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and
British agents in their ranks who alerted the Canadians. Their invasion forces were too small and had poor leadership. Several attempts were organized, but they were either canceled at the last minute or failed in a matter of hours. The largest raid took place on May 31-June 2, 1866, when about 1000 Fenians crossed the Niagara River. The Canadians were forewarned, and over 20,000 Canadian militia and British regulars turned out. A few men on each side were killed and the Fenians soon retreated home. The Johnson administration at first quietly tolerated this violation of American neutrality, but, by 1867, dispatched the U.S. Army to prevent further Fenian raids. The Fenians organized a second attack on May 25, 1870, but it was broken up by the United States Marshal for Vermont. London realized that American tolerance for the Fenians showed the strong U.S. displeasure with the British record during the Civil War, and hastened to resolve the Alabama Claims issue. In the long run, the Fenians gave no help to independence movements in Ireland, but they did stimulate a new sense of Canadian nationalism.
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military restore the Queen by force and argued that the
Hawaiian natives should be allowed to continue their "Asiatic ways." Cleveland decided to restore the queen, but she refused to grant amnesty as a condition of her reinstatement, saying that she would either execute or banish the current government in Honolulu, and seize all of their properties. Dole's government refused to yield their position, and few Americans wanted to use armed force to overthrow a republican government in order to install an absolute monarch. In December 1893, Cleveland referred the issue to Congress; he encouraged the continuation of the American tradition of non-intervention. Dole had more support in Congress than the queen. Republicans warned that a completely independent Hawaii could not long survive the scramble for colonies. Most observers thought Japan would soon take it over, and indeed the population of Hawaii was already over 20 percent Japanese. The Japanese advance was worrisome especially on the West Coast. The Senate, under Democratic control but opposed to Cleveland, commissioned the
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Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery, and instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate spokesmen, on the other hand, were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty, their commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the
European economy. However, the Confederacy's hope that cotton exports would compel European interference did not come to fruition, as Britain found alternative sources of cotton and experienced economic growth in industries that did not rely on cotton. Though the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately end the possibility of European intervention, it rallied European public opinion to the Union by adding abolition as a Northern war goal. Any chance of a European intervention in the war ended with the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, as European leaders came to believe that the Confederate cause was doomed.
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turned a blind eye to this violation of
American neutrality. In 1869, Grant was urged by popular opinion to support rebels in Cuba with military assistance and to give them U.S. diplomatic recognition. Fish, however, wanted stability and favored the Spanish government, without publicly challenging the popular anti-Spanish American viewpoint. They reassured European governments that the U.S. did not want to annex Cuba. Grant and Fish gave lip service to Cuban independence, called for an end to slavery in Cuba, and quietly opposed American military intervention. Fish, worked diligently against popular pressure, and was able to keep Grant from officially recognizing Cuban independence because it would have endangered negotiations with Britain over the
894:
turned a blind eye to this violation of
American neutrality. In 1869, Grant was urged by popular opinion to support rebels in Cuba with military assistance and to give them U.S. diplomatic recognition. Fish, however, wanted stability and favored the Spanish government, without publicly challenging the popular anti-Spanish American viewpoint. They reassured European governments that the U.S. did not want to annex Cuba. Grant and Fish gave lip service to Cuban independence, called for an end to slavery in Cuba, and quietly opposed American military intervention. Fish, worked diligently against popular pressure, and was able to keep Grant from officially recognizing Cuban independence because it would have endangered negotiations with Britain over the
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791:, recommended against treaty passage. Sumner, the leading spokesman for African American civil rights, believed that annexation would be enormously expensive and involve the U.S. in an ongoing civil war, and would threaten the independence of Haiti and the West Indies, thereby blocking black political progress. On May 31, 1870, Grant went before Congress and urged passage of the Dominican annexation treaty. Strongly opposed to ratification, Sumner successfully led the opposition in the Senate. On June 30, 1870, the Santo Domingo annexation treaty failed to pass the Senate; 28 votes in favor of the treaty and 28 votes against. Grant's own cabinet was divided over the Santo Domingo annexation attempt, and
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820:, an African American civil rights activist, as one of the Commissioners who voyaged to the Dominican Republic. Returning to the United States after several months, the Commission in April 1871, issued a report that stated the Dominican people desired annexation and that the island would be beneficial to the United States. To celebrate the Commissions return, Grant invited the Commissioners to the White House, except Frederick Douglass. African American leaders were upset and the issue of Douglass not being invited to the White House dinner was brought up during the 1872 presidential election by
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1452:, was formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration. In response, Congress passed a measure, the "Fifteen Passenger Bill" in 1879, aimed at limiting the number of Chinese passengers permitted on vessels arriving at U.S. ports. As the legislation would violate the terms of the Burlingame Treaty, President Hayes vetoed it, drawing praise among eastern liberals but bitter denunciation in the West. In the subsequent furor, Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to impeach Hayes, but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a quorum by refusing to vote. After the veto,
549:, spending hundreds of millions of pounds on them. They were staffed by sailors and officers on leave from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. Navy captured one of the fast blockade runners, it sold the ship and cargo as prize money for the American sailors, then released the crew. During the war, British blockade runners delivered the Confederacy 60% of its weapons, 1/3 of the lead for its bullets, 3/4 of ingredients for its powder, and most of the cloth for its uniforms; such act lengthened the Civil War by two years and cost 400,000 more lives of soldiers and civilians on both sides.
19:
875:, while the treaty negotiations were taking place. The investigation had initially been called to settle a dispute between an American businessman Davis Hatch against the United States government. Báez had imprisoned Hatch without trial for his opposition to the Báez government. Hatch had claimed that the United States had failed to protect him from imprisonment. The majority Congressional report dismissed Hatch's claim and exonerated both Babcock and Ingalls. The Hatch incident, however, kept certain Senators from being enthusiastic about ratifying the treaty.
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1908:, which established a three-power protectorate in Samoa. Historian George H. Ryden argues that Harrison played a key role in determining the status of this Pacific outpost by taking a firm stand on every aspect of Samoa conference negotiations; this included selection of the local ruler, refusal to allow an indemnity for Germany, as well as the establishment of the three-power protectorate, a first for the U.S. A serious long-term result was an American distrust of Germany's foreign policy after Bismarck was forced out in 1890.
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of the United States are not to be wholly sacrificed, we must protect those who in foreign ports display the flag or wear the colors." A recuperated Blaine made brief conciliatory overtures to the
Chilean government which had no support in the administration; he then reversed course and joined the chorus for unconditional concessions and apology by the Chileans. The Chileans ultimately obliged, and war was averted. Theodore Roosevelt later applauded Harrison for his use of the "big stick" in the matter.
783:, but also he sought to use it as a bargaining chip. By providing a safe haven for the freedmen, he believed that the exodus of black labor would force Southern whites to realize the necessity of such a significant workforce and accept their civil rights. Grant believed the island country would increase exports and lower the trade deficit. He hoped that U.S. ownership of the island would push Spain to abolish slavery in Cuba and Puerto Rico, and perhaps Brazil as well. On March 15, 1870, the
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with the
Confederacy was limited, with a trickle of cotton going to Britain and munitions slipped in by numerous small blockade runners. The British textile industry depended on cotton from the South, but it had stocks to keep the mills operating for a year and in any case the industrialists and workers carried little weight in British politics. With the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, the Civil War became a war against slavery that most British supported.
735:
1032:. On August 25, 1872, the Tribunal awarded United States $ 15.5 million in gold; $ 1.9 million was awarded to Great Britain. Historian Amos Elwood Corning noted that the Treaty of Washington and arbitration "bequeathed to the world a priceless legacy". In addition to the $ 15.5 million arbitration award, the treaty resolved some disputes over borders and fishing rights. On October 21, 1872, William I, Emperor of Germany, settled a boundary dispute in favor of the United States.
1382:, flying the American flag carrying war materials and men to aid the Cuban insurrection (in violation of American and Spanish law) was intercepted and taken to Cuba. After a hasty trial, the local Spanish officials executed 53 would-be insurgents, eight of whom were United States citizens; orders from Madrid to delay the executions arrived too late. War scares erupted in both the U.S. and Spain, heightened by the bellicose dispatches from the American minister in Madrid, retired general
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431:. Harrison appreciated the forces of nationalism and imperialism which were inevitably pulling the United States onward into playing a more important part in world affairs as it grew rapidly in financial and economic prowess. The increasing importance of the United States in world affairs was reflected in the act of Congress in 1893 which raised the rank of the most important diplomatic representatives abroad from minister plenipotentiary to ambassador.
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1594:
organize the conference ended after
Garfield's death and Blaine's subsequent resignation, Arthur and Frelinghuysen continued Blaine's efforts to encourage trade among the nations of the Western Hemisphere. A treaty with Mexico providing for reciprocal tariff reductions was signed in 1882 and approved by the Senate in 1884, but legislation required to bring the treaty into force failed in the House. Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with
1967:, and sought to join the United States. The Harrison administration had quickly agreed with representatives of the new government on a treaty of annexation and submitted it to the Senate for approval. Five days after taking office on March 9, 1893, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate. His biographer Alyn Brodsky argues it was a deeply personal opposition on Cleveland's part to what he saw as an immoral action against a little kingdom:
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breached the Angell Treaty, which allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. Eastern newspapers praised the veto, but it was condemned in the
Western states. Congress was unable to override the veto, but passed a new bill reducing the immigration ban to ten years. Although he still objected to this denial of citizenship to Chinese immigrants, Arthur acceded to the compromise measure, signing the
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597:. In October 1862, fearing that a re-unified United States would threaten his restored French empire, Napoleon III proposed an armistice and joint mediation of the American Civil War by France, Britain, and Russia. However, this proposal was declined by the other European powers, who feared alienating the North. Napoleon's bellicose stance towards Russia in the 1863
1283:. On August 25, 1872, the Tribunal awarded United States $ 15.5 million in gold; $ 1.9 million was awarded to Great Britain. Historian Amos Elwood Corning noted that the Treaty of Washington and arbitration "bequeathed to the world a priceless legacy". On October 21, 1872, William I, Emperor of Germany, settled a boundary dispute in favor of the United States.
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industry depended on cotton from the South, but it had stocks to keep the mills operating for a year and in any case, the industrialists and workers carried little weight in
British politics. Knowing a war would cut off vital shipments of American food, wreak havoc on the British merchant fleet, and cause the immediate loss of Canada, Britain and its powerful
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gave a high priority to protecting and improving the status of Blacks in the United States, and tried to annex the Caribbean country of Dominican Republican as a safety valve for them. Senator Sumner was even more firmly devoted to Black interests and opposed Grant's scheme. Sumner stopped the plan and Grant retaliated by destroying Sumner's power.
636:, the Mexican president, protested the order and sent troops to the border. The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States. The violence along the border decreased, and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico.
427:. Blaine and Secretary of State James G. Blaine found common ground on most major policy issues. Blaine played a major role in Harrison's administration, though Harrison made most of the major policy decisions in foreign affairs. Blaine served in the cabinet until 1892, when he resigned due to poor health and was replaced by
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of Francophone emigrants from Quebec and Anglophone emigrants from the Maritimes. It was common for people to move back and forth across the border, such as seasonal lumberjacks, entrepreneurs looking for larger markets, and families looking for jobs in the textile mills that paid much higher wages than in Canada.
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survive in a world of aggressive imperialism, especially on the part of Japan. It was eager for American annexation. Foster believed Hawaii was vital to American interests in the Pacific. He nearly succeeded, but when Cleveland took office in March 1893, he reversed policy and tried to put the Queen back in power.
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Prussia and would not make a move without full British cooperation. Confederate diplomats were inept, or as one historian put it, "Poorly chosen diplomats produce poor diplomacy." Other countries played a minor role. Russia made a show of support of the Union, but its importance has often been exaggerated.
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not fault, over the destructive actions of the Confederate war cruisers. Grant approved and signed the treaty on May 8, 1871; the Senate ratified the Treaty of Washington on May 24, 1871. The Tribunal met on neutral territory in Geneva, Switzerland. The panel of five international arbitrators included
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captain, Winfield Schley, based on the nature of the sailors' wounds, insisted the sailors had been bayonet-attacked by Chilean police without provocation. With Blaine incapacitated, Harrison drafted a demand for reparations. The Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs replied that Harrison's message was
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that supposedly originated with American hogs, Germany and nine other European countries imposed a ban on importation of United States pork in the 1880s. At issue was over 1.3 billion pounds of pork products in 1880 with a value of $ 100 million annually. Harrison persuaded Congress to enact the Meat
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Just as he stood up for the Samoan Islands against Germany because he opposed the conquest of a lesser state by a greater one, so did he stand up for the Hawaiian Islands against his own nation. He could have let the annexation of Hawaii move inexorably to its inevitable culmination. But he opted for
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in Hawaii recognized the new Hawaiian government on February 1, 1893, and forwarded their proposal of annexation to Washington. With just one month left before leaving office, the administration signed the annexation treaty on February 14 and submitted it to the Senate the next day. The Senate failed
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of California introduced another Chinese Exclusion Act that denied Chinese immigrants United States citizenship and banned their immigration for a twenty-year period. Miller's bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, but Arthur vetoed the bill, as he believed that the twenty-year ban
684:
Hamilton Fish (1808 – 1893) was a wealthy New Yorker of Dutch descent who served as Governor of New York (1849 to 1850), and United States Senator (1851 to 1857). Historians emphasize his judiciousness and efforts towards reform and diplomatic moderation. Fish settled the controversial
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Historians emphasize that Union diplomacy proved generally effective, with expert diplomats handling numerous crises. British leaders had some sympathy for the Confederacy, but were never willing to risk war with the Union. France was even more sympathetic to the Confederacy, but it was threatened by
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as a puppet ruler, hoping to negate American influence. France, therefore, encouraged Britain to join in a policy of mediation, suggesting that both recognize the Confederacy. Seward repeatedly warned that any recognition of the Confederacy was tantamount to a declaration of war. The British textile
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Tensions increased to the brink of war – Harrison threatened to break off diplomatic relations unless the United States received a suitable apology, and said the situation required "grave and patriotic consideration". The president also remarked, "If the dignity as well as the prestige and influence
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militant organization, recruited heavily among Civil War veterans in preparation to invade Canada. The group's goal was to force Britain to grant Ireland its independence. The Fenians counted thousands of members, but they had a confused command structure, competing factions, unfamiliar new weapons,
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was instructed to sell Alaska to the United States, and did so deftly, convincing Seward to raise his initial offer from $ 5 million to $ 7.2 million. This sum is the inflation-adjusted equivalent to $ 157 million in present-day terms. On March 30, 1867, de Stoeckl and Seward signed the treaty,
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of Indiana, giving in to Fish's demands that Cuba rebels be rejected, and moving his Southern patronage from the radical blacks and carpetbaggers who were allied with Sumner to more moderate Republicans. This set the stage of the Liberal Republican revolt of 1872, when Sumner and his allies publicly
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Grant was determined to keep the Dominican Republic treaty in the public debate, mentioning Dominican Republic annexation in his December 1870 State of the Union Address. Grant was able to get Congress in January 1871 to create a special Commission to investigate the island. Senator Sumner continued
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for $ 2 million. To keep the island nation and Báez secure in power, Grant ordered naval ships to secure the island from invasion and internal insurrection. Báez signed an annexation treaty on November 19, 1869. Secretary Fish drew up a final draft of the proposal and offered $ 1.5 million
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was leading Prussia into a dominant position in the new united German Empire. After short, decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France ended in 1871, Bismarck was the dominant figure in Europe and worked tirelessly and successfully to promote a peaceful continent until his removal in 1890. Grant
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with 50,000 combat veterans to the Texas-Mexico border to emphasize the demand that France withdraw. Johnson provided arms to Juarez, and imposed a naval blockade. In response, Napoleon III informed the Johnson administration that all his troops would be brought home by November 1867. Maximilian was
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Secretary of State Foster in 1892-1894 actively worked for the annexation of the independent Republic of Hawaii. Pro-American business interests had overthrown the Queen when she rejected constitutional limits on her powers. The new government realize that Hawaii was too small and militarily weak to
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A primary role of the United States Navy in the 19th century was to protect American commercial interests and open trade to Eastern markets, including Japan and China. Korea was a small independent country that excluded all foreign trade. Washington sought a treaty dealing with shipwrecked sailors
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After 1850, the pace of industrialization and urbanization was much faster in the United States, drawing a wide range of immigrants from the North. By 1870, 1/6 of all the people born in Canada had moved to the United States, with the highest concentrations in New England, which was the destination
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A primary role of the United States Navy in the 19th century was to protect American commercial interests and open trade to Eastern markets, including Japan and China. Korea was a small independent country that excluded all foreign trade. Washington sought a treaty dealing with shipwrecked sailors
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were resolved peacefully, and to the monetary advantage of the United States. Issues regarding the Canadian boundary were easily settled. The achievements were the work of Secretary Hamilton Fish, who was a spokesman for caution and stability. A poll of historians has stated that Secretary Fish was
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1862, Seward had emerged as the dominant figure in Lincoln's cabinet, though his conservative policies on abolition and other issues annoyed many Republicans. Despite pressure from some congressional leaders to fire Seward, Lincoln retained his Secretary of State for the duration of his presidency.
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Under President Cleveland, Secretary of the Navy Whitney promoted the modernization of the Navy, although no ships were constructed that could match the best European warships. Construction of four steel-hulled warships that had begun under the Arthur administration was delayed due to a corruption
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to America to meet with Fish. A joint high commission was created on February 9, 1871, in Washington, consisting of representatives from both Britain and the United States. The commission created a treaty where an international Tribunal would settle the damage amounts; the British admitted regret,
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to America to meet with Fish. A joint high commission was created on February 9, 1871, in Washington, consisting of representatives from both Britain and the United States. The commission created a treaty where an international Tribunal would settle the damage amounts; the British admitted regret,
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Elite opinion in Britain tended to favor the Confederacy, but public opinion tended to favor the United States. Large scale trade continued in both directions with the United States, with the Americans shipping grain to Britain while Britain exported manufactured items and munitions. British trade
494:
Although they remained out of the war, the European powers, especially France and Britain, factored into the American Civil War in various ways. European leaders saw the division of the United States as having the potential to eliminate, or at least greatly weaken, a growing rival. They looked for
491:, while the other European powers had varying degrees of sympathy for the Confederacy. Nonetheless, all foreign nations were officially neutral throughout the Civil War, and none recognized the Confederacy, marking a major diplomatic achievement for Secretary Seward and the Lincoln Administration.
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In response to the diplomatic bust, Harrison and Blaine pivoted diplomatically and initiated a crusade for tariff reciprocity with Latin American nations; the Harrison administration concluded eight reciprocity treaties among these countries. The Harrison administration did not pursue reciprocity
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The southward migration slacked off after 1890, as Canadian industry began a growth spurt. By then, the American frontier was closing, and thousands of farmers looking for fresh land moved from the United States north into the Prairie Provinces. The net result of the flows were that in 1901 there
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Lincoln's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion. The European aristocracy (the dominant factor in every major country) was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed."
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was that man and in mid-December 1860, Vice President-elect Hamlin, acting on Lincoln's behalf, offered the position to him. Seward had been deeply disappointed by his failure to win the 1860 Republican presidential nomination, but he agreed to serve as Lincoln's Secretary of State. By the end of
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began late in 1895 as Cuban rebels sought to break free from Spanish rule. The United States and Cuba enjoyed close trade relations, and humanitarian concerns led many Americans to demand intervention on the side of the rebels. Cleveland did not sympathize with the rebel cause and feared that an
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for 50 years with an annual $ 150,000 rental, and guaranteed protection from foreign intervention. On January 10, 1870, the Santo Domingo treaty was submitted to the Senate for ratification. Despite his support of the annexation, Grant made the mistakes of not building support in Congress or the
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to Hawai'i to investigate the conditions there. Blount, a leader in the white supremacy movement in Georgia, had long denounced imperialism. Some observers speculated he would support annexation on grounds of the inability of Asiatics to govern themselves. Instead, Blount proposed that the U.S.
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The Cuban rebellion 1868–1878 against Spanish rule, called by historians the Ten Years' War, gained wide sympathy in the U.S. Juntas based in New York raised money, and smuggled men and munitions to Cuba, while energetically spreading propaganda in American newspapers. The Grant administration
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The Cuban rebellion 1868–1878 against Spanish rule, called by historians the Ten Years' War, gained wide sympathy in the U.S. Juntas based in New York raised money, and smuggled men and munitions to Cuba, while energetically spreading propaganda in American newspapers. The Grant administration
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Grant's foreign policy was generally successful, except for the attempt to annex Santo Domingo. The annexation of Santo Domingo was Grant's effort to create a haven for blacks in the South and was a first step to end slavery in Cuba and Brazil. The dangers of a confrontation with Britain on the
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in order to increase American prosperity and prevent Great Britain from dominating the region. Garfield authorized Blaine to call for a Pan-American conference in 1882 to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increasing trade. Though efforts to
653:. Historians have high regard for the diplomatic professionalism, independence, and good judgment of Hamilton Fish. The main issues involved Britain, Canada, Santo Domingo, Cuba, and Spain. Worldwide, it was a peaceful era, with no major wars directly affecting the United States. In Europe,
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decided that dispute over the boundary with Venezuela was not worth antagonizing the United States, and the British assented to arbitration. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana. Seeking to extend
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divided the powers and greatly diminished any chance of a joint European intervention. The United States refused to recognize Maximilian's government and threatened to drive France out of the country by force, but did not become directly involved in the conflict even as Mexican resistance to
824:. Douglass, however, who was personally disappointed for not being invited to the White House, remained loyal to Grant and the Republican Party. Although the Commission supported Grant's annexation attempt, there was not enough enthusiasm in Congress to vote on a second annexation treaty.
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firmly. In a message to Congress, Hayes explained his opinion on the canal: "The policy of this country is a canal under American control ... The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers."
1262:; demanded a huge reparation; and opened the possibility of Canada ceded to the United States as payment. The speech angered the British government, and talks had to be put off until matters cooled down. Negotiations for a new treaty began in January 1871 when Britain sent
992:; demanded a huge reparation; and opened the possibility of Canada ceded to the United States as payment. The speech angered the British government, and talks had to be put off until matters cooled down. Negotiations for a new treaty began in January 1871 when Britain sent
393:, Cleveland's strongest rival for the 1884 Democratic nomination, accepted the position of Secretary of State. Cleveland was a committed non-interventionist who had campaigned in opposition to expansion and imperialism. He refused to promote the previous administration's
1758:), which had lain uncompleted since 1877. Arthur strongly supported these efforts, believing that a strengthened navy would not only increase the country's security but also enhance U.S. prestige. The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder,
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confrontation, which he hated, as it was to him the only way a weak and defenseless people might retain their independence. It was not the idea of annexation that Grover Cleveland opposed, but the idea of annexation as a pretext for illicit territorial acquisition.
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in 37–2 vote. Although ridiculed in some quarters as "Seward's Folly," American public opinion was generally quite favorable in terms of the potential for economic benefits at a bargain price, maintaining the friendship of Russia. and blocking British expansion.
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as a puppet state. After the war, pressure from the Johnson administration helped to force the withdrawal of the French and the eventual collapse of the empire. Tensions with Britain escalated as a result of disputes emanating from the Civil War, but the 1871
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investigation and subsequent bankruptcy of their building yard, but these ships were completed in a timely manner once the investigation was over. Sixteen additional steel-hulled warships were ordered by the end of 1888; these ships later proved vital in the
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not fault, over the destructive actions of the Confederate war cruisers nor that charges of blockade running were included in the treaty. Grant approved and signed the treaty on May 8, 1871; the Senate ratified the Treaty of Washington on May 24, 1871.
1572:, President Cleveland and Secretary of State Olney protested. The British initially rejected the U.S. demand for an arbitration of the boundary dispute and rejected the validity and relevance of the Monroe Doctrine. Ultimately, British Prime Minister
973:. These ships had inflicted tremendous damage to U.S. shipping, as insurance rates soared and shippers switched to British ships. Washington wanted the British to pay heavy damages, perhaps including turning over Canada. Later, the U.S. added the
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The American fleet was fired upon by a Korean fort, but there was little damage. Rogers gave the Korean government ten days to apologize or begin talks, but the Royal Court kept silent. After ten days passed, on June 10, Rogers began a series of
1299:, the U.S. Navy seized several Canadian ships. In 1891, the administration began negotiations with the British that led to a compromise over fishing rights after international arbitration, with the British government paying compensation in 1898.
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The American fleet was fired upon by a Korean fort, but there was little damage. Rogers gave the Korean government ten days to apologize or begin talks, but the Royal Court kept silent. After ten days passed, on June 10, Rogers began a series of
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broke out in 1895, Cleveland announced that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict. Cleveland's decisions would later be reversed under President McKinley, leading to a new era of foreign policy during which the U.S. established an
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failed to get Spain to agree to American mediation. Grant and Fish did not succumb to popular pressures. Grant's message to Congress urged strict neutrality not to officially recognize the Cuban revolt, which eventually petered out.
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failed to get Spain to agree to American mediation. Grant and Fish did not succumb to popular pressures. Grant's message to Congress urged strict neutrality not to officially recognize the Cuban revolt, which eventually petered out.
179:. The first cabinet position he filled was that of Secretary of State. It was tradition for the president-elect to offer this, the most senior cabinet post, to the leading (best-known and most popular) person of his political party.
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that ultimately ended with the establishment of a three-power protectorate. President Harrison sought to annex Hawaii during the final months of his tenure, but annexation was rejected during Cleveland's second presidency. After the
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2105:, one of the largest ships in the Navy with 47 guns, 47 officers, and a 571-man crew. While waiting for senior Korean officials to negotiate, Rogers sent ships out to make soundings of the Salee River for navigational purposes.
1091:, one of the largest ships in the Navy with 47 guns, 47 officers, and a 571-man crew. While waiting for senior Korean officials to negotiate, Rogers sent ships out to make soundings of the Salee River for navigational purposes.
1985:, which contradicted Blount's findings and found the overthrow was a completely internal affair. Cleveland dropped all talk of reinstating the queen, and went on to recognize and maintain diplomatic relations with the new
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Grant was a man of peace, and almost wholly devoted to domestic affairs. There were no foreign-policy disasters, and no wars to engage in. Besides Grant himself, the main players in foreign affairs were Secretary of State
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expressed profound regret for the tragedy and was willing to make reparations through arbitration. Fish negotiated reparations with the Spanish minister Senor Poly y Bernabe. With Grant's approval, Spain was to surrender
1235:. These ships had inflicted tremendous damage to U.S. shipping, as insurance rates soared and shippers switched to British ships. Washington wanted the British to pay heavy damages, perhaps including turning over Canada.
1770:, refused to appropriate funds for seven more steel warships. Even without the additional ships, the state of the Navy improved when, after several construction delays, the last of the new ships entered service in 1889.
389:. Cleveland faced the challenge of putting together the first Democratic cabinet since the 1850s, and none of the individuals that he appointed to his cabinet had served in the cabinet of another administration. Senator
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in 1861, while France established a puppet regime in Mexico. However, many in Europe also hoped for a quick end to the civil war, for both humanitarian purposes and due to the economic disruption caused by the war.
2121:. Grant defended Rogers in his third annual message to Congress in December 1871. After a change in regimes in Seoul, in 1881, the U.S. negotiated a treaty – the first treaty between Korea and a Western nation.
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with Canada, as Harrison and Blaine believed that Canada was an integral part of the British economic bloc and could never be integrated into a trade system dominated by the U.S. On another front, Harrison sent
1107:. Grant defended Rogers in his third annual message to Congress in December 1871. After a change in regimes in Seoul, in 1881, the U.S. negotiated a treaty – the first treaty between Korea and a Western nation.
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The U.S. and the CSA both recognized the potential importance of foreign powers in the Civil War, as a European intervention could greatly aid the Confederate cause, much as French intervention in the
363:. Arthur quickly came into conflict with Garfield's cabinet, most of whom represented opposing factions within the party, and Blaine resigned in December 1881. To replace Blaine, the president chose
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831:. With Grant's prodding in the Senate, Sumner was finally deposed from the Foreign Relations Committee. Grant reshaped his coalition, known as "New Radicals", working with enemies of Sumner such as
191:" diplomacy was a failure—Britain needed American food more than it needed Confederate cotton. Every nation was officially neutral throughout the war, and none formally recognized the Confederacy.
2117:. Several hundred Korean soldiers and three Americans were killed. Korea still refused to negotiate, and the American fleet sailed away. The Koreans refer to this 1871 U.S. military action as
1103:. Several hundred Korean soldiers and three Americans were killed. Korea still refused to negotiate, and the American fleet sailed away. The Koreans refer to this 1871 U.S. military action as
2138:
to threaten Germany with retaliation by initiating an embargo against Germany's popular beet sugar. That proved decisive, and in September 1891 Germany relented; other nations soon followed.
2180:. Egan, previously a militant Irish immigrant to the U.S., was motivated by a personal desire to thwart Great Britain's influence in Chile. The crisis began in earnest when sailors from the
1617:
Blaine returned as Secretary of State under President Harrison in 1889, Blaine and Harrison pursued ambitious foreign policy that emphasized commercial reciprocity with other nations. The
187:
Seward succeeded in his main goal: to keep Britain and France from recognizing the Confederacy, which counted heavily on them to go to war to protect their supply of cotton. Confederate "
1206:
to allow outside experts to settle disputes. Grant's able Secretary of State Hamilton Fish had orchestrated many of the events leading up to the treaty. Previously, Secretary of State
944:
to allow outside experts to settle disputes. Grant's able Secretary of State Hamilton Fish had orchestrated many of the events leading up to the treaty. Previously, Secretary of State
1931:
President Harrison sought to annex the kingdom, which held a strategic position in the Pacific Ocean, and hosted a growing sugar business controlled by American settlers. Following a
1498:, which prevented the return of Chinese immigrants who left the United States. The Scott Act easily passed both houses of Congress, and Cleveland signed it into law in October 1888.
1821:
The second Cleveland administration was as committed to military modernization as the first, and ordered the first ships of a navy capable of offensive action. The adoption of the
2079:
after the crew of a stranded American commercial ship was executed. The long-term goal for the Grant Administration was to open Korea to Western markets in the same way Commodore
1065:
after the crew of a stranded American commercial ship was executed. The long-term goal for the Grant Administration was to open Korea to Western markets in the same way Commodore
88:
During the Civil War, the Lincoln administration succeeded in ensuring that the European powers, including Great Britain and France, did not directly intervene on the side of the
8504:
10201:
7511:
6787:
1877:
under which they were allowed to engage in trade and maintain a naval base, but Cleveland feared that the Germans sought to annex Samoa after the Germans attempted to remove
1318:
were 128,000 American-born residents in Canada (3.5% of the Canadian population) and 1.18 million Canadian-born residents in the United States (1.6% of the U.S. population).
8166:
7348:
1692:, appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization. Based on the suggestions in the report, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of three steel
1481:
When President Arthur took office, there were 250,000 Chinese immigrants in the United States, most of whom lived in California and worked as farmers or laborers. Senator
1254:
In April 1869, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly rejected a proposed treaty which paid too little and contained no admission of British guilt for prolonging the war. Senator
712:
for the island nation's sugar production. He also organized a peace conference and treaty in Washington D.C. between South American countries and Spain. Fish worked with
8509:
8171:
1115:
An expansionist, Secretary of State Seward sought opportunities to gain territory for the United States during Johnson's presidency. In 1867, he negotiated a treaty with
984:
In April 1869, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly rejected a proposed treaty that paid too little and contained no admission of British guilt for prolonging the war. Senator
6760:
5881:
4522:
194:
The major nations all recognized that the Confederacy had certain rights as an organized belligerent. A few nations did take advantage of the war. Spain recaptured its
7960:
6957:
5950:
1119:
to purchase the Danish West Indies for $ 7.5 million, but the Senate refused to ratify it. Seward also proposed to acquire British Columbia as a trade-off against the
136:, seeking to increase American prosperity and prevent British domination of the region. The U.S. became involved in a protracted dispute with Germany and Britain over
3671:
1645:, but failed in his attempts to establish a naval base there. There were a few minor trade squabbles with other countries, usually handled quietly by the diplomats.
7980:
7975:
7965:
7955:
5960:
1766:, Pennsylvania, even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist. Democrats turned against the "New Navy" projects and, when they won control of the
5586:
Belligerents, Brinkmanship, and the Big Stick: A Historical Encyclopedia of American Diplomatic Concepts: A Historical Encyclopedia of American Diplomatic Concepts
1490:
into law on May 6, 1882. Secretary of State Bayard later negotiated an extension to the Chinese Exclusion Act, and Cleveland lobbied the Congress to pass the
6293:
1412:
independent Cuba would ultimately fall to another European power. He issued a proclamation of neutrality in June 1895 and warned that he would stop any attempted
8885:
6534:
5926:
585:
of France sought to re-establish a French empire in North America, with Mexico at the center of an empire that he hoped would eventually include a canal across
6241:
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5970:
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9205:
1621:
met in Washington in 1889; Harrison set an aggressive agenda including customs and currency integration and named a bipartisan conference delegation led by
9538:
7945:
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6219:
1857:. Completion of these ships nearly doubled the Navy's battleships and created a new torpedo boat force, which previously had consisted of only two boats.
6485:
6452:
6377:
6318:
6110:
6005:
5938:
3426:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
567:, in which the United States finally was given $ 15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by British-built warships.
7381:
5990:
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248:. On taking office, Johnson promised to continue the policies of his predecessor, and he initially kept Lincoln's cabinet in place. Secretary of State
1943:
petitioned for annexation by the United States. Harrison was interested in expanding American influence in Hawaii and in establishing a naval base at
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750:, then known as Santo Domingo. Previously in 1868, President Andrew Johnson had proposed annexation but Congress refused. In July 1869 Grant sent
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1074:
1057:
444:
169:
1549:. Blaine favored a resolution that would not result in Peru yielding any territory, but Chile, which by 1881 had occupied the Peruvian capital,
1210:
during the Johnson administration first proposed an initial treaty concerning damages done to American merchants by three Confederate warships,
948:
during the Johnson administration first proposed an initial treaty concerning damages done to American merchants by three Confederate warships,
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82:
1629:. Though the conference failed to achieve any diplomatic breakthrough, it did succeed in establishing an information center that became the
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6369:
2196:"erroneous or deliberately incorrect," and said that the Chilean government was treating the affair the same as any other criminal matter.
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1386:. Secretary of State Fish kept a cool demeanor in the crisis, and through investigation discovered there was a question over whether the
526:
A serious diplomatic dispute between the U.S. and Great Britain arose late in 1861. The Union Navy intercepted a British mail ship, the
397:
canal treaty, and generally was less of an expansionist in foreign relations than his Republican predecessors. He did, however, see the
10221:
9343:
7895:
7808:
6133:
5867:
4823:
Chang, Gordon H. (2003). "Whose "Barbarism"? Whose "Treachery"? Race and Civilization in the Unknown United States-Korea War of 1871".
1453:
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681:
one of the greatest Secretaries of States in United States history. Fish served as Secretary of State for nearly the entire two terms.
546:
535:
252:
became one of the most influential members of Johnson's Cabinet, and Johnson allowed Seward to pursue an expansionary foreign policy.
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declined precipitously, shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52, most of which were obsolete. Garfield's Secretary of the Navy,
747:
593:
Mexico. While the official justification was the collection of debts, France eventually established a puppet state under the rule of
563:, over vehement protests from the United States. The controversy would ultimately be resolved after the Civil War in the form of the
517:
8642:
3974:
For the largest dispute see John L. Gignilliat, "Pigs, politics, and protection: the European boycott of American pork, 1879-1891."
2873:
Robert C. Smith, "Presidential Responsiveness to Black Interests From Grant to Biden: The Power of the Vote, the Power of Protest."
827:
Unable constitutionally to go directly after Sen. Sumner, Grant immediately removed Sumner's close and respected friend Ambassador,
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of Massachusetts was initially appointed as Attorney General but succeeded Gresham as Secretary of State after the latter's death.
450:
424:
386:
340:
299:
273:
176:
4295:
George W. Baker, "Benjamin Harrison and Hawaiian Annexation: A Reinterpretation." Pacific Historical Review 33.3 (1964): 295-309.
3446:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
10216:
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1920:, who was seeking the export of Hawaiian sugar duty-free to the United States. Grant and Fish were able to produce a successful
1399:, pay an indemnity to the surviving families of the Americans executed, and salute the American flag; the episode ended quietly.
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5386:
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5159:
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4779:
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1963:
as a tyrant who rejected constitutional government. In early 1893, they overthrew her, set up a republican government under
9948:
9498:
8812:
8279:
8138:
8030:
7556:
7496:
6587:
6564:
5768:
May, Robert E. "The Irony of Confederate Diplomacy: Visions of Empire, the Monroe Doctrine, and the Quest for Nationhood."
2691:
2042:
1291:
The first problem Harrison faced arose from disputed fishing rights on the Alaskan coast. After Canada claimed fishing and
729:
590:
315:
241:
118:
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to the claims, stating that they were responsible for prolonging the war by two years by smuggling in weapons through the
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34:
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3361:
David E. Shi, "Seward's Attempt to Annex British Columbia, 1865-1869." Pacific Historical Review 47.2 (1978): 217-238.
2010:
the United States ( Columbia) rejects De Lesseps plan for a French-owned Panama Canal. By Thomas Nast, April 10, 1880,
867:
treaty were ratified. U.S. Navy ships, with Grant's authorization, had been sent to protect Báez from an invasion by a
705:
611:
360:
8432:
2006:
1794:, which were designed to match modern armored ships recently acquired by South American countries from Europe. Eleven
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1932:
1041:
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293:
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2860:(two volumes 1937, 932 pages), winner of the Pulitzer Prize. The most recent scholarly survey is Charles W Calhoun,
2803:
795:, assistant to Sec. Hamilton Fish, was secretly giving information to Sen. Sumner on state department negotiations.
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1610:
Treaty, which would have allowed the United States to build a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via
1336:
1016:
The Tribunal met on neutral territory in Geneva, Switzerland. The panel of five international arbitrators included
888:
364:
306:
in favor of moderates, and also disregarded anyone whom he considered a potential presidential contender. He chose
266:
237:
5567:
Clayton, Lawrence. "The Nicaragua Canal in the Nineteenth Century: Prelude to American Empire in the Caribbean."
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6308:
6303:
1630:
625:
414:
359:. Garfield and Blaine formulated several ambitious plans, but they ultimately came to nothing after Garfield was
331:
327:
5823:
4180:
The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History
2346:(two volumes 1937) 932 PP, winner of the Pulitzer Prize. the most recent scholarly survey is Charles W Calhoun,
1194:
John Bull (Great Britain) is dwarfed by a gigantic inflated American "Alabama Claim" cartoon by Joseph Swain in
932:
John Bull (Great Britain) is dwarfed by a gigantic inflated American "Alabama Claim" cartoon by Joseph Swain in
9874:
9843:
9486:
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1482:
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38:
2191:
and a fight ensued, resulting in the deaths of two American sailors and the arrest of three dozen others. The
1134:) as a financial liability, and feared eventually losing it if a war broke out with Britain. Russian minister
9406:
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8865:
8855:
8782:
8612:
8076:
7463:
6711:
6507:
6125:
6074:
5543:
Bastert, Russell. "Diplomatic Reversal: Frelinghuysen's Opposition to Blaine's Pan American Policy in 1882"
1437:
89:
4581:
Suellen Hoy, and Walter Nugent. "Public health or protectionism? The German-American pork war, 1880-1891."
3536:
Charles Perry Stacey, "Fenianism and the Rise of National Feeling in Canada at the Time of Confederation."
628:
on raids into Texas. Three months after taking office, President Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue
9602:
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9005:
8906:
8698:
7363:
7244:
7157:
6859:
6816:
6698:
6462:
3453:
3433:
1889:, to rebel against Malietoa, and in doing so Mata'afa's forces killed a contingent of German naval guards.
1429:
832:
453:. In assembling his second cabinet, Cleveland avoided re-appointing the cabinet members of his first term.
224:
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10029:
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9953:
9597:
9493:
9471:
9396:
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8875:
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7608:
7448:
7391:
6792:
6634:
6524:
6467:
6420:
6354:
6251:
2134:
Inspection Act of 1890 to guarantee the quality of the export product, and ordered Agriculture Secretary
1767:
1578:
1527:
1445:
1177:
915:
102:
4946:
4553:
John L. Gignilliat, "Pigs, Politics, and Protection: The European Boycott of American Pork, 1879-1891,"
10095:
9914:
9805:
9309:
9255:
9025:
8215:
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1904:
convened a conference in Berlin to settle the matter. Delegates from the three countries agreed to the
1841:
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1017:
993:
709:
488:
476:
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1847:
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195:
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105:
helped restore friendly relations between Britain and the United States. In 1867, Secretary of State
2663:
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: the Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War,
10042:
9730:
9678:
8772:
8328:
8230:
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7438:
7205:
6992:
6914:
6344:
6214:
6067:
5763:
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War
4815:
2864:(2017), pp. 151–261, 329–361 426–432. The recent one-volume biographies summarize the main topics.
2350:(2017), pages 151-261, 329-61 426-32. The recent one volume biographies summarize the main topics.
1900:
in the Pacific. Seeking to improve relations with Britain and the United States, German Chancellor
1775:
1577:
arbitration to all disputes between the two countries, the United States and Britain agreed to the
6313:
4883:. Biographies in American Foreign Policy. Vol. 4. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources.
2737:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years"
1463:
negotiated with the Chinese to reduce the number of Chinese immigrants. The resulting accord, the
9983:
9180:
8550:
8198:
8181:
7851:
7774:
7674:
7659:
7506:
7237:
7067:
6549:
5142:
James Milton Turner and the Promise of America – The Public Life of a Post-Civil War Black Leader
5011:
3227:
2173:
1952:
to act, and President Cleveland withdrew the treaty shortly after taking office later that year.
1948:
1905:
1066:
779:
Not only did Grant believe that the island would be of strategic value to the Navy, particularly
6180:
5702:
Ayers, Edward L. "The American Civil War, Emancipation, and Reconstruction on the World Stage."
5624:
Struggle for the American Mediterranean: The U.S.-Euro Rivalry in the Gulf-Caribbean, 1776-1904
2549:
William Michael Morgan, "The anti-Japanese origins of the Hawaiian Annexation treaty of 1897."
538:
protested vehemently, while the American public cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis, known as the
298:
Rutherford Hayes succeeded Grant following his victory in the extremely close and controversial
10107:
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9243:
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8519:
8203:
8133:
7684:
7679:
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6678:
6519:
3444:
3424:
3378:
The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment: American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865–1900
1977:
1495:
594:
457:, a former Republican who had served in President Arthur's cabinet, became Secretary of State.
203:
5429:
4620:
4618:
4178:
3552:
3383:
10137:
10071:
9958:
9921:
9185:
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8333:
8101:
8051:
7654:
7433:
7305:
7151:
7109:
7085:
7002:
6942:
6733:
5638:
The Caribbean Policy of the Ulysses S. Grant Administration: Foreshadowing an Informal Empire
5151:
3511:
1763:
1742:
1726:
1557:. In October 1883, the War of the Pacific was settled without American involvement, with the
1487:
1475:
1464:
1413:
97:
5000:
Hackett, Frank Warren (1911). "Chapter III: The Alabama Claims – The Treaty of Washington".
4385:
1928:, incorporating the Pacific islands' sugar industry into the United States' economy sphere.
1822:
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9973:
9899:
9712:
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9378:
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8450:
8442:
8437:
8056:
7866:
7061:
6544:
5260:
4898:
4615:
4514:
Uwe Spiekermann, "Dangerous Meat? German-American Quarrels Over Pork And Beef, 1870–1900"
2242:
James W. Cortada, "Spain and the American Civil War: Relations at Mid-century, 1855–1868."
2135:
2026:
1921:
1759:
1748:
1460:
401:
as an important plank of foreign policy, and he sought to protect American hegemony in the
368:
147:
18:
5859:
5085:
Hutchinson, C.P. (April 1947). "The Present Status of Our Immigration Laws and Policies".
4435:
759:
385:
Democrat Grover Cleveland became president in 1885 after defeating James G. Blaine in the
351:, and the Maine senator received the place of honor: Secretary of State. Blaine, a former
8:
10119:
10101:
10083:
9904:
9869:
9476:
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6359:
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2181:
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2100:
2068:
1990:
1947:, but had not previously expressed an opinion on annexing the islands. The United States
1833:
1813:
1716:
1689:
1599:
1456:
1086:
1050:
828:
713:
303:
54:
5798:
Frank Lawrence Owsley, "The Confederacy and King Cotton: A Study in Economic Coercion,"
5783:
5001:
872:
310:, who had defended President Andrew Johnson against impeachment, as Secretary of State.
10125:
9742:
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5147:
5102:
4980:
4848:
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3232:
2110:
1986:
1916:
In December 1874, Grant held a state dinner at the White House for the King of Hawaii,
1886:
1736:
1710:
1698:
1681:
1638:
1534:
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1096:
928:
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817:
803:
751:
500:
402:
356:
245:
122:
74:
5842:
Sexton, Jay. "Toward a synthesis of foreign relations in the Civil War era, 1848–77."
5818:
Prior, David M., et al. "Teaching the Civil War Era in Global Context: A Discussion."
3879:
2017:
1558:
1470:
746:
In 1869, Grant proposed to annex the independent Spanish-speaking black nation of the
355:, shared Garfield's opinion on the need to promote freer trade, especially within the
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9764:
9757:
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3865:
3863:
3517:
3387:
3376:
3257:
3026:
Harold T. Pinkett, "Efforts to Annex Santo Domingo to the United States, 1866–1871."
2706:
Kinley J. Brauer, "British Mediation and the American Civil War: A Reconsideration,"
2687:
2295:
2271:
Kinley J. Brauer, "British Mediation and the American Civil War: A Reconsideration,"
2114:
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assaults that destroyed 5 Korean forts. These military engagements were known as the
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assaults that destroyed 5 Korean forts. These military engagements were known as the
1029:
1021:
945:
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806:
appointed by Grant believed Santo Domingo annexation would benefit the United States.
654:
454:
420:
336:
311:
307:
276:. Besides Grant himself, the main players in foreign affairs were Secretary of State
249:
180:
106:
70:
62:
58:
22:
4959:
2565:
Michael J. Devine, "John W. Foster and the Struggle for the Annexation of Hawaii."
1825:
rifle, the U.S. Army's first bolt-action repeating rifle, was finalized. In 1895–96
1607:
1390:
ship had the right to bear the United States flag. The Spanish Republic's President
1365:
616:
Once the Confederacy was defeated, President Johnson and General Grant sent General
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By 1889, the United States, Great Britain and Germany were locked in an escalating
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1491:
1360:
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269:
78:
66:
50:
5533:
Bastert, Russell. "A New Approach to the Origins of Blaine's Pan American Policy"
5450:
5249:
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1960:
1936:
798:
633:
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4681:
4526:
4460:
Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese Rivalry Over the Annexation of Hawaii, 1885-1898
4428:
4254:
Barry Rigby, "The origins of American expansion in Hawaii and Samoa, 1865–1900."
3493:
Richard E. Welch, "American public opinion and the purchase of Russian America."
3345:
Halvdan Koht, "The Origin of Seward's Plan to Purchase the Danish West Indies."
2741:
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1964:
1940:
1805:
1685:
1626:
1391:
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Grover Cleveland regained the presidency in 1893 after defeating Harrison in the
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93:
42:
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7145:
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6909:
6822:
6655:
6432:
6258:
5756:
Blue & Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations
5603:
Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy 1873-1917
5507:
5239:
McWilliams, Tennant S., "James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation."
5037:
1897:
1882:
1874:
1589:
President Garfield and Secretary of State Blaine sought to increase trade with
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1507:
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347:'s delegates had provided much of the support for Garfield's nomination at the
281:
229:
46:
5813:
Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power
5773:
4408:
Tennant S. McWilliams, "James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation."
3742:
3740:
1581:
in 1897, but the treaty fell three votes short of ratification in the Senate.
198:. It lost it again in 1865. More serious was the war by France, under Emperor
10195:
10113:
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9592:
8792:
8630:
8220:
7664:
7620:
7097:
6849:
6148:
5138:
Kremer, Gary R. (1991). "Chapter V: The Preservation of a Noble Experiment".
5003:
Reminiscences of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration, 1872, the Alabama Claims
4844:
4065:
4044:
2629:
The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War
2533:
Milton Plesur, "America Looking Outward: The Years From Hayes to Harrison."
1982:
1893:
1870:
1866:
1832:, having recently adopted the aggressive naval strategy advocated by Captain
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1590:
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1185:
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to Europe. The incident aroused public outrage in Britain; the government of
479:
had helped the United States gain its independence. At the start of the war,
458:
352:
277:
133:
5725:
The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War
5420:
5278:
5169:
3785:
3783:
2188:
2087:
in 1854 by a Naval display of military force. On May 30, 1871, Rear Admiral
1602:
were defeated by February 1885, and an existing reciprocity treaty with the
1436:, Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages. During the
1073:
in 1854 by a Naval display of military force. On May 30, 1871, Rear Admiral
860:
780:
772:
763:
9249:
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7333:
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5211:
5019:
4871:
4745:
4695:
4341:
4319:
4317:
3737:
3694:
3692:
3576:
Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Region as Transnational Region, 1650–1990
2853:
2339:
1944:
1854:
1292:
1158:
1139:
and President Johnson summoned the Senate into session and it approved the
1104:
717:
582:
539:
199:
5400:
2505:
A.T. Volwiler, "Harrison, Blaine, and American Foreign Policy, 1889-1893"
9565:
9237:
9190:
8870:
8594:
8159:
7073:
6716:
4753:
4685:
4018:
4016:
3780:
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1779:
1523:
1243:
1218:
1211:
1005:
956:
949:
856:
762:
for the annexation of Santo Domingo to the United States and the sale of
720:
war. President Grant said he trusted Fish the most for political advice.
708:
that would ultimately lead to Hawaiian statehood, by having negotiated a
557:
484:
188:
5803:
5728:
4658:
4586:
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4261:
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3956:
3931:
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2554:
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1917:
1522:
region to Paraguay, and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city (
9968:
8963:
8225:
7133:
5793:
5679:
The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur
5548:
5538:
5106:
5077:
4852:
4558:
4542:
4413:
4296:
4284:
4243:
The Samoan Tangle: A Study in Anglo-German-American Relations 1878–1900
3979:
3498:
3362:
3350:
3031:
2711:
2570:
2421:
2419:
2276:
2247:
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1837:
1519:
816:
to vigorously oppose and speak out against annexation. Grant appointed
771:
as an American state, the United States' acquisition of the rights for
208:
8690:
5665:
5572:
4013:
3799:
2510:
9988:
9528:
8176:
5732:
3985:
2467:
2465:
2084:
2064:
1611:
1565:
1511:
1070:
1046:
445:
Presidencies of Grover Cleveland § Second presidency (1893–1897)
394:
9797:
9017:
5098:
4836:
4795:. American Presidency. Lawrence, Kan.: The Regents Press of Kansas.
4634:
4591:
4483:
3949:
Allan B. Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: No Reciprocity for Canada."
2416:
2146:
1873:, and Great Britain. Each of those nations had signed a treaty with
639:
381:
Presidencies of Grover Cleveland § First presidency (1885–1889)
9416:
9321:
7928:
7786:
2520:
2518:
2038:
1956:
1515:
1202:
Historians have credited the Treaty of Washington for implementing
940:
Historians have credited the Treaty of Washington for implementing
629:
6059:
5672:
America's Outward Thrust: Approaches to Foreign Affairs 1865–1890.
5631:
The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898
4279:
Julius W. Pratt, "The Hawaiian Revolution: A Re-Interpretation."
4230:
The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898
2486:
Allan Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: Foreign Policy, 1889 1893."
2462:
1959:
businessmen of European and American ancestry had denounced Queen
7229:
7163:
5749:
A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War
5716:
Doyle, Don H. "The Global Civil War." in Aaron Sheehan-Dean ed.,
5660:
Peskin, Allan. "Blaine, Garfield and Latin America: A New Look."
1538:
1116:
859:
revealed that Babcock and Ingalls both had land interests in the
542:, by releasing the two diplomats, who had been seized illegally.
321:
4537:
Louis L. Snyder, "The American-German Pork Dispute, 1879-1891."
2515:
2176:, granted asylum to Chileans who were seeking refuge during the
1568:
disagreed over the boundary between Venezuela and the colony of
758:
who negotiated a draft treaty with Dominican Republic president
5835:
Sexton, Jay. "Civil War Diplomacy." in Aaron Sheehan-Dean ed.,
3459:
1231:
built in Britain. These damages were collectively known as the
969:
built in Britain. These damages were collectively known as the
480:
5593:
Prelude to world power: American diplomatic history, 1860-1900
4089:
Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatant
689:
Claims with Britain through his development of the concept of
132:
and President Harrison pursued an ambitious trade policy with
4904:
The Presidencies of James A. Garfield & Chester A. Arthur
4758:
The Man Who Saved The Union Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace
3715:
3713:
3711:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2169:
2096:
1542:
1533:
Secretary of State Blaine sought to negotiate a peace in the
1238:
1082:
1000:
438:
137:
5299:
Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration
5247:
Miller, Nathan (1997) . "Chapter 6: The Naval Renaissance".
5061:
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
4866:. New York City: Lamere Publishing Company. pp. 49–54.
4707:. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press.
4646:
4430:
The Forgotten Presidents: Their Untold Constitutional Legacy
4329:
4217:
The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa
4001:
3919:
2858:
Hamilton Fish: The inner history of the Grant administration
2757:
The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War.
2344:
Hamilton Fish: The inner history of the Grant administration
2320:
2021:
A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing Chinese exclusion
374:
280:
and the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,
5889:
5562:
The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865-1900
4122:
Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militærgeværer etter 1867
4109:
Bruce N. Canfield "The Foreign Rifle: U.S. Krag–Jørgensen"
3296:
3110:
2841:
Line in the sand: A history of the Western US-Mexico border
2392:
2353:
2074:
transported troops in American assault on the Korean forts.
1550:
1546:
1510:, President Hayes arbitrated a territorial dispute between
694:
649:
and the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
3907:
3708:
3171:
3159:
3001:
2382:
2380:
1989:. In 1898, after Cleveland left office, the United States
855:
A Congressional investigation in June 1870 led by Senator
423:
became president in 1889 after defeating Cleveland in the
339:, a Republican, succeeded Hayes in 1881 after winning the
5851:
Stanton; the life and times of Lincoln's Secretary of War
3770:
3768:
3100:
3098:
3096:
2821:
2365:
716:, America's first African American consul, to settle the
693:. Fish kept the United States out of war with Spain over
495:
ways to exploit the inability of the U.S. to enforce the
5070:
Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics
4603:
4032:
3639:
3637:
3513:
The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866-1870
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3267:
3265:
3208:
3196:
3147:
3135:
2989:
2952:
1996:
624:
Throughout the 1870s, "lawless bands" often crossed the
556:, built two warships for the Confederacy, including the
302:. In choosing the members of his cabinet, Hayes spurned
8886:
List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes
5830:
France and the American Civil War. A diplomatic history
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
2377:
2308:
1812:
were also ordered, along with the experimental cruiser
632:, even if it required crossing into Mexican territory.
4953:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 397–400.
3765:
3725:
3093:
3062:
2958:
United States Department of State (December 4, 1871),
2880:
1885:. The U.S. encouraged another claimant to the throne,
1782:. These ships included the "second-class battleships"
1688:, had advocated reform of the Navy and his successor,
1648:
1302:
1123:, but the British were uninterested in this proposal.
464:
10202:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
10004:
List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison
9206:
List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur
3895:
3634:
3475:
3277:
3262:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
2977:
2940:
2404:
2209:
1657:
The "Squadron of Evolution" at anchor in 1889, after
1553:, rejected any settlement that restored the previous
723:
530:, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys
408:
5376:
4664:
4640:
4628:
4597:
4569:
4323:
4267:
4203:
3962:
3937:
3562:
3074:
2678:
Gallien, Max; Weigand, Florian (December 21, 2021).
2471:
218:
158:
5711:The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy.
4425:
2780:
1467:, allowed the U.S. to suspend Chinese immigration.
125:, but it failed to win ratification by the Senate.
5355:
5329:
5248:
5139:
4923:
4427:
4377:
3589:The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs: 1902
3375:
3240:
2244:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1432:into the country. As the economy soured after the
767:to the Dominican national debt, the annexation of
545:British financiers built and operated most of the
287:
255:
117:. The Grant administration negotiated a treaty to
9994:First International Conference of American States
5689:The Foreign Policy of Thomas F. Bayard, 1885-1897
4907:. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas.
3400:
3373:
3327:
2507:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2260:The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy
1619:First International Conference of American States
640:Foreign policy of Grant administration, 1869–1877
10193:
5377:Socolofsky, Homer E.; Spetter, Allan B. (1987).
5044:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
4982:Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs & Selected Letters
3602:The Transformation of American Foreign Relations
3191:The Transformation of American Foreign Relations
2904:
2892:
2124:
2095:, arrived at the mouth of the Salee River below
1081:, arrived at the mouth of the Salee River below
31:history of U.S. foreign policy from 1861 to 1897
3509:
2809:
2161:In 1891, a new diplomatic crisis, known as the
1730:. Congress also approved funds to rebuild four
621:eventually captured and executed in June 1867.
272:succeeded Johnson following his victory in the
25:served as Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869.
5782:(1945), Popular study of Lincoln the diplomat
4176:
3668:Issues & Controversies in American History
2677:
1501:
322:Garfield and Arthur administrations, 1881–1885
9813:
9337:
9033:
8706:
7802:
7245:
6075:
5875:
5601:Grenville, J.A.S. and George Berkeley Young.
5358:Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur
5196:. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company.
4362:
4360:
2800:Mexico and the foreign policy of Napoleon III
2730:
2728:
1428:with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of
1258:spoke up before Congress; publicly denounced
988:spoke up before Congress; publicly denounced
697:independence by coolly handling the volatile
77:1861 and ended with the 1897 inauguration of
9509:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887
5555:From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865-1900
5290:Naval service in this era lacked attraction.
5218:
4652:
4375:
4351:
3925:
3558:
3412:
2933:American Heritage Editors (December, 1981),
2501:
2499:
1865:Cleveland's first term saw the start of the
1402:
73:. The period began with the outbreak of the
7543:President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library
5336:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
4812:Charles Sumner and the Treaty of Washington
4809:
3654:
3652:
3116:
1474:A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing
9820:
9806:
9344:
9330:
9040:
9026:
8713:
8699:
7809:
7795:
7252:
7238:
6082:
6068:
6034:
5882:
5868:
5469:
5181:Hamilton Fish views on Liberian-Grebo War.
4985:(Annotated ed.). Library of America.
4357:
4100:Bauer and Roberts, pp. 101-2, 133, 141–147
3607:
3122:
3049:
3036:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2734:
2725:
2621:
2359:
439:Second Cleveland administration, 1893–1897
7349:Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address
5219:Moore, Chieko; Hale, Hester Anne (2006).
4103:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
2657:
2655:
2496:
2482:
2480:
1518:. Hayes awarded the disputed land in the
1419:
1171:
1147:
518:United Kingdom and the American Civil War
375:First Cleveland administration, 1885–1889
10009:1892 United States presidential election
9890:1888 United States presidential election
9402:New York Institute for Special Education
9113:1880 United States presidential election
8798:1876 United States presidential election
8122:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
8112:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
6686:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
6595:1860 United States presidential election
5647:(1932) Pulitzer Prize biography; 872pp;
5564:(Harper and Row, 1976), scholarly survey
5150:: University of Missouri Press. p.
4897:
4764:
4730:: Colorado Associated University Press.
4721:
4624:
4609:
4347:
4335:
4075:
4059:
4007:
3995:
3913:
3885:
3869:
3809:
3793:
3750:
3658:
3649:
3495:American Slavic and East European Review
3439:
3419:
3382:. University of Missouri Press. p.
3020:
2398:
2145:
2091:with a fleet of five ships, part of the
2063:
2016:
2005:
1652:
1606:was allowed to lapse. The Frelinghuysen-
1469:
1364:
1237:
1189:
1126:By 1867, the Russian government saw its
1077:with a fleet of five ships, part of the
1045:
999:
927:
797:
733:
660:
341:1880 United States presidential election
17:
9123:Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site
8902:Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center
8720:
7491:1868 impeachment managers investigation
5891:History of United States foreign policy
5455:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
5405:. New York City: Simon & Schuster.
5306:
5222:Benjamin Harrison: Centennial President
5186:
5058:
5042:Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President
4999:
4859:
4752:
4149:Bauer and Roberts, pp. 102–104, 162–165
3462:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
3253:
3214:
3202:
3177:
3165:
3104:
3068:
2983:
2920:
2898:
2886:
2673:
2671:
2287:
909:
371:recommended by former President Grant.
10194:
9171:United States Civil Service Commission
8846:United States Civil Service Commission
6883:
6515:Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial
5849:Thomas, Benjamin P. and Harold Hyman.
5350:
5327:
5295:
5246:
5137:
5084:
5036:
4944:
4878:
4690:. Vol. 2. Peter Fenelon Collier.
4687:The Naval History of the United States
4489:
4380:Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character
4071:
4055:
4022:
3991:
3889:
3873:
3805:
3789:
3774:
3746:
3719:
3698:
3659:Bodenner, Christ (February 6, 2013) .
3643:
3578:(University of Pittsburgh Press. 2005)
3321:
3308:
3302:
3153:
2971:
2965:
2960:Foreign relations of the United States
2946:
2827:
2652:
2477:
2429:
2386:
2371:
2025:Hayes was perturbed over the plans of
1939:, the new government of Hawaii led by
1836:, successfully proposed ordering five
1680:In the years following the Civil War,
1374:Spanish Republic President (1873–1874)
9827:
9801:
9325:
9047:
9021:
8694:
7790:
7538:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site
7233:
6555:Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site
6171:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
6063:
5863:
5709:Case, Lynn M. and Warren F. Spencer.
5448:
5427:
5395:
4978:
4957:
4822:
4087:??? K. J. Bauer and Stephen Roberts,
3670:. Infobase Publishing. Archived from
3460:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
3333:
3290:
3271:
3141:
3087:
3014:
2995:
2326:
2314:
2294:. The University of Tennessee Press.
2258:Lynn M. Case, and Warren E. Spencer,
1997:Other crises and incidents, 1865–1897
878:
196:lost colony of the Dominican Republic
92:. Nonetheless, the French defied the
9949:Dependent and Disability Pension Act
9499:Dependent and Disability Pension Act
9351:
8280:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
8031:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
7816:
7512:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections
6573:Republican National Convention, 1856
5645:Grover Cleveland: a study in courage
5579:James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire
5545:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
5495:The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland
5113:
5031:The notoriety gained by the Alabama.
4881:James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire
4116:
4038:
3731:
3130:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
3044:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
2935:The Ten Best Secretaries Of State...
2668:
2410:
2053:
1881:as the monarch of Samoa in favor of
1354:
863:that would increase in value if the
730:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
10014:1892 Republican National Convention
9895:1888 Republican National Convention
9885:1880 Republican National Convention
9880:Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site
9472:Presidential Succession Act of 1886
9118:1880 Republican National Convention
9075:Vice President of the United States
8841:Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
8803:1876 Republican National Convention
7287:Vice President of the United States
6089:
5844:American Nineteenth Century History
5535:Hispanic American Historical Review
5513:(1999) Princeton University Press.
5431:Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man
5379:The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
5087:The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly
4921:
4702:
4583:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
4493:
3951:Canadian Review of American Studies
3901:
3702:
2852:The main scholarly history remains
2815:
2680:The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling
2338:The main scholarly history remains
2291:The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy
2141:
2001:
1649:Military modernization and build-up
1614:, was also defeated in the Senate.
1584:
1303:Population flows to and from Canada
1286:
471:Diplomacy of the American Civil War
465:Foreign policy during the Civil War
349:1880 Republican National Convention
165:Diplomacy of the American Civil War
81:, whose administration commenced a
35:foreign policy of the United States
13:
9166:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
7259:
6923:Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State
5741:(1960), U.S. minister in Britain.
5526:
5259:: Naval Institute Press. pp.
4810:Chamberlain, Daniel Henry (1902).
4788:
3481:
3406:
2915:The Ten Best Secretaries Of States
2862:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
2804:see PhD version of the book online
2786:
2348:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
2172:. The American minister to Chile,
2041:. Concerned about a repetition of
2033:, to construct a canal across the
1976:Cleveland sent former Congressman
1440:, anti-Chinese riots broke out in
1110:
1035:
724:Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
409:Harrison administration, 1889–1893
14:
10253:
10222:Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes
9939:Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
9618:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
9534:Indian Appropriations Act of 1889
9196:Indian Appropriations Act of 1885
9151:Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
9108:Collector of the Port of New York
8942:University, Hayes and Orton Halls
8861:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
8463:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
8187:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
7484:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
6803:Association of Lincoln Presenters
6242:13th Amendment abolishing slavery
5610:James G. Blaine and Latin America
5581:(Scholarly Resources Inc., 2000).
5569:Journal of Latin American Studies
5310:The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
5123:. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
4680:
4113:October 2010 pp.86–89,126&129
4026:
2524:Socolofsky & Spetter, p. 111.
2060:United States expedition to Korea
1714:) and an armed dispatch-steamer (
1424:In 1868, the Senate ratified the
1326:
1321:
1042:United States expedition to Korea
577:France and the American Civil War
294:Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes
219:Johnson administration, 1865–1869
159:Lincoln administration, 1861–1865
83:new period of U.S. foreign policy
10237:Presidencies of Grover Cleveland
10175:
10174:
9920:
9913:
9781:
9780:
9305:
9304:
9001:
9000:
8674:
8673:
7847:Grant and the American Civil War
7770:
7769:
7533:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery
7211:
7200:
7199:
6781:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
6304:State of the Union Address, 1863
6044:
6043:
6033:
5820:The Journal of the Civil War Era
5800:North Carolina Historical Review
5739:Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886
5067:
4951:Dictionary of American Biography
4792:The Presidency of Andrew Johnson
4705:Rutherford Hayes and his America
4575:
4547:
4531:
4508:
4499:
4474:
4465:
4452:
4419:
4402:
4369:
4301:
4289:
4273:
4248:
4235:
4222:
4209:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4094:
4081:
3968:
3943:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3756:
2425:
2157:spawned the 1891 Chilean crisis.
2129:In response to vague reports of
10242:Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
10232:Presidency of Chester A. Arthur
10227:Presidency of James A. Garfield
10146:(great-great-great grandfather)
10140:(great-great-great grandfather)
9482:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
8937:Rutherford B. Hayes High School
7339:1864 U.S. presidential election
7212:
6766:Illinois Centennial half dollar
6707:Presidential Library and Museum
6383:Second inaugural address (1865)
5837:A Companion to the US Civil War
5718:A Companion to the US Civil War
4825:The Journal of American History
3821:Graff, 123–125; Nevins, 633–642
3625:
3616:
3594:
3581:
3568:
3543:
3530:
3503:
3487:
3367:
3355:
3339:
3220:
3183:
2867:
2846:
2833:
2792:
2771:
2762:
2749:
2716:
2700:
2643:
2634:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2559:
2543:
2527:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2332:
1955:In the intervening four years,
1883:Tuiātua Tupua Tamasese Titimaea
1378:On October 31, 1873, a steamer
1152:
934:Punch – or the London Charivari
704:. In 1875, Fish initiated the
668:, Secretary of State, 1869–1877
415:Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
332:Presidency of Chester A. Arthur
328:Presidency of James A. Garfield
314:, who had helped establish the
288:Hayes administration, 1877–1881
256:Grant administration, 1869–1877
10217:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
9875:70th Indiana Infantry Regiment
9844:President of the United States
9581:Democratic National Convention
9554:Democratic National Convention
9487:Interstate Commerce Commission
9450:Democratic National Convention
9368:President of the United States
9064:President of the United States
8745:29th and 32nd Governor of Ohio
8737:President of the United States
7831:President of the United States
7701:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson
7502:1866 National Union Convention
7444:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
7372:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
7344:1864 National Union Convention
7276:President of the United States
6870:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
6427:Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.
6370:First inaugural address (1861)
6355:Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858)
6105:President of the United States
5765:. (U of Nebraska Press, 1999).
5381:. University Press of Kansas.
5313:. University Press of Kansas.
5307:Paludan, Phillip Shaw (1994).
5302:. F. Ungar Publishing Company.
5072:. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co.
4930:. Twenty-First Century Books.
4673:
4366:Nevins, 549–552; Graff 121–122
4140:Bauer and Roberts, pp. 162–165
3057:The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
2875:Presidential Studies Quarterly
2281:
2265:
2252:
2236:
2227:
2218:
1196:Punch--or the London Charivari
1060:' assault on the Korean forts.
1056:transported troops in Admiral
844:denounced Grant and supported
802:African American Commissioner
612:Mexico–United States relations
262:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
1:
10207:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
9653:Grover Cleveland High School
9407:1881 Buffalo mayoral election
8866:Specie Payment Resumption Act
8856:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
8077:Specie Payment Resumption Act
7464:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
6535:Cottage at the Soldier's Home
6508:Little Pigeon Creek Community
5802:6#4 (1929), pp. 371–397
5792:(1931), The classic history;
5681:(U of Missouri Press, 1962).
5674:(Northern Illinois UP, 1971).
5655:The Monroe Doctrine 1867-1907
5617:The American Naval Revolution
5362:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
4922:Feldman, Ruth Tenzer (2006).
4860:Corning, Amos Elwood (1918).
4722:Bradford, Richard H. (1980).
4183:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 569–70.
2203:
2125:European embargo of U.S. pork
1720:), collectively known as the
1438:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
300:presidential election of 1876
153:
10212:Presidency of Andrew Johnson
9412:1882 New York state election
7951:State of the Union addresses
7158:Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith
6865:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
6860:Lincoln Trail State Memorial
6289:National Academy of Sciences
5696:
5612:(U of Missouri Press, 2001).
5243:1988 57(1): 25–46. in JSTOR.
4426:Michael J. Gerhardt (2013).
4256:International History Review
4177:Spencer Tucker, ed. (2009).
3892:, pp. 398–399, 407–410.
3454:American Antiquarian Society
3434:American Antiquarian Society
2708:Journal of Southern History,
2288:Hubbard, Charles M. (1998).
2275:(1972) 38#1 pp. 49–64
2273:Journal of Southern History,
2043:French adventurism in Mexico
1778:of 1898, and many served in
1454:Assistant Secretary of State
1337:Cuba–United States relations
889:Cuba–United States relations
316:Electoral Commission of 1877
225:Presidency of Andrew Johnson
7:
9964:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
9954:51st United States Congress
9598:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
9397:Grover Cleveland Birthplace
9222:Statue of Chester A. Arthur
8876:Presidente Hayes Department
8763:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
8520:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
7727:Treason must be made odious
7392:Pardons for ex-Confederates
6793:Abraham Lincoln Association
6525:Lincoln-Berry General Store
6453:Political career, 1849–1861
6360:Cooper Union Address (1860)
6350:House Divided speech (1858)
6252:Department of the Northwest
5780:Diplomat in Carpet Slippers
5770:Journal of Southern History
5626:(U of Georgia Press, 1976).
5588:(ABC-CLIO, 2009) pp 69–130.
5557:(Thomas Y. Crowell, 1975).
5452:Andrew Johnson: A Biography
5449:Trefousse, Hans L. (1989).
3516:. Dundurn. pp. 70–98.
3228:"Alabama Claims, 1862-1872"
2735:David Keys (24 June 2014).
2710:(1972) 38#1 pp. 49–64
2488:Indiana Magazine of History
2233:Paludan (1993), pp. 169–176
2150:Attack on sailors from the
1502:Peacemaking and arbitration
1178:Treaty of Washington (1871)
916:Treaty of Washington (1871)
785:Foreign Relations Committee
589:. In December 1861, France
318:, became Secretary of War.
10:
10258:
10096:William Henry Harrison III
9571:1892 presidential election
9544:1888 presidential election
9440:1884 presidential election
8783:Battle of Cloyd's Mountain
8216:Naturalization Act of 1870
8107:U.S. Department of Justice
8067:General Mining Act of 1872
7650:Andrew Johnson and slavery
7565:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum
7517:1868 Democratic Convention
7479:Second impeachment inquiry
6210:Overland Campaign strategy
5063:. Oxford University Press.
4979:Grant, Ulysses S. (1990).
4945:Fuller, Joseph V. (1931).
4879:Crapol, Edward P. (2000).
4789:Castel, Albert E. (1979).
3538:Canadian Historical Review
3374:David M. Pletcher (1998).
3347:American Historical Review
2631:(2014) pp 8 (quote), 69-70
2057:
2037:, which was then owned by
1358:
1330:
1306:
1295:rights around many of the
1250:Active service (1862–1864)
1175:
1156:
1039:
1012:Active service (1862–1864)
913:
882:
727:
609:
574:
515:
511:
477:American Revolutionary War
468:
451:1892 presidential election
442:
425:1888 presidential election
412:
387:1884 presidential election
378:
365:Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
325:
291:
274:1868 presidential election
259:
232:took office in 1865 after
222:
177:1860 presidential election
162:
10153:
10134:(great-great-grandfather)
10090:Elizabeth Harrison Walker
10078:Russell Benjamin Harrison
10056:
10022:
9929:
9911:
9862:
9835:
9752:
9687:
9641:
9633:National Democratic Party
9623:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
9462:Wedding to Frances Folsom
9430:
9389:
9359:
9271:
9230:
9214:
9201:Bureau of Animal Industry
9141:
9085:
9055:
8979:
8950:
8894:
8826:
8755:
8728:
8652:
8573:
8540:
8418:
8400:
8359:
8289:
8271:
8248:
8147:
8127:Yellowstone National Park
8090:
8047:Public Credit Act of 1869
8039:
8001:
7904:
7839:
7824:
7736:
7716:Ledger-removal allegation
7693:
7642:
7583:
7525:
7474:First impeachment inquiry
7362:
7316:
7267:
7179:
7080:Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln
7035:
7003:Parliament Square, London
6798:Abraham Lincoln Institute
6695:
6613:
6563:
6476:
6443:Medical and mental health
6391:
6375:Gettysburg Address (1863,
6327:
6294:Department of Agriculture
6200:Emancipation Proclamation
6124:
6097:
6029:
5897:
5479:. New York: Times Books.
5241:Pacific Historical Review
5068:Howe, George F. (1966) .
4539:Journal of Modern History
4410:Pacific Historical Review
4281:Pacific Historical Review
3574:John J. Bukowczyk et al.
2768:Herring, pp. 225, 243-244
2722:Stahr (2012) pp. 307-323.
2567:Pacific Historical Review
2224:Paludan (1993), pp. 37–38
2215:Stahr (2012) pp. 214-217.
2099:. The fleet included the
1911:
1600:Spain's American colonies
1494:, written by Congressman
1416:by American adventurers.
1409:Cuban War of Independence
1403:Cuban War of Independence
1204:international arbitration
1085:. The fleet included the
942:international arbitration
691:international arbitration
605:
570:
143:Cuban War of Independence
10043:Fort Harrison State Park
9731:Richard Falley Cleveland
9679:Mount Cleveland (Alaska)
9603:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act
9539:Federal judges appointed
8773:Battle of South Mountain
8329:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
8231:Civil Rights Act of 1875
8139:Electoral Commission Act
8117:Civil Service Commission
7721:Buell Commission records
7597:Martha Johnson Patterson
7439:Civil Rights Act of 1866
7397:State of the Union, 1865
7074:Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III
6916:Abraham Lincoln: The Man
6498:Lincoln Boyhood Memorial
6215:Hampton Roads Conference
5788:Owsley, Frank Lawrence.
5640:(Lexington Books, 2017).
5434:. Simon & Schuster.
5251:The U.S. Navy: A History
5059:Herring, George (2008).
4816:Worcester, Massachusetts
4766:Calhoun, Charles William
4703:Barnard, Harry (2005) .
4665:Socolofsky & Spetter
4641:Socolofsky & Spetter
4629:Socolofsky & Spetter
4598:Socolofsky & Spetter
4570:Socolofsky & Spetter
4458:William Michael Morgan,
4324:Socolofsky & Spetter
4268:Socolofsky & Spetter
4204:Socolofsky & Spetter
3963:Socolofsky & Spetter
3938:Socolofsky & Spetter
3876:, pp. 398–399, 409.
3613:Corning 1918, pp. 49–54.
3563:Socolofsky & Spetter
3549:Hackett 1911, pp. 45–50.
3510:Hereward Senior (1991).
3028:Journal of Negro History
2472:Socolofsky & Spetter
2329:, pp. 197, 207–208.
2045:, Hayes interpreted the
1860:
975:British blockade runners
602:Maximilian's rule grew.
487:to offer support to the
211:refused to join France.
9984:Immigration Act of 1891
9181:Immigration Act of 1882
8199:Enforcement Act of 1870
7507:Swing Around the Circle
7148:(17th-century ancestor)
7068:William Wallace Lincoln
6550:Lincoln Pioneer Village
6365:Farewell Address (1861)
6274:Fanny McCullough letter
6205:West Virginia statehood
6195:Habeas Corpus suspended
5729:Excerpt and text search
5704:OAH Magazine of History
3661:"Chinese Exclusion Act"
2509:79#4 1938) pp. 637-648
1579:Olney–Pauncefote Treaty
1537:, then being fought by
1526:) and a department as (
1506:In 1878, following the
1271:, who was counseled by
1020:, who was counseled by
710:reciprocal trade treaty
10108:William Henry Harrison
10038:Fort Benjamin Harrison
9674:Cleveland, Mississippi
9370:(1885–1889, 1893–1897)
9244:Chester Alan Arthur II
9128:Chester A. Arthur Home
8932:Hayes County, Nebraska
8747:(1868–1872, 1876–1877)
8490:Ohio Statehouse statue
8204:Second Enforcement Act
8167:Native American policy
7896:Commanding generalship
7591:Eliza McCardle Johnson
7308:(1853–1857, 1862–1865)
7295:Senator from Tennessee
6855:Lincoln Heritage Trail
6840:Lincoln Park (Chicago)
6739:Photographs of Lincoln
6679:O Captain! My Captain!
5493:Welch, Richard E. Jr.
5428:Stahr, Walter (2012).
5328:Peskin, Allan (1978).
5296:Nevins, Allan (1957).
4818:: Press of G.G. Davis.
4760:. New York: Doubleday.
4585:63#2 (1989): 198-224.
4434:. Oxford UP. pp.
4232:(1963) pp 138-40, 323.
4215:George Herbert Ryden,
3349:50.4 (1945): 762-767.
2877:52.3 (2022): 648-670 .
2537:22.3 (1960): 280-295.
2178:1891 Chilean Civil War
2158:
2075:
2022:
2014:
1978:James Henderson Blount
1677:
1496:William Lawrence Scott
1478:
1420:Immigration from China
1375:
1251:
1199:
1163:The Fenians, a secret
1148:Relations with Britain
1061:
1013:
937:
812:
743:
669:
595:Maximilian I of Mexico
204:Maximilian I of Mexico
26:
10138:Benjamin Harrison III
10072:Mary Dimmick Harrison
9959:Sherman Antitrust Act
9297:Thomas A. Hendricks →
9186:Chinese Exclusion Act
9133:Albany Rural Cemetery
8927:Club Presidente Hayes
8881:Chinese Exclusion Act
8788:Ohio State University
8778:Army of West Virginia
8665:Rutherford B. Hayes →
8102:Judiciary Act of 1869
8052:Copyright Act of 1870
7946:Judicial appointments
7434:Judicial Circuits Act
7382:Judicial appointments
7306:Governor of Tennessee
7154:(great-granddaughter)
7152:Mary Lincoln Beckwith
7110:Sarah Lincoln Grigsby
7086:Jessie Harlan Lincoln
6963:Hodgenville, Kentucky
6943:Emancipation Memorial
6401:Early life and career
6335:Lyceum address (1838)
6319:Judicial appointments
6264:National Banking Acts
6259:Homestead Act of 1862
5790:King Cotton Diplomacy
5772:83.1 (2017): 69–106.
5636:McCullough, Stephen.
5591:Dulles, Foster Rhea.
5571:19#2 (1987) 323–352.
5547:42#4 (1956) 653–671.
5332:Garfield: A Biography
4958:Graff, Henry (2002).
4518:vol 46 (Spring 2010)
4384:. Macmillan. p.
4376:Alyn Brodsky (2000).
4283:1.3 (1932): 273-294.
4258:10.2 (1988): 221-237.
3953:12.2 (1981): 143-156.
3540:12.3 (1931): 238-261.
3497:17#4 (1958): 481-494
3017:, pp. 1145–1147.
2917:, volume 33, issue 1,
2843:(Princeton UP, 2012).
2149:
2067:
2029:, the builder of the
2020:
2009:
1827:Secretary of the Navy
1760:John Roach & Sons
1727:Squadron of Evolution
1656:
1488:Chinese Exclusion Act
1473:
1465:Angell Treaty of 1880
1368:
1331:Further information:
1307:Further information:
1269:Charles Francis Adams
1241:
1193:
1176:Further information:
1128:North American colony
1049:
1018:Charles Francis Adams
1003:
931:
914:Further information:
883:Further information:
801:
742:Brady-Handy 1865–1875
737:
664:
575:Further information:
516:Further information:
443:Further information:
413:Further information:
379:Further information:
326:Further information:
292:Further information:
260:Further information:
223:Further information:
21:
10132:Benjamin Harrison IV
9974:General Revision Act
9900:Front porch campaign
9852:Senator from Indiana
9713:Richard F. Cleveland
9628:Enabling Act of 1889
9494:Tenure of Office Act
9379:Governor of New York
9292:← William A. Wheeler
8922:Laudo Hayes Firm Day
8813:Electoral Commission
8625:Ulysses S. Grant III
8607:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
8601:Frederick Dent Grant
8583:Hannah Simpson Grant
8433:Presidential library
8258:Bid for a third term
8057:Currency Act of 1870
8011:Treaty of Washington
7497:National Union Party
7449:Tenure of Office Act
7062:Edward Baker Lincoln
6988:Louisville, Kentucky
6724:Artifacts and relics
6588:National Union Party
6545:Lincoln Sitting Room
6345:"Lost Speech" (1856)
6340:Peoria speech (1854)
6176:War based income tax
5822:5.1 (2015): 97–125.
5737:Duberman, Martin B.
5664:36.1 (1979): 79–89.
5537:(1959) 39#3 375-412
5511:From Wealth to Power
4724:The Virginius Affair
4627:, pp. 128–129;
4555:Agricultural History
4541:17.1 (1945): 16-28.
4492:, pp. 417–421;
4074:, pp. 349–350;
4058:, pp. 343–345;
4025:, pp. 342–343;
3976:Agricultural History
3888:, pp. 175–178;
3872:, pp. 173–175;
3749:, pp. 278–279;
3701:, pp. 388–389;
3587:J. Castell Hopkins,
3561:, pp. 135–136;
3030:26.1 (1941): 12–45.
2798:Michele Cunningham,
2777:Herring, pp. 252-253
2684:Taylor & Francis
2649:Herring, pp. 242-246
2640:Herring, pp. 235-236
2618:Herring, pp. 240-241
2609:Herring, pp. 224-229
2600:Herring, pp. 228-229
2591:Herring, pp. 226-227
2490:(1969) 65#3:214-27.
2450:Nevins, 205; 404–405
2428:, pp. 160–161;
2246:70.4 (1980): 1–121.
2187:took shore leave in
2136:Jeremiah McLain Rusk
2027:Ferdinand de Lesseps
1896:over control of the
1776:Spanish–American War
1682:American naval power
1461:James Burrill Angell
1346:. Minister to Spain
1242:Confederate Warship
1172:Treaty of Washington
1004:Confederate Warship
981:to the Confederacy.
910:Treaty of Washington
901:. Minister to Spain
552:A British shipyard,
499:. Spain invaded the
175:won election in the
113:, thereby acquiring
103:Treaty of Washington
96:and established the
10128:(great-grandfather)
10122:(great-grandfather)
10120:Benjamin Harrison V
10102:John Scott Harrison
10084:Mary Harrison McKee
9905:Crown Hill Cemetery
9870:Berkeley Plantation
9765:←Benjamin Harrison→
9758:← Chester A. Arthur
9745:(great-grandfather)
9588:Second inauguration
9477:Electoral Count Act
9277:← James A. Garfield
9262:Mary Arthur McElroy
8992:James A. Garfield →
8970:Rutherford P. Hayes
8916:These Are My Jewels
8722:Rutherford B. Hayes
8637:Ulysses S. Grant IV
8613:Jesse Root Grant II
8542:Cultural depictions
8505:U.S. Postage stamps
8495:Philadelphia statue
8475:U.S. Capitol statue
8062:Funding Act of 1870
7919:Second inauguration
7877:Richmond–Petersburg
7615:Mary Johnson Stover
7454:Command of Army Act
7429:Reconstruction Acts
7142:(great-grandfather)
7098:Nancy Hanks Lincoln
7056:Robert Todd Lincoln
7018:U.S. Capitol statue
6968:Indianapolis relief
6845:Lincoln Park (D.C.)
6744:Cultural depictions
6648:Sic semper tyrannis
6629:Our American Cousin
6520:Lincoln's New Salem
6421:Boat lifting patent
6156:Second inauguration
6111:U.S. Representative
5706:20.1 (2006): 54–61.
5691:(Fordham UP, 1940).
5677:Pletcher, David M.
5633:(Cornell UP, 1967).
5560:Campbell, Charles.
5476:Rutherford B. Hayes
5257:Annapolis, Maryland
5225:. Nova Publishers.
5188:McFeely, William S.
5120:Chester Alan Arthur
4899:Doenecke, Justus D.
4667:, pp. 150–151.
4631:, pp. 147–149.
4572:, pp. 131–136.
4557:35.1 (1961): 3-12.
4516:Bulletin of the GHI
4412:(1988) 57#1: 25-46
4338:, pp. 125–126.
4326:, pp. 204–205.
4270:, pp. 200–201.
4206:, pp. 114–116.
4131:Friedman, pp. 35–38
4078:, pp. 152–153.
4062:, pp. 149–151.
4041:, pp. 117–118.
4029:, pp. 346–347.
4010:, pp. 147–149.
3965:, pp. 126–128.
3940:, pp. 117–120.
3722:, pp. 390–391.
3705:, pp. 447–449.
3600:Charles Campbell,
3565:, pp. 137–143.
3484:, pp. 120–122.
3189:Charles Campbell,
3180:, pp. 337–345.
3168:, pp. 343–345.
3144:, pp. 503–505.
2998:, pp. 499–502.
2830:, pp. 335–338.
2569:46.1 (1977): 29-50
2432:, pp. 255–257.
2401:, pp. 130–131.
2374:, pp. 519–521.
2317:, pp. 193–194.
1834:Alfred Thayer Mahan
1690:William E. Chandler
1457:Frederick W. Seward
850:Liberal Republicans
829:John Lothrop Motley
714:James Milton Turner
554:John Laird and Sons
304:Radical Republicans
128:Secretary of State
55:Rutherford B. Hayes
41:administrations of
10166:Grover Cleveland →
10159:← Grover Cleveland
10126:John Cleves Symmes
9772:William McKinley →
9743:Richard Falley Jr.
9457:First inauguration
9284:Grover Cleveland →
9161:Star Route scandal
9094:Lemmon v. New York
8985:← Ulysses S. Grant
8851:Star Route scandal
8808:Compromise of 1877
8554:(2002 documentary)
8500:San Francisco bust
8451:General Grant tree
8072:Timber Culture Act
7914:First inauguration
7749:Ulysses S. Grant →
7680:William A. Johnson
7660:Elizabeth J. Forby
7603:David T. Patterson
7419:Colorado Territory
7387:Reconstruction era
7128:Mary Lincoln Crume
7104:Sarah Bush Lincoln
6993:Newark, New Jersey
6930:Lincoln the Lawyer
6666:Lincoln catafalque
6605:1860 campaign song
6503:Lincoln State Park
6486:Lincoln Birthplace
6247:Dakota War of 1862
6139:First inauguration
6039:List of presidents
5846:5.3 (2004): 50–73.
5828:Sainlaude, Stève.
5720:(2014): 1103–1120.
5687:Tansill, Charles.
5619:(LSU Press, 1966).
5577:Crapol, Edward P.
5471:Trefousse, Hans L.
5397:Smith, Jean Edward
5193:Grant: A Biography
5148:Columbia, Missouri
4525:2019-05-31 at the
3978:35.1 (1961): 3-12
3792:, pp. 65–66;
3324:, pp. 146–147
3233:GlobalSecurity.org
2901:, pp. 445–456
2553:6.1 (1982): 23-44.
2551:Diplomatic History
2159:
2076:
2023:
2015:
1987:Republic of Hawaii
1869:between the U.S.,
1796:protected cruisers
1694:protected cruisers
1678:
1639:Frederick Douglass
1631:Pan American Union
1535:War of the Pacific
1479:
1450:Workingman's Party
1430:Chinese immigrants
1376:
1252:
1200:
1062:
1014:
938:
879:Cuban insurrection
835:of Massachusetts,
818:Frederick Douglass
813:
804:Frederick Douglass
776:country at large.
752:Orville E. Babcock
748:Dominican Republic
744:
670:
501:Dominican Republic
403:Western Hemisphere
357:Western Hemisphere
123:Dominican Republic
75:American Civil War
27:
10189:
10188:
10066:Caroline Harrison
10031:Benjamin Harrison
9829:Benjamin Harrison
9795:
9794:
9719:Francis Cleveland
9695:Frances Cleveland
9657:Buffalo, New York
9519:Berlin Conference
9504:Hatch Act of 1887
9319:
9318:
9049:Chester A. Arthur
9015:
9014:
8688:
8687:
8569:
8568:
8562:(2020 miniseries)
8527:Grant High School
8244:
8243:
8026:Korean Expedition
7784:
7783:
7762:Schuyler Colfax →
7757:← Hannibal Hamlin
7742:← Abraham Lincoln
7706:Alcoholism debate
7685:Florence J. Smith
7573:Tennessee Johnson
7329:Southern Unionist
7297:(1857–1862, 1875)
7227:
7226:
7050:Mary Todd Lincoln
7031:
7030:
7013:U.S. Capitol bust
6978:Lincoln, Nebraska
6937:Young Abe Lincoln
6875:White House ghost
6835:Lincoln, Nebraska
6642:John Wilkes Booth
6181:Seaports blockade
6166:Confiscation Acts
6057:
6056:
5811:Peraino, Kevin.
5747:Foreman, Amanda.
5653:Perkins, Dexter.
5629:LeFeber, Walter.
5622:Langley, Lester.
5615:Herrick, Walter.
5553:Beisner, Robert.
5486:978-0-8050-6907-5
5441:978-1-4391-2118-4
5412:978-0-684-84926-3
5388:978-0-7006-0320-6
5369:978-0-394-46095-6
5352:Reeves, Thomas C.
5343:978-0-87338-210-6
5270:978-1-55750-595-8
5232:978-1-60021-066-2
5203:978-0-393-01372-6
5161:978-0-8262-0780-7
5130:978-0-8050-6951-8
5115:Karabell, Zachary
5051:978-0-7006-0641-2
5006:. New York City:
4937:978-0-8225-1512-8
4926:Chester A. Arthur
4914:978-0-7006-0208-7
4890:978-0-8420-2604-8
4781:978-0-8050-6952-5
4771:Benjamin Harrison
4737:978-0-87081-080-0
4728:Boulder, Colorado
4714:978-0-945707-05-9
4480:McWilliams, 25–36
4445:978-0-19-996779-7
4241:Paul M. Kennedy,
4228:Walter LaFeber,
4111:American Rifleman
3916:, pp. 74–76.
3904:, pp. 95–96.
3812:, pp. 57–58.
3796:, pp. 55–57.
3753:, pp. 81–84.
3734:, pp. 82–84.
3217:, pp. 45–50.
3205:, pp. 49–54.
3193:(1976) pp. 53–59.
2913:(December 1981),
2911:American Heritage
2839:Rachel St. John,
2789:, pp. 40–41.
2755:Frank J. Merli,
2413:, pp. 68–71.
2389:, pp. 62–64.
2115:Battle of Ganghwa
2035:Isthmus of Panama
1924:in 1875 with the
1922:free trade treaty
1902:Otto Von Bismarck
1830:Hilary A. Herbert
1641:as ambassador to
1623:John B. Henderson
1604:Kingdom of Hawaii
1564:When Britain and
1476:Chinese exclusion
1426:Burlingame Treaty
1355:Virginus incident
1281:Morrison R. Waite
1273:William M. Evarts
1208:William H. Seward
1136:Eduard de Stoeckl
1101:Battle of Ganghwa
1030:Morrison R. Waite
1022:William M. Evarts
946:William H. Seward
839:of New York, and
787:, headed by Sen.
760:Buenaventura Báez
655:Otto von Bismarck
455:Walter Q. Gresham
421:Benjamin Harrison
367:of New Jersey, a
337:James A. Garfield
312:George W. McCrary
308:William M. Evarts
71:Benjamin Harrison
63:Chester A. Arthur
59:James A. Garfield
10249:
10178:
10177:
9999:Baltimore crisis
9924:
9917:
9855:
9847:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9799:
9798:
9784:
9783:
9707:Esther Cleveland
9561:Murchison letter
9422:Westland Mansion
9382:
9371:
9353:Grover Cleveland
9346:
9339:
9332:
9323:
9322:
9308:
9307:
9078:
9067:
9042:
9035:
9028:
9019:
9018:
9004:
9003:
8818:Oakwood Cemetery
8768:Kanawha Division
8748:
8740:
8715:
8708:
8701:
8692:
8691:
8677:
8676:
8658:← Andrew Johnson
8643:Julia Dent Grant
8589:Jesse Root Grant
8551:Ulysses S. Grant
8532:U.S. Grant Hotel
8416:
8415:
8344:speeding arrests
8317:White Haven home
8236:Page Act of 1875
8209:Ku Klux Klan Act
8194:Enforcement Acts
7999:
7998:
7834:
7818:Ulysses S. Grant
7811:
7804:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7773:
7772:
7557:Southern Justice
7309:
7298:
7290:
7279:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7231:
7230:
7215:
7214:
7203:
7202:
7192:Andrew Johnson →
7185:← James Buchanan
7160:(great-grandson)
7122:Mordecai Lincoln
6973:Laramie, Wyoming
6893:Lincoln Memorial
6881:
6880:
6776:Five-dollar bill
6416:Spot Resolutions
6269:Thanksgiving Day
6225:Ten percent plan
6220:Tour of Richmond
6084:
6077:
6070:
6061:
6060:
6047:
6046:
6037:
6036:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5839:(2014): 741–762.
5670:Plesur, Milton.
5605:(Yale UP, 1966).
5584:Dobson, John M.
5490:
5466:
5445:
5424:
5392:
5373:
5361:
5347:
5335:
5324:
5303:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5255:(3rd ed.).
5254:
5236:
5215:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5145:
5134:
5110:
5081:
5064:
5055:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5008:Houghton Mifflin
4996:
4975:
4961:Grover Cleveland
4954:
4947:"Fish, Hamilton"
4941:
4929:
4918:
4894:
4875:
4856:
4831:(4): 1331–1365.
4819:
4806:
4785:
4761:
4749:
4718:
4699:
4682:Abbot, Willis J.
4668:
4662:
4656:
4653:Moore & Hale
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4622:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4551:
4545:
4535:
4529:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4433:
4423:
4417:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4383:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4355:
4352:Moore & Hale
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4312:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4252:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4114:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4085:
4079:
4069:
4063:
4053:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4020:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3989:
3983:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3926:Moore & Hale
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3883:
3877:
3867:
3858:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3803:
3797:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3744:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3706:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3605:
3604:(1976) pp 53=59.
3598:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3566:
3559:Moore & Hale
3556:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3507:
3501:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3457:
3451:
3437:
3431:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3381:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3119:, pp. 7, 8.
3117:Chamberlain 1902
3114:
3108:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3024:
3018:
3012:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2974:, pp. 82–87
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2918:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2732:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2693:9-7810-0050-8772
2675:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2362:, p. 87-88.
2357:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2142:Baltimore Crisis
2093:Asiatic Squadron
2002:Panamanian Canal
1926:Hawaiian Kingdom
1906:Treaty of Berlin
1879:Malietoa Laupepa
1661:had been added:
1585:Trade agreements
1530:) in his honor.
1528:Presidente Hayes
1361:Virginius Affair
1309:French Americans
1297:Aleutian Islands
1287:Aleutian Islands
1079:Asiatic Squadron
873:Gregorio Luperón
841:Oliver P. Morton
599:January Uprising
547:blockade runners
391:Thomas F. Bayard
270:Ulysses S. Grant
79:William McKinley
67:Grover Cleveland
51:Ulysses S. Grant
10257:
10256:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10185:
10149:
10144:Robert Carter I
10052:
10018:
9979:McKinley Tariff
9925:
9919:
9918:
9909:
9858:
9850:
9839:
9831:
9826:
9796:
9791:
9748:
9727:(granddaughter)
9683:
9637:
9514:Texas Seed Bill
9426:
9385:
9374:
9363:
9355:
9350:
9320:
9315:
9267:
9226:
9210:
9137:
9102:Central America
9081:
9070:
9059:
9051:
9046:
9016:
9011:
8975:
8958:Lucy Webb Hayes
8946:
8909:President Hayes
8890:
8822:
8751:
8743:
8732:
8724:
8719:
8689:
8684:
8648:
8645:(granddaughter)
8565:
8536:
8480:Brooklyn relief
8469:The Peacemakers
8414:
8396:
8355:
8285:
8267:
8250:Post-presidency
8240:
8182:Great Sioux War
8143:
8134:Post Office Act
8093:
8086:
8082:Desert Land Act
8040:Economic policy
8035:
7997:
7900:
7840:Military career
7835:
7826:
7820:
7815:
7785:
7780:
7732:
7689:
7638:
7609:Charles Johnson
7579:
7521:
7424:Alaska Purchase
7358:
7312:
7301:
7293:
7282:
7271:
7263:
7258:
7228:
7223:
7175:
7116:Abraham Lincoln
7088:(granddaughter)
7082:(granddaughter)
7027:
7023:Wabash, Indiana
6948:Brooklyn relief
6903:reflecting pool
6879:
6830:Lincoln Highway
6810:Abraham Lincoln
6697:
6691:
6609:
6559:
6540:Lincoln Bedroom
6491:Knob Creek Farm
6478:
6472:
6458:Religious views
6438:Lincoln's beard
6393:
6387:
6323:
6279:Birchard Letter
6144:Perpetual Union
6120:
6093:
6091:Abraham Lincoln
6088:
6058:
6053:
6025:
5951:F. D. Roosevelt
5893:
5888:
5778:Monaghan, Jay.
5761:Jones, Howard.
5754:Jones, Howard.
5699:
5694:
5643:Nevins, Allan.
5529:
5527:Further reading
5524:
5508:Zakaria, Fareed
5487:
5463:
5442:
5413:
5389:
5370:
5344:
5321:
5283:
5281:
5271:
5233:
5204:
5174:
5172:
5162:
5131:
5099:10.2307/3348178
5052:
5038:Hoogenboom, Ari
5024:
5022:
4993:
4972:
4964:. Times Books.
4938:
4915:
4891:
4837:10.2307/3092545
4803:
4782:
4738:
4715:
4676:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4552:
4548:
4536:
4532:
4527:Wayback Machine
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4424:
4420:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4358:
4350:, p. 132;
4346:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4322:
4315:
4309:The New Empire
4306:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4236:
4227:
4223:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4086:
4082:
4070:
4066:
4054:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4021:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3994:, p. 337;
3990:
3986:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3884:
3880:
3868:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3804:
3800:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3709:
3697:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3595:
3591:(1903), p. 327.
3586:
3582:
3573:
3569:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3508:
3504:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3449:
3441:McCusker, J. J.
3429:
3421:McCusker, J. J.
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3293:, p. 1148.
3289:
3278:
3274:, p. 1146.
3270:
3263:
3252:
3241:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:(1970) p 446—47
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3094:
3086:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3046:(1970) p 442—43
3041:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2921:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2742:The Independent
2733:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:. p. 321.
2676:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2627:Don H. Doyle,
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2504:
2497:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2144:
2127:
2062:
2056:
2054:Korean incident
2047:Monroe Doctrine
2012:Harper's Weekly
2004:
1999:
1965:Sanford B. Dole
1914:
1887:Mata'afa Iosefo
1863:
1806:armored cruiser
1686:William H. Hunt
1651:
1627:Andrew Carnegie
1587:
1559:Treaty of Ancón
1504:
1422:
1405:
1392:Emilio Castelar
1373:
1371:Emilio Castelar
1363:
1357:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1311:
1305:
1289:
1249:
1188:
1174:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1141:Alaska Purchase
1113:
1111:Alaska purchase
1044:
1038:
1036:Korean incident
1011:
926:
912:
891:
881:
837:Roscoe Conkling
807:
741:
732:
726:
642:
614:
608:
587:Central America
579:
573:
536:Lord Palmerston
520:
514:
497:Monroe Doctrine
473:
467:
447:
441:
417:
411:
399:Monroe Doctrine
383:
377:
345:James G. Blaine
334:
324:
296:
290:
264:
258:
234:Abraham Lincoln
227:
221:
173:Abraham Lincoln
167:
161:
156:
148:overseas empire
130:James G. Blaine
111:Alaska Purchase
109:negotiated the
94:Monroe Doctrine
43:Abraham Lincoln
12:
11:
5:
10255:
10245:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10183:
10170:
10169:
10162:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10147:
10141:
10135:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10087:
10081:
10075:
10069:
10062:
10060:
10054:
10053:
10051:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9944:Foreign policy
9941:
9935:
9933:
9927:
9926:
9912:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9866:
9864:
9860:
9859:
9857:
9856:
9848:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9825:
9824:
9817:
9810:
9802:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9776:
9775:
9768:
9761:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9746:
9740:
9737:Rose Cleveland
9734:
9728:
9722:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9701:Ruth Cleveland
9698:
9691:
9689:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9651:
9649:Cleveland Park
9645:
9643:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9613:Pullman Strike
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9584:
9583:
9578:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9551:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9467:Foreign policy
9464:
9459:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9436:
9434:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9393:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9372:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9349:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9326:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9288:
9287:
9280:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9259:
9256:William Arthur
9253:
9247:
9241:
9234:
9232:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9218:
9216:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9176:Tariff of 1883
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9156:Foreign policy
9153:
9147:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9097:
9089:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9068:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9045:
9044:
9037:
9030:
9022:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9009:
8996:
8995:
8988:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8912:
8904:
8898:
8896:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8832:
8830:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8759:
8757:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8741:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8718:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8695:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8669:
8668:
8661:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8579:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8555:
8546:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8517:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8485:Chicago statue
8482:
8477:
8472:
8465:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8448:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8428:Grant Memorial
8424:
8422:
8413:
8412:
8406:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8392:
8387:
8379:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8293:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8265:
8260:
8254:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8172:"Peace Policy"
8164:
8163:
8162:
8155:Reconstruction
8151:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8098:
8096:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8007:
8005:
8003:Foreign policy
7996:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7836:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7814:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7791:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7745:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7630:
7627:Robert Johnson
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7569:
7561:
7553:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7493:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7377:Foreign policy
7374:
7368:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7354:Kirkwood House
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7324:Homestead Acts
7320:
7318:
7317:Pre-presidency
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7299:
7291:
7280:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7261:Andrew Johnson
7257:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7234:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7209:
7196:
7195:
7188:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7146:Samuel Lincoln
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7092:Thomas Lincoln
7089:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6958:D.C. City Hall
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6910:Mount Rushmore
6907:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6889:
6887:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6823:Here I Grew Up
6819:
6814:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6788:Postage stamps
6785:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6703:
6701:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6658:
6656:Petersen House
6653:
6652:
6651:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6625:
6623:Ford's Theater
6619:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6482:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6433:Baltimore Plot
6430:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6406:Black Hawk War
6403:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6244:
6239:
6237:Foreign policy
6234:
6233:
6232:
6230:Reconstruction
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6108:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6087:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6041:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5816:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5786:
5776:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5735:
5723:Doyle, Don H.
5721:
5714:
5707:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5685:
5675:
5668:
5658:
5651:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5608:Healy, David.
5606:
5599:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5541:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5505:
5491:
5485:
5467:
5461:
5446:
5440:
5425:
5411:
5393:
5387:
5374:
5368:
5348:
5342:
5325:
5319:
5304:
5293:
5269:
5244:
5237:
5231:
5216:
5202:
5184:
5160:
5135:
5129:
5111:
5093:(2): 161–173.
5082:
5065:
5056:
5050:
5034:
4997:
4992:978-0940450585
4991:
4976:
4971:978-0805069235
4970:
4955:
4942:
4936:
4919:
4913:
4895:
4889:
4876:
4857:
4820:
4807:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4762:
4750:
4736:
4719:
4713:
4700:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4657:
4655:, p. 134.
4645:
4643:, p. 151.
4633:
4614:
4612:, p. 127.
4602:
4600:, p. 146.
4590:
4574:
4562:
4546:
4530:
4507:
4498:
4496:, p. 442.
4482:
4473:
4464:
4451:
4444:
4418:
4401:
4394:
4368:
4356:
4354:, p. 147.
4340:
4328:
4313:
4300:
4288:
4272:
4260:
4247:
4234:
4221:
4208:
4196:
4189:
4169:
4167:Welch, 166–169
4160:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4115:
4102:
4093:
4080:
4064:
4043:
4031:
4012:
4000:
3998:, p. 145.
3984:
3967:
3955:
3942:
3930:
3928:, p. 108.
3918:
3906:
3894:
3878:
3859:
3857:Welch, 192–194
3850:
3841:
3839:Welch, 186–187
3832:
3830:Welch, 183–184
3823:
3814:
3808:, p. 70;
3798:
3779:
3777:, p. 416.
3764:
3755:
3736:
3724:
3707:
3688:
3648:
3646:, p. 387.
3633:
3631:Welch, 194–198
3624:
3622:Bradford 1980.
3615:
3606:
3593:
3580:
3567:
3551:
3542:
3529:
3522:
3502:
3486:
3474:
3458:1800–present:
3411:
3409:, p. 120.
3399:
3392:
3366:
3354:
3338:
3326:
3307:
3295:
3276:
3261:
3239:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3128:David Donald,
3121:
3109:
3107:, p. 277.
3092:
3090:, p. 505.
3073:
3071:, p. 344.
3061:
3055:Simon (1995),
3048:
3042:David Donald,
3035:
3019:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2962:, pp. 775–777.
2951:
2949:, p. 398.
2939:
2919:
2903:
2891:
2889:, p. 337.
2879:
2866:
2845:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2791:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2748:
2724:
2715:
2699:
2692:
2667:
2661:Howard Jones,
2651:
2642:
2633:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2582:Graff, 113-114
2575:
2558:
2542:
2526:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2474:, pp. 88.
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2376:
2364:
2360:Trefousse 2002
2352:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2300:
2280:
2264:
2251:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2143:
2140:
2126:
2123:
2058:Main article:
2055:
2052:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1974:
1973:
1935:against Queen
1913:
1910:
1898:Samoan Islands
1862:
1859:
1853:) and sixteen
1823:Krag–Jørgensen
1650:
1647:
1586:
1583:
1574:Lord Salisbury
1570:British Guiana
1508:Paraguayan War
1503:
1500:
1483:John F. Miller
1421:
1418:
1404:
1401:
1384:Daniel Sickles
1369:
1359:Main article:
1356:
1353:
1348:Daniel Sickles
1344:Alabama Claims
1333:Ten Years' War
1328:
1327:Ten Years' War
1325:
1323:
1322:Cuba and Spain
1320:
1304:
1301:
1288:
1285:
1260:Queen Victoria
1256:Charles Sumner
1233:Alabama Claims
1182:Alabama Claims
1173:
1170:
1165:Irish Catholic
1157:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1121:Alabama Claims
1112:
1109:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
990:Queen Victoria
986:Charles Sumner
979:Union blockade
971:Alabama Claims
920:Alabama Claims
911:
908:
903:Daniel Sickles
885:Ten Years' War
880:
877:
846:Horace Greeley
822:Horace Greeley
793:Bancroft Davis
789:Charles Sumner
739:Charles Sumner
728:Main article:
725:
722:
718:Liberian-Grebo
651:Charles Sumner
641:
638:
626:Mexican border
610:Main article:
607:
604:
572:
569:
565:Alabama Claims
513:
510:
466:
463:
440:
437:
429:John W. Foster
410:
407:
376:
373:
323:
320:
289:
286:
282:Charles Sumner
257:
254:
250:William Seward
230:Andrew Johnson
220:
217:
181:William Seward
163:Main article:
160:
157:
155:
152:
115:Russian Alaska
107:William Seward
98:Mexican Empire
47:Andrew Johnson
23:William Seward
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10254:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10182:
10181:
10172:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10163:
10161:
10160:
10156:
10155:
10152:
10145:
10142:
10139:
10136:
10133:
10130:
10127:
10124:
10121:
10118:
10116:(grandmother)
10115:
10114:Anna Harrison
10112:
10110:(grandfather)
10109:
10106:
10103:
10100:
10097:
10094:
10091:
10088:
10085:
10082:
10079:
10076:
10074:(second wife)
10073:
10070:
10067:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10049:
10048:Harrison Hall
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10032:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10021:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9928:
9923:
9916:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9861:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9838:
9837:
9834:
9830:
9823:
9818:
9816:
9811:
9809:
9804:
9803:
9800:
9788:
9787:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9762:
9760:
9759:
9755:
9754:
9751:
9744:
9741:
9738:
9735:
9732:
9729:
9726:
9725:Philippa Foot
9723:
9720:
9717:
9714:
9711:
9708:
9705:
9702:
9699:
9696:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9686:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9640:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9593:Panic of 1893
9591:
9589:
9586:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9573:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9380:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9366:
9365:22nd and 24th
9362:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9347:
9342:
9340:
9335:
9333:
9328:
9327:
9324:
9312:
9311:
9302:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9286:
9285:
9281:
9279:
9278:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9263:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9251:
9248:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9140:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9103:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9084:
9076:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9062:
9058:
9057:
9054:
9050:
9043:
9038:
9036:
9031:
9029:
9024:
9023:
9020:
9008:
9007:
8998:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8989:
8987:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8978:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8913:
8911:
8910:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8893:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8825:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8793:Spiegel Grove
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8754:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8731:
8730:
8727:
8723:
8716:
8711:
8709:
8704:
8702:
8697:
8696:
8693:
8681:
8680:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8655:
8654:
8651:
8644:
8641:
8638:
8635:
8632:
8631:Chapman Grant
8629:
8626:
8623:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8596:
8593:
8590:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8561:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8444:General Grant
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8247:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:Social policy
8146:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7894:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7852:Fort Donelson
7850:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7829:
7823:
7819:
7812:
7807:
7805:
7800:
7798:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7777:
7776:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:Henry Johnson
7668:
7666:
7665:Dolly Johnson
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7634:
7633:Frank Johnson
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7621:Daniel Stover
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7315:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7255:
7250:
7248:
7243:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7220:
7219:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7118:(grandfather)
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:New York City
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6850:Lincoln Prize
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6771:Lincoln penny
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6694:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6661:State funeral
6659:
6657:
6654:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6615:Assassination
6612:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
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6174:
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6169:
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6163:
6162:
6159:
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6154:
6150:
6149:Lincoln Bible
6147:
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6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5996:G. H. W. Bush
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
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5969:
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5866:
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5862:
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5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5794:online review
5791:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
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5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:online review
5730:
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5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5690:
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5546:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5520:
5519:0-691-01035-8
5516:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:0-7006-0355-7
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5462:0-393-31742-0
5458:
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5320:0-7006-0671-8
5316:
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4877:
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4863:Hamilton Fish
4858:
4854:
4850:
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4834:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4802:0-7006-0190-2
4798:
4794:
4793:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:. Macmillan.
4773:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4754:Brands, H. W.
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4733:
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4706:
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4395:9780312268831
4391:
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4332:
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4264:
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4218:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4192:
4190:9781851099511
4186:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4112:
4106:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4076:Doenecke 1981
4073:
4068:
4061:
4060:Doenecke 1981
4057:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4008:Doenecke 1981
4004:
3997:
3996:Doenecke 1981
3993:
3988:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3887:
3886:Doenecke 1981
3882:
3875:
3871:
3870:Doenecke 1981
3866:
3864:
3854:
3848:Graff, 123–25
3845:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3811:
3810:Doenecke 1981
3807:
3802:
3795:
3794:Doenecke 1981
3791:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3752:
3751:Doenecke 1981
3748:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3677:on 2015-09-06
3673:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3546:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3523:9781550020854
3519:
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3506:
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3496:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3463:
3455:
3448:
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3442:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3395:
3393:9780826211279
3389:
3385:
3380:
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3358:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3335:
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3323:
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3304:
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3070:
3065:
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3052:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2986:, p. 58.
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
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2812:
2805:
2801:
2795:
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2783:
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2744:
2743:
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2703:
2695:
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2674:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2535:The Historian
2530:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2399:Doenecke 1981
2395:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2301:9781572330924
2297:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:, emerged in
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Matthew Perry
2073:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2008:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Morgan Report
1979:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Samoan crisis
1858:
1856:
1855:torpedo boats
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1768:48th Congress
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:Santo Domingo
1592:
1591:Latin America
1582:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:San Francisco
1439:
1435:
1434:Panic of 1873
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:Caleb Cushing
1274:
1270:
1265:
1264:Sir John Rose
1261:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1186:Hamilton Fish
1183:
1179:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:Matthew Perry
1059:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:Caleb Cushing
1023:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1002:
998:
995:
994:Sir John Rose
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:
961:
960:
954:
953:
947:
943:
935:
930:
925:
924:Hamilton Fish
921:
917:
907:
904:
900:
898:
890:
886:
876:
874:
870:
866:
865:Santo Domingo
862:
861:Bay of Samaná
858:
853:
851:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
811:
805:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
774:
770:
769:Santo Domingo
765:
761:
757:
756:Rufus Ingalls
753:
749:
740:
736:
731:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
701:
696:
692:
688:
682:
679:
677:
667:
666:Hamilton Fish
663:
659:
656:
652:
648:
647:Hamilton Fish
637:
635:
634:Porfirio Díaz
631:
627:
622:
619:
618:Phil Sheridan
613:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
578:
568:
566:
562:
561:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
519:
509:
505:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
483:was the lone
482:
478:
472:
462:
460:
459:Richard Olney
456:
452:
446:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
382:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:protectionist
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
295:
285:
283:
279:
278:Hamilton Fish
275:
271:
268:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
216:
212:
210:
205:
202:, to install
201:
197:
192:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
171:
166:
151:
149:
144:
139:
135:
134:Latin America
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:concerns the
32:
24:
20:
16:
10173:
10164:
10157:
10068:(first wife)
10030:
10023:Public image
9943:
9779:
9770:
9763:
9756:
9642:Public image
9608:Coxey's Army
9466:
9432:Presidencies
9303:
9282:
9275:
9250:Gavin Arthur
9215:Public image
9155:
9101:
9092:
8999:
8990:
8983:
8914:
8908:
8895:Public image
8672:
8663:
8656:
8619:Nellie Grant
8557:
8549:
8467:
8443:
8410:Bibliography
8351:Grant's Tomb
8339:Horsemanship
8307:Boyhood home
8278:
8221:Comstock Act
8016:
8002:
7768:
7747:
7740:
7725:
7623:(son-in-law)
7605:(son-in-law)
7571:
7563:
7555:
7547:
7526:Public image
7376:
7334:War Democrat
7216:
7204:
7190:
7183:
7140:Joseph Hanks
7106:(stepmother)
7008:Philadelphia
6936:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6821:
6809:
6729:Bibliography
6673:Lincoln Tomb
6627:
6530:Lincoln Home
6425:
6411:Matson Trial
6284:Bixby letter
6236:
6187:
5927:T. Roosevelt
5916:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5819:
5812:
5799:
5789:
5779:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5738:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5688:
5678:
5671:
5662:The Americas
5661:
5654:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5544:
5534:
5510:
5494:
5475:
5451:
5430:
5401:
5378:
5357:
5331:
5309:
5298:
5289:
5282:. Retrieved
5250:
5240:
5221:
5192:
5180:
5173:. Retrieved
5141:
5119:
5090:
5086:
5069:
5060:
5041:
5030:
5023:. Retrieved
5002:
4981:
4960:
4950:
4925:
4903:
4880:
4862:
4828:
4824:
4811:
4791:
4770:
4757:
4723:
4704:
4686:
4660:
4648:
4636:
4625:Calhoun 2005
4610:Calhoun 2005
4605:
4593:
4582:
4577:
4565:
4554:
4549:
4538:
4533:
4515:
4510:
4501:
4485:
4476:
4467:
4459:
4454:
4429:
4421:
4409:
4404:
4379:
4371:
4348:Calhoun 2005
4343:
4336:Calhoun 2005
4331:
4308:
4303:
4291:
4280:
4275:
4263:
4255:
4250:
4242:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4199:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4158:Graff, 95-96
4154:
4145:
4136:
4127:
4118:
4110:
4105:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4067:
4034:
4003:
3987:
3975:
3970:
3958:
3950:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3914:Calhoun 2005
3909:
3897:
3881:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3801:
3762:Welch, 72–73
3758:
3727:
3679:. Retrieved
3672:the original
3667:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3575:
3570:
3554:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3512:
3505:
3494:
3489:
3477:
3467:February 29,
3465:. Retrieved
3445:
3425:
3414:
3402:
3377:
3369:
3357:
3346:
3341:
3329:
3305:, ch. 22–23.
3298:
3254:Corning 1918
3231:
3222:
3215:Hackett 1911
3210:
3203:Corning 1918
3198:
3190:
3185:
3178:McFeely 2002
3173:
3166:McFeely 2002
3161:
3149:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3112:
3105:McFeely 2002
3069:McFeely 2002
3064:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3027:
3022:
2991:
2984:Corning 1918
2979:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2942:
2934:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:Brands 2012a
2894:
2887:McFeely 2002
2882:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2854:Allan Nevins
2848:
2840:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2794:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2740:
2718:
2707:
2702:
2679:
2662:
2645:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2566:
2561:
2550:
2545:
2534:
2529:
2506:
2487:
2455:
2446:
2441:Graff, 68-71
2437:
2406:
2394:
2367:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2340:Allan Nevins
2334:
2322:
2310:
2290:
2283:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2243:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2174:Patrick Egan
2163:
2160:
2153:
2128:
2119:Shinmiyangyo
2107:
2101:
2089:John Rodgers
2077:
2070:
2024:
2011:
1975:
1961:Liliuokalani
1954:
1945:Pearl Harbor
1941:Sanford Dole
1937:Liliuokalani
1930:
1915:
1891:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1820:
1814:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1772:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1635:
1616:
1588:
1563:
1554:
1532:
1505:
1480:
1423:
1414:intervention
1406:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1340:
1316:
1312:
1290:
1253:
1245:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1201:
1198:22 Jan 1872.
1195:
1162:
1159:Fenian raids
1153:Fenian raids
1125:
1114:
1105:Shinmiyangyo
1093:
1087:
1075:John Rodgers
1063:
1058:John Rodgers
1052:
1015:
1007:
983:
965:
958:
951:
939:
936:22 Jan 1872.
933:
896:
892:
854:
826:
814:
809:
778:
745:
699:
686:
683:
675:
671:
643:
623:
615:
583:Napoleon III
580:
559:
551:
544:
540:Trent Affair
531:
527:
525:
521:
506:
493:
474:
448:
433:
418:
384:
361:assassinated
335:
297:
265:
242:closing days
238:assassinated
228:
213:
200:Napoleon III
193:
186:
168:
127:
87:
39:presidential
30:
28:
15:
9854:(1881–1887)
9846:(1889–1893)
9662:Los Angeles
9566:Gray Gables
9381:(1883–1885)
9238:Nell Arthur
9191:Edmunds Act
9066:(1881–1885)
8871:Villa Hayes
8739:(1877–1881)
8595:Julia Grant
8334:Galena home
8312:Schoolhouse
8160:Amnesty Act
7887:Court House
7867:Chattanooga
7833:(1869–1877)
7711:Mrs. Harold
7675:Sam Johnson
7655:Henry Brown
7549:Andy's Trip
7278:(1865–1869)
7045:Family tree
6983:Los Angeles
6717:Lincoln/Net
6117:(1847–1849)
6107:(1861–1865)
5175:January 30,
5025:January 30,
5010:. pp.
4674:Works cited
4505:Chang 2003.
4072:Reeves 1975
4056:Reeves 1975
4023:Reeves 1975
3992:Reeves 1975
3890:Reeves 1975
3874:Reeves 1975
3806:Crapol 2000
3790:Crapol 2000
3747:Reeves 1975
3438:1700–1799:
3418:1634–1699:
3322:Miller 1997
3303:Nevins 1957
3256:, pp.
3154:Nevins 1957
2972:Kremer 1991
2947:Fuller 1931
2430:Reeves 1975
2387:Crapol 2000
2372:Peskin 1978
2193:Baltimore's
2131:trichinosis
2083:had opened
1933:coup d'état
1838:battleships
1798:(including
1780:World War I
1524:Villa Hayes
1446:third party
1069:had opened
857:Carl Schurz
485:great power
419:Republican
240:during the
189:King Cotton
90:Confederacy
37:during the
10196:Categories
10098:(grandson)
10092:(daughter)
10086:(daughter)
9969:Lodge Bill
9931:Presidency
9709:(daughter)
9703:(daughter)
9252:(grandson)
9143:Presidency
8964:Webb Hayes
8828:Presidency
8639:(grandson)
8633:(grandson)
8627:(grandson)
8621:(daughter)
8438:Grant Park
8385:convention
8370:convention
8302:Birthplace
8297:Early life
8263:World tour
8226:Poland Act
8092:Government
7906:Presidency
7882:Appomattox
7617:(daughter)
7599:(daughter)
7495:Politics:
7364:Presidency
7134:John Hanks
6953:Cincinnati
6696:Legacy and
6479:and places
6134:Transition
6126:Presidency
6006:G. W. Bush
5971:L. Johnson
5961:Eisenhower
5078:B00089DVIG
4490:Hoogenboom
4471:Welch, 174
3775:Hoogenboom
3720:Hoogenboom
3699:Hoogenboom
3644:Hoogenboom
3334:Chang 2003
3291:Grant 1990
3272:Grant 1990
3142:Smith 2001
3088:Smith 2001
3015:Grant 1990
2996:Smith 2001
2828:Hoogenboom
2802:. (2001);
2459:Welch, 160
2204:References
2189:Valparaiso
2111:amphibious
2031:Suez Canal
1808:, and one
1743:Amphitrite
1722:ABCD Ships
1555:status quo
1520:Gran Chaco
1228:Shenandoah
1097:amphibious
966:Shenandoah
833:Ben Butler
781:Samaná Bay
773:Samaná Bay
764:Samaná Bay
469:See also:
267:Republican
209:Royal Navy
170:Republican
154:Leadership
10033:(Niehaus)
9989:Geary Act
9529:Dawes Act
9524:Scott Act
8515:$ 50 bill
8420:Memorials
8360:Elections
8177:Modoc War
7862:Vicksburg
6699:memorials
6565:Elections
6463:Sexuality
6394:and views
6161:Civil War
5934:1913–1933
5922:1897–1913
5917:1861–1897
5912:1829–1861
5907:1801–1829
5902:1776–1801
5806:; summary
5697:Civil War
5284:March 30,
5190:(2002) .
4845:0021-8723
4756:(2012a).
4307:LaFeber,
3681:April 19,
3156:, ch. 12.
2327:Trefousse
2315:Trefousse
2184:Baltimore
2182:USS
2164:Baltimore
2154:Baltimore
2069:USS
1843:Kearsarge
1749:Monadnock
1612:Nicaragua
1566:Venezuela
1512:Argentina
1492:Scott Act
1397:Virginius
1388:Virginius
1380:Virginius
1051:USS
869:Dominican
700:Virginius
395:Nicaragua
246:Civil War
10180:Category
10104:(father)
9786:Category
9739:(sister)
9733:(father)
9576:Campaign
9549:Campaign
9445:Campaign
9417:Mugwumps
9310:Category
9264:(sister)
9258:(father)
9006:Category
8836:Red Room
8679:Category
8591:(father)
8585:(mother)
8510:Currency
8390:election
8375:election
7929:Grantism
7924:Scandals
7872:Overland
7775:Category
7206:Category
7136:(cousin)
7112:(sister)
7100:(mother)
7094:(father)
6761:Currency
6734:Birthday
6328:Speeches
6049:Category
5804:in JSTOR
5473:(2002).
5421:45387618
5399:(2001).
5354:(1975).
5279:37211290
5170:23144878
5117:(2004).
5040:(1995).
4901:(1981).
4768:(2005).
4684:(1896).
4523:Archived
4039:Karabell
3732:Karabell
3443:(1992).
3423:(1997).
3059:, p. xxi
3032:in JSTOR
2712:in JSTOR
2411:Karabell
2277:in JSTOR
2248:in JSTOR
2102:Colorado
2071:Colorado
2039:Colombia
1993:Hawaii.
1957:Honolulu
1918:Kalākaua
1849:Illinois
1815:Vesuvius
1732:monitors
1667:Yorktown
1659:Yorktown
1516:Paraguay
1444:, and a
1088:Colorado
1053:Colorado
848:and the
702:Incident
678:question
581:Emperor
532:en route
369:Stalwart
8094:reforms
8017:Alabama
7941:Cabinet
7936:Pardons
7694:Related
7218:Outline
7166:(horse)
7164:Old Bob
7124:(uncle)
6885:Statues
6468:Slavery
6314:Cabinet
6299:Pardons
6001:Clinton
5966:Kennedy
5853:(1962)
5824:excerpt
5774:excerpt
5751:(2011).
5727:(2014)
5713:(1970).
5595:(1965)
5497:(1988)
5212:6889578
5107:3348178
5020:2621753
4872:2959737
4853:3092545
4746:6675742
4696:3453791
4494:Barnard
4462:(2011).
4245:(2013).
4219:(1933).
4091:(1991).
3902:Feldman
3703:Barnard
2816:Barnard
1991:annexed
1894:dispute
1871:Germany
1851:classes
1810:monitor
1804:), one
1801:Olympia
1764:Chester
1737:Puritan
1724:or the
1717:Dolphin
1711:Chicago
1699:Atlanta
1675:Atlanta
1663:Chicago
1539:Bolivia
1293:sealing
1246:Alabama
1221:Alabama
1214:Florida
1130:(today
1117:Denmark
1008:Alabama
959:Alabama
952:Florida
897:Alabama
871:rebel,
808:Warren
706:process
687:Alabama
676:Alabama
630:bandits
591:invaded
560:Alabama
512:Britain
244:of the
10058:Family
9697:(wife)
9688:Family
9667:Queens
9240:(wife)
9231:Family
9077:(1881)
8960:(wife)
8951:Family
8597:(wife)
8575:Family
8402:Legacy
8019:Claims
7857:Shiloh
7643:Slaves
7593:(wife)
7584:Family
7576:(1942)
7568:(1867)
7560:(1867)
7552:(1866)
7459:Vetoes
7289:(1865)
7130:(aunt)
7052:(wife)
7037:Family
6898:statue
6826:mosaic
6812:(1960,
6712:Papers
6448:Poetry
6378:event)
6190:Affair
5991:Reagan
5986:Carter
5956:Truman
5944:Hoover
5939:Wilson
5855:online
5815:(2013)
5784:online
5758:(2010)
5743:online
5683:online
5666:online
5657:(1937)
5649:online
5597:online
5573:online
5549:online
5539:online
5517:
5501:
5483:
5459:
5438:
5419:
5409:
5385:
5366:
5340:
5317:
5277:
5267:
5263:–147.
5229:
5210:
5200:
5168:
5158:
5127:
5105:
5076:
5048:
5018:
4989:
4968:
4934:
4911:
4887:
4870:
4851:
4843:
4799:
4778:
4744:
4734:
4711:
4694:
4587:online
4559:online
4543:online
4520:online
4442:
4414:online
4392:
4311:(1963)
4297:Online
4285:online
4187:
3980:online
3520:
3499:online
3482:Castel
3407:Castel
3390:
3363:online
3351:Online
2787:Castel
2759:(2004)
2690:
2665:(1999)
2571:online
2555:Online
2539:Online
2511:online
2492:online
2298:
2262:(1970)
2166:Crisis
1949:consul
1912:Hawaii
1755:Terror
1752:, and
1708:, and
1705:Boston
1671:Boston
1608:Zavala
1545:, and
1448:, the
1279:, and
1224:, and
1184:, and
1132:Alaska
1028:, and
962:, and
922:, and
899:Claims
606:Mexico
571:France
481:Russia
69:, and
10080:(son)
9721:(son)
9715:(son)
9246:(son)
8972:(son)
8966:(son)
8615:(son)
8609:(son)
8603:(son)
8559:Grant
8456:grove
8381:1872
8366:1868
8272:Books
7635:(son)
7629:(son)
7611:(son)
7469:Trial
7172:(dog)
7076:(son)
7070:(son)
7064:(son)
7058:(son)
6817:1988)
6749:films
6635:opera
6477:Homes
6188:Trent
6021:Biden
6016:Trump
6011:Obama
5976:Nixon
5832:(2019
5402:Grant
5103:JSTOR
5014:–50.
4849:JSTOR
4438:–72.
4027:Abbot
3675:(PDF)
3664:(PDF)
3450:(PDF)
3430:(PDF)
3258:59–84
2170:Chile
2097:Seoul
2085:Japan
1875:Samoa
1861:Samoa
1840:(the
1791:Texas
1785:Maine
1643:Haiti
1543:Chile
1083:Seoul
1071:Japan
695:Cuban
528:Trent
489:Union
138:Samoa
119:annex
9863:Life
9841:23rd
9390:Life
9376:28th
9086:Life
9072:20th
9061:21st
8907:USS
8756:Life
8734:19th
8446:ship
8322:farm
8290:Life
7991:1876
7986:1875
7981:1874
7976:1873
7971:1872
7966:1871
7961:1870
7956:1869
7828:18th
7412:1868
7407:1867
7402:1866
7303:15th
7284:16th
7273:17th
7170:Fido
6808:USS
6600:1864
6583:1864
6578:1860
6392:Life
6309:1864
6186:RMS
6115:IL–7
6113:for
6102:16th
5981:Ford
5515:ISBN
5499:ISBN
5481:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5436:ISBN
5417:OCLC
5407:ISBN
5383:ISBN
5364:ISBN
5338:ISBN
5315:ISBN
5286:2010
5275:OCLC
5265:ISBN
5227:ISBN
5208:OCLC
5198:ISBN
5177:2010
5166:OCLC
5156:ISBN
5125:ISBN
5074:ASIN
5046:ISBN
5027:2010
5016:OCLC
4987:ISBN
4966:ISBN
4932:ISBN
4909:ISBN
4885:ISBN
4868:OCLC
4841:ISSN
4797:ISBN
4776:ISBN
4742:OCLC
4732:ISBN
4709:ISBN
4692:OCLC
4440:ISBN
4390:ISBN
4185:ISBN
3683:2017
3518:ISBN
3469:2024
3388:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2426:Howe
2296:ISBN
2152:USS
1846:and
1788:and
1625:and
1598:and
1551:Lima
1547:Peru
1514:and
1459:and
1407:The
1335:and
1244:CSS
1226:CSS
1219:CSS
1212:CSS
1006:CSS
964:CSS
957:CSS
950:CSS
887:and
810:1879
754:and
558:CSS
330:and
236:was
121:the
29:The
9100:SS
6754:Art
5261:146
5095:doi
4833:doi
4436:171
3384:160
1762:of
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