Musical instrument

259: 2358: 907: 33: 1555: 2187: 2346: 1581: 1136: 1945:, disagreed with the Hornbostel–Sachs system and developed his own system in 1932. Schaeffner believed that the pure physics of a musical instrument, rather than its specific construction or playing method, should always determine its classification. (Hornbostel–Sachs, for example, divides aerophones on the basis of sound production, but membranophones on the basis of the shape of the instrument). His system divided instruments into two categories: instruments with solid, vibrating bodies and instruments containing vibrating air. 1364: 670: 7231: 2215: 1627: 1511: 1003: 454: 432: 2248: 1596:

Family" began in 1964 to provide differently sized violins to expand the range of available sounds. The slowdown in development was a practical response to the concurrent slowdown in orchestra and venue size. Despite this trend in traditional instruments, the development of new musical instruments exploded in the twentieth century, and the variety of instruments developed overshadows any prior period.

7218: 1451: 7204: 1101: 202: 413:. Ordering instruments by geography is also not reliable, as it cannot always be determined when and how cultures contacted one another and shared knowledge. Sachs proposed that a geographical chronology until approximately 1400 is preferable, however, due to its limited subjectivity. Beyond 1400, one can follow the overall development of musical instruments over time. 556:, and skin drums. Cultures who used these instrument pairs associated them with gender; the "father" was the bigger or more energetic instrument, while the "mother" was the smaller or duller instrument. Musical instruments existed in this form for thousands of years before patterns of three or more tones would evolve in the form of the earliest 1502:. This variation on the trumpet was unpopular due to the difficulty involved in playing it. Organs underwent tonal changes in the Baroque period, as manufacturers such as Abraham Jordan of London made the stops more expressive and added devices such as expressive pedals. Sachs viewed this trend as a "degeneration" of the general organ sound. 833:, the use and development of musical instruments stood in stark contrast to those cultures' achievements in architecture and sculpture. The instruments of the time were simple and virtually all of them were imported from other cultures. Lyres were the principal instrument, as musicians used them to honor the gods. Greeks played a variety of 1410:('Mirror of Organ Makers and Organ Players') the following year, a treatise on organ building and organ playing. Of the instructional books and references published in the Renaissance era, one is noted for its detailed description and depiction of all wind and stringed instruments, including their relative sizes. This book, the 1084:. Influences from Middle East, Persia, India, Mongolia, and other countries followed. In fact, Chinese tradition attributes many musical instruments from this period to those regions and countries. Cymbals gained popularity, along with more advanced trumpets, clarinets, pianos, oboes, flutes, drums, and lutes. Some of the first 255:) has been dated to 67,000 years old, but consensus solidifies around artifacts dated back to around 37,000 years old and later. Artifacts made from durable materials, or constructed using durable methods, have been found to survive. As such, the specimens found cannot be irrefutably placed as the earliest musical instruments. 1534:

Large orchestras rose in popularity and, in parallel, the composers determined to produce entire orchestral scores that made use of the expressive abilities of modern instruments. Since instruments were involved in collaborations of a much larger scale, their designs had to evolve to accommodate the demands of the orchestra.

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The evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century. Instruments such as the violin, flute, french horn, and harp are largely the same as those manufactured throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Gradual iterations do emerge; for example, the "New Violin

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of Hindu music. Rhythm was of paramount importance in Indian music of the time, as evidenced by the frequent depiction of drums in reliefs dating to the post-classical era. The emphasis on rhythm is an aspect native to Indian music. Historians divide the development of musical instruments in medieval

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shaped the development of musical instruments in China, adopting an attitude toward music similar to that of the Greeks. The Chinese believed that music was an essential part of character and community, and developed a unique system of classifying their musical instruments according to their material

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in language, instrument players first developed repetition and then arrangement. An early form of melody was produced by pounding two stamping tubes of slightly different sizes—one tube would produce a "clear" sound and the other would answer with a "darker" sound. Such instrument pairs also included

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Musical instruments are constructed in a broad array of styles and shapes, using many different materials. Early musical instruments were made from "found objects" such as shells and plant parts. As instruments evolved, so did the selection and quality of materials. Virtually every material in nature

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and recorders, which cause the air to pass over a sharp edge; reed instruments, which use a vibrating reed (this category may be further divided into two classifications: single-reeded and double-reeded instruments. Examples of the former are clarinets and saxophones, while the latter includes oboes

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In the sixteenth century, musical instrument builders gave most instruments – such as the violin – the "classical shapes" they retain today. An emphasis on aesthetic beauty also developed; listeners were as pleased with the physical appearance of an instrument as they were with its sound. Therefore,

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also possess. However, by 2700 BC the cultural contacts seem to have dissipated; the lyre, a prominent ceremonial instrument in Sumer, did not appear in Egypt for another 800 years. Clappers and concussion sticks appear on Egyptian vases as early as 3000 BC. The civilization also made use of sistra,

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Musical instruments used by the Egyptian culture before 2700 BC bore striking similarity to those of Mesopotamia, leading historians to conclude that the civilizations must have been in contact with one another. Sachs notes that Egypt did not possess any instruments that the Sumerian culture did not

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Accompanying the changes to timbre and volume was a shift in the typical pitch used to tune instruments. Instruments meant to play together, as in an orchestra, must be tuned to the same standard lest they produce audibly different sounds while playing the same notes. Beginning in 1762, the average

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makes only stringed instruments. Some make only one type of instrument such as a piano. Whatever the instrument constructed, the instrument maker must consider materials, construction technique, and decoration, creating a balanced instrument that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Some

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better suited the emotional style they were aiming for and began writing musical parts for instruments that would complement the singing human voice. As a result, many instruments that were incapable of larger ranges and dynamics, and therefore were seen as unemotional, fell out of favor. One such

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India experienced similar development to China in the post-classical era; however, stringed instruments developed differently as they accommodated different styles of music. While stringed instruments of China were designed to produce precise tones capable of matching the tones of chimes, stringed

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has also revealed representations of vertical arched harps identical in design to those depicted in Sumerian artifacts. This discovery is among many indications that the Indus Valley and Sumerian cultures maintained cultural contact. Subsequent developments in musical instruments in India occurred

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The introduction of a monarchy in Israel during the 11th century BC produced the first professional musicians and with them a drastic increase in the number and variety of musical instruments. However, identifying and classifying the instruments remains a challenge due to the lack of artistic

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and other instruments such as ribbon reeds, flutes, and trumpets. Some of these labels carry far different connotations from those used in modern day; early flutes and trumpets are so-labeled for their basic operation and function rather than resemblance to modern instruments. Among early cultures

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The materials used in making musical instruments vary greatly by culture and application. Many of the materials have special significance owing to their source or rarity. Some cultures worked substances from the human body into their instruments. In ancient Mexico, for example, the material drums

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and dating from between 200 BC and 200 AD, divides instruments into four main classification groups: instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating strings; percussion instruments with skin heads; instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air; and "solid", or non-skin,

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periods of music, lasting from roughly 1750 to 1900, many musical instruments capable of producing new timbres and higher volume were developed and introduced into popular music. The design changes that broadened the quality of timbres allowed instruments to produce a wider variety of expression.

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Despite the influences of Greece and Rome, most musical instruments in Europe during the Middles Ages came from Asia. The lyre is the only musical instrument that may have been invented in Europe until this period. Stringed instruments were prominent in Middle Age Europe. The central and northern

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Some instruments fall into more than one category. For example, the cello may be considered tenor, baritone or bass, depending on how its music fits into the ensemble. The trombone and French horn may be alto, tenor, baritone, or bass depending on the range it is played in. Many instruments have

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began rising from a low of 377 vibrations to a high of 457 in 1880 Vienna. Different regions, countries, and even instrument manufacturers preferred different standards, making orchestral collaboration a challenge. Despite even the efforts of two organized international summits attended by noted

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Some instruments also had to become louder to fill larger halls and be heard over sizable orchestras. Flutes and bowed instruments underwent many modifications and design changes—most of them unsuccessful—in efforts to increase volume. Other instruments were changed just so they could play their

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300 BC. The end of the bell, which was crafted from bronze, was into the shape of a screaming animal head which was held high above their heads. When blown into, the carnyx would emit a deep, harsh sound; the head also had a tongue which clicked when vibrated. It is believed the intention of the

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attained a relatively high level of sophistication by the eleventh century AD, they lagged behind other civilizations in the development of musical instruments. For example, they had no stringed instruments; all of their instruments were idiophones, drums, and wind instruments such as flutes and

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to about 40,000 years ago. Many historians believe that determining the specific date of musical instrument invention is impossible, as the majority of early musical instruments were constructed of animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable, bio-degradable materials. Additionally, some have

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allowed single musicians to play more complicated arrangements than a fiddle would; both were prominent folk instruments in the Middle Ages. Southern Europeans played short and long lutes whose pegs extended to the sides, unlike the rear-facing pegs of Central and Northern European instruments.

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Scholars agree that there are no completely reliable methods of determining the exact chronology of musical instruments across cultures. Comparing and organizing instruments based on their complexity is misleading, since advancements in musical instruments have sometimes reduced complexity. For

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or other ensemble. Most methods are specific to a geographic area or cultural group and were developed to serve the unique classification requirements of the group. The problem with these specialized classification schemes is that they tend to break down once they are applied outside of their

500:. Modern histories have replaced such mythology with anthropological speculation, occasionally informed by archeological evidence. Scholars agree that there was no definitive "invention" of the musical instrument since the term "musical instrument" is subjective and hard to define. 1359:

came into common practice as a method of writing music for a variety of instruments. Composers now specified orchestration where individual performers once applied their own discretion. The polyphonic style dominated popular music, and the instrument makers responded accordingly.

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in the seventh century. Frame drums and cylindrical drums of various depths were immensely important in all genres of music. Conical oboes were involved in the music that accompanied wedding and circumcision ceremonies. Persian miniatures provide information on the development of

511:. These instruments evolved due to the human motor impulse to add sound to emotional movements such as dancing. Eventually, some cultures assigned ritual functions to their musical instruments, using them for hunting and various ceremonies. Those cultures developed more complex 2170:. When used in the name of an instrument, these terms are relative, describing the instrument's range in comparison to other instruments of its family and not in comparison to the human voice range or instruments of other families. For example, a bass flute's range is from C 1116:), short fiddles, double and triple flutes, coiled trumpets, and curved India horns emerged in this time period. Islamic influences brought new types of drum, perfectly circular or octagonal as opposed to the irregular pre-Islamic drums. Persian influence brought oboes and 1862:, which produce sound by vibrating one or more strings; they are sorted according to the relationship between the string(s) and the sounding board or chamber. For example, if the strings are laid out parallel to the sounding board and there is no neck, the instrument is a 1688:

There are many different methods of classifying musical instruments. Various methods examine aspects such as the physical properties of the instrument (material, color, shape, etc.), the use for the instrument, the means by which music is produced with the instrument, the

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Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, and many systems of classification have been used over the years. Instruments can be classified by their effective range, material composition, size, role, etc. However, the most common academic method,

1211:, while the southern region used lyres, which featured a two-armed body and a crossbar. Various harps served Central and Northern Europe as far north as Ireland, where the harp eventually became a national symbol. Lyres propagated through the same areas, as far east as 1489:

In the mid-seventeenth century, what was known as a hunter's horn underwent a transformation into an "art instrument" consisting of a lengthened tube, a narrower bore, a wider bell, and a much wider range. The details of this transformation are unclear, but the modern

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and the evolving class system. Popular instruments, simple and playable by anyone, evolved differently from professional instruments whose development focused on effectiveness and skill. Despite this development, very few musical instruments have been recovered in

1402:('Music Germanized and Abstracted'). Virdung's work is noted as being particularly thorough for including descriptions of "irregular" instruments such as hunters' horns and cow bells, though Virdung is critical of the same. Other books followed, including 1393:

Beginning in about 1400, the rate of development of musical instruments increased in earnest as compositions demanded more dynamic sounds. People also began writing books about creating, playing, and cataloging musical instruments; the first such book was

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The science of marking the order of musical instrument development relies on archaeological artifacts, artistic depictions, and literary references. Since data in one research path can be inconclusive, all three paths provide a better historical picture.

1607:. The vast majority produced in the first half of the 20th century were what Sachs called "electromechanical instruments"; they have mechanical parts that produce sound vibrations picked up and amplified by electrical components. Examples include 755:

between 2000 and 1000 BC. While the history of musical instruments in Mesopotamia and Egypt relies on artistic representations, the culture in Israel produced few such representations. Scholars must therefore rely on information gleaned from the

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builders paid special attention to materials and workmanship, and instruments became collectibles in homes and museums. It was during this period that makers began constructing instruments of the same type in various sizes to meet the demand of

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to reconstruct the early history of musical instruments in Mesopotamia. Even the process of assigning names to these instruments is challenging since there is no clear distinction among various instruments and the words used to describe them.

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emerged in the early fifteenth century. These stops were meant to produce a mixture of timbres, a development needed for the complexity of music of the time. Trumpets evolved into their modern form to improve portability, and players used

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conquered Southwest Asia in around 1500 BC, the cultural ties to Mesopotamia were renewed and Egypt's musical instruments also reflected heavy influence from Asiatic cultures. Under their new cultural influences, the people of the

564:, eventually spreading to Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Along with xylophones, which ranged from simple sets of three "leg bars" to carefully tuned sets of parallel bars, various cultures developed instruments such as the 404:

in modern times, argues that it is misleading to arrange the development of musical instruments by workmanship, since cultures advance at different rates and have access to different raw materials. For example, contemporary

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Musical instrument construction is a specialized trade that requires years of training, practice, and sometimes an apprenticeship. Most makers of musical instruments specialize in one genre of instruments; for example, a

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Musical instruments are also often classified by their musical range in comparison with other instruments in the same family. This exercise is useful when placing instruments in context of an orchestra or other ensemble.

1080:, China developed a tradition of integrating musical influence from other regions. The first record of this type of influence is in 384 AD, when China established an orchestra in its imperial court after a conquest in 223:. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies — for example, by clapping—to using objects to create music from sounds, musical instruments were born. Primitive instruments were probably designed to emulate 662:, as evidenced by their proliferation in Mesopotamian figurines, plaques, and seals. Innumerable varieties of harps are depicted, as well as lyres and lutes, the forerunner of modern stringed instruments such as the 120:

Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world. However, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the

2458:). These different types of instrumentalists can perform together in a music group. A person who is able to play a number of instruments is called a multi-instrumentalist. According to David Baskerville in the book 354:

in the 1920s, uncovered non-degradable fragments of instruments and the voids left by the degraded segments that, together, have been used to reconstruct them. The graves these instruments were buried in have been

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that emerged around 3000 BC. Various rattles and whistles found among excavated artifacts are the only physical evidence of musical instruments. A clay statuette indicates the use of drums, and examination of the

1112:, cymbals, and peculiar instruments resembling gongs came into wide use in Hindu music. The gong-like instrument was a bronze disk that was struck with a hammer instead of a mallet. Tubular drums, stick zithers ( 164:

periods of music, lasting from roughly 1750 to 1900, many new musical instruments were developed. While the evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century, the proliferation of

227:, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the artistic pursuit of musical composition were probably unknown to early players of musical instruments. A person sounding a 79:. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an 5097:, conducted by a committee of the Music Library Association, William Lichtenwanger, chairman & compiler, ed. and produced by James W. Pruitt. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Music Library Association. xi, p. 137, 2305:, are fitted with one. Though they have no moving parts and are struck by mallets held in the player's hands, they have the same physical arrangement of keys and produce soundwaves in a similar manner. The 4655: 4580: 1550:

became fixtures in orchestras. Instruments such as the clarinet also grew into entire "families" of instruments capable of different ranges: small clarinets, normal clarinets, bass clarinets, and so on.

855:, featuring side-holes that could be opened or closed, allowing for greater flexibility in playing modes. Other instruments in common use in the region included vertical harps derived from those of the 3254: 1482:, and various lutes dominated popular music. Beginning in around 1750, however, the lute disappeared from musical compositions in favor of the rising popularity of the guitar. As the prevalence of 3382: 370:

of China have found flutes made of bones that date back 7,000 to 9,000 years, representing some of the "earliest complete, playable, tightly-dated, multinote musical instruments" ever found.

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were less advanced culturally but more advanced musically. South American cultures of the time used pan-pipes as well as varieties of flutes, idiophones, drums, and shell or wood trumpets.

1159:, bronze versions of the former. The most prominent and important musical instrument of Southeast Asia was the gong. While the gong likely originated in the geographical area between 3356: 468:

Until the 19th century AD, European-written music histories began with mythological accounts mingled with scripture of how musical instruments were invented. Such accounts included

1818:, which produce sound by vibrating the primary body of the instrument itself; they are sorted into concussion, percussion, shaken, scraped, split, and plucked idiophones, such as 1309:

in about 700. The resulting instruments varied in size and use from portable organs worn around the neck to large pipe organs. Literary accounts of organs being played in English

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interpretations. For example, stringed instruments of uncertain design called nevals and asors existed, but neither archaeology nor etymology can clearly define them. In her book

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has been used by at least one culture to make musical instruments. One plays a musical instrument by interacting with it in some way — for example, by plucking the strings on a

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The exact date and specific origin of the first device considered a musical instrument, is widely disputed. The oldest object identified by scholars as a musical instrument, is

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were made from might contain actual human body parts obtained from sacrificial offerings. In New Guinea, drum makers would mix human blood into the adhesive used to attach the

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Little history is available in the period between 2700 BC and 1500 BC, as Egypt (and indeed, Babylon) entered a long violent period of war and destruction. This period saw the

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by archaeologist Ivan Turk. Its origin is disputed, with many arguing that it is most likely the product of carnivores chewing the bone, but Turk and others argue that it is a

4537: 1925:, which produce sound by electronic means. Within each category are many subgroups. The system has been criticised and revised over the years, but remains widely used by 1702:

as the only system that applies to any culture and, more importantly, provides the only possible classification for each instrument. The most common classifications are

289:-made flute. With its age estimated between 43,400 and 67,000 years old, it would be the oldest known musical instrument and the only Neanderthal musical instrument. 1429:

Instrument builders developed other features that endure today. For example, while organs with multiple keyboards and pedals already existed, the first organs with

2313:, is played without physical contact by the player. The theremin senses the proximity of the player's hands, which triggers changes in its sound. More recently, a 1856:

and other instruments that use a stretched membrane for the primary sound (not simply to modify sound produced in another way) are also considered membranophones.

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means of synchronizing electronic instruments. The modern proliferation of computers and microchips has created an industry of electronic musical instruments.

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parts in the scores. Trumpets traditionally had a "defective" range—they were incapable of producing certain notes with precision. New instruments such as the

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period. Instruments took on other purposes than accompanying singing or dance, and performers used them as solo instruments. Keyboards and lutes developed as

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abbeys toward the end of the tenth century are the first references to organs being connected to churches. Reed players of the Middle Ages were limited to

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makeup. In Vietnam, an archaeological discovery of a 2,000-year old stringed instrument gives important insights on early chordophones in Southeast Asia

5494: 888:, or hymns. These songs used various drums, shell trumpets, harps, and flutes. Other prominent instruments in use during the early centuries AD were the 3378: 1874:. If the instrument has strings parallel to the sounding board or chamber and the strings extend past the board with a neck, then the instrument is a 1698:

original area. For example, a system based on instrument use would fail if a culture invented a new use for the same instrument. Scholars recognize

4136: 85:. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for rituals, such as a 4783: 959:

mentions bells, chimes, drums, and globular flutes carved from bone, the latter of which has been excavated and preserved by archaeologists. The

580:. Recent research into usage wear and acoustics of stone artefacts has revealed a possible new class of prehistoric musical instrument, known as 2357: 849:(flutes); Greek writing from that time reflects a serious study of reed production and playing technique. Romans played reed instruments named 258: 4612: 7067: 6248: 5869: 2462:, the working hours of a full-time instrumentalist may average only three hours a day, but most musicians spent at least forty hours a week. 1104:

The Alboka has a double-reed that vibrates when blown on the small tube. The tubes regulates the melody and the big horn amplifies the sound.

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trees are held in high regard in China owing to their mythological significance—instrument makers would hence use them to make zithers. The

4095: 3352: 32: 6318: 2267:, which is a row of small keys that can be pressed. Every key generates one or more sounds; most keyboard instruments have extra means ( 7057: 2660: 6773: 5843: 1654:. Whereas once they had filled rooms, synthesizers can now be embedded in any electronic device, and are ubiquitous in modern music. 4529: 409:

comparing musical instruments from two cultures that existed at the same time but differed in organization, culture, and handicraft

1120:, although Persian sitars had three strings and Indian version had from four to seven. The Islamic culture also introduced double- 251:

Researchers have discovered archaeological evidence of musical instruments in many parts of the world. One disputed artifact (the

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A “young boy playing the violin” from Glengarry County, Ontario taken from the Bartle Brothers fonds at the Archives of Ontario.

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appeared, a variation that includes a long-throated mouthpiece that slid in and out, allowing the player infinite adjustments in

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rose, wind instruments such as the flute, oboe, and bassoon were readmitted to counteract the monotony of hearing only strings.

1297:, which spread throughout Europe and had many uses from folk instruments to military instruments. The construction of pneumatic 5201: 4798:

Chase, Philip G.; Nowell, April (August–October 1998), "Taphonomy of a Suggested Middle Paleolithic Bone Flute from Slovenia",

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language-speaking cultures that first settled the area. Rather, the history of musical instruments in the area begins with the

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Images of musical instruments begin to appear in Mesopotamian artifacts in 2800 BC or earlier. Beginning around 2000 BC,

1355:. Composers also began designing pieces of music for specific instruments. In the latter half of the sixteenth century, 7077: 6743: 5484: 5095:

Committee on Musical Instrument Collections. A Survey of Musical Instrument Collections in the United States and Canada

17: 810:, American musicologist Sibyl Marcuse proposes that the nevel must be similar to vertical harp due to its relation to 7175: 6958: 5966: 5900: 5140: 5102: 4649: 4574: 4437: 4421: 4405: 2486: 2362: 1683: 1281:

served as a precise measure of the notes of a musical scale, allowing more accurate musical arrangements. Mechanical

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Although Sumerian and Babylonian artists mainly depicted ceremonial instruments, historians have distinguished six

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were extremely important in Chinese music, hence the majority of early instruments were idiophones. Poetry of the

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Beginning in the seventeenth century, composers began writing works to a higher emotional degree. They felt that

911: 2935:"(PDF) Flint Tools as Portable Sound-Producing Objects in the Upper Palaeolithic Context: An Experimental Study" 1218:

European music between 800 and 1100 became more sophisticated, more frequently requiring instruments capable of

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Southeast Asian musical innovations include those during a period of Indian influence that ended around 920 AD.

7062: 6763: 5983: 2656: 1839: 995:) and various other instruments that spread through many cultures, came into use in China during and after the 504: 1286:

Idiophones such as bells and clappers served various practical purposes, such as warning of the approach of a

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may have a musical keyboard and a bank of sliders, knobs, and buttons that change many sound parameters of a

2897:"A Possible New Class of Prehistoric Musical Instruments from New England: Portable Cylindrical Lithophones" 7258: 6923: 6058: 5932: 1655: 964: 859:, lutes of Egyptian design, various pipes and organs, and clappers, which were played primarily by women. 359:

to between 2600 and 2500 BC, providing evidence that these instruments were used in Sumeria by this time.

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Regardless of how the sound is produced, many musical instruments have a keyboard as the user interface.

899:, barrel drums, cross flutes, and short lutes. In all, India had no unique musical instruments until the 677: 4739: 4416:

Howard, Rob (2003) An A to Z of the Accordion and related instruments Stockport: Robaccord Publications

2225:. Shape of the upper kantele is more traditional, while the one for kantele below is slightly modernised 643:, and are of particular interest because similar designs have been found in far-reaching places such as 7047: 6968: 6348: 6293: 5479: 5194: 5165: 4394:

Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "The organ case". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

1896:, which produce a sound with a vibrating column of air; they are sorted into free aerophones such as a 973: 477: 2350: 7148: 6708: 5990: 5351: 5306: 2318: 875: 2211:

believe that making drums from trees struck by lightning gives them a special connection to nature.

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for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications and technologies.

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India between pre-Islamic and Islamic periods due to the different influence each period provided.

212: 157: 2413: 189:, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of musical instruments is called 7037: 7003: 5937: 2299:), or in some other way. Sometimes, instruments that do not usually have a keyboard, such as the 1754: 1514: 1168: 716: 536:, believed it was so holy that seeing a drum would be fatal to any person other than the sultan. 130: 385:

example, construction of early slit drums involved felling and hollowing out large trees; later

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to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the modern notion of "making music".

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in the 20th century led to a new category of musical instruments: electronic instruments, or

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instruments of India were considerably more flexible. This flexibility suited the slides and

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is almost completely lacking, making it impossible to reliably attribute instruments to the

318:. These instruments, one of the first ensembles of instruments yet discovered, include nine 6878: 6848: 6843: 6768: 6668: 6648: 6448: 6288: 6088: 6033: 5927: 5905: 5731: 5684: 4566: 4088:"The 14 most important synths in electronic music history – and the musicians who use them" 2652: 2252: 1808: 1785: 1699: 1554: 725: 342:. A set of reed-sounded silver pipes discovered in Ur was the likely predecessor of modern 307: 186: 36: 8: 7108: 6978: 6898: 6803: 6783: 6618: 6608: 6578: 6543: 6538: 6493: 6468: 6343: 6273: 6223: 6188: 6098: 6083: 6000: 5604: 5537: 5336: 4945:

Moorey, P.R.S. (1977), "What Do We Know About the People Buried in the Royal Cemetery?",

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Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music

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Paradiso, JA. "Electronic music: new ways to play". Spectrum IEEE, 34(2):18–33, Dec 1997.

2653:"Brookhaven Lab Expert Helps Date Flute Thought to be Oldest Playable Musical Instrument" 2406: 2338: 2260: 2167: 2163: 1737:

percussion instruments. This system was similar to some degree in 12th-century Europe by

1711: 1418:, is now considered an authoritative reference of sixteenth-century musical instruments. 871: 845: 489: 5110:

West, M.L. (May 1994). "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts".

7138: 6993: 6858: 6813: 6698: 6653: 6583: 6533: 6418: 6373: 6073: 6063: 6005: 5995: 5714: 5331: 5053: 4815: 2916: 2422:

A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an instrumentalist or instrumental

2279:

for an organ) to manipulate these sounds. They may produce sound by wind being fanned (

2086: 1415: 1371: 1088:

zithers appeared in China in the 9th or 10th century, influenced by Mongolian culture.

933: 851: 553: 549: 503:

Among the first devices external to the human body that are considered instruments are

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adopted Mahillon's scheme and published an extensive new scheme for classification in

1580: 152:

By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in many areas and was dominated by the

93:

in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of

7128: 7123: 7018: 6908: 6903: 6868: 6823: 6818: 6733: 6713: 6688: 6603: 6558: 6553: 6478: 6398: 6313: 6308: 6263: 6258: 6213: 6178: 6173: 6158: 6143: 6103: 5954: 5801: 5789: 5694: 5669: 5650: 5446: 5441: 5226: 5136: 5098: 5080: 5073: 5057: 5023: 5005: 4983: 4965: 4959: 4932: 4914: 4908: 4894: 4876: 4849: 4831: 4819: 4763: 4757: 4725: 4718: 4703: 4685: 4645: 4570: 4433: 4417: 4401: 4128: 3274: 2934: 2447: 2200: 2139: 1979: 1738: 1703: 1395: 1192: 1182:

experiences rapid growth and sharing of musical instruments once they were united by

1179: 1135: 765: 659: 648: 624: 620: 607: 426: 300: 292: 236: 4497: 2920: 2682: 1796:

in 1914. Hornbostel and Sachs used most of Mahillon's system, but replaced the term

1351:

instruments, and composers arranged increasingly complex pieces using more advanced

1270:

string instrument, is an ancestor of most European bowed instruments, including the

639:, bells, cymbals, and rattles. Sistra are depicted prominently in a great relief of 306:

Archaeological evidence of musical instruments was discovered in excavations at the

7160: 7042: 6998: 6983: 6973: 6953: 6928: 6833: 6793: 6748: 6663: 6628: 6623: 6613: 6593: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6453: 6408: 6403: 6368: 6353: 6328: 6303: 6298: 6278: 6253: 6228: 6218: 6168: 6133: 6113: 6108: 6093: 6078: 6068: 6048: 6043: 6038: 5833: 5704: 5625: 5584: 5526: 5421: 5391: 5218: 5119: 5045: 4807: 3266: 2908: 2426:. Many instrumentalists are known for playing specific musical instruments such as 2345: 2264: 1707: 1659: 1651: 1631: 1483: 1231: 1018:

trumpets. Of these, only the flute was capable of producing a melody. In contrast,

521: 379: 347: 346:. The cylindrical pipes feature three side holes that allowed players to produce a 303:

age, and are more commonly accepted as being the oldest known musical instruments.

278: 267: 252: 101: 52: 5157: 5049: 4371: 7180: 7118: 7052: 7013: 6948: 6943: 6933: 6893: 6873: 6798: 6758: 6753: 6728: 6703: 6678: 6598: 6588: 6548: 6503: 6488: 6483: 6463: 6438: 6388: 6378: 6363: 6333: 6238: 6183: 6153: 6148: 6128: 6118: 6053: 5880: 5828: 5761: 5746: 5674: 5660: 5547: 5381: 5316: 5246: 4641: 4471: 4378: 2476: 2402: 2374: 2314: 2143: 2057: 1926: 1913:, trombones and tubas, for which the lips themselves function as vibrating reeds. 1671: 1620: 1612: 1589: 1183: 1148: 1144: 1014: 992: 892: 867: 834: 697: 481: 401: 351: 170: 142: 56: 5376: 539:

Humans eventually developed the concept of using musical instruments to produce

7234: 7187: 7155: 7133: 7087: 7008: 6918: 6883: 6863: 6853: 6778: 6738: 6693: 6658: 6638: 6633: 6568: 6523: 6473: 6458: 6443: 6413: 6393: 6358: 6338: 6283: 6208: 6203: 6123: 5818: 5784: 5751: 5689: 5552: 4607: 4502: 4159: 2912: 2390: 2386: 2276: 2239:, often meant for individual playing styles developed by the builder themself. 2123: 2008: 1569: 1530: 1518: 1403: 1263: 1227: 1223: 889: 693: 561: 517: 367: 224: 161: 1615:. Sachs also defined a subcategory of "radioelectric instruments" such as the 1363: 1230:

mentioned in his lexicographical discussion of music instruments that, in the

606:

cultures began delineating two distinct classes of musical instruments due to

7252: 7165: 6913: 6718: 6683: 6563: 6498: 6428: 6423: 6323: 6233: 6198: 5912: 5853: 5796: 5766: 5741: 5726: 5699: 5579: 5574: 5426: 5416: 5366: 5346: 5296: 5258: 5241: 5231: 4132: 3278: 2423: 2280: 2204: 2158:, etc. Additional adjectives describe instruments above the soprano range or 2147: 2119: 2098: 2090: 2024: 1954: 1845: 1728: 1690: 1650:

and other inventors developed the first commercial synthesizers, such as the

1608: 1564: 1499: 1495: 1458: 1439: 1356: 1340: 1298: 1239: 1022: 1019: 956: 769: 673: 640: 593: 577: 569: 544: 469: 153: 146: 138: 1064:

instrument was to use it on the battleground to intimidate their opponents.

669: 47:

painting depicts a variety of French Baroque musical instruments, such as a

7208: 5949: 5823: 5709: 5615: 5599: 5564: 5474: 5401: 5286: 4432:

Fine, Larry. The Piano Book, 4th ed. Massachusetts: Brookside Press, 2001.

4367: 4123: 3255:"In search of a musical past: evidence for early chordophones from Vietnam" 2382: 2310: 2301: 2107: 2061: 2020: 1999: 1918: 1733: 1604: 1435: 1208: 1156: 987: 960: 880: 461: 406: 356: 296: 134: 86: 48: 5123: 3270: 5811: 5620: 5569: 5542: 5469: 5236: 5000:

Musical Instruments: An Illustrated History from Antiquity to the Present

2369:

Many musical instruments are able to be played with either right of left

2322: 2296: 2292: 2155: 2115: 2111: 2012: 1859: 1639: 1600: 1491: 1344: 1310: 1282: 1267: 1085: 1077: 996: 968: 612: 573: 565: 543:, which was previously common only in singing. Similar to the process of 457: 323: 286: 174: 169:

led to the invention of new electric and electronic instruments, such as

166: 137:. Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of 126: 5756: 5721: 5451: 5406: 2370: 2272: 2214: 2159: 2151: 2069: 2040: 2016: 1930: 1897: 1848:, which produce sound by a vibrating a stretched membrane; they may be 1789: 1643: 1626: 1430: 1348: 1196: 982: 932:

appeared in Chinese writings around 12th century BC and earlier. Early

787: 581: 441: 397: 393: 190: 114: 110: 44: 4562:

Guitar Theory For Dummies: Book + Online Video & Audio Instruction

1619:, which produces music through the player's hand movements around two 1426:, or ensembles playing works written for these groups of instruments. 751:

Unlike Mesopotamia and Egypt, professional musicians did not exist in

7113: 5436: 5268: 4848:, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2496: 2427: 2373:. However, some instruments can be made for the less frequent (≈10%) 2284: 2131: 2102: 2036: 2032: 1893: 1831: 1823: 1815: 1694: 1543: 1510: 1466: 1352: 1278: 1219: 1152: 1081: 1007: 1002: 952: 937: 815: 741: 708: 632: 616: 557: 525: 485: 386: 208: 2401:"Instrumentalist" redirects here. For the philosophical school, see 2333: 2268: 1662:

and reuse existing sounds, and were important to the development of

1343:

from 1400 on, indeed, the most profound changes occurred during the

281:

is a perforated bone discovered in 1995, in the northwest region of

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Musical Instruments: A Worldwide Survey of Traditional Music-making

4811: 2306: 2078: 2053: 2049: 1987: 1922: 1879: 1867: 1647: 1616: 1539: 1318: 1294: 1200: 1191:

in Mesopotamia that spread as far as Java. Various lutes, zithers,

1132:. It must be played using the technique of the circular breathing. 1121: 1109: 1049: 1030: 978: 896: 704: 493: 343: 282: 263: 205: 178: 5806: 5640: 5361: 5321: 5301: 4775: 3253:

Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Hull, Jennifer R.; Hồng, Vương Thu (2023).

2586: 2451: 2443: 2435: 2231: 2222: 2219: 2082: 2073: 1995: 1983: 1967: 1910: 1904:, which move freely through the air; reedless aerophones such as 1663: 1479: 1454: 1386: 1306: 1287: 1259: 1212: 1188: 1093: 1038: 1034: 941: 885: 862:

Evidence of musical instruments in use by early civilizations of

830: 720: 644: 636: 603: 533: 431: 335: 295:

have been found dating back to 30,000 to 37,000 years old in the

516:

for whom drums developed ritual, even sacred importance are the

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Slovenian Academy of Sciences (11 April 1997), "Early Music",

5858: 5489: 5411: 5341: 5210: 5035: 4961:

Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer

3379:"Carnyx - Caledonians, Picts and Romans - Scotland's History" 2574: 2439: 2288: 2235:

builders are focused on a more artistic approach and develop

2191: 2094: 2045: 2028: 1971: 1905: 1887: 1871: 1849: 1835: 1827: 1494:

or, more colloquially, French horn, had emerged by 1725. The

1475: 1302: 1164: 1160: 1117: 1113: 1052: 1042: 945: 922: 863: 839: 757: 655: 599: 449:" slits can be seen on the top of the drum in the foreground. 436: 363: 331: 311: 220: 76: 113:, or stones used to make musical sounds—like those found at 5645: 5431: 4756:

Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004),

2455: 2127: 2004: 1991: 1963:

These terms are named after singing voice classifications:

1901: 1875: 1667: 1547: 1314: 1251: 1247: 1172: 1026: 826: 737: 733: 729: 560:. Xylophones originated in the mainland and archipelago of 508: 497: 476:

and "father of all such as handle the harp and the organ" (

473: 327: 319: 240: 90: 64: 1450: 985:, and mouth organs also appeared in this time period. The 117:

in India—are examples of prehistoric musical instruments.

1638:

The latter half of the 20th century saw the evolution of

1100: 389:

were made by opening bamboo stalks, a much simpler task.

201: 5179: 1470:

instrument was the shawm. Bowed instruments such as the

1761:

and assigned Greek labels to the four classifications:

635:

used in early Mesopotamia: concussion clubs, clappers,

411:

cannot determine which instruments are more "primitive"

315: 5133:

The Look of Music: Rare Musical Instruments, 1500–1900

4873:

On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments

4776:

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (30 December 2004),

4452:. New Grove Musical Instruments Series, 1989, PAPERMAC 2178:, while a bass clarinet plays about one octave lower. 1811:

system classified instruments into four main groups:

1207:

regions used mainly lutes, stringed instruments with

1167:, it was part of every category of human activity in 1128:(from Arab, al-buq or "horn") nowadays only alive in 1072:

During the period of time loosely referred to as the

782:(lyre). Other instruments of the period included the 104:, dated back 50,000–60,000 years. Many scholars date 4755: 4400:, pp. 55–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4306: 3168: 2612: 1693:

of the instrument, and the instrument's place in an

1339:

Musical instrument development was dominated by the

133:, and Europeans played instruments originating from 5495:

Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries

2361:Antony Blinken at the September 2023 launch of the 1909:and bassoons); and lip-vibrated aerophones such as 5072: 4997: 4717: 2251:The five-manual, 522-stop detached console at the 768:mention two prominent instruments associated with 1067: 196: 7250: 4682:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 977:(wooden tiger). Wind instruments such as flute, 2556: 1575: 700:, arched and angular harps, and various drums. 4929:Origins and Development of Musical Instruments 4779:Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4002: 4000: 3252: 1878:, whether the sound chamber is constructed of 5195: 5075:Musical Instruments: Illustrated Encyclopedia 5070: 4843: 2624: 4242: 4240: 4043: 4041: 4039: 3951: 3949: 2618: 2608: 2606: 1301:evolved in Europe starting in fifth-century 5135:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 4957: 4797: 4633: 4464: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4225: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4074: 3997: 3780: 3778: 3765: 3763: 3582: 3580: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2562: 2263:are any instruments that are played with a 658:tribe. The people of Mesopotamia preferred 5202: 5188: 4070: 4068: 4012: 3736: 3616: 3162: 3126: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2989: 2753: 2751: 2546: 2544: 1048:An instrument that can be attested to the 1025:civilizations in areas such as modern-day 5844:Music technology (electronic and digital) 4825: 4744:, Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 4455: 4388: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4252: 4237: 4053: 4036: 4024: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3628: 2864: 2603: 2597: 1658:, introduced around 1980, allow users to 1642:, which produce sound using circuits and 1505: 1108:In pre-Islamic times, idiophones such as 4720:Percussion Instruments and Their History 4697: 4637:Music Business Handbook and Career Guide 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3775: 3760: 3748: 3742: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3604: 3592: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3150: 3138: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 2894: 2828: 2780: 2763: 2724: 2591: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2460:Music Business Handbook and Career Guide 2356: 2344: 2332: 2246: 2213: 2185: 1625: 1579: 1553: 1509: 1449: 1362: 1134: 1099: 1001: 905: 668: 452: 430: 299:of Germany. The flutes were made in the 257: 200: 31: 4995: 4926: 4906: 4888: 4870: 4861: 4410: 4318: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4231: 4219: 4200: 4188: 4157: 4116: 4065: 4018: 4006: 3634: 3622: 3132: 3054: 3042: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2876: 2870: 2852: 2840: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2748: 2736: 2701: 2541: 2514: 2508: 1753:(all percussion instruments). In 1880, 75:is a device created or adapted to make 14: 7251: 4944: 4715: 4679: 2834: 2786: 2730: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2630: 2587:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2004 2550: 2287:), vibrating strings either hammered ( 1408:Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten 676:tomb painting depicting lute players, 615:. Scholars must rely on artifacts and 6023: 5377:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc 5183: 5130: 5017: 4977: 4782:, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 4737: 4658:from the original on 15 November 2023 4603:"Definition of Multi-Instrumentalist" 4583:from the original on 15 November 2023 4558: 4426: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4246: 4160:"How MIDI changed the world of music" 4059: 4047: 4030: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3769: 3754: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3385:from the original on 30 November 2020 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3156: 3144: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3019: 3007: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2882: 2858: 2846: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2774: 2757: 2742: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2663:from the original on 10 February 2021 2535: 2520: 2381:. Well known left handed players are 1517:plays the keyboard while his father, 1293:The ninth century revealed the first 219:A musical instrument is used to make 5109: 4958:Pinch, Revor; Trocco, Frank (2004), 4615:from the original on 13 January 2021 4540:from the original on 18 January 2021 4510:from the original on 13 January 2021 4397:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4117:McNamee, David (28 September 2009). 4098:from the original on 2 November 2019 4092:FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music 4080: 3359:from the original on 19 January 2021 2414:Lists of musicians § Instrument 1917:Sachs later added a fifth category, 1769:(skin-head percussion instruments), 1572:, no standard could be agreed upon. 1329: 350:. These excavations, carried out by 270:is sometimes considered the world's 89:to signal success on the hunt, or a 81: 4786:from the original on 13 August 2010 2642: 2138:their range as part of their name: 1941:Andre Schaeffner, a curator at the 1780: 1777:(non-skin percussion instruments). 1234:, typical instruments included the 963:saw percussion instruments such as 492:, who is said to have made a dried 24: 7058:Classical and art music traditions 5485:History of lute-family instruments 5302:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat 5093:Music Library Association (1974). 5064: 5020:The History of Musical Instruments 4478:from the original on 30 April 2010 4307:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 4170:from the original on 27 April 2019 3169:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 2941:from the original on 17 April 2021 2689:from the original on 9 August 2010 2685:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2613:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 2580: 2575:Slovenian Academy of Sciences 1997 2568: 2396: 2253:United States Naval Academy Chapel 2242: 1726:An ancient Hindu system named the 1721: 243:, or blowing into an animal horn. 25: 7270: 5150: 4158:Bateman, Tom (28 November 2012). 4139:from the original on 4 March 2014 4119:"Hey, what's that sound: Sampler" 2487:Recording studio as an instrument 2363:Global Music Diplomacy Initiative 1684:Musical instrument classification 1677: 1178:The areas of Mesopotamia and the 293:Mammoth bone and swan bone flutes 7230: 7229: 7216: 7202: 6774:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6249:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5849:Sound recording and reproduction 5297:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta 4700:The History of the English Organ 4627: 4595: 4552: 4522: 4490: 4442: 4360: 4151: 4110: 2237:experimental musical instruments 1076:and Europe in particular as the 27:Device for making musical sounds 7078:Jazz and popular music glossary 4910:A Survey of Musical Instruments 4875:, University of Chicago Press, 4498:"Definition of instrumentalist" 3371: 3345: 3246: 2927: 2888: 2675: 2482:Experimental musical instrument 2181: 1666:. 1982 saw the introduction of 912:Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng 808:A Survey of Musical Instruments 272:oldest known musical instrument 6319:Federated States of Micronesia 4826:Collinson, Francis M. (1975), 4702:, Cambridge University Press, 2657:Brookhaven National Laboratory 1870:or struck with hammers like a 1866:whether it is plucked like an 1400:Musica getuscht und ausgezogen 1334: 1068:Post-classical era/Middle Ages 420: 246: 197:Definition and basic operation 13: 1: 5357:Philippine art songs—Kundiman 5277:Afghan classical music—Klasik 5050:10.1126/science.276.5310.203g 4891:Electronic and Computer Music 4871:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990), 4844:de Schauensee, Maude (2002), 4673: 2328: 1936: 1375: 1195:, and harps spread as far as 1060: 915: 681: 7223:Record production portal 7068:Cultural and regional genres 5322:Indonesian art music—Gamelan 4964:, Harvard University Press, 4738:Brown, Howard Mayer (2008), 4474:. Vienna Symphonic Library. 4472:"Glockenspiel: Construction" 2683:"Jiahu (ca. 7000–5700 B.C.)" 2255:crafted by R. A. Colby, Inc. 1576:Twentieth century to present 1199:to the south and modern-day 928:Musical instruments such as 587: 396:, one of the most prominent 239:, striking the surface of a 149:shared musical instruments. 7: 5839:Music technology (electric) 5372:Thai classical music—Piphat 5327:Japanese court music—Gagaku 5071:Wade-Matthews, Max (2003). 4982:, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 4893:, Oxford University Press, 4762:, Oxford University Press, 4634:Baskerville, David (2006). 4383:United States Naval Academy 3281:– via Cambridge Core. 2492:Music instrument technology 2472:List of musical instruments 2465: 1321:exists during this period. 524:, the indigenous people of 10: 7275: 5480:History of the harpsichord 5367:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka 5166:Victoria and Albert Museum 5131:Young, Phillip T. (1980). 4864:Les ancetres du violon v.1 4698:Bicknell, Stephen (1999), 4450:Early Keyboard Instruments 4385:. Retrieved on 2008-03-04. 2913:10.7183/0002-7316.78.3.520 2411: 2400: 1952: 1886:or uses a membrane like a 1794:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 1681: 1445: 1139:An Indonesian metallophone 1013:Although civilizations in 794:(small bells or jingles), 591: 424: 377: 373: 7196: 7101: 7030: 6030: 6016: 5867: 5777: 5659: 5595: 5517: 5460: 5390: 5307:Chinese traditional music 5267: 5217: 5209: 4862:Grillet, Laurent (1901), 2895:Caldwell, Duncan (2013). 2365:, playing a Stratocaster. 2319:digital audio workstation 1324: 876:Indus Valley civilization 6194:Central African Republic 5737:Computational musicology 5282:Andalusi classical music 4927:Montagu, Jeremy (2007), 4680:Baines, Anthony (1993), 2502: 2405:. For the magazine, see 2295:), by electronic means ( 1948: 1773:(wind instruments), and 1765:(stringed instruments), 1749:(wind instruments), and 1745:(stringed instruments), 1266:. The Byzantine lyra, a 507:, stampers, and various 7083:Music genres and styles 5382:Western classical music 5352:Persian classical music 4931:, The Scarecrow Press, 4907:Marcuse, Sibyl (1975), 4889:Manning, Peter (2004), 4530:"Instrumental Musician" 4377:6 November 2008 at the 4075:Pinch & Trocco 2004 2563:Chase & Nowell 1998 2349:Paul McCartney using a 2337:Jimi Hendrix playing a 1755:Victor-Charles Mahillon 1515:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1438:to properly blend into 1169:maritime Southeast Asia 798:, and the trumpet-like 717:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 711:in Mesopotamia and the 528:, and many cultures of 445:). The characteristic " 211:drummers in Cameroon's 131:maritime Southeast Asia 7063:Classical music genres 6139:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5680:Doctor of Musical Arts 5500:History of the trumpet 5312:Indian classical music 5022:, Dover Publications, 4996:Remnant, Mary (1989), 4716:Blades, James (1992), 4684:, Dover Publications, 2366: 2354: 2342: 2256: 2226: 2195: 1732:, written by the sage 1635: 1634:Modular 55 synthesizer 1592: 1559: 1522: 1506:Classical and Romantic 1462: 1390: 1140: 1105: 1010: 925: 688: 513:percussion instruments 465: 450: 362:Archaeologists in the 274: 216: 68: 6889:São Tomé and Príncipe 6764:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6744:Republic of the Congo 5505:History of the violin 5158:"Musical Instruments" 4978:Rault, Lucie (2000), 4724:, Bold Strummer Ltd, 4567:John Wiley & Sons 4534:Government of Alberta 4372:USNA Music Department 4094:. 15 September 2016. 3271:10.15184/aqy.2022.170 2418:Multi-instrumentalist 2360: 2348: 2336: 2317:keyboard used with a 2250: 2217: 2189: 1741:, who used the terms 1646:. In the late 1960s, 1629: 1599:The proliferation of 1583: 1557: 1513: 1453: 1366: 1138: 1103: 1006:Carnyx discovered in 1005: 909: 672: 496:shell into the first 456: 434: 261: 204: 35: 6959:United Arab Emirates 6024: 5732:Cognitive musicology 5018:Sachs, Curt (1940), 4913:, Harper & Row, 4800:Current Anthropology 4644:. pp. 469–471. 4559:Serna, Desi (2013). 2261:Keyboard instruments 2194:made from a food can 1786:Erich von Hornbostel 1246:(probably a type of 1059:, which is dated to 934:Chinese philosophers 660:stringed instruments 464:of northern Nigeria. 402:musical ethnologists 392:German musicologist 37:Anne Vallayer-Coster 7259:Musical instruments 7109:Aesthetics of music 6924:Trinidad and Tobago 6059:Antigua and Barbuda 5538:Band (rock and pop) 5462:Musical instruments 5337:Lao classical music 5124:10.1093/ml/75.2.161 5112:Music & Letters 2407:The Instrumentalist 2339:Fender Stratocaster 2168:contrabass clarinet 2164:sopranino saxophone 1370:, by Dutch painter 1124:instruments as the 837:they classified as 125:, instruments from 41:Attributes of Music 7171:Musical instrument 7139:Music and politics 6269:Dominican Republic 6017:By sovereign state 5332:Korean court music 5292:Azerbaijani Mugham 4448:Ripin (Ed) et al. 4321:, pp. 174–175 4191:, pp. 268–270 3883:, pp. 353–357 3574:, pp. 251–254 3514:, pp. 238–239 3466:, pp. 222–228 3342:, pp. 196–201 3243:, pp. 162–164 3099:, pp. 108–113 2901:American Antiquity 2625:de Schauensee 2002 2577:, pp. 203–205 2367: 2355: 2343: 2257: 2227: 2196: 2162:, for example the 2087:baritone saxophone 1927:ethnomusicologists 1636: 1593: 1560: 1523: 1463: 1416:Michael Praetorius 1391: 1372:Cornelis Saftleven 1222:. The 9th-century 1151:music made use of 1141: 1106: 1074:post-classical era 1011: 944:(372–289 BC), and 926: 919: 5th century 901:post-classical era 689: 484:, inventor of the 466: 451: 330:, a silver double 275: 217: 123:post-classical era 73:musical instrument 69: 61:pardessus de viole 18:Instrument (music) 7244: 7243: 7129:Music and fashion 7124:Music and emotion 7026: 7025: 6294:Equatorial Guinea 5790:A-side and B-side 5695:Music archaeology 5670:Bachelor of Music 5513: 5512: 5447:Psychedelic music 5442:Progressive music 5362:Scottish Ceòl Mór 5086:978-0-7548-1182-4 5044:(5310): 203–205, 5029:978-0-486-45265-4 5011:978-0-7134-5169-6 4989:978-0-500-51035-3 4971:978-0-674-01617-0 4938:978-0-8108-5657-8 4920:978-0-06-012776-3 4900:978-0-19-517085-6 4882:978-0-226-42548-1 4855:978-0-924171-88-8 4846:Two Lyres from Ur 4837:978-0-7100-7913-8 4769:978-0-19-816504-0 4731:978-0-933224-61-2 4709:978-0-521-65409-8 4691:978-0-486-27574-1 3353:"Deskford carnyx" 3063:, pp. 98–104 2140:soprano saxophone 1980:soprano saxophone 1739:Johannes de Muris 1484:string orchestras 1398:'s 1511 treatise 1396:Sebastian Virdung 1330:Western Classical 1317:; no evidence of 1180:Arabian Peninsula 818:term for "harp". 721:Pharaohs of Egypt 709:Babylonian empire 619:texts written in 608:division of labor 427:Prehistoric music 301:Upper Paleolithic 237:string instrument 16:(Redirected from 7266: 7233: 7232: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7209:Music portal 7207: 7206: 7205: 7161:Music technology 7149:Environmentalism 7102:Related articles 6709:Papua New Guinea 6574:Marshall Islands 6021: 6020: 5967:Central American 5705:Music psychology 5585:Backing vocalist 5422:Electronic music 5265: 5264: 5219:History of music 5204: 5197: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5146: 5127: 5090: 5078: 5060: 5032: 5014: 5003: 4992: 4974: 4954: 4941: 4923: 4903: 4885: 4867: 4858: 4840: 4822: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4772: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4734: 4723: 4712: 4694: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4599: 4593: 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2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2518: 2512: 2265:musical keyboard 2218:Two five string 1943:Musée de l'Homme 1809:Hornbostel–Sachs 1781:Hornbostel–Sachs 1700:Hornbostel–Sachs 1652:Moog synthesizer 1613:electric guitars 1590:electric guitars 1461:violin from 1658 1412:Syntagma musicum 1380: 1377: 1232:Byzantine Empire 1062: 920: 917: 835:wind instruments 698:double clarinets 686: 683: 674:Ancient Egyptian 522:Russian Far East 472:, descendant of 460:, a lute of the 380:History of music 366:site of central 348:whole-tone scale 279:Divje Babe Flute 268:Divje Babe Flute 253:Divje Babe flute 187:Hornbostel–Sachs 171:electric guitars 53:transverse flute 21: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7240: 7217: 7215: 7203: 7201: 7192: 7119:Fictional music 7097: 7022: 6829:Solomon Islands 6674:North Macedonia 6026: 6012: 5874: 5872:regional genres 5871: 5863: 5829:Record producer 5773: 5762:Sociomusicology 5747:Ethnomusicology 5675:Master of Music 5655: 5609: 5591: 5548:All-female band 5531: 5509: 5456: 5393: 5386: 5342:Mandé art music 5317:Byzantine music 5263: 5213: 5208: 5170: 5168: 5156: 5153: 5143: 5087: 5067: 5065:Further reading 5030: 5012: 4990: 4972: 4939: 4921: 4901: 4883: 4856: 4838: 4789: 4787: 4770: 4747: 4745: 4732: 4710: 4692: 4676: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4652: 4642:SAGE Publishing 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4577: 4569:. p. 271. 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4443: 4431: 4427: 4415: 4411: 4393: 4389: 4379:Wayback Machine 4366:Organ built by 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 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382: 376: 352:Leonard Woolley 249: 199: 82:instrumentalist 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7272: 7262: 7261: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7226: 7212: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7188:Women in music 7185: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7176:Classification 7168: 7163: 7158: 7156:Music festival 7153: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7136: 7134:Music industry 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7004:Western Sahara 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6964:United Kingdom 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 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1507: 1504: 1447: 1444: 1404:Arnolt Schlick 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1228:Ibn Khordadbeh 1130:Basque Country 1069: 1066: 1023:South American 940:(551–479 BC), 651:and among the 589: 586: 562:Southeast Asia 554:shell trumpets 552:, slit drums, 518:Chukchi people 422: 419: 375: 372: 368:Henan province 308:Royal Cemetery 248: 245: 225:natural sounds 221:musical sounds 198: 195: 109:proposed that 102:a simple flute 77:musical sounds 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7271: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7247: 7237: 7236: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166:Music therapy 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6969:United States 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6529:Liechtenstein 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6384:Guinea-Bissau 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5870:Cultural and 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5797:Extended play 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5767:Zoomusicology 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Ecomusicology 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Biomusicology 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:Music history 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631:Improvisation 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580:Lead vocalist 5578: 5577: 5576: 5575:Military band 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5427:Hip hop music 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417:Country music 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5347:Ottoman music 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5142:9780919253001 5138: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5103:0-914954-00-8 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830:, Routledge, 4829: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4754: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4657: 4653: 4651:9781412904384 4647: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4576:9781118646939 4572: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4438:1-929145-01-2 4435: 4429: 4423: 4422:0-9546711-0-4 4419: 4413: 4407: 4406:0-521-57584-2 4403: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4357:, p. 195 4356: 4351: 4345:, p. 185 4344: 4339: 4333:, p. 184 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4297:, p. 549 4296: 4291: 4285:, p. 177 4284: 4279: 4273:, p. 117 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4249:, p. 190 4248: 4243: 4241: 4234:, p. 176 4233: 4228: 4222:, p. 211 4221: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4203:, p. 210 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4062:, p. 448 4061: 4056: 4050:, p. 447 4049: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4033:, p. 445 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4009:, p. 183 4008: 4003: 4001: 3994:, p. 391 3993: 3988: 3982:, p. 390 3981: 3976: 3970:, p. 389 3969: 3964: 3958:, p. 388 3957: 3952: 3950: 3943:, p. 386 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 385 3930: 3925: 3919:, p. 384 3918: 3913: 3907:, p. 380 3906: 3901: 3895:, p. 374 3894: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3871:, p. 352 3870: 3865: 3859:, p. 328 3858: 3853: 3847:, p. 307 3846: 3841: 3835:, p. 303 3834: 3829: 3823:, p. 302 3822: 3817: 3811:, p. 301 3810: 3805: 3799:, p. 299 3798: 3793: 3787:, p. 351 3786: 3781: 3779: 3772:, p. 298 3771: 3766: 3764: 3757:, p. 288 3756: 3751: 3744: 3743:Bicknell 1999 3739: 3733:, p. 286 3732: 3727: 3721:, p. 284 3720: 3715: 3709:, p. 281 3708: 3703: 3697:, p. 278 3696: 3691: 3685:, p. 273 3684: 3679: 3673:, p. 274 3672: 3667: 3661:, p. 271 3660: 3655: 3649:, p. 269 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3625:, p. 124 3624: 3619: 3613:, p. 265 3612: 3607: 3601:, p. 263 3600: 3595: 3589:, p. 260 3588: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3568: 3562:, p. 250 3561: 3556: 3550:, p. 249 3549: 3544: 3538:, p. 246 3537: 3532: 3526:, p. 240 3525: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3502:, p. 236 3501: 3496: 3490:, p. 231 3489: 3484: 3478:, p. 229 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3454:, p. 222 3453: 3448: 3442:, p. 221 3441: 3436: 3430:, p. 216 3429: 3424: 3418:, p. 218 3417: 3412: 3406:, p. 207 3405: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3330:, p. 192 3329: 3324: 3318:, p. 189 3317: 3312: 3306:, p. 178 3305: 3300: 3294:, p. 166 3293: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3231:, p. 185 3230: 3225: 3219:, p. 161 3218: 3213: 3207:, p. 152 3206: 3201: 3195:, p. 151 3194: 3189: 3183:, p. 149 3182: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3159:, p. 129 3158: 3153: 3147:, p. 128 3146: 3141: 3135:, p. 385 3134: 3129: 3123:, p. 116 3122: 3117: 3111:, p. 114 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3087:, p. 106 3086: 3081: 3075:, p. 105 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2998:, p. 168 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2777:, p. 297 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2565:, p. 549 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2359: 2353:bass in 2016. 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283:) or pumped ( 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271:for a piano, 2270: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2179: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148:baritone horn 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2120:contrabassoon 2117: 2113: 2110:instruments: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2099:baritone horn 2096: 2092: 2091:bass clarinet 2088: 2084: 2081:instruments: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2048:instruments: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:alto clarinet 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007:instruments: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970:instruments: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1955:Range (music) 1946: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1931:organologists 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:electrophones 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1807:The original 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:Natya Shastra 1756: 1752: 1751:percussibilia 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1729:Natya Shastra 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:electrophones 1602: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1565:concert pitch 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496:slide trumpet 1493: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1460: 1459:Jacob Stainer 1456: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1440:chamber music 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1384: 1381:. It shows a 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1357:orchestration 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1283:hurdy-gurdies 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1203:to the east. 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:metallophones 1154: 1150: 1146: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020:pre-Columbian 1016: 1009: 1004: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 989: 984: 980: 976: 975: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:Shang dynasty 954: 950: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 924: 913: 908: 904: 902: 898: 894: 891: 887: 882: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 853: 848: 847: 842: 841: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 679: 675: 671: 667: 665: 661: 657: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:Amenhotep III 638: 634: 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 605: 601: 595: 594:Ancient music 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:ground zither 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 545:reduplication 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 463: 459: 455: 448: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 418: 414: 412: 408: 403: 399: 398:musicologists 395: 390: 388: 381: 371: 369: 365: 360: 358: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 288: 284: 280: 273: 269: 265: 260: 256: 254: 244: 242: 238: 232: 230: 226: 222: 214: 213:West Province 210: 207: 203: 194: 192: 188: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 159: 156:. During the 155: 150: 148: 147:South America 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 118: 116: 112: 107: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 43:, 1770. This 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 7246: 7228: 7214: 7200: 7170: 6989:Vatican City 6939:Turkmenistan 6839:South Africa 6809:Sierra Leone 6789:Saudi Arabia 6164:Burkina Faso 5824:Record label 5710:Music school 5565:Concert band 5475:Angular harp 5461: 5402:Circus music 5287:Arabic music 5169:. Retrieved 5161: 5132: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5094: 5074: 5041: 5037: 5019: 5004:, Batsford, 4999: 4979: 4960: 4950: 4946: 4928: 4909: 4890: 4872: 4863: 4845: 4827: 4803: 4799: 4788:, retrieved 4778: 4758: 4746:, retrieved 4740: 4719: 4699: 4681: 4660:. Retrieved 4636: 4629: 4617:. Retrieved 4606: 4597: 4585:. Retrieved 4561: 4554: 4542:. Retrieved 4524: 4512:. Retrieved 4501: 4492: 4480:. Retrieved 4466: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4428: 4412: 4395: 4390: 4368:M. P. Moller 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4319:Kartomi 1990 4314: 4309:, p. 39 4302: 4295:Marcuse 1975 4290: 4283:Marcuse 1975 4278: 4271:Marcuse 1975 4266: 4259:Marcuse 1975 4254: 4232:Kartomi 1990 4227: 4220:Montagu 2007 4201:Montagu 2007 4196: 4189:Manning 2004 4184: 4172:. Retrieved 4163: 4153: 4141:. Retrieved 4124:The Guardian 4122: 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4091: 4082: 4055: 4026: 4021:, p. 70 4019:Remnant 1989 4014: 4007:Remnant 1989 3987: 3975: 3963: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3750: 3745:, p. 13 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3637:, p. 29 3635:Grillet 1901 3630: 3623:Kartomi 1990 3618: 3606: 3594: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3387:. Retrieved 3373: 3361:. Retrieved 3347: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3171:, p. 83 3164: 3152: 3140: 3133:Marcuse 1975 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3051:, p. 71 3044: 3039:, p. 86 3022:, p. 82 3015: 3010:, p. 70 3003: 2996:Remnant 1989 2991: 2986:, p. 69 2979: 2967: 2962:, p. 67 2955: 2943:. Retrieved 2929: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2878: 2871:Marcuse 1975 2866: 2854: 2849:, p. 35 2842: 2837:, p. 51 2830: 2818: 2813:, p. 34 2806: 2801:, p. 26 2794: 2789:, p. 36 2782: 2760:, p. 63 2745:, p. 61 2738: 2733:, p. 37 2726: 2715: 2710:, p. 60 2703: 2691:. Retrieved 2677: 2665:. Retrieved 2632: 2620: 2615:, p. 82 2600:, p. 10 2593: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2553:, p. 34 2515:Montagu 2007 2510: 2459: 2421: 2383:Jimi Hendrix 2368: 2351:Höfner 500/1 2311:electrophone 2302:glockenspiel 2300: 2258: 2228: 2197: 2182:Construction 2136: 2062:tenor violin 2021:english horn 2000:glockenspiel 1962: 1958: 1940: 1916: 1860:Chordophones 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763:chordophones 1762: 1758: 1757:adapted the 1750: 1747:inflatibilia 1746: 1742: 1734:Bharata Muni 1727: 1725: 1687: 1672:standardized 1640:synthesizers 1637: 1598: 1594: 1561: 1536: 1524: 1488: 1464: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1392: 1367: 1338: 1292: 1276: 1258:(probably a 1255: 1243: 1235: 1217: 1205: 1189:kettle drums 1177: 1142: 1107: 1090: 1071: 1047: 1012: 986: 972: 961:Zhou dynasty 951: 927: 881:Indus script 861: 850: 844: 838: 820: 811: 807: 804: 799: 791: 783: 777: 776:(pipes) and 773: 766:Hebrew texts 750: 732:, trumpets, 728:began using 715:destroy the 707:destroy the 702: 690: 678:18th Dynasty 630: 597: 538: 502: 467: 462:Hausa people 446: 440: 439:slit drums ( 415: 391: 383: 361: 357:carbon dated 305: 297:Swabian Alps 291: 276: 250: 233: 218: 183: 175:synthesizers 151: 135:North Africa 119: 106:early flutes 99: 80: 72: 70: 49:natural horn 40: 29: 7093:Terminology 7073:Instruments 6879:Switzerland 6849:South Sudan 6844:South Korea 6769:Saint Lucia 6724:Philippines 6669:North Korea 6649:New Zealand 6644:Netherlands 6449:Ivory Coast 6289:El Salvador 6034:Afghanistan 6001:Micronesian 5802:Compilation 5715:Composition 5605:Composition 5570:Disc jockey 5543:Backup band 5470:Arched Harp 5227:Prehistoric 4828:The Bagpipe 4741:Sachs, Curt 4544:19 February 4261:, p. 3 4077:, p. 7 2835:Blades 1992 2787:Blades 1992 2731:Baines 1993 2693:10 February 2667:10 February 2637:Moorey 1977 2551:Blades 1992 2538:, p. 9 2517:, p. 1 2323:synthesizer 2297:synthesizer 2293:harpsichord 2156:bass guitar 2116:bass guitar 2112:double bass 2013:french horn 1601:electricity 1525:During the 1379: 1635 1345:Renaissance 1335:Renaissance 1311:Benedictine 1226:geographer 1078:Middle Ages 997:Han dynasty 983:pitch-pipes 969:wooden fish 967:, troughs, 843:(reeds) or 726:New Kingdom 719:. When the 685: 1350 613:Mesopotamia 582:lithophones 574:musical bow 566:ground harp 550:bullroarers 421:Prehistoric 324:Lyres of Ur 287:Neanderthal 247:Archaeology 167:electricity 127:Mesopotamia 111:lithophones 6979:Uzbekistan 6899:Tajikistan 6804:Seychelles 6784:San Marino 6619:Mozambique 6609:Montenegro 6579:Mauritania 6544:Madagascar 6539:Luxembourg 6494:Kyrgyzstan 6469:Kazakhstan 6274:East Timor 6224:Costa Rica 6189:Cape Verde 6099:Bangladesh 6084:Azerbaijan 6006:Polynesian 5996:Melanesian 5778:Production 5757:Organology 5722:Musicology 5452:Soul music 5407:Folk music 5392:Vernacular 5079:. Lorenz. 4953:(1): 24–40 4947:Expedition 4806:(4): 549, 4790:7 February 4674:References 4619:11 January 4514:11 January 4355:Rault 2000 4343:Rault 2000 4331:Rault 2000 4247:Rault 2000 4143:26 January 4102:19 October 4060:Sachs 1940 4048:Sachs 1940 4031:Sachs 1940 3992:Sachs 1940 3980:Sachs 1940 3968:Sachs 1940 3956:Sachs 1940 3941:Sachs 1940 3929:Sachs 1940 3917:Sachs 1940 3905:Sachs 1940 3893:Sachs 1940 3881:Sachs 1940 3869:Sachs 1940 3857:Sachs 1940 3845:Sachs 1940 3833:Sachs 1940 3821:Sachs 1940 3809:Sachs 1940 3797:Sachs 1940 3785:Sachs 1940 3770:Sachs 1940 3755:Sachs 1940 3731:Sachs 1940 3719:Sachs 1940 3707:Sachs 1940 3695:Sachs 1940 3683:Sachs 1940 3671:Sachs 1940 3659:Sachs 1940 3647:Sachs 1940 3611:Sachs 1940 3599:Sachs 1940 3587:Sachs 1940 3572:Sachs 1940 3560:Sachs 1940 3548:Sachs 1940 3536:Sachs 1940 3524:Sachs 1940 3512:Sachs 1940 3500:Sachs 1940 3488:Sachs 1940 3476:Sachs 1940 3464:Sachs 1940 3452:Sachs 1940 3440:Sachs 1940 3428:Sachs 1940 3416:Sachs 1940 3404:Sachs 1940 3389:23 January 3363:23 January 3340:Sachs 1940 3328:Sachs 1940 3316:Sachs 1940 3304:Sachs 1940 3292:Sachs 1940 3241:Sachs 1940 3229:Sachs 1940 3217:Sachs 1940 3205:Sachs 1940 3193:Sachs 1940 3181:Sachs 1940 3157:Sachs 1940 3145:Sachs 1940 3121:Sachs 1940 3109:Sachs 1940 3097:Sachs 1940 3085:Sachs 1940 3073:Sachs 1940 3061:Sachs 1940 3049:Rault 2000 3037:Sachs 1940 3020:Sachs 1940 3008:Sachs 1940 2984:Sachs 1940 2972:Sachs 1940 2960:Sachs 1940 2883:Sachs 1940 2859:Sachs 1940 2847:Sachs 1940 2823:Sachs 1940 2811:Rault 2000 2799:Sachs 1940 2775:Sachs 1940 2758:Sachs 1940 2743:Sachs 1940 2720:Brown 2008 2708:Sachs 1940 2536:Rault 2000 2412:See also: 2377:, such as 2371:handedness 2329:Handedness 2152:alto flute 2070:tenor drum 2041:vibraphone 2017:alto flute 1937:Schaeffner 1921:, such as 1898:bullroarer 1894:Aerophones 1816:Idiophones 1790:Curt Sachs 1775:autophones 1771:aerophones 1743:tensibilia 1716:percussion 1644:microchips 1431:solo stops 1349:polyphonic 1262:) and the 1197:Madagascar 1171:including 1153:xylophones 953:Idiophones 921:BCE, from 816:Phoenician 788:frame drum 633:idiophones 604:Babylonian 592:See also: 442:teponaztli 425:See also: 394:Curt Sachs 387:slit drums 378:See also: 229:bone flute 191:organology 177:, and the 115:Sankarjang 45:still life 7114:Album era 6994:Venezuela 6859:Sri Lanka 6814:Singapore 6699:Palestine 6654:Nicaragua 6584:Mauritius 6534:Lithuania 6419:Indonesia 6374:Guatemala 6074:Australia 6064:Argentina 5984:Caribbean 5938:Southeast 5663:and study 5661:Education 5651:Technique 5527:Ensembles 5437:Pop music 5269:Art music 5247:Religious 5162:Furniture 5058:220083771 4820:144800210 4482:17 August 4133:0261-3077 3279:0003-598X 3259:Antiquity 2497:Orchestra 2428:guitarist 2285:accordion 2132:bass drum 2103:euphonium 2037:xylophone 2033:alto horn 1923:theremins 1832:slit drum 1824:xylophone 1802:idiophone 1798:autophone 1695:orchestra 1544:saxophone 1527:Classical 1467:polyphony 1383:violinist 1353:tablature 1319:clarinets 1279:monochord 1220:polyphony 1193:dulcimers 1110:handbells 1082:Turkestan 1008:Tintignac 979:pan-pipes 938:Confucius 884:with the 872:Dravidian 742:castanets 617:cuneiform 588:Antiquity 558:xylophone 526:Melanesia 486:pan pipes 262:Found in 209:slit drum 158:Classical 7253:Category 7235:Category 7048:Timeline 7019:Zimbabwe 6909:Thailand 6904:Tanzania 6869:Suriname 6824:Slovenia 6819:Slovakia 6734:Portugal 6714:Paraguay 6689:Pakistan 6604:Mongolia 6559:Maldives 6554:Malaysia 6479:Kiribati 6399:Honduras 6314:Ethiopia 6309:Eswatini 6264:Dominica 6259:Djibouti 6214:Colombia 6179:Cameroon 6174:Cambodia 6159:Bulgaria 6144:Botswana 6104:Barbados 5991:Oceanian 5945:European 5901:Southern 5834:Sampling 5626:Notation 5560:Big band 5522:Musician 5252:Biblical 4784:archived 4656:Archived 4613:Archived 4581:Archived 4538:Archived 4508:Archived 4476:Archived 4375:Archived 4370:, 1940. 4168:Archived 4164:BBC News 4137:Archived 4096:Archived 3383:Archived 3357:Archived 2945:28 March 2939:Archived 2921:53959315 2687:Archived 2661:Archived 2466:See also 2424:musician 2341:, 1960s. 2307:theremin 2223:kanteles 2205:Mulberry 2201:membrane 2190:African 2079:Baritone 2054:tenoroon 2050:trombone 1988:clarinet 1911:trumpets 1868:autoharp 1712:woodwind 1656:Samplers 1648:Bob Moog 1621:antennas 1617:theremin 1540:clarinet 1531:Romantic 1457:mounted 1424:consorts 1368:The Duet 1341:Occident 1295:bagpipes 1244:shilyani 1201:Sulawesi 1149:Javanese 1145:Balinese 1122:clarinet 1094:tremolos 1050:Iron Age 1031:Colombia 965:clappers 936:such as 897:bagpipes 760:and the 705:Kassites 625:Akkadian 621:Sumerian 600:Sumerian 578:jaw harp 494:tortoise 344:bagpipes 314:city of 312:Sumerian 283:Slovenia 264:Slovenia 206:Bamileke 179:theremin 162:Romantic 154:Occident 129:were in 95:melodies 7144:Warfare 7043:Outline 6999:Vietnam 6984:Vanuatu 6974:Uruguay 6954:Ukraine 6929:Tunisia 6834:Somalia 6794:Senegal 6749:Romania 6664:Nigeria 6629:Namibia 6624:Myanmar 6614:Morocco 6594:Moldova 6519:Liberia 6514:Lesotho 6509:Lebanon 6454:Jamaica 6434:Ireland 6409:Iceland 6404:Hungary 6369:Grenada 6354:Germany 6349:Georgia 6329:Finland 6304:Estonia 6299:Eritrea 6279:Ecuador 6254:Denmark 6229:Croatia 6219:Comoros 6169:Burundi 6134:Bolivia 6114:Belgium 6109:Belarus 6094:Bahrain 6089:Bahamas 6079:Austria 6069:Armenia 6049:Andorra 6044:Algeria 6039:Albania 5918:Central 5886:Central 5881:African 5641:Singing 5259:Secular 5242:Martial 5232:Ancient 5038:Science 4866:, Paris 4174:1 March 2452:drummer 2450:), and 2444:bassist 2436:pianist 2379:guitars 2232:luthier 2220:Finnish 2192:kalimba 2083:bassoon 2074:marimba 1996:piccolo 1984:trumpet 1968:Soprano 1882:like a 1704:strings 1664:hip hop 1630:A 1975 1480:baryton 1455:Baroque 1446:Baroque 1389:player. 1387:cittern 1307:England 1260:bagpipe 1256:salandj 1224:Persian 1213:Estonia 1055:is the 1039:Bolivia 1035:Ecuador 942:Mencius 930:zithers 886:Rigveda 831:Etruria 800:hasosra 792:pa'amon 746:cymbals 649:Georgia 645:Tbilisi 534:Wahinda 520:of the 505:rattles 490:Mercury 478:Genesis 374:History 340:cymbals 336:sistrum 326:), two 310:in the 143:Central 57:musette 7053:Albums 7014:Zambia 6949:Uganda 6944:Tuvalu 6934:Turkey 6894:Taiwan 6874:Sweden 6799:Serbia 6759:Rwanda 6754:Russia 6729:Poland 6704:Panama 6679:Norway 6599:Monaco 6589:Mexico 6549:Malawi 6504:Latvia 6489:Kuwait 6484:Kosovo 6464:Jordan 6439:Israel 6389:Guyana 6379:Guinea 6364:Greece 6344:Gambia 6334:France 6239:Cyprus 6184:Canada 6154:Brunei 6149:Brazil 6129:Bhutan 6119:Belize 6054:Angola 6025: 5955:Nordic 5950:Balkan 5785:Single 5690:Method 5636:Lyrics 5600:Theory 5171:1 July 5139: 5101: 5083: 5056: 5026: 5008: 4986: 4968: 4935: 4917: 4897: 4879: 4852: 4834: 4818: 4766: 4748:5 June 4728: 4706: 4688: 4648: 4573: 4436: 4420: 4404: 4131: 3277: 2919: 2432:guitar 2416:, and 2389:, and 2275:and a 2269:pedals 2209:Yakuts 2066:guitar 1976:violin 1906:flutes 1884:guitar 1864:zither 1854:kazoos 1840:rattle 1838:, and 1820:claves 1714:, and 1660:sample 1588:brand 1586:Fender 1584:Early 1546:, and 1472:violin 1385:and a 1325:Modern 1299:organs 1272:violin 1236:urghun 1126:Alboka 1118:sitars 1057:carnyx 1041:, and 971:, and 857:Orient 846:syrinx 829:, and 823:Greece 814:, the 796:shofar 779:kinnor 772:: the 764:. The 762:Talmud 753:Israel 744:, and 713:Hyksos 664:violin 637:sistra 576:, and 541:melody 530:Africa 488:, and 480:4:21) 266:, the 145:, and 63:, and 7088:Songs 7038:Index 7031:Lists 7009:Yemen 6919:Tonga 6884:Syria 6864:Sudan 6854:Spain 6779:Samoa 6739:Qatar 6694:Palau 6659:Niger 6639:Nepal 6634:Nauru 6569:Malta 6524:Libya 6474:Kenya 6459:Japan 6444:Italy 6414:India 6394:Haiti 6359:Ghana 6339:Gabon 6284:Egypt 6209:China 6204:Chile 6124:Benin 5933:South 5913:Asian 5896:North 5859:Remix 5854:Cover 5812:Remix 5621:Genre 5490:Nafir 5412:Blues 5394:music 5237:Dance 5211:Music 5054:S2CID 4816:S2CID 4662:4 May 4587:4 May 2917:S2CID 2503:Notes 2440:piano 2309:, an 2289:piano 2281:organ 2273:stops 2174:to F♯ 2095:cello 2046:Tenor 2029:viola 1972:flute 1949:Range 1888:banjo 1872:piano 1850:drums 1836:mbira 1828:guiro 1800:with 1708:brass 1691:range 1500:pitch 1476:viola 1436:mutes 1315:oboes 1303:Spain 1288:leper 1268:bowed 1240:organ 1209:necks 1165:Burma 1161:Tibet 1114:veena 1086:bowed 1053:Celts 1043:Chile 946:Laozi 923:Hubei 868:Munda 864:India 852:tibia 840:aulos 812:nabla 770:Jubal 758:Bible 738:lutes 734:lyres 730:oboes 656:Yaqui 509:drums 470:Jubal 437:Aztec 364:Jiahu 332:flute 328:harps 322:(the 320:lyres 139:North 7181:Folk 6914:Togo 6719:Peru 6684:Oman 6564:Mali 6499:Laos 6429:Iraq 6424:Iran 6324:Fiji 6234:Cuba 6199:Chad 5923:East 5906:West 5891:East 5807:Live 5646:Song 5616:Form 5432:Jazz 5173:2008 5137:ISBN 5099:ISBN 5081:ISBN 5024:ISBN 5006:ISBN 4984:ISBN 4966:ISBN 4933:ISBN 4915:ISBN 4895:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4850:ISBN 4832:ISBN 4792:2009 4764:ISBN 4750:2008 4726:ISBN 4704:ISBN 4686:ISBN 4664:2021 4646:ISBN 4621:2021 4589:2021 4571:ISBN 4546:2021 4516:2021 4484:2009 4434:ISBN 4418:ISBN 4402:ISBN 4176:2020 4145:2020 4129:ISSN 4104:2018 3391:2021 3365:2021 3275:ISSN 2947:2021 2695:2011 2669:2011 2456:drum 2448:bass 2166:and 2128:tuba 2108:Bass 2005:Alto 1992:oboe 1929:and 1902:whip 1880:wood 1876:lute 1788:and 1670:, a 1668:MIDI 1632:Moog 1611:and 1548:tuba 1529:and 1492:horn 1277:The 1264:lyra 1252:lyre 1248:harp 1173:Java 1163:and 1155:and 1147:and 1027:Peru 991:(an 988:xiao 870:and 827:Rome 774:ugab 602:and 498:lyre 474:Cain 458:Molo 435:Two 400:and 338:and 334:, a 277:The 241:drum 160:and 91:drum 87:horn 65:lute 5685:PhD 5120:doi 5046:doi 5042:276 4808:doi 3267:doi 2909:doi 2442:), 2434:), 1900:or 1414:by 1406:'s 1254:), 1250:or 1242:), 821:In 790:), 784:tof 687:BC) 623:or 482:Pan 7255:: 5164:. 5160:. 5116:75 5114:. 5052:, 5040:, 4951:20 4949:, 4814:, 4804:39 4802:, 4654:. 4640:. 4611:. 4605:. 4579:. 4565:. 4536:. 4532:. 4506:. 4500:. 4381:. 4239:^ 4208:^ 4166:. 4162:. 4135:. 4127:. 4121:. 4090:. 4067:^ 4038:^ 3999:^ 3948:^ 3777:^ 3762:^ 3579:^ 3381:. 3355:. 3273:. 3263:97 3261:. 3257:. 3027:^ 2937:. 2915:. 2905:78 2903:. 2899:. 2765:^ 2750:^ 2659:. 2655:. 2644:^ 2605:^ 2543:^ 2522:^ 2393:. 2385:, 2325:. 2203:. 2154:, 2150:, 2146:, 2142:, 2130:, 2126:, 2122:, 2118:, 2114:, 2101:, 2097:, 2093:, 2089:, 2085:, 2072:, 2068:, 2064:, 2060:, 2056:, 2052:, 2039:, 2035:, 2031:, 2027:, 2023:, 2019:, 2015:, 2011:, 1998:, 1994:, 1990:, 1986:, 1982:, 1978:, 1974:, 1933:. 1834:, 1830:, 1826:, 1822:, 1804:. 1718:. 1710:, 1706:, 1623:. 1542:, 1478:, 1474:, 1442:. 1376:c. 1374:, 1290:. 1274:. 1215:. 1175:. 1061:c. 1037:, 1033:, 1029:, 999:. 981:, 974:yǔ 916:c. 914:, 903:. 895:, 825:, 802:. 748:. 740:, 736:, 696:, 682:c. 666:. 647:, 584:. 572:, 568:, 316:Ur 193:. 181:. 173:, 141:, 71:A 59:, 55:, 51:, 39:, 5203:e 5196:t 5189:v 5175:. 5145:. 5126:. 5122:: 5089:. 5048:: 4810:: 4666:. 4623:. 4591:. 4548:. 4518:. 4486:. 4178:. 4147:. 4106:. 3393:. 3367:. 3269:: 2949:. 2923:. 2911:: 2697:. 2671:. 2454:( 2446:( 2438:( 2430:( 2409:. 2176:6 2172:3 1890:. 1842:. 1238:( 786:( 680:( 447:H 215:. 67:. 20:)

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