356:(acquired in 1814) were brought into the Windward Islands Colony, but were not given their assemblies (having previously been British Crown Colonies). In 1840, Trinidad left the Colony. The Windward Islands Colony was unpopular as Barbados wished to retain its separate identity and ancient institutions, while the other colonies did not enjoy the association with Barbados (but needed such an association for defence against French invasions until 1815). Thus the individual islands resisted British attempts at closer union. Barbados in particular fought to retain its own Assembly.
252:
Stapleton's
Federation was active from 1674 to 1685, during his term as governor; the General Assembly met regularly until 1711. Afterwards, it only met once more in 1798. The federation was unpopular, and in 1683 the islands rejected a government proposal for one government and set of laws. By the 18th century, each island had kept its assembly and made its laws, but continued to share one governor and one attorney-general. Although unpopular, Stapleton's Federation was never really dissolved but was simply replaced by other arrangements.
19:
65:. These attempts have occurred for more than 300 years, from 1627 to 1958, and were carried out, or sometimes imposed, first by the English and then the British government. During this time, some of the attempted unions were true federations of colonies and others involved attaching various colonies to a major nearby colony for the purposes of cheaper, efficient government or because the attached colonies were too small to justify a governor and administration of their own.
109:
discovered substantial deposits of bauxite in the central mountains of the island, which would have made them very prosperous. They were not willing to share this wealth with the whole
Federation, and so they withdrew from it in 1962. This prompted the next wealthiest state, Trinidad, to fear that it would be left to support the others, and so it also terminated membership.
594:
479:
had in 1848 broken their association with the
Bahamas due to the insufficient means of communication between the islands and the government in Nassau (this was due to the lack of major shipping routes running in that direction). Being too small to have a separate administration, the islands requested
427:
protectorate was overseen by the
Superintendents of British Honduras and thus by extension loosely attached to Jamaica from 1749 to 1787. In 1787, Britain withdrew from the Miskito Coast (then ending administrative links with British Honduras and Jamaica) as a result of the peace agreement ending the
419:
From 1742, British
Honduras was a dependency directly under the Governor of Jamaica. In 1749, the Governors of Jamaica appointed superintendents for British Honduras. In 1862, British Honduras became a Crown Colony and was placed under the Governor of Jamaica with its lieutenant-governor. In 1884, it
378:
to fight federation, which they claimed would end their representative system. In March 1876, estate labourers in southern
Barbados rioted in support of the governor when he tried to force the assembly to reform prisons and hospitals. The Colonial Office then quickly transferred Hennessy to Hong Kong
487:
The
British government agreed to this and from 1848 to 1873 the Turks and Caicos Islands were governed by superintendents/council presidents appointed from Jamaica. In 1873, the islands were then made into a dependency of Jamaica with a commissioner and a legislative board. In 1959, the islands were
100:
Many of the national government efforts to unify the region were met with opposition from influential groups within the various colonies, and by opposition from the wealthier colonies, Jamaica and
Trinidad. In addition, the poor development of communication links and travel links among the separated
467:
All laws passed in the
Caymans had to be approved by the Governor of Jamaica. This relationship lasted until 1959. From 1959 to 1962 the Governor of Jamaica remained Governor of the Cayman Islands and had reserve powers over the islands. Also, all laws passed by the Jamaica legislature specifically
443:
had begun to have permanent
English settlements from 1827 and after having been formally claimed by Britain in 1841 were subordinated to Jamaica in 1852 with The Governor of the Bay Islands being the Governor of Jamaica and the Superintendent of British Honduras acting as Lieutenant-Governor of the
390:
joined the Windward Islands Colony in 1940 after having been transferred from the Leewards and remained in the Colony until 1958. After 1885, the Windward Islands Colony was under one governor-general in Grenada and each island had its lieutenant-governor and its assembly (as before). Attempts at a
415:
was surrounded by hostile Spanish colonies and needed the protection afforded by the Army and Navy based in Jamaica. In addition, British Honduras had been founded by loggers and had expanded in population partly by the settlement of Englishmen arriving from Jamaica in the late 17th and early 18th
595:
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/the-west-indian-colonies-and-emancipation/#:~:text=On%201%20August%201834%2C%20750%2C000,Bermuda%20freed%20their%20slaves%20immediately.
251:
established the first federation in the BWI in 1674. Stapleton set up a General Assembly of the Leewards in St. Kitts. Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis and St. Kitts sent two representatives each. One governor had responsibility for the Leewards and a lieutenant governor was appointed for each island.
108:
The British had believed that a unified federation of all states would constitute better insurance for a positive result for all after decolonisation. They worked on the strategy for over ten years, and the West Indies Federation was finally established in 1958. Unfortunately, the Jamaicans had
529:
state made up of ten provinces, all British colonial possessions. The federation was created by the United Kingdom in 1958 from most of the British West Indies. Britain intended that the Federation would shortly become a fully independent state, thus simultaneously satisfying the demands for
174:
many British Loyalist fled from main land colonies and settled in the Bahama islands bringing with them many slaves turning the black population in the Bahamas into the majority for the first time. On 10 July 1973, the Bahamas gained independence from Britain, becoming a sovereign state.
293:" under its administrator or commissioner. Like earlier groupings, this federation was unpopular but was not dissolved until 1956 to make way for the Federation of the West Indies. The Federal Colony was composed of all islands organized under Governor Pine's previous attempt.
117:
In 1823, abolitionists formed the Society for the Migration and Gradual Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Dominions to call for the emancipation of all those enslaved in the colonies. Among the Society's members were Wilberforce and the MP Thomas Fowell Buxton.
451:
were too small to justify a separate administration and having been settled mainly by English from Jamaica, had always been regarded as under the control of the Governor of Jamaica. In addition, the Caymans had been ceded as part of Jamaica to England from Spain in 1670
1428:
128:
On 1 August 1834, 750,000 slaves in the British West Indies formally became free. The apprenticeship system was unpopular among former slaves and their masters, and it was not implemented in Trinidad: Antigua and Bermuda freed their slaves immediately.
260:
Between 1816 and 1833 the Leewards were divided into two groups, each with its governor: St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla and Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat (including Redonda). In 1833, all the Leewards were brought together again under the pre-1816 and
124:
This created a fund of ÂŁ20 million raised by the Rothschilds to compensate the planters and established an apprenticeship system, whereby those formerly enslaved would still be bound to work for their former masters for several years.
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1706:
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that the scheme had failed due to "local prejudice and self-interest". Thus the only achievement was giving the Leewards a single governor. All laws and ordinances, however, had to be approved by each island council.
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made more autonomous along the lines of the Cayman Islands with the Governor of Jamaica having reserve powers over the Turks and Caicos Islands. This relationship ceased when Jamaica obtained independence in 1962.
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210:, as Governor of Barbados, also governed all of the Eastern Caribbean, then under English rule. This scheme was approved by the Leewards as they needed the military aid of Barbados at the time during the
1324:
162:. Piracy became a serious concern for the British and they had acquired the Bahama Islands back from the Lord Proprietors making the Bahamas a British Crown Colony for the first time in 1717. By 1718
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and Legislative Assembly. The final administrative link to Jamaica ceased upon Jamaica's independence in 1962 (although the Cayman Islands continued to use Jamaican currency for a further 10 years).
158:. By 1670 the Bahama Islands were granted to the Lord Proprietors of the province of Carolina. By the early 1700s The Bahamas was largely known as a haven for pirates, especially on the island of
391:
federal colony like in the Leewards were always resisted. The Windward Islands Colony broke up in 1958 when each island chose to join the new Federation of the West Indies as separate provinces.
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956:
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The initial federal attempts never went so far as to try to encompass all of the British West Indies (BWI), but were more regional in scope. The historical regional groupings were the
1516:
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1227:
456:. They were formally attached to Jamaica in 1863 and were rather like a parish of Jamaica with nominated justices of the peace and elected vestrymen in their legislature (named the
132:
Under pressure from Westminster, the legislative assemblies in the colonies abolished the apprenticeship system, and full freedom was granted to all former slaves on 1 August 1838.
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121:
The Society worked to ensure that abolitionist candidates were elected in the general election of 1832, and the Slavery Abolition Act was passed by Parliament the following year.
1653:
1107:
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in 1876 and the federation plans were dropped. The Governor of Barbados remained the Governor-General of the Windwards until 1885 when Barbados left the Windward Islands Colony.
382:
From 1885 to 1958, the Windward Islands Colony consisted of Grenada and the Grenadines, St. Vincent, and St. Lucia for the entire period. Tobago left in 1889 when she formed a
1805:, physiographically not part of the Lucayan Archipelago, Antilles, Caribbean Sea nor North American continental nor South American continental islands. It is grouped with the
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and by 1729 he established the House of Assembly. The Privateer business brought prosperity to the island of New Providence for the first time. Around the time of the
2356:
1421:
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375:
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workers, who believed federation would allow them the opportunity to leave Barbados and work for higher wages or buy their plots of land elsewhere in the Windwards.
1671:
1713:
1032:
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with England. After the war, England gave in to the demands of the Leewards for a separate government. In 1671, the Crown assigned a governor-in-chief to manage
2398:
457:
286:
2064:
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from all the colonies in the region. However, the project was doomed by political squabbling among the provinces, and the Federation never achieved full
420:
finally broke all administrative ties with Jamaica although legal appeals from British Honduras went to the Supreme Court in Jamaica even after 1884.
268:
In 1869, Governor Benjamin Pine was assigned to organize a federation of Antigua-Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitts, Anguilla, and the
432:; however, it continued to intervene in the Coast up until 1861 to protect its interests as well as the Miskito nation from Spanish encroachment.
272:. St. Kitts and Nevis, however, opposed sharing their government funds with Antigua and Montserrat, which were bankrupt. Governor Pine told the
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2505:
2261:
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was sent in 1875 to Barbados to organize a closer, formal federation, there was bitter opposition from the press, the assembly of the upper-
2403:
2190:
502:
The West Indies Federation was a short-lived federation that existed from 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962. It consisted of several Caribbean
2500:
1344:
1201:
1169:
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Baptiste, Fitzroy Andre. "The British grant of air and naval facilities to the United States in Trinidad, St. Lucia and Bermuda in 1939"
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1838:
575:
2437:
2251:
2130:
1955:
904:
312:
In 1763, Barbados, as the most well established of Britain's Caribbean colonies was placed in charge of new colonies acquired in the
2215:
2286:
2125:
1396:
716:
Cromwell, Jesse. "More than Slaves and Sugar: Recent Historiography of the Trans-imperial Caribbean and Its Sinew Populations."
1972:
660:
Bolland, O. Nigel. "Systems of domination after slavery: the control of land and labor in the British West Indies after 1838."
2291:
1897:
1194:
672:
1912:
2391:
2090:
555:
1938:
944:
1637:
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340:. This arrangement was plagued with the difficulty of west to east communication among the islands in the days of sail.
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2298:
1960:
852:
2510:
2276:
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1907:
1040:
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1775:
are not part of the volcanic Windward Islands arc, although sometimes grouped with them culturally and politically.
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2266:
1160:
1143:
167:
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of the United Kingdom. The expressed intention of the Federation was to create a political unit that would become
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2200:
2145:
2095:
2059:
986:
469:
217:
Otherwise, the planters on the Leewards competed with those in Barbados as rivals for the greatest share of the
101:
island colonies contributed to the insularity and development of separate identities of each colony, even after
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1831:
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43:
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at various points in time out of convenience and sometimes for historical and/or geographical reasons.
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and the Leewards were grouped together. In practice, this arrangement was difficult to administer, and
171:
2100:
1965:
1824:
1149:
1014:
798:
Proctor, Jesse Harris (1962). "British West Indian Society and Government in Transition 1920–1960".
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2315:
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2110:
1856:
1687:
1130:
1114:
913:
890:
518:; however, before that could happen, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts.
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359:
This opposition to closer federation was found mainly in the upper class of society. When Governor
302:
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through which all the islands were under one governor and one set of laws. Each island was called "
89:
73:
2054:
1876:
1468:
1176:
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453:
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In 1833, the Windward Islands became a formal union called the Windward Islands Colony. In 1838,
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184:
69:
150:
The Bahamas' first British arrivals came from Bermuda in the 1640s and settled on the Island of
2386:
2195:
2069:
1928:
1617:
1390:
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Bay Islands. This relationship existed until 1860 when the Bay Islands were ceded to Honduras.
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211:
155:
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522:
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1660:
1288:
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1986:
1882:
1627:
1622:
872:
Ward, John R. "The profitability of sugar planting in the British West Indies, 1650–1834."
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Slavery, sugar, and the culture of refinement: picturing the British West Indies, 1700–1840
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centuries (with settlers also arriving from England directly or being born in the colony).
317:
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8:
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1871:
1786:
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1358:
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1081:
399:
The remaining British colonies (as outlined in this section) in the Caribbean except for
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337:
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39:
23:
1680:
2474:
2039:
1902:
1892:
1768:
1606:
1475:
1318:
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1008:
836:
819:
Ramphal, Shridath S. (1953). "Federal Constitution-Making in the British West Indies".
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for the Cayman Islands had to be enforced. Otherwise, the Cayman Islands had their own
360:
2361:
1700:
1550:
1496:
863:
742:
728:
707:
651:
481:
632:
War, Cooperation, and Conflict: The European Possessions in the Caribbean, 1939–1945
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2376:
2351:
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2025:
2010:
1772:
1274:
1045:
828:
684:
Craton, Michael. "Changing patterns of slave families in the British West Indies."
412:
85:
27:
18:
2044:
2020:
2015:
1750:
1003:
679:
273:
207:
1802:
1799:
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The British Caribbean: From the decline of colonialism to the end of Federation
507:
448:
400:
159:
81:
47:
31:
2178:
2494:
2341:
2049:
1806:
832:
774:
Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947–69
424:
163:
849:
Sugar and slavery: An economic history of the British West Indies, 1623-1775
725:
The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire
1743:
are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies.
882:
625:
reole Testimonies: Slave Narratives from the British West Indies, 1709–1838
531:
461:
1762:
1746:
535:
364:
218:
141:
811:
788:
The Oxford history of the British Empire: The nineteenth century. Vol. 3
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368:
325:
290:
234:
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26:
in the Caribbean in 1900. Also indicated are the mainland colonies of
2210:
1847:
1816:
606:
353:
222:
151:
55:
693:
Testing the chains: Resistance to slavery in the British West Indies
367:, and a few influential coloured men. Hennessy was supported by the
2005:
1809:
region, but occasionally also with the Caribbean region culturally.
1790:
706:. Longman Caribbean Publishers, Boundary Road, San Juan, Trinidad.
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387:
349:
262:
230:
199:
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of the slaves and more widespread participation in political life.
1943:
1795:
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to be placed under Jamaica due to the regular communication from
408:
404:
321:
242:
238:
77:
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appointed by the Governor of Jamaica to administer the islands.
1948:
1782:
333:
561:
English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
226:
484:
to the islands along the Kingston to London shipping route.
95:
61:
There have been several attempts at political unions in the
669:
West Indian Women at War: British Racism in World War II
510:
from Britain as a single state—possibly similar to the
80:
with other nearby English/British colonies such as the
781:
The Development of the British West Indies: 1700–1763
1761:constituents but subsumed with the country of the
753:Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 1940–1967
2492:
741:. Macmillan Caribbean, Macmillan Education Ltd.
821:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
394:
374:The planters and coloured merchants set up the
1832:
898:
702:Claypole, William; and Robottom, John. 1989.
912:
343:
307:
255:
189:
760:The British Empire and the Second World War
285:In 1871, the British government passed the
280:
206:governed the Leeward Islands only. In 1660
1839:
1825:
1264:
905:
891:
662:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2252:Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act
1031:
704:Caribbean Story, Book Two: The Inheritors
491:
96:Reasons for failure of regional groupings
2216:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
851:(University of West Indies Press, 1994)
769:(Paul Mellon Centre, 2008), art history.
17:
1749:that with the ABC islands comprise the
818:
797:
2493:
1846:
576:Latin America–United Kingdom relations
460:). The Justices and Vestry assisted a
265:was added to the grouping until 1940.
2292:Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange
1820:
886:
2506:British colonization of the Americas
2392:Central American and Caribbean Games
739:A Sketchmap History of the Caribbean
686:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
607:"Our History – Remembering Our Past"
556:British colonization of the Americas
168:royal governor of the Bahama Islands
1898:Baltic-German Caribbean (1654-1689)
296:
13:
2501:History of the British West Indies
617:
336:, with each island having its own
178:
63:history of the British West Indies
14:
2522:
727:. Fred B. Rothman & Company.
695:(Cornell University Press, 2009)
667:Bousquet, Ben and Colin Douglas.
521:The Federation was an internally
1345:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2201:Association of Caribbean States
2060:Latin America and the Caribbean
1325:Carriacou and Petite Martinique
862:. University of Toronto Press.
599:
588:
1:
1913:Swedish Caribbean (1784–1878)
1888:British Caribbean (1586–1834)
1872:Spanish Caribbean (1492–1898)
54:of the United Kingdom in the
50:colonies and the present-day
2262:Central banks and currencies
1908:German Caribbean (1685-1693)
1903:Danish Caribbean (1672–1917)
1893:French Caribbean (1625–1817)
1170:Collectivity of Saint Martin
542:or as a republic within the
395:Jamaica and its dependencies
7:
1883:Dutch Caribbean (1554–1863)
800:Social and Economic Studies
549:
10:
2527:
2257:Caribbean Development Bank
1934:Caribbean Court of Justice
1429:San Andrés and Providencia
858:Wallace, Elisabeth. 1977.
495:
430:American Revolutionary War
300:
182:
172:American Revolutionary War
139:
135:
112:
2459:
2421:
2412:
2337:
2328:
2309:in the Danish West Indies
2237:
2228:
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1998:
1994:
1985:
1921:
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1670:
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1215:
1186:
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1069:
1058:
985:
976:
965:
920:
737:Greenwood, Robert. 1991.
344:Colonial period 1833–1958
308:Colonial period 1763–1833
256:Colonial period 1816–1869
190:Colonial period 1627–1816
2511:History of the Caribbean
1397:Turks and Caicos Islands
914:History of the Caribbean
720:(2014) 12#10 pp 770–783.
646:Black, Clinton V. 1997.
581:
477:Turks and Caicos Islands
303:British Windward Islands
281:Federal colony 1871–1956
154:, they are known as the
90:Turks and Caicos Islands
74:British Windward Islands
2055:Caribbean South America
874:Economic History Review
376:Barbados Defence League
352:(acquired in 1802) and
196:Carlisle proprietorship
185:British Leeward Islands
70:British Leeward Islands
2196:Afro-Caribbean leftism
2070:Western Caribbean zone
1195:British Virgin Islands
957:West Indies Federation
876:31.2 (1978): 197–213.
833:10.1093/iclqaj/2.2.192
779:Pitman, Frank Wesley.
650:. Longman Publishers.
648:The History of Jamaica
566:Commonwealth Caribbean
516:Canadian Confederation
498:West Indies Federation
492:West Indies Federation
270:British Virgin Islands
212:Second Anglo-Dutch War
156:Eleutheran Adventurers
146:History of the Bahamas
35:
2156:Dependent territories
1973:Territorial evolution
1745:These three form the
1545:South Caribbean Coast
1538:North Caribbean Coast
1144:Saint Kitts and Nevis
940:Caribbean Netherlands
847:Sheridan, Richard B.
723:Dupont, Jerry. 2000.
678:22 March 2020 at the
664:23.4 (1981): 591–619.
512:Australian Federation
249:Sir William Stapleton
42:refers to the former
21:
2161:World Heritage Sites
1787:Disputed territories
1779:Disputed territories
1577:Venezuelan Caribbean
1246:Federal Dependencies
945:Netherlands Antilles
786:Porter, Andrew, ed.
318:Governor of Barbados
52:overseas territories
2404:Television stations
2206:Caribbean Community
1773:continental islands
1570:Colombian Caribbean
1364:Trinidad and Tobago
1202:U.S. Virgin Islands
1088:Antigua and Barbuda
925:British West Indies
630:Baptiste, Fitzroy.
458:Justices and Vestry
407:were grouped under
338:lieutenant-governor
320:became Governor of
287:Leeward Islands Act
40:British West Indies
24:British possessions
2121:Metropolitan areas
2065:Southern Caribbean
2040:Caribbean Lowlands
1961:Influx of diseases
1695:Venezuelan Guayana
1041:Dominican Republic
952:French West Indies
930:Danish West Indies
783:(Routledge, 2019).
688:10.1 (1979): 1–35.
641:16.2 (1976): 5–43.
540:Commonwealth realm
361:John Pope Hennessy
36:
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2487:
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2224:
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2168:
1981:
1980:
1939:Indigenous people
1814:
1813:
1807:Northern American
1769:Physiographically
1730:
1729:
1638:Yucatán Peninsula
1586:
1585:
1405:
1404:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1352:
1298:
1297:
1239:Insular Venezuela
1211:
1210:
1054:
1053:
776:(Springer, 2012).
758:Jackson, Ashley.
755:(Springer, 2008).
691:Craton, Michael.
639:Caribbean Studies
627:(Springer, 2012).
439:off the coast of
166:became the first
2518:
2468:
2419:
2418:
2352:Caribbean people
2335:
2334:
2235:
2234:
2184:
2183:
2151:Sovereign states
2131:Populated places
2031:Windward Islands
2026:Leeward Antilles
2011:Greater Antilles
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1862:
1861:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1789:administered by
1781:administered by
1707:Guayana Esequiba
1634:
1633:
1485:
1484:
1262:
1261:
1224:
1223:
1157:
1156:
1138:Saint Barthélemy
1067:
1066:
1029:
1028:
983:
982:
974:
973:
907:
900:
893:
884:
883:
844:
815:
772:Mawby, Spencer.
765:Kriz, Kay Dian.
762:(2007) pp 77–96.
611:
610:
603:
597:
592:
454:Treaty of Madrid
413:British Honduras
314:Seven Years' War
297:Windward Islands
86:British Honduras
28:British Honduras
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2471:
2464:
2447:
2408:
2320:
2287:Stock exchanges
2220:
2165:
2074:
2045:Caribbean Plate
2021:Leeward Islands
2016:Lesser Antilles
1977:
1917:
1851:
1845:
1815:
1810:
1798:is an isolated
1757:are not direct
1753:, of which the
1751:Dutch Caribbean
1739:Territories in
1726:
1666:
1632:
1596:
1593:
1582:
1555:
1489:Central America
1483:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1443:Serranilla Bank
1436:Bajo Nuevo Bank
1412:
1401:
1383:
1368:
1349:
1305:
1294:
1260:
1229:
1218:
1207:
1182:
1155:
1072:
1061:
1050:
1027:
988:
968:
961:
935:Dutch Caribbean
916:
911:
718:History Compass
680:Wayback Machine
623:Aljoe, Nicole.
620:
618:Further reading
615:
614:
605:
604:
600:
593:
589:
584:
552:
500:
494:
397:
386:with Trinidad.
346:
310:
305:
299:
283:
274:Colonial Office
258:
208:Lord Willoughby
192:
187:
181:
179:Leeward Islands
148:
140:Main articles:
138:
115:
98:
12:
11:
5:
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2382:Radio stations
2379:
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2098:
2096:Extreme points
2093:
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2057:
2052:
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2023:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1931:
1929:Afro-Caribbean
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
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1859:
1853:
1852:
1850: articles
1844:
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1836:
1829:
1821:
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1811:
1803:oceanic island
1800:North Atlantic
1735:
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1728:
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1232:
1221:
1213:
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1209:
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1188:
1187:Virgin Islands
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1150:Sint Eustatius
1146:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1090:
1085:
1077:
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1064:
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1049:
1048:
1043:
1037:
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1026:
1025:
1018:
1015:Navassa Island
1011:
1006:
1001:
998:Cayman Islands
993:
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980:
971:
963:
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949:
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918:
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910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
881:
880:
870:
856:
845:
827:(2): 192–206.
816:
806:(4): 273–304.
795:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
751:High, Steven.
749:
735:
721:
714:
700:
689:
682:
665:
658:
644:
643:
642:
628:
619:
616:
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598:
586:
585:
583:
580:
579:
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573:
568:
563:
558:
551:
548:
538:, either as a
523:self-governing
496:Main article:
493:
490:
449:Cayman Islands
401:British Guiana
396:
393:
345:
342:
309:
306:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
282:
279:
257:
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191:
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183:Main article:
180:
177:
160:New Providence
137:
134:
114:
111:
97:
94:
82:Cayman Islands
32:British Guiana
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
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2063:
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2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Caribbean Sea
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1984:
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1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
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1941:
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1709:
1708:
1704:
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1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:French Guiana
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
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1658:
1656:
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1579:
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1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1561:South America
1558:
1552:
1549:
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1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
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1528:
1526:
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1500:
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1276:
1272:
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1263:
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1254:
1253:Nueva Esparta
1250:
1248:
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1199:
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1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1115:Marie-Galante
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
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1038:
1036:
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1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
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1005:
1002:
1000:
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994:
992:
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984:
981:
979:
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964:
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946:
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928:
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923:
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919:
915:
908:
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901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
885:
879:
875:
871:
869:
868:0-8020-5351-3
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
813:
809:
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796:
793:
789:
785:
782:
778:
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771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
748:
747:0-333-53623-1
744:
740:
736:
734:
733:0-8377-3125-9
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
713:
712:0-582-03985-1
709:
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701:
698:
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690:
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681:
677:
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670:
666:
663:
659:
657:
656:0-582-03898-7
653:
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629:
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541:
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519:
517:
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489:
485:
483:
478:
473:
471:
470:Administrator
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
445:
442:
438:
433:
431:
426:
425:Miskito Coast
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
389:
385:
380:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
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304:
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278:
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264:
253:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
204:Thomas Warner
201:
197:
186:
176:
173:
169:
165:
164:Woodes Rogers
161:
157:
153:
147:
143:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
110:
106:
104:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2431:Pre-Arawakan
2414:Demographics
1887:
1879:(1500s–1830)
1777:
1767:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1712:
1705:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1605:
1598:may include:
1575:
1568:
1543:
1536:
1531:Corn Islands
1529:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1474:
1469:Quintana Roo
1467:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1395:
1332:
1323:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1200:
1193:
1177:Sint Maarten
1175:
1168:
1161:Saint Martin
1148:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1080:
1020:
1013:
996:
924:
873:
859:
848:
824:
820:
803:
799:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
738:
724:
717:
703:
692:
685:
668:
661:
647:
638:
631:
624:
601:
590:
544:Commonwealth
532:independence
520:
501:
486:
474:
466:
462:Commissioner
446:
434:
422:
418:
398:
381:
373:
358:
347:
311:
284:
267:
259:
247:
216:
193:
149:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
107:
103:emancipation
99:
67:
62:
60:
37:
15:
2091:Earthquakes
1763:Netherlands
1755:BES islands
1747:SSS islands
1672:The Guianas
1618:El Salvador
1508:Bay Islands
1458:continental
1422:Aves Island
1384:Archipelago
1340:Saint Lucia
1266:ABC islands
1108:Les Saintes
1101:La DĂ©sirade
1022:Puerto Rico
794:pp 470–494.
536:sovereignty
508:independent
437:Bay Islands
365:plantocracy
330:St. Vincent
219:sugar trade
142:The Bahamas
2495:Categories
2438:Population
2367:Literature
1956:Hurricanes
1714:Tigri Area
1613:Costa Rica
1334:Martinique
1124:Montserrat
1094:Guadeloupe
1033:Hispaniola
326:Grenadines
291:Presidency
235:Montserrat
194:Under the
2443:Religions
2426:Languages
2357:Carnivals
2272:Companies
2211:CARIFORUM
2191:Democracy
2126:Mountains
2116:Cetaceans
2086:Bioregion
1987:Geography
1848:Caribbean
1628:Nicaragua
1623:Guatemala
1594:groupings
1456:Caribbean
1411:Caribbean
1219:Caribbean
354:St. Lucia
223:St. Kitts
198:of 1627,
152:Eleuthera
56:Caribbean
38:The term
2475:Category
2399:Stadiums
2247:Airports
2242:Airlines
2179:Politics
2079:By topic
2006:Antilles
1922:By topic
1865:Timeline
1791:Colombia
1771:, these
1722:Suriname
1647:Campeche
1502:Honduras
1359:Barbados
1314:Dominica
1304:Windward
1230:Antilles
1217:Southern
1082:Anguilla
1062:Antilles
989:Antilles
978:Antilles
812:27853695
790:(1999)
676:Archived
634:(1988).
550:See also
504:colonies
482:Kingston
441:Honduras
403:and the
388:Dominica
350:Trinidad
324:and the
263:Dominica
231:Anguilla
200:Barbados
88:and the
2466:Outline
2362:Cuisine
2330:Culture
2316:Tourism
2304:in Cuba
2277:Fishing
2230:Economy
2111:Mammals
2105:by area
2101:Islands
1999:Regions
1966:Malaria
1857:History
1796:Bermuda
1759:Kingdom
1741:italics
1661:Yucatán
1607:Bermuda
1476:Cozumel
1391:Bahamas
1382:Lucayan
1319:Grenada
1306:Islands
1289:Curaçao
1282:Bonaire
1228:Leeward
1073:Islands
1071:Leeward
1009:Jamaica
987:Greater
671:(1991)
571:Caricom
527:federal
409:Jamaica
405:Bahamas
322:Grenada
243:Barbuda
239:Antigua
136:Bahamas
113:Slavery
78:Jamaica
48:British
44:English
22:Map of
2480:Portal
2377:Poetry
2282:Hotels
2267:Citrus
2146:Ultras
2136:Rivers
1949:Arawak
1877:Piracy
1783:Guyana
1701:Guyana
1551:Panama
1517:Izabal
1497:Belize
1357:
1060:Lesser
969:Indies
878:online
866:
853:online
841:755783
839:
810:
792:online
745:
731:
710:
697:online
673:online
654:
334:Tobago
316:. The
76:, and
72:, the
2387:Sport
2372:Music
2299:Sugar
2141:Trees
1944:TaĂno
1737:N.B.:
1681:Amapá
1654:Petén
1592:Wider
1524:LimĂłn
1275:Aruba
1046:Haiti
837:JSTOR
808:JSTOR
582:Notes
514:, or
384:union
227:Nevis
2347:Beer
1460:zone
1131:Saba
1004:Cuba
967:West
864:ISBN
743:ISBN
729:ISBN
708:ISBN
652:ISBN
475:The
447:The
435:The
423:The
369:cane
332:and
241:and
144:and
46:and
30:and
2342:Art
1413:Sea
829:doi
2497::
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2107:)
2103:(
1840:e
1833:t
1826:v
906:e
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34:.
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