains the largest collection of religious monuments and
454:. The Muisca had one of the most developed political systems (
3178:
Blood and Fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia 1946â1953
3119:
Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Colombia, 1850â1936
2977:"Ex-rebel takes oath as Colombia's first left-wing president"
2721:"Nobel Lecture by Juan Manuel Santos, Oslo, 10 December 2016"
2593:"Colombian lawmakers approve a one-term limit for presidents"
2484:"Colombia Installs New President Who Plans to Talk to Rebels"
1987:, taking 50.47% of the vote compared to 47.27% of right-wing
1620:
family members by guerrillas led to the creation of the 1981
916:
813:
648:
565:. Regular filigree is braided wire. but the ZenĂș cast theirs.
475:
245:
149:
2451:
Wars of Latin America, 1948â1982: The Rise of the Guerrillas
1802:
1435:
construction and control) led to a military uprising in the
1380:
In 1863 the name of the Republic was changed officially to "
2099:
1724:
1594:
1572:
1524:
696:
Major areas of pre-Columbian civilization in the Americas:
519:
176:
in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an
1644:(UP), a legal and non-clandestine political organization.
432:. The Muisca inhabited mainly the area of what is now the
1790:) has made it difficult to solve the country's problems.
1020:
128:
and the establishment of agrarian societies, notably the
2853:"IvĂĄn Duque: Colombia's new president sworn into office"
2663:. RegistradurĂa Nacional de Estado Civil. 2 October 2016
2538:"Juan Manuel Santos wins Colombia presidential election"
1933:, the candidate of the conservative Centro DemocrĂĄtico (
1754:(1990â1994). The Colombian Army's assault on the FARC's
1465:
800:. succeeded him and soon submitted to the conquistadors.
3085:
Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru
624:
in Latin America and is considered the world's largest
1959:
should be peaceful. Colombia proposed the idea of the
212:
Location map of the pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
3219:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1952.
3112:
Military Reform and Society in New Granada, 1773â1808
3087:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1990.
3083:
Fisher, J.R. Allan J. Kuethe, and Anthony McFarlane.
2661:"Plebiscito 2 octubre 2016 â BoletĂn Nacional No. 53"
470:, blankets, ceramic handicrafts, coca and especially
164:. The new nation experimented with federalism as the
156:" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and
2997:
2633:"Colombia referendum: Voters reject Farc peace deal"
1998:
1902:
approved. In 2016, President Santos was awarded the
3206:
Miners, Merchants, and Farmers in Colonial Colombia
3121:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986.
2870:
Colombia and Venezuela restore diplomatic relations
2748:(in Spanish). unidadvictimas.gov.co. Archived from
2502:"Colombian President Uribe Re-elected in Landslide"
2204:Ălvaro Chaves Mendoza; Jorge Morales GĂłmez (1995).
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3238:Historia econĂłmica y social de Colombia, 1537â1719
3201:(Cornell University Press, 2018) pp. 216â236.
2447:
1351:from 1824 to 1890 (red line). Panama declared its
960:in BogotĂĄ gave that city the status of capital of
327:with one another and with other cultures from the
3071:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
3040:Spain and the Independence of Colombia, 1810â1825
2556:"Colombia confirms October peace talks with FARC"
2243:(3). BoletĂn de arqueologĂa de la Fian 3.3: 3â31.
2102:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1983:run-off vote ended in a win for former guerrilla
4419:
3114:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1978.
3092:Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy
2210:(in Spanish). Vol. 7. Editorial Abya Yala.
3268:U.S. State Department Background Note: Colombia
3199:Business and the state in developing countries.
3135:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
2574:"Colombia vote: Santos re-elected as president"
2310:Tairona Heritage Trust Accessed 21 August 2007.
1941:. On 7 August 2018, he was sworn in as the new
1859:2012 car bombing targeting the former minister
1431:activity to influence the area (especially the
1095:The Republic: Liberal and Conservative conflict
3163:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1978.
1567:(1970â1974) and the defeat of former dictator
956:In 1549, the institution of the Spanish Royal
428:with a pyramidal structure of power headed by
224:societies existed near present-day BogotĂĄ (at
3436:
3288:
2777:. restituciondetierras.gov.co. Archived from
1926:paid tribute to the victims of the conflict.
1615:As these events were developing, the growing
1317:
523:used to cover his body in gold and. from his
334:SerranĂa La Lindosa, a mountainous region of
188:Colombia's geographic and climatic variations
3409:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3302:
3194:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1976.
3042:. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000.
2321:http://www.lonelyplanet.com/colombia/history
152:was won in 1819, but by 1830 the resulting "
3259:Latin American Network Information Center.
3054:Institutional Reforms: The Case of Colombia
3033:Institutional reforms: The case of Colombia
2520:"Colombia's Uribe blocked from re-election"
3443:
3429:
3295:
3281:
3185:Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society
3152:Murillo, Mario A., and Jesus Rey Avirama.
2815:. Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz
2230:
2078:
1605:against suspects and captured guerrillas.
1324:
1310:
3245:El resguardo en el Nuevo Reino de Granada
3208:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1983.
3187:. New York: Oxford University Press 2002.
3007:Great indigenous cultures of the Americas
2683:"Colombia signs new peace deal with Farc"
2350:
2179:
2160:Bocanegra, Francisco (13 November 2020).
2159:
1967:. In February 2019, Venezuelan president
1676:), which stemmed both from private proto-
953:on the site of Muisca village of BacatĂĄ.
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2373:
2332:
2188:
1963:and a final document was adopted by the
1801:
1693:was elected in 1990. Since the death of
1593:By 1982, the perceived passivity of the
1407:); and from 1953 to 1957 (under General
1034:
830:Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations
783:
691:
687:
670:archaeoastronomical site located on the
338:, is known for an extensive prehistoric
207:
2813:"ABC JurisdicciĂłn Especial para la Paz"
2802:. colombiareports.co (12 October 2011).
2441:
2294:
2084:
1649:stormed the Colombian Palace of Justice
1493:Colombian Institute for Agrarian Reform
1347:Map showing the shrinking territory of
4420:
3247:. 3rd edition. BogotĂĄ: El Ancora 1992.
2743:"The Victims and Land Restitution Law"
2481:
2319:Lonely Planet, "History of Colombia",
1542:
1109:Colombian economy and politics 1929â58
1021:Gran Colombia: independence re-claimed
941:(known in Colombia as BelalcĂĄzar) and
502:on the southwest part of the country.
274:
3450:
3424:
3276:
3263:. USA: University of Texas at Austin.
3233:. Caracas: Bibliotecta Ayacucho 1992.
3180:. Durham: Duke University Press 2002.
3003:Grandes cultures indĂgenas de AmĂ©rica
1466:The National Front regime (1958â1974)
1027:Colombian Declaration of Independence
788:The main leader of the Muisca on the
682:
3569:ColombiaâPeru War (Leticia Incident)
2482:Schemo, Diana Jean (8 August 1998).
2231:de Mahecha, Ana MarĂa Groot (1988).
2066:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1845:. The attack left 43 people injured.
1403:Colombia; again in 1854 (by General
858:Spanish colonization of the Americas
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
2333:Villamar, Cuauhtemoc (March 2022).
1949:Colombia's relations with Venezuela
1797:
539:tradition became the origin of the
13:
3172:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12608
3024:
2591:L, Elizabeth Reyes (4 June 2015).
200:Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
14:
4439:
3252:
2921:. impakter.com. 20 September 2016
2613:. altocomisionadoparalapaz.gov.co
2590:
2255:"San AgustĂn Archaeological Park"
2237:BoletĂn de ArqueologĂa de la Fian
993:and correspond mainly to today's
498:Ranges. The Incas expanded their
3512:Military career of SimĂłn BolĂvar
2374:Frittoli, Edoardo (2017-08-01).
2015:
2001:
1922:. During his visit to Colombia,
1852:
1834:
1806:Colombia's peace protests. 2007.
1732:
1717:
1707:Constituent Assembly of Colombia
1362:
1340:
1273:
1137:
1073:Military career of SimĂłn BolĂvar
887:
867:
656:
633:
606:
585:
570:
550:
510:
216:From approximately 12.000 years
193:
22:
4266:Freedom of religion in Colombia
3591:Current internal armed conflict
3507:United Provinces of New Granada
2991:
2969:
2951:
2933:
2911:
2893:
2875:
2863:
2845:
2827:
2805:
2793:
2767:
2735:
2713:
2695:
2675:
2653:
2625:
2603:
2584:
2566:
2548:
2530:
2512:
2494:
2475:
2417:
2393:
2367:
2326:
2313:
2272:
1439:in 1903, which resulted in the
776:Spanish conquest of New Granada
614:San AgustĂn Archaeological Park
379:as part of a project funded by
369:National University of Colombia
33:needs additional citations for
3128:(Duke University Press, 2019).
2889:(in Spanish). 11 January 2018.
2247:
2224:
2197:
2153:
2128:
2093:
2056:List of presidents of Colombia
1916:international humanitarian law
1647:On November 6, 1985, the M-19
1577:National Liberation Army (ELN)
844:-speaking nations, mainly the
780:Spanish conquest of the Muisca
527:. he offered treasures to the
204:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
1:
3223:
3080:. Duke University Press 2000.
2919:"A Short History of the SDGS"
2071:
1961:Sustainable Development Goals
1912:Special Jurisdiction of Peace
531:goddess in the middle of the
3156:(Seven Stories Press, 2004).
3124:LĂłpez-Pedreros, A. Ricardo.
2259:UNESCO World Heritage Center
2122:10.1016/0031-0182(78)90077-9
2036:Economic history of Colombia
2031:Colombia during World War II
1898:in November 2016, which the
1683:
1057:Francisco de Paula Santander
792:at the time of conquest was
480:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
7:
4363:Colombia in popular culture
4136:Water supply and sanitation
3554:Colombian Civil War of 1895
2872:. bbc.com (11 August 2010).
2775:"the Land Restitution Unit"
2448:René De La Pedraja (2013).
1994:
281:Journal of World Prehistory
124:includes its settlement by
10:
4444:
3497:Viceroyalty of New Granada
3190:Sharp, William Frederick.
2907:(in Spanish). 2 June 2017.
2454:. McFarland. p. 223.
1642:Patriotic Union (Colombia)
1483:The National Front ended "
1469:
1353:independence from Colombia
1188:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1098:
1071:For more information. see
1024:
987:Viceroyalties of New Spain
982:Viceroyalty of New Granada
915:, defeated in his home in
852:who inhabited present-day
773:
618:UNESCO World Heritage Site
197:
142:Viceroyalty of New Granada
4379:
4358:Right-wing paramilitarism
4284:
4149:
4084:
4080:
4071:
3979:
3970:
3938:
3848:
3810:
3801:
3752:
3705:
3617:
3613:
3604:
3544:United States of Colombia
3462:
3383:
3310:
2185:Ocampo LĂłpez, 2007, p. 27
1472:National Front (Colombia)
1382:United States of Colombia
1371:United States of Colombia
1244:United States of Colombia
486:inhabited regions of the
381:European Research Council
170:United States of Colombia
3304:History of South America
3076:Farnsworth-Alvear, Ann.
2611:"Colombia's peace deals"
2051:History of South America
2046:History of Latin America
1937:), won the presidential
1491:(1958â1962) created the
974:Viceroyalty of New Spain
672:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
580:figure pendants in gold.
462:, surpassed only by the
450:) where they formed the
447:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
3596:Colombian peace process
3539:Granadine Confederation
3534:Republic of New Granada
2597:EL PAĂS English Edition
2429:Encyclopedia Britannica
2405:Encyclopedia Britannica
2041:History of the Americas
1622:Muerte a Secuestradores
1588:Alfonso LĂłpez Michelsen
1565:Misael Pastrana Borrero
1234:Granadine Confederation
1224:Republic of New Granada
1089:Republic of New Granada
939:SebastiĂĄn de BenalcĂĄzar
373:University of Antioquia
166:Granadine Confederation
162:Republic of New Granada
4034:Science and technology
3789:Indigenous territories
3492:Kingdom of New Granada
3061:Documento CEDE 2008-10
3031:Alesina, Alberto, ed.
2323:. Accessed 6 May 2013.
2207:Los indios de Colombia
2087:Boletin de Arqueologia
1807:
1561:19th of April Movement
1529:Manuel Marulanda VĂ©lez
1527:was formed in 1964 by
1497:Carlos Lleras Restrepo
1489:Alberto Lleras Camargo
1178:New Kingdom of Granada
1048:
801:
771:
592:Golden statuette of a
329:Magdalena River Valley
213:
144:, with its capital at
3243:GonzĂĄlez, Margarita.
2352:10.1515/sai-2022-0008
1943:President of Colombia
1805:
1569:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1517:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1456:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1409:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1397:Roman Catholic Church
1158:Pre-Columbian period
1099:Further information:
1081:Congress of Angostura
1038:
787:
695:
688:Pre-Columbian history
622:megalithic sculptures
365:San José del Guaviare
275:Hoopes, John (1994).
211:
134:Quimbaya Civilization
57:"History of Colombia"
4189:World Heritage Sites
4159:Archaeological sites
3893:Council of Ministers
3697:World Heritage Sites
3687:Environmental issues
3664:Valleys and Plateaus
3564:Separation of Panama
3549:Republic of Colombia
3517:Wars of independence
3482:Muisca Confederation
3236:Colmenares, GermĂĄn.
3229:Arciniegas, GermĂĄn.
3159:Phelan, John Leddy.
3131:McFarlane, Anthony.
3117:LeGrand, Catherine.
2999:Ocampo LĂłpez, Javier
2755:on 25 September 2015
2284:Global Heritage Fund
2061:Politics of Colombia
1953:humanitarian support
1454:and brought General
1443:and independence of
1425:Jorge Eliécer Gaitån
1254:Republic of Colombia
1168:Spanish colonization
1069:on August 7, 1819. (
674:in the outskirts of
456:Muisca Confederation
452:Muisca Confederation
377:University of Exeter
168:(1858) and then the
148:. Independence from
130:Muisca Confederation
42:improve this article
4428:History of Colombia
4353:Guerrilla movements
3898:Government agencies
3871:Comptroller General
3261:"Colombia: History"
3094:20.1 (2014): 5-31.
2709:. 30 November 2016.
2691:. 24 November 2016.
2562:. 4 September 2012.
2526:. 27 February 2010.
2114:1978PPP....25..179V
1777:On August 7, 1998,
1727:insurgents in 1998.
1603:human rights abuses
1543:Post-National Front
1280:Colombia portal
1199:United Provinces of
966:Viceroyalty of Peru
336:Guaviare Department
122:history of Colombia
4126:Race and ethnicity
4039:Telecommunications
3772:Metropolitan areas
3559:Thousand Days' War
3502:Foolish Fatherland
3477:Indigenous peoples
3149:(Routledge, 2017).
3073:98.1 (2008): 2-23.
3035:(MIT press, 2005).
2947:. 30 January 2020.
2905:presidencia.gov.co
2887:presidencia.gov.co
2488:The New York Times
2306:2016-10-20 at the
2280:"Explore the Site"
1957:Venezuela's crisis
1900:Colombian congress
1872:Juan Manuel Santos
1808:
1674:Bernardo Jaramillo
1617:illegal drug trade
1610:Belisario Betancur
1599:Julio CĂ©sar Turbay
1437:Isthmus Department
1417:Thousand Days' War
1049:
943:Nikolaus Federmann
935:Jimenéz de Quesåda
911:, as successor of
802:
772:
683:Spanish annexation
488:Cauca River Valley
478:mountain range of
293:10.1007/bf02221836
214:
126:indigenous peoples
4415:
4414:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4067:
4066:
3966:
3965:
3915:Foreign relations
3876:Inspector General
3815:Political parties
3797:
3796:
3748:
3747:
3671:(Protected Areas)
3418:
3417:
3390:other territories
3141:978-0-521-41641-2
3110:Kuethe, Allan J.
3016:978-958-14-0368-4
2981:www.aljazeera.com
2781:on 4 January 2016
1989:Rodolfo HernĂĄndez
1979:The 19 June 2022
1935:Democratic Centre
1904:Nobel Peace Prize
1334:
1333:
1267:
1266:
1101:Thousand Days War
978:CĂłrdoba, Colombia
968:, which included
927:, 34 years later.
902:
882:
320:near present-day
138:Tairona Chiefdoms
118:
117:
110:
92:
4435:
4395:
4388:
4336:Drug trafficking
4244:National symbols
4224:Muisca mythology
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4024:
4016:Mineral industry
4001:Economic history
3977:
3976:
3808:
3807:
3777:Capital District
3692:Invasive species
3677:Cities and towns
3672:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3487:Spanish conquest
3445:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3410:
3398:Falkland Islands
3312:Sovereign states
3297:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3264:
3211:West, Robert C.
3183:Safford, Frank.
3170:18#3 (Feb 2020)
3038:Earle, Rebecca.
3020:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2859:. 8 August 2018.
2849:
2843:
2842:
2839:radiovaticana.va
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2723:. nobelprize.org
2717:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2641:. 3 October 2016
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2286:. Archived from
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2108:(1â2): 179â190.
2097:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1861:Fernando Londoño
1856:
1838:
1819:by a landslide.
1798:From 2004 and on
1736:
1721:
1366:
1344:
1326:
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1277:
1276:
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1113:
1112:
1067:Battle of BoyacĂĄ
1045:Battle of BoyacĂĄ
900:
891:
880:
871:
856:, beginning the
842:Chibcha language
838:Spanish monarchy
765:
756:
747:
740:Isthmo-Colombian
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4261:Public holidays
4229:Muisca religion
4145:
4063:
4022:
3962:
3948:Aerospace Force
3934:
3866:Auditor General
3844:
3793:
3744:
3707:Natural regions
3701:
3682:Natural hazards
3670:
3669:National parks
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3408:
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3255:
3250:
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3168:History Compass
3145:Martz, John D.
3027:
3025:Further reading
3017:
2994:
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2970:
2965:. 20 June 2022.
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2707:Washington Post
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2580:. 16 June 2014.
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2549:
2544:. 21 June 2010.
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2009:Colombia portal
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1779:Andrés Pastrana
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1626:MedellĂn Cartel
1545:
1513:Misael Pastrana
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1405:JosĂ© MarĂa Melo
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1192:1717–1819
1182:1550–1717
1172:1499–1550
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1079:That year, the
1043:crucial in the
1033:
1025:Main articles:
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913:Quemuenchatocha
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872:
810:Cabo de la Vela
808:arrived at the
806:Alonso de Ojeda
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344:Guayabero River
307:hunter-gatherer
234:Magdalena River
222:hunter-gatherer
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3253:External links
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3176:RoldĂĄn, Mary.
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3056:(2005): 33â72.
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2290:on 2014-09-08.
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2239:(in Spanish).
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2023:History portal
2012:
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1969:NicolĂĄs Maduro
1965:United Nations
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1771:Ernesto Samper
1738:
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1714:
1713:
1712:
1697:cartel leader
1685:
1682:
1665:Virgilio Barco
1544:
1541:
1495:(INCORA), and
1478:Alberto Lleras
1470:Main article:
1467:
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1452:Laureano GĂłmez
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390:including the
361:ice age horses
309:tribes at the
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184:armed conflict
174:Panama seceded
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2345:(1): 85â109.
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2013:
2010:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:Gustavo Petro
1982:
1977:
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1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:In May 2018,
1927:
1925:
1921:
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1901:
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1893:
1888:
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1843:Caracol Radio
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1761:
1758:sanctuary at
1757:
1753:
1752:CĂ©sar Gaviria
1749:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1699:Pablo Escobar
1696:
1692:
1691:CĂ©sar Gaviria
1681:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:the outcome.
1650:
1645:
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1618:
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1604:
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1589:
1584:
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1581:Simon BolĂvar
1578:
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1566:
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1557:
1556:perspective.
1555:
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1429:United States
1426:
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1398:
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1389:Conservatives
1385:
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1349:Gran Colombia
1343:
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1214:Gran Colombia
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1041:Boyaca bridge
1037:
1032:
1031:Gran Colombia
1028:
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668:pre-Columbian
665:
664:El Infiernito
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506:Pre-Columbian
505:
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460:South America
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194:Pre-Columbian
191:
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181:low-intensity
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154:Gran Colombia
151:
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101:
98:February 2018
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: â
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4294:Human rights
4249:Coat of arms
4179:Video gaming
4164:Architecture
4106:Demographics
4049:Trade unions
3989:Central bank
3858:Constitution
3833:Conservatism
3781:
3754:Subdivisions
3622:Biodiversity
3580:La Violencia
3578:
3574:World War II
3463:
3386:Dependencies
3339:
3244:
3240:. Cali 1973.
3237:
3230:
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3205:
3198:
3191:
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3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3060:
3053:
3039:
3032:
3006:
3002:
2992:Bibliography
2980:
2971:
2963:the Guardian
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2913:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2807:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:the original
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2750:the original
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2697:
2686:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2636:
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2542:the Guardian
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2477:
2467:30 September
2465:. Retrieved
2450:
2443:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:
2419:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2382:(in Italian)
2379:
2369:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2315:
2296:
2288:the original
2283:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2142:. 2020-11-29
2140:The Guardian
2139:
2130:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2080:
1978:
1947:
1928:
1924:Pope Francis
1889:
1886:
1869:
1825:
1821:
1813:Ălvaro Uribe
1809:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1755:
1745:
1704:
1687:
1678:paramilitary
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1634:Rodrigo Lara
1621:
1614:
1607:
1592:
1585:
1558:
1549:insurgencies
1546:
1537:
1509:Conservative
1505:
1501:
1485:La Violencia
1482:
1475:
1460:La Violencia
1449:
1433:Panama Canal
1421:La Violencia
1413:
1401:
1386:
1379:
1127:
1105:La Violencia
1086:
1078:
1070:
1060:
1050:
955:
932:
912:
909:Aquiminzaque
908:
896:Aquiminzaque
894:
874:
803:
793:
738:
721:Aridoamerica
596:
540:
528:
518:
490:between the
445:
442:Cundinamarca
423:
412:Tierradentro
385:
357:giant sloths
333:
284:
280:
271:Cundinamarca
250:Amazon basin
215:
121:
119:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
4311:Immigration
4209:Handicrafts
4131:Health care
4006:Agriculture
3824:Ideologies
3762:Departments
3217:in Colombia
2759:21 December
2727:10 December
2617:6 September
2171:29 November
1974:Juan Guaido
1658:Jaime Pardo
1630:extradition
1533:Marquetalia
1369:Map of the
1259:1886–
1201:New Granada
1128:History of
1015:Mexico City
962:New Granada
921:TĂșpac Amaru
818:Santa Marta
730:Mesoamerica
535:. This old
533:sacred lake
525:Muisca raft
434:Departments
416:San AgustĂn
388:Amerindians
287:(1): 1â50.
254:Paleoindian
238:Mesoamerica
4341:Corruption
4316:Emigration
4214:Literature
4094:Colombians
4023:(currency)
3850:Governance
3828:Liberalism
3224:In Spanish
2667:2 November
2645:2 November
2434:2018-06-11
2410:2018-12-31
2386:2018-09-04
2264:27 January
2217:9978041699
2146:2020-11-29
2089:(8): 3â13.
2072:References
1931:Ivan Duque
1896:peace deal
1892:referendum
1881:Re-elected
1817:re-elected
1769:President
1756:Casa Verde
1511:candidate
1441:separation
1373:1863â1886.
972:, and the
794:Tisquesusa
626:necropolis
557:A lowland
425:cacicazgos
353:palaeolama
315:Tequendama
267:Tequendama
230:Tequendama
178:asymmetric
68:newspapers
4346:Terrorism
4199:Festivals
4194:Carnivals
4116:Languages
4111:Education
3996:Companies
3920:Judiciary
3903:President
3888:Executive
3881:Ombudsman
3838:Communism
3820:Elections
3735:OrinoquĂa
3725:Caribbean
3649:Mountains
3606:Geography
3375:Venezuela
3320:Argentina
3213:Colonial
2925:8 October
2819:24 August
2560:France 24
2361:249318172
1684:Post-1990
1669:terrorism
1554:Communist
995:Venezuela
958:Audiencia
822:Cartagena
750:Caribbean
712:Northwest
542:El Dorado
529:Guatavita
301:161916440
242:Caribbean
220:onwards,
4422:Category
4402:Category
4299:Intersex
4204:Folklore
4121:Religion
4089:Abortion
4044:Taxation
4011:Industry
3940:Military
3925:Congress
3862:Control
3803:Politics
3472:Timeline
3456:articles
3452:Colombia
3365:Suriname
3355:Paraguay
3340:Colombia
3063:(2008).
3001:(2007).
2857:BBC News
2785:23 March
2688:BBC News
2638:BBC News
2578:BBC News
2380:Panorama
2304:Archived
1995:See also
1981:election
1939:election
1870:In 2010
1760:La Uribe
1748:de facto
1695:MedellĂn
1393:Liberals
1391:and the
1355:in 1903.
1297:Military
1287:Economic
1162:pre-1499
1147:Timeline
1130:Colombia
1119:a series
1117:Part of
970:Colombia
901:(â 1539)
881:(â 1537)
854:Colombia
834:conquest
645:terraces
594:Quimbaya
563:filigree
484:Quimbaya
468:emeralds
430:caciques
396:Quimbaya
375:and the
349:mastodon
340:rock art
248:and the
240:and the
4386:Outline
4326:Smoking
4321:Poverty
4239:Theater
4184:Cuisine
4151:Culture
4073:Society
4054:Tourism
3984:Banking
3972:Economy
3730:Insular
3654:Islands
3644:Geology
3639:Climate
3464:History
3370:Uruguay
3345:Ecuador
3325:Bolivia
2945:Reuters
2524:Reuters
2110:Bibcode
1920:justice
1876:elected
1261:present
1053:BolĂvar
999:Ecuador
923:of the
850:Tairona
840:of the
836:by the
814:Spanish
598:cacique
578:Tairona
545:legend.
496:Central
492:Western
400:Tairona
311:El Abra
259:El Abra
244:to the
226:El Abra
82:scholar
4407:Portal
4286:Issues
4174:Cinema
3930:Police
3720:Andean
3715:Amazon
3659:Rivers
3454:
3350:Guyana
3330:Brazil
3139:
3104:
3096:online
3065:online
3046:
3013:
2458:
2359:
2214:
1519:. The
1445:Panama
1121:on the
1107:, and
1062:llanos
1007:BogotĂĄ
1005:. So,
1003:Panama
951:BogotĂĄ
947:Muisca
846:Muisca
832:- the
812:. The
798:Sagipa
766:
764:
759:Amazon
757:
755:
748:
746:
737:
735:
728:
726:
719:
717:
710:
708:
703:Arctic
701:
699:
649:plazas
537:Muisca
500:empire
482:. The
438:BoyacĂĄ
420:Tolima
404:Calima
392:Muisca
325:traded
322:BogotĂĄ
299:
263:TibitĂł
158:Panama
146:BogotĂĄ
136:, and
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
4393:Index
4331:Crime
4276:Sport
4234:Music
4219:Media
4141:Women
4021:Peso
3632:Flora
3627:Fauna
3335:Chile
3005:[
2753:(PDF)
2746:(PDF)
2357:S2CID
917:Hunza
768:Andes
476:Andes
464:Incas
458:) in
318:sites
297:S2CID
246:Andes
150:Spain
89:JSTOR
75:books
4304:LGBT
4254:Flag
4099:list
3958:Navy
3953:Army
3360:Peru
3137:ISBN
3102:ISBN
3044:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2927:2017
2821:2016
2787:2013
2761:2014
2729:2016
2669:2016
2647:2016
2619:2017
2469:2015
2456:ISBN
2266:2015
2212:ISBN
2173:2020
1910:. A
1874:was
1764:Meta
1725:FARC
1663:The
1595:FARC
1575:and
1573:FARC
1525:FARC
1521:M-19
1055:and
1039:The
1029:and
1013:and
1011:Lima
1001:and
991:Peru
925:Inca
848:and
826:SinĂș
778:and
666:. a
559:ZenĂș
520:zipa
517:The
494:and
472:salt
440:and
408:ZenĂș
359:and
313:and
265:and
228:and
202:and
120:The
61:news
4169:Art
3388:and
2506:VOA
2347:doi
2118:doi
1908:HRW
1788:AUC
1076:.)
989:or
436:of
289:doi
269:in
44:by
4424::
2979:.
2961:.
2943:.
2903:.
2885:.
2855:.
2837:.
2705:.
2685:.
2635:.
2595:.
2576:.
2558:.
2540:.
2522:.
2504:.
2486:.
2427:.
2403:.
2378:.
2355:.
2341:.
2337:.
2282:.
2257:.
2235:.
2164:.
2138:.
2116:.
2106:25
2104:.
1945:.
1762:,
1535:.
1447:.
1427:.
1103:,
1091:.
1017:.
997:,
937:,
860:.
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
394:,
371:,
355:,
331:.
295:.
283:.
279:.
261:,
218:BP
132:,
3530:)
3526:(
3444:e
3437:t
3430:v
3296:e
3289:t
3282:v
3019:.
2983:.
2929:.
2823:.
2789:.
2763:.
2731:.
2671:.
2649:.
2621:.
2599:.
2508:.
2490:.
2471:.
2437:.
2413:.
2389:.
2363:.
2349::
2343:2
2268:.
2241:3
2220:.
2175:.
2149:.
2124:.
2120::
2112::
1863:.
1325:e
1318:t
1311:v
1047:.
628:.
616:(
601:.
303:.
291::
285:8
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
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