Horn (instrument) - Knowledge

1447: 1433:, had a set of sixteen carefully tuned metal horns made to ensure that his huntsmen would sound a harmonious D-major chord while signalling to each other. He then got the idea of enlisting a Bohemian horn-player, J. A. Mareš, who was in service with the Imperial court in St. Petersburg, to organize these new horns into a band. Maresch had made a second set of thirty-two (or perhaps thirty-seven) horns, each capable of playing a different, single note—the second harmonic of the instrument—from a C-major scale covering several octaves. (Later the size of the band was increased to sixty horns encompassing five octaves.) The instruments were straight or slightly curved horns made of copper or brass, had a wide conical bore, and were played with a cupped trumpet-type mouthpiece. A metal cap fixed to the bell end was used to adjust the tuning. Each man in the band was trained to play his note in turn, similar to the way in which a group of 1438:

fashion that spread outside of Russia and continued for eighty years. With proper training, such a horn ensemble was capable of playing relatively complex music in full harmony. The Russian nobility developed a taste for horn bands, which were sometimes sold as a body—the performers along with horns—since most of the players were serfs. Some bands toured Europe and the British Isles, playing arrangements of standard concert repertory and Russian folk music, as well as original compositions. Although received with praise for their accomplishment, they were also criticized for "reducing man to the level of a machine". In Eastern Germany, workmen's bands modified the technique of these horns by adding the upper octave to each instrument's note, and the use of hand-stopping for the smaller horns to add one or two lower semitones.

1603:, it uses the Pumpenvalve (or Vienna Valve), which is a double-piston operating inside the valve slides, and usually situated on the opposite side of the corpus from the player's left hand, and operated by a long pushrod. Unlike the modern horn, which has grown considerably larger internally (for a bigger, broader, and louder tone), and considerably heavier (with the addition of valves and tubing in the case of the double horn) the Vienna horn very closely mimics the size and weight of the natural horn (although the valves do add some weight, they are lighter than rotary valves), even using crooks in the front of the horn, between the mouthpiece and the instrument. Although instead of the full range of keys, Vienna horn players usually use an F crook and it is looked down upon to use others, though switching to an A or B 983:(a modern name devised by archaeologists). Nearly fifty of these curved bronze horns have been excavated from burial sites, mostly in Scandinavia, since the first was discovered in 1797. Many are in unison pairs, curved in opposite directions. Because their makers left no written histories, their use and manner of playing is unknown. The lur was likely known to the Etruscans, noted as bronze-workers from the 8th century BC, who in turn were credited by the Romans with the invention of their horns and trumpets, including long curved horns in the form of a letter C or G. Depictions of these instruments are found from the 5th century BC onward on Etruscan funerary monuments. The Etruscan name for them is unknown, but the Romans called them 1240: 1098: 1337:

black leather (hence the term "black cornett"), and a detachable mouthpiece added. Another variant, called the "mute cornett", was turned from a single piece of wood with the mouthpiece an integral part of the instrument. Because the types of wood used were usually light in colour, these were sometimes referred to as "white cornetts". Amongst the earliest representations of the cornett, showing its characteristic octagonal exterior, is a carving in Lincoln Cathedral from about 1260, which shows an angel apparently playing two cornetti at once. The earliest use of the name in English is in

791: 835: 1329: 1223:, however, opened up a great deal more flexibility in playing in different keys; in effect, the horn became an entirely different instrument, fully chromatic for the first time. Valves were originally used primarily as a means to play in different keys without crooks, not for harmonic playing. That is reflected in compositions for horns, which only began to include chromatic passages in the late 19th century. When valves were invented, generally, the French made narrower-bored horns with piston valves and the Germans made larger-bored horns with rotary valves. 1041: 1422: 1409:, and hunting horns of many different shapes. One type of hunting horn, with relatively long tubing bent into a single hoop (or sometimes a double hoop), is the ancestor of the modern orchestral and band horns. Beginning in the early 18th century, the player could change key by adding crooks to change the length of tubing. It is essentially a hunting horn, with its pitch controlled by air speed, aperture (opening of the lips through which air passes) and the use of the right hand moving in and out of the bell. Today it is played as a 1561:

exact side-to-side placement of the mouthpiece varies for most horn players, the up-and-down placement of the mouthpiece is generally two-thirds on the upper lip and one-third on the lower lip. Usually, in order to play higher octave notes, the pressure exerted on the lips from the mouthpiece is increased. But, although some pressure is needed, excessive pressure is not desirable. Playing with excessive pressure makes the playing of the horn sound forced and harsh as well as decreases endurance of the player by about half.

1743: 1385: 1873:. Although it is generally accepted that the horns used on the hunt at this early date were only capable of a single note, or at best a striking of the pitch well below and "whooping up to the true pitch", the objection has been raised against a literal, monotonic interpretation of the notation on grounds that many of the calls would be indistinguishable one from another, whereas the hunt participants would need each call to be distinctive, even if we have no direct evidence of melodic variation. 1090:. Because these horns were intended to be played on horseback during a hunt the mouthpiece was not removable. It was soldered to a mouthpipe, which in turn was often soldered to the body of the instrument and strengthened by a crosspiece, as was also the bell, rendering the horn more solid. The sound they produced was called a recheat. Change of pitch was effected entirely by the lips (the horn not being equipped with valves until the 19th century). Without valves, only the notes within the 1667:. Mouthpiece adapters are available so that a horn mouthpiece can fit into the mellophone lead pipe, but this does not compensate for the many differences that a horn player must adapt to. The bore is generally cylindrical as opposed to the more conical horn; thus, the "feel" of the mellophone can be foreign to a horn player. Another unfamiliar aspect of the mellophone is that it is designed to be played with the right hand instead of the left (although it can be played with the left). 966:". Nevertheless, one modern authority says that at the time it was a straight instrument eleven feet long, and this form persisted in Austria until the nineteenth century. The more familiar form, with an upturned bell, was developed in Switzerland in the eighteenth century. The practice of making these instruments in different sizes, to be played together in part music, originated in 1826. Similar wooden instruments, used by shepherds for signalling, are known in Romania by the name 815: 823: 799: 1522: 1726:, though the validity of his patents was challenged by rival instrument makers during his lifetime. Throughout the mid-1850s, he continued to experiment with the instrument's valve pattern. Later makers, particularly in America, altered the scale and designs sometimes to such an extent as to make it difficult to determine whether the larger sizes of the resulting instruments actually have descended from the saxhorn or the tuba. The 1413:. The natural horn can only play from a single harmonic series at a time because there is only one length of tubing available to the horn player. A proficient player can indeed alter the pitch by partially muting the bell with the right hand, thus enabling the player to reach some notes that are not part of the instrument's natural harmonic series—of course this technique also affects the quality of the tone. 807: 1162:

from E downwards. These sliding crooks also had the function of tuning slides, obviating the need for tuning "bits" inserted before or after the crook. In order to raise the pitch above F, however, it was necessary to insert a new, shorter lead pipe, acting as a crook. This design was adapted and improved by the Parisian maker Raoux in about 1780, and adopted by many soloists in France. This was called the

1705: 1113:, i.e., sections of tubing of differing length which, when inserted between the mouthpiece and lead pipe, increased the length of the instrument, and thus lowered its pitch. The earliest surviving crooked horn was made by the Viennese maker Michael Leichamschneider and is dated 1721. However, Leichamschneider is known to have been making crooked horns as early as 1703, when he sold "a pair of great new 1570: 42: 1068:, a tightly coiled instrument in spiral form. The tightly coiled (or spiral) form of horn was never very popular in France, but both there and in Germany was usually called a "trumpet". In German, the word "trumpet" was usually qualified by "Italian" or "hunting", to distinguish these coiled horns from the military or courtly trumpet, though spiral trumpets (sometimes called 1078:. Around the middle of the seventeenth century instruments began to appear in the form of brass tubes wound into a single open hoop, with a flared exit opening (the bell). Although these came to be associated especially with France, the first known example was made in 1667 by the German maker Starck, in Nuremberg. In French, they were most often called 1692:

marching bands so that the sound comes from a forward-facing bell, as dissipation of the sound from the backward-facing bell becomes a concern in open-air environments. Many college marching bands and drum corps, however, use mellophones instead, which, with many marching bands, better balance the tone of the other brass instruments

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While horn players may be asked to play the mellophone, it is unlikely that the instrument was ever intended as a substitute for the horn, mainly because of the fundamental differences described. As an instrument it compromises between the ability to sound like a horn, while being used like a trumpet

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A crucial element in playing the horn deals with the mouthpiece. Most of the time, the mouthpiece is placed in the exact center of the lips, but, because of differences in the formation of the lips and teeth of different players, some tend to play with the mouthpiece slightly off center. Although the

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The French horn (as distinct from the German and Vienna horns), is also usually referred to simply as the "horn" by orchestral players. The bore of the French horn is small, between 10.8 and 11 mm, compared to 11.5 mm for the German horn, but not as small as the Vienna horn at 10.7 mm.

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Orchestral horns are traditionally grouped into "high" horn and "low" horn pairs. Players specialize to negotiate the unusually wide range required of the instrument. Formerly, in certain situations, composers called for two pairs of horns in two different keys. For example, a composer might call for

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or, because of its origin and because it was most often played by German musicians (in particular the Messing family, who popularized the instrument in London beginning around 1730), "German horn". In cases where it was necessary to specify the older, hooped horn without crooks, the English called it

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De raris et admirandis herbis qvae sive qvod noctv luceant, siue alias ob causas, lunariae nominantur, commentariolus : & obiter de alijs etiam rebus quæ in tenebris lucent : inferunter & icones quedam herbarum nove : eivsdem descriptio Montis Fracti, siue Montis Pilati, iuxta

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in the middle of the seventeenth, a larger number of pitches became available for horn calls, and these calls are imitated in programme music from the second quarter of the seventeenth century onward, though scored not for actual horns but for strings only. An early example is found in the "Chiamata

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for a piece in C minor, in order to gain harmonics of the relative major unavailable on the C horns. Eventually, two pairs of horns became the standard, and from this tradition of two independent pairs, each with its own "high" and "low" horn, came the modern convention of writing both the first and

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side of a regular double horn). It is also available in F alto (one octave above the F side of a regular double horn). The marching horn is also normally played with a horn mouthpiece (unlike the mellophone, which needs an adapter to fit the horn mouthpiece). These instruments are primarily used in

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crook for higher pitched music does happen on occasion. Vienna horns are often used with funnel shaped mouthpieces similar to those used on the natural horn, with very little (if any) backbore and a very thin rim. The Viennese horn requires very specialized technique and can be quite challenging to

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The cornett, which became one of the most popular wind instruments of the Renaissance and early Baroque periods, was developed from the fingerhole-horn idea. In its most common form it was a gently curved instrument, carved in two halves from wood. The pieces were then glued together and wrapped in

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One performing difficulty raised by the use of crooks inserted at the mouthpiece end of the instrument was that players were obliged to hold the horn in a way that the crooks would not fall out. For the hunting horn played on horseback, the left hand held the reins while the right hand gripped the

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in collaboration with the Dresden instrument maker Johann Georg Werner. In this type of instrument, the relationship between the mouthpiece and lead pipe is usually undisturbed and a series of cylindrical-bore sliding crooks are fitted into the central portion of the instrument to lower the pitch

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The first is an instrument shaped somewhat like a horn, in that it is formed in a circle. It has piston valves and is played with the right hand on the valves. Manufacturing of this instrument sharply decreased in the middle of the twentieth century, and this mellophone (or mellophonium) rarely

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ringers perform melodies by each sounding their bells at a predetermined moment. This horn band, effectively a giant human music-box of the sort only feasible in a slave culture, played its first public concert in 1753 or 1755 and debuted officially at the Grand Hunt concert in 1757, creating a

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Early metal horns were less complex than modern horns. By the early 17th century, there were two main types of hunting horns, both designed to deal with the problem of providing a tube long enough to allow playing higher partials, while at the same time allowing the instruments to be played on

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and Friedrich Blümel (later, in 1839, piston valves were applied to the horn by François Périnet), initially to overcome problems associated with changing crooks during a performance. Valves' unreliability, musical taste, and players' distrust, among other reasons, slowed their adoption into

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As they are pitched in F or G and their range overlaps that of the horn, mellophones can be used in place of the horn in brass and marching band settings. Mellophones are, however, sometimes unpopular with horn players because the mouthpiece change can be difficult and requires a different

2050:, the horn was quickly adopted into Neapolitan opera, the most fashionable in Europe at the time. It was in the hands of these Italian composers that the horn took on its characteristic "harmonic" orchestral role. One of the first Neapolitan works to use horns was Scarlatti's serenata 1540:(also called Périnet valves, after their inventor), unlike today's more usual orchestral (German) horns, which have rotary valves. A musician who plays the French horn, like the players of the German and Vienna horns (confusingly also sometimes called French horns), is called a 1186:

In the mid-18th century, horn players began to insert the right hand into the bell to change the effective length of the instrument, adjusting the tuning up to the distance between two adjacent harmonics depending on how much of the opening was covered. This technique, known as

1623: 1446: 1659:. Though they are usually played with a V-cup cornet-like mouthpiece, their range overlaps the common playing range of the horn. This mouthpiece switch makes the mellophone louder, less mellow, and more brassy and brilliant, making it more appropriate for marching bands. 1481:. The more common "double horn" is found almost exclusively in the German design, only rarely in the French horn, and never in the Vienna horn. It has a fourth valve, usually operated by the thumb, which routes the air to one set of tubing tuned to F or another tuned to B 1360:". Toward the end of the eighteenth century various attempts were made to improve the serpent. An upright version, built on the pattern of the bassoon and made sometimes of wood, sometimes of metal, sometimes a combination of the two, were called "bass horn" or " 1343:

from about 1400 where, as in most subsequent sources it is spelled with a single T: "cornet". The spelling with two Ts is a modern convention, to avoid confusion with the nineteenth-century valved brass instrument of that name, though in Old French the spelling

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major for horn, violin, two violas, and cello (KV407/386c) and the other for piano, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn (KV452). Beethoven also wrote a Quintet for piano and winds, Op. 16, as well as a Sextet for two horns and strings, Op. 81b, and a

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Apart from hunting calls, there is no surviving music from before the seventeenth century that specifies use of the horn. However, there are some allusions to horn calls in vocal and keyboard music. In the late fourteenth century, Italian

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was performed at the Teatro S Bartolomeo in a version "adapted and directed" by Scarlatti, and in almost all of his own subsequent operas Scarlatti used horns in the orchestra. The usual name for the horn in these Neapolitan scores was

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Lucernam in Heluetia : his accedvnt Io. Dv Chovl G.F. Lugdunensis, Pilati Montis in Gallia descriptio : Io Rhellicani Stockhornias, qua Stockhornus mons altissimus in Bernensium Heluetiorum agro, versibus heroicis describitur

1468:(or, less frequently, a hornist). Pitch is controlled through the adjustment of lip tension in the mouthpiece and the operation of valves by the left hand, which route the air into extra tubing. German horns have lever-operated 1215:

was a better instrument. Some musicians, specializing in period instruments, still use a natural horn when playing in original performance styles, seeking to recapture the sound and tenor in which an older piece was written.

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body of the horn, but with crooks the left hand was required to hold them and the instrument securely together, with the right hand grasping the bell or the body of the instrument. The solution came with the creation of the

2294:(1969), p. 874, noting that the trumpet is "cylindrical for about three-fourths its length", and identifying this as one of the characteristics that "distinguish it from the horn, which has a prevailingly conical bore". 1247:

Animal horns adapted as signalling instruments were used from prehistoric times. Archaeologists have discovered cow horns with fingerholes drilled in the side (providing a more complete musical scale) dating from the

1199:. This offered more possibilities for playing notes not on the harmonic series. By the early classical period, the horn had become an instrument capable of much melodic playing. A notable example of this are the four 2695:, corrected edition, the Norton Library N758 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1975): 128–29. Smaller and larger versions were also made, the large, tenor cornett often with a double curve, in an S shape. 1355:

In the sixteenth century still larger versions of the cornett were devised. In order to put the fingerholes within reach of the human hand, these bass instruments required so many curves they acquired the name

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The horn did not officially enter the Imperial court orchestra in Vienna until 1712, but from there it quickly migrated to the Neapolitan viceroyalty, dominated at that time by the Austrians. In the works of

1074:) pitched in D and played in clarino style also existed. The earliest surviving horn of the tightly spiralled type, dating from about 1570, is by Valentin Springer, though it is described as early as 1511 by 1845:—is cited as an even earlier source of notated horn calls, the copy containing them actually dates from the sixteenth century. As in Hardouin's treatise, the notation of the calls is in a specially designed 1137:) have now become very fashionable, in church music just as much as in theatre and chamber music, partly because they are not so coarse as trumpets, but also partly because they can be managed with greater 2022:

part is the earliest solo example of a horn in F (sounding a fifth lower than written), which came to be the "classical" size of the instrument. The F horn appears again soon afterward in an aria from

1722:, they were originally designed for army use and revolutionized military and brass bands in Europe and America. Developed during the 1840s and 50s, the saxhorn was first patented in Paris in 1845 by 1822:(1327) by William Twiti, who uses syllables such as "moot", "trout", and "trourourout" to describe a number of calls involved in various stages of the hunt. Hardouin de Fontaines-Guerin's treatise 577:

made of a tube, usually made of metal and often curved in various ways, with one narrow end into which the musician blows, and a wide end from which sound emerges. In horns, unlike some other

1472:. The backward-facing orientation of the bell relates to the perceived desirability to create a subdued sound, in concert situations, in contrast to the more-piercing quality of the trumpet. 1759:

The Wagner tuba is a rare brass instrument that is essentially a horn modified to have a larger bell throat and a vertical bell. Despite its name, it is generally not considered part of the

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Jennifer Beakes, "The Horn Parts in Handel's Operas and Oratorios and the Horn Players Who Performed in These Works", DMA diss. (New York: The City University of New York, 2007): 118, 223.

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play, even for accomplished players of modern horns. The Vienna horn has a warmer, softer sound than the modern horn. Its pumpen-valves facilitate a continuous transition between notes (

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Since the only notes available were those on the harmonic series of one of those pitches, they had no ability to play in different keys. The remedy for this limitation was the use of

1007:. Very old metal instruments similar in form to both the lurer and the cornu, often also with ceremonial or military uses, are known on the Indian subcontinent by a variety of names: 1376:(κλείς) "key" = "keyed serpent"). The ophicleide only remained in use until the middle of the nineteenth century when it was eclipsed by the superior valved brass instruments. 1203:

and Concert Rondo (K. 412, 417, 477, 495, 371), wherein melodic chromatic tones are used, owing to the growing prevalence of hand-stopping and other newly emerging techniques.

1252:. This type of rustic instrument is found down to the present day all over the Baltic region of Europe, and in some parts of Africa. In Scandinavia it is known by many names: 3837: 1651:, it is keyed in F. It is shaped like a flugelhorn, with piston valves played with the right hand and a forward-pointing bell. These horns are generally considered better 2203:

did not write a concerto as such, but did compose two Romances for horn (or cello) and orchestra, Op. 67 in E major (1866), and Op. 36 in F major (1874), and a

3025: 2988: 2931: 1970:, performed in Linz on 15 November 1680, was played by violins and hunting horns together, according to the libretto (the music does not survive). Georg Bronner's opera 2657:

Oxford Music Online (Oxford University Press, web, 13 January 2015, accessed 26 June 2015); Sibyl Marcuse, "Bukkehorn", "Fingerhole horn", "Mangval", "Soittotorvi",

1799:, below the bass clef staff to high C above the treble staff when read in F. These low pedals are substantially easier to play on the Wagner tuba than on the horn. 1826:(1394) includes fourteen hunting-horn signals using a notation specially designed to the purpose, consisting of a series of black and white squares. Although Dame 1647:

The second instrument is used in modern brass bands and marching bands, and is more accurately called a "marching mellophone" or mellophone. A derivative of the F

2708:(London: Macmillan and Company, 1939): 263. Reprinted with an introduction by Hymie Voxman, New York: Da Capo Press, 1965. First Da Capo paperback printing 1975. 2262:

was not the first example, it nevertheless was the first important work in the genre and inspired many later composers to write for the same grouping, notably

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The variety in horn history includes fingerhole horns, the natural horn, Russian horns, French horn, Vienna horn, mellophone, marching horn, and Wagner tuba.

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than regular horns because their position is more stable on the mouth, they project better, and they weigh less. It is primarily used as the middle voice of

556: 2223:, and often appears in other configurations. Notable works from the late-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include two quintets by Mozart, one in E 2018:, posthorn, two violins, and basso continuo; Beer died in a hunting accident in 1700. His concerto not only combines two different kinds of horn, but the 1944:(1664). According to another opinion, Lully actually meant the scoring of the "Air des valets des chiens et des chasseurs avec Cors de chasse" to include 1117:" equipped with four double crooks and four tuning bits to the Abbot of Krems. In England, the crooked horn appeared as early as 1704, when it was called 2004:, which probably also means spiral horns, though hooped horns are not out of the question. A particularly significant composition is a Concerto à 4 in B 944:

in the tenth or eleventh century, and are first mentioned in French literature in the early 12th century. In Europe they came to be symbols of royalty.

2054:, performed 28 August 1713 as part of the celebrations for the birthday of Empress Elizabeth Christina. On 19 November of the same year, Lotti's opera 1895:, after the words "suo corno sonava" (sounded his horn). A less certain association is found in the same alternation of two notes a fourth apart in 962:

and says it is "nearly eleven feet long, made from two pieces of wood slightly curved and hollowed out, fitted together and skillfully bound with

2729:(London: Faber and Faber; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976): 176–77; H. C. Colles, Anthony C. Baines, and Thomas Hiebert, "Horn band ", 1818:

Amongst the first written records of horn music are hunting-horn signals, which date back to the fourteenth century. The earliest of these is

2654: 972:. They are made in straight, hooked, and S-shaped forms, in lengths between 1.5 and 3 meters. A variant of the straight version is called 3181: 2263: 3151: 2030:(Vienna, 1700), where two horns play typical triple-time fanfares. By 1705 the horn was also being used in church music, for example by 1718:

The saxhorns constitute a family of brass instruments with tapered bores. Pitched in eight alternating sizes in E-flat and B-flat, like

995:. The latter name is the Latin word for "horn", and the source of the name of the musical instrument in many Romance languages: French 3137: 947:

From late antiquity there are mentions of "alpine horns", but the earliest secure description of the wooden instrument now called an "

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and alto-F branches. This configuration provides a high-range horn while avoiding the additional complexity and weight of a triple.

2271: 2267: 1982:(produced in 1695 in Hanover) also used horns. At about this same time the horn began to appear as a solo instrument. An anonymous 1487:. Although first developed by Paxman, a British firm, triple horns with five valves are also of the German-horn type, tuned in F, B 2122: 1145:

above F as the trumpets have above C. However, they sound more poetic and are more satisfying than the deafening and shrieking

3022: 2985: 2928: 2885: 2598: 2775: 2754: 2585: 1940: 1166:, and was distinguished by the use of just five crooks for playing in the most common keys for solo compositions, G, F, E, E 30:

This article is about a family of brass instruments. For the specific instrument known in music circles as just "horn", see

1948:, making this the first use of the new instrument in a musical composition, as opposed to hunting signals. An engraving by 1211:

mainstream. Many traditional conservatories and players refused to use them at first, claiming that the valveless horn, or

542: 2369:"longum ferè ad pedes undecim, duobus lignis modicè incuruis & excauatis compactum, & uiminibus scitè obligatum" ( 1388:

A natural horn has no valves, but can be tuned to a different key by inserting different tubing, as during a rest period.

2745:, corrected edition, the Norton Library N758 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1975): 448; Jeremy Montagu, 3091: 2787: 2713: 2501: 2480: 2431: 2419: 2398: 2357: 2333: 2312: 1696:

additionally, mellophones require less special training of trumpet players, who considerably outnumber horn players.

1410: 2661:, corrected edition, the Norton Library N758 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1975): 71, 182, 329, 484. 1959:, portrays a scene from Lully's work, and is probably the earliest iconographic representation of the hooped horn. 1125:

By the second decade of the eighteenth century horns had become regular members of continental orchestras. In 1713

1887:" and "hunt", and cognate with English "chase") sometimes use lively figures on two notes a fourth apart, such as 1239: 3174: 1789:

or F, or, more recently, as a double tuba similar to the double horn. Its common range is similar to that of the

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is the version most used by professional bands and orchestras. A musician who plays the German horn is called a

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The German horn is the most common type of orchestral horn, and is ordinarily known simply as the "horn". The

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by Jacques du Fouilloux, dated variously as 1561 and 1573, followed soon after in an English translation by

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The marching horn is quite similar to the mellophone in shape and appearance, but is pitched in the key of B

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of animals before starting to emulate them in metal or other materials. This original usage survives in the

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began appearing in ballet and opera orchestras in the Empire and German states. The intrada of a ballet by

17: 1364:". In the nineteenth century, an all-metal version with larger tone holes closed by keywork was called an 3112: 3070: 2915: 2872: 2738: 2525: 2459: 1926: 1614:); conversely, a more precise operating of the valves is required to avoid notes that sound out of tune. 1097: 1313:. Descriptions in French are found from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries of instruments called 979:

Metal instruments modelled on animal horns survive from as early as the 10th century BC, in the form of

3822: 3167: 1305: 1195:. It was first developed around 1750, and was refined and carried to much of Europe by the influential 2674:, corrected edition, the Norton Library N758 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1975): 124. 1995: 606: 3801: 1967: 1904: 1734:, amongst other sizes of instruments used in British brass bands, are members of the saxhorn family. 3606: 3796: 2623:

in London. Note the bell-up playing position for the horn in the "Quoniam", which begins at 45:40:

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used horn calls in a five-part piece for strings called "Le cors de chasse" in the comédie-ballet

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Mellophones, as indicated, use the same fingering as trumpets and are operated by the right hand.

2462:(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001): 2: "History to c1800", (i) Development of the Natural Horn. 2130: 2110: 2093:

In the eighteenth century some outstanding concertos were written for solo horn and orchestra by

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When the Hart is killed, then all the huntsmen which be at the fall of him, shall blow a mote .

2528:(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001): 2: "History to c1800", (iii) "Crooks and Hand Technique". 2094: 1888: 1475:

Three valves control the flow of air in the single horn, which is tuned to F or less commonly B

1220: 900: 3073:(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001): 2: "History to c1800", (ii) Ensemble and Orchestral Use. 2200: 3388: 2834: 2602: 2144:, in addition to giving the horn a prominent orchestral place in the overtures to the operas 1849:. The first occurrence of horn calls in standard musical notation is in the hunting treatise 790: 3145: 2183:

in two works written in 1849: the Adagio and Allegro for horn and piano Op. 70 and the

834: 3786: 3522: 3502: 3485: 3408: 2241: 2141: 2126: 2043: 2023: 1896: 1541: 1465: 1357: 1339: 908: 683: 2098: 1328: 8: 3303: 2077: 2031: 1931: 1652: 1430: 1158: 602: 590: 585:, the bore gradually increases in width through most of its length—that is to say, it is 480: 463: 74: 1949: 1207: 1040: 3776: 3740: 3674: 3548: 3378: 3236: 3211: 2770:, with a foreword by Alfred Mann (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997): 35. 2691:(Oxford University Press, web, n.d., accessed 26 June 2015); Sibyl Marcuse, "Cornett", 2580:, with a foreword by Alfred Mann (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997): 32. 2259: 2231: 2188: 2187:

for four horns and orchestra. Other important works from this era are the concertos by

1858: 839: 574: 65: 827: 794:

Army signal horn, (cornu), Roman period; found in Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands

3440: 3087: 2783: 2771: 2750: 2709: 2581: 2497: 2476: 2427: 2415: 2394: 2353: 2329: 2308: 2165: 1975: 1921: 1421: 1075: 884: 653: 278: 209: 35: 2152: 3714: 3626: 3318: 3190: 2960: 2248:(D803), written in 1824, which adds a second violin to Beethoven's Septet scoring. 2245: 1854: 1126: 761: 598: 593:. In jazz and popular-music contexts, the word may be used loosely to refer to any 578: 144: 1742: 3806: 3659: 3490: 3460: 3455: 3231: 3221: 3029: 2992: 2954: 2935: 2612: 2607: 2422:; Sibyl Marcuse, "Cor", "Corn", "Corno","Cornu", "Kombu", "Ranasringa", "Sringa", 2256: 2196: 2180: 2179:

The advent of the valved horn brought new possibilities, which were exploited by

2118: 2072: 1827: 1780: 1361: 963: 854: 594: 586: 3858: 3679: 3593: 3255: 3226: 2370: 2134: 2106: 1764: 1196: 1057: 952: 846: 475: 3611: 2768:

Horn and Conductor: Reminiscences of a Practitioner with a Few Words of Advice

2625: 2578:

Horn and Conductor: Reminiscences of a Practitioner with a Few Words of Advice

2380:. Tigvri : Apud Andream Gesnerum F. & Iacobvm Gesnerum, frates, 1555): 52. 1793:, but its possible range is the same as that of the horn, extending from low F 1671:

or flugelhorn, a tradeoff that sacrifices acoustic properties for ergonomics.

3852: 3827: 3750: 3699: 3664: 3470: 3428: 3342: 3313: 3308: 3108: 3066: 2911: 2868: 2734: 2521: 2455: 2240:, for clarinet, horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, and double bass. One of 2220: 2192: 2102: 2047: 1884: 1731: 1537: 1191:, is generally credited to the self-same Anton Joseph Hampel who created the 1188: 1110: 865:. The genus of animal-horn instruments to which the shofar belongs is called 742: 495: 439: 151: 91: 2176:

and orchestra (1828). All of these works were written for the natural horn.

1384: 3832: 3745: 3652: 3647: 3578: 3445: 3435: 3423: 3216: 3049:(London: Faber and Faber; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976): 148–49. 3012:(London: Faber and Faber; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976): 146–47. 2616: 2216: 2161: 2114: 1600: 1596: 1469: 1398: 1393: 991: 814: 693: 648: 636: 368: 46: 393: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 2011: 1754: 1747: 1723: 1584: 1578: 1530: 1455: 929: 778: 720: 715: 710: 490: 268: 236: 226: 171: 96: 31: 755: 3735: 3684: 3669: 3621: 3616: 3601: 3527: 3517: 3507: 3497: 3418: 3352: 3347: 1776: 1664: 1634: 1627: 1365: 951:" dates from the sixteenth century. This description by the naturalist 822: 773: 688: 470: 445: 413: 383: 336: 293: 181: 176: 166: 111: 2539:

The Horn and Horn Playing, and the Austro-Bohemian Tradition 1680–1830

2168:

exploited the instrument's association with hunting in a piece called

1771:, it has since been written for by various other composers, including 3709: 3694: 3450: 3383: 3362: 3323: 3023:

Early Hunting Horn Calls and Their Transmission: Some New Discoveries

2986:

Early Hunting Horn Calls and Their Transmission: Some New Discoveries

2929:

Early Hunting Horn Calls and Their Transmission: Some New Discoveries

2886:

Early Hunting Horn Calls and Their Transmission: Some New Discoveries

2741:(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001); Sibyl Marcuse, "Russian horn", 2620: 2252: 1846: 1790: 1727: 1719: 1648: 1611: 1258: 1015: 941: 894: 798: 731: 703: 510: 485: 450: 434: 403: 343: 161: 126: 3159: 1521: 845:

As the name indicates, people originally used to blow on the actual

3704: 3553: 3328: 3297: 3144: 2611:

as performed by soloists and the choir and instrumentalists of the

1865:(1575). Jacques du Fouilloux notates the calls on a single pitch, C 1772: 1434: 1406: 1249: 1009: 925: 418: 378: 353: 298: 288: 186: 101: 81: 1783:. It uses a horn mouthpiece and is available as a single tuba in B 3543: 3512: 3480: 3465: 3413: 3357: 3336: 3241: 3205: 1713: 1592: 1494: 1322: 985: 948: 862: 725: 678: 673: 641: 582: 423: 388: 363: 358: 313: 308: 273: 191: 121: 86: 802:

An instrument for creating sound made from the horn of an animal

3573: 3568: 3563: 3475: 3249: 2146: 1704: 1588: 1021: 968: 957: 850: 806: 658: 628: 528: 505: 323: 263: 246: 156: 131: 2052:

Il genio austriaco: Il Sole, Flora, Zefiro, Partenope e Sebeto

1569: 3838:

List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers

3583: 3558: 3269: 1622: 1525:

French horn by Jean Baptiste Arban, with three Périnet valves

1402: 1086:

is also frequently found. In Germany, they came to be called

933: 888: 698: 668: 663: 500: 408: 398: 303: 258: 241: 231: 221: 106: 2034:

In Lübeck, who in that year called for horns in his cantata

1401:

include a variety of valveless, keyless instruments such as

3372: 1990:

against two violins, two violas, and basso continuo, and a

1760: 937: 768: 373: 348: 318: 283: 196: 116: 41: 2863:

Philip Bate, Trevor Herbert, and Arnold Myers, "Saxhorn".

2251:

The combination of horn with violin and piano is called a

1986:

from before 1680 found in a manuscript in Kroměříž sets a

2164:, produced by humming into the instrument while playing. 2085:, two oboes, and bassoon, RV574, was also a hooped horn. 980: 622: 1557:. Although double French horns do exist, they are rare. 2749:(Lanham, MD; Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2007): 44. 1536:

These narrow-bore French instruments are equipped with

940:. Apparently of Asian origin, they reached Europe from 2160:

which, amongst other things, includes an early use of

2121:

include concertos for two horns by Vivaldi and Bach's

1938:, itself part of the extravagant entertainment titled 1908:, copied at the beginning of the seventeenth century. 1450:

Rotary valves characteristic of the German double horn

1149:... because they are a perfect fifth lower in pitch." 878: 3115:(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001): 5: "Repertory". 2137:(Jan Václav Stich), a master of hand-horn technique. 1348:

is found. The name is a diminutive derived the Latin

2780:

The World of Romantic and Modern Musical Instruments

2426:, corrected edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975). 2393:, corrected edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975). 2352:, corrected edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975). 2328:, corrected edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975). 2307:, corrected edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975). 872: 2794:(New York: w. W. Norton & Co. Inc., 1955): 225. 2133:in F major, Op. 17, for the Bohemian virtuoso 1308: 1129:stated, "the lovely, majestic hunting horns (Ital. 2906:Horace Fitzpatrick and Peter Downey, "Jagdmusik", 2496:(London: Faber and Faber, 1976): 143 151, 164–65. 861:), a ram's horn, which plays an important role in 3155:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 697–706. 2956:The Noble Art of Venerie Or Hvnting [...] 1429:In 1751, Prince Narishkin, Master of the Hunt to 936:hunting or signalling horns made from elephants' 3850: 3084:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 3047:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 3010:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 2727:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 2494:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 2473:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 2412:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 2344: 2342: 810:Olifant, possibly southern Italian, 11th century 3105:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 3063:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2908:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2865:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2782:(Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1981): 86. 2743:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 2731:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2693:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 2683:Anthony C. Baines and Bruce Dickey, "Cornett", 2672:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 2659:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 2518:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2452:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2424:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 2414:(London: Faber and Faber, 1976): 58–60, 64–65. 2391:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 2350:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 2326:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 2305:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary 3103:Renato Meucci and Gabriele Rocchetti, "Horn", 3061:Renato Meucci and Gabriele Rocchetti, "Horn", 2902: 2900: 2898: 2747:Origins and Development of Musical Instruments 2516:Renato Meucci and Gabriele Rocchetti, "Horn", 2512: 2510: 2450:Renato Meucci and Gabriele Rocchetti, "Horn", 2303:Sibyl Marcuse, "Keras", "Keren", and "Qarnu", 2195:, and the First Concerto (1882–83) by his son 2081:(1714), and his Concerto in F for violin, two 1299: 3175: 2999:7 (1995): 123–41. Citation on 129 and 139n31. 2339: 1878: 550: 3057: 3055: 2952: 2541:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970): 33. 1547:Three valves control the flow of air in the 866: 3142: 2895: 2802: 2800: 2507: 2207:Op. 94 (1887) for horn and orchestra. 1999: 1915:in the late sixteenth century and with the 1298:, and many others. In Estonia it is called 1069: 3182: 3168: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 557: 543: 3052: 2559: 2475:(London: Faber and Faber, 1976): 142–43. 2324:Sibyl Marcuse, "Olifant" and "Oliphant", 1206:In 1818 rotary valves were introduced by 1183:third parts above the second and fourth. 2797: 1741: 1703: 1621: 1568: 1551:, which is tuned to F or less commonly B 1520: 1445: 1420: 1383: 1327: 1238: 1157:in about 1753 by the famous horn player 1096: 1039: 833: 821: 813: 805: 797: 789: 40: 34:. For brass instruments in general, see 2437: 1425:St Petersburg Russian horn band in 2008 605:, or a mixture of the two, is called a 14: 3851: 3086:(London: Faber and Faber, 1976): 154. 2389:Sibyl Marcuse, "Bucium" and "Tulnic", 1869:, whereas Gascoigne presents them on D 1843:Book of Hawkinge, Hunting and Fysshing 3189: 3163: 2942:7 (1995): 123–41. Citation on 123–24. 2918:(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). 2875:(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). 2832: 2215:The horn is a standard member of the 2156:, composed a spectacularly difficult 1587:is a special horn used primarily in 1064:, made in a crescent shape, and the 2597:See, e.g., the performance of the " 1863:The Noble Art of Venerie or Hvnting 1234: 928:horn") was the name applied in the 867: 858: 24: 3036:7 (1995): 123–41. Citation on 131. 2892:7 (1995): 123–41. Citation on 127. 2063:, an Italianization of the French 1507:doubles, which typically provide B 25: 3870: 3122: 2566:. Hamburg: Schiller. p. 267. 2140:In the early nineteenth century, 2088: 1911:The increased tube length of the 1544:(or less frequently, a hornist). 2649:Birgit Kjellström, "Bockhorn ", 2210: 1813: 1674: 1416: 1141:. The most useful have the same 3131:Polish folk musical instruments 3097: 3076: 3039: 3015: 3002: 2978: 2953:du Fouilloux, Jacques (1611) . 2945: 2921: 2878: 2857: 2848: 2835:"The History of the Mellophone" 2826: 2813: 2760: 2719: 2698: 2677: 2664: 2643: 2591: 2570: 2553: 2544: 2531: 2486: 1941:Les plaisirs de l'île enchantée 1379: 1321:), which are precursors of the 1101:Playing horn at Palace Temple. 916:(an abbreviation of the French 3756:Drum and bugle corps (classic) 3143:Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911). 3138:Wooden folk horn (documentary) 3034:Historic Brass Society Journal 2997:Historic Brass Society Journal 2940:Historic Brass Society Journal 2890:Historic Brass Society Journal 2821:The Art of French Horn Playing 2808:The Art of French Horn Playing 2465: 2404: 2383: 2363: 2318: 2297: 2284: 1737: 1564: 1516: 1441: 734:(UK: tenor horn), pitched in E 13: 1: 3761:Drum and bugle corps (modern) 2277: 1984:Sonata da caccia con un cornu 1953: 1835: 1824:Le Livre du Trésor de vénerie 1809:List of compositions for horn 1639:Two instruments are called a 1617: 838:Cornicen (horn players) from 3107:, second edition, edited by 3065:, second edition, edited by 2910:, second edition, edited by 2867:, second edition, edited by 2733:, second edition, edited by 2520:, second edition, edited by 2454:, second edition, edited by 2125:. At the end of the century 1802: 1309: 895: 879: 7: 2670:Sibyl Marcuse, "Coradoiz", 2563:Das neu-eröffnete Orchestre 2292:Harvard Dictionary of Music 1930:(1639). A few years later, 1927:Le nozze di Teti e di Peleo 1699: 1431:Empress Elizabeth of Russia 1176:two horns in C and two in E 1029:(Sanskrit for "war-horn"), 873: 818:Alphorn player near Zermatt 10: 3875: 3823:Pitch of brass instruments 2833:Monks, Greg (2006-01-06). 2560:Mattheson, Johann (1713). 2348:Sibyl Marcuse, "Alphorn", 2123:First Brandenburg Concerto 1962:Soon afterward the hooped 1806: 1767:specifically for his work 1752: 1711: 1632: 1576: 1528: 1453: 1391: 1226: 889: 785: 29: 3815: 3769: 3728: 3635: 3592: 3536: 3401: 3197: 2131:Sonata for Horn and Piano 2067:. It is thought that the 1968:Johann Heinrich Schmelzer 1905:Fitzwilliam Virginal Book 2706:Musical Wind Instruments 2599:Quoniam tu solus sanctus 1857:(often misattributed to 863:Jewish religious rituals 612: 49:, with central crook: a 3152:Encyclopædia Britannica 2111:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1996:Pavel Josef Vejvanovský 1769:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1103:Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 955:calls the instrument a 3607:Marching baritone horn 2837:. Al's Mellophone Page 2819:Farkas, Philip (1956) 2806:Farkas, Philip (1956) 2000: 1889:Gherardello da Firenze 1883:(a word meaning both " 1879: 1750: 1709: 1708:Bass saxhorn in B-flat 1630: 1574: 1526: 1503:or F. Also common are 1451: 1426: 1389: 1333: 1300: 1244: 1106: 1070: 1052: 1050:cors à plusieurs tours 842: 831: 819: 811: 803: 795: 573:is any of a family of 54: 3792:Classical trombonists 3389:Double bell euphonium 2963:. London. p. 127 2603:Johann Sebastian Bach 2170:Rendez-vous de chasse 2158:Concertino in E Minor 1988:cor à plusieurs tours 1913:cor à plusieurs tours 1763:family. Invented for 1745: 1707: 1625: 1572: 1524: 1449: 1424: 1387: 1331: 1242: 1100: 1066:cor à plusieurs tours 1043: 837: 825: 817: 809: 801: 793: 44: 2537:Horace Fitzpatrick, 2142:Carl Maria von Weber 2044:Alessandro Scarlatti 2024:Carlo Agostino Badia 1936:La Princesse d'Élide 1841:)—also known as the 1832:Boke of Saint Albans 1657:drum and bugle corps 1653:marching instruments 1201:Mozart Horn Concerti 617:Variations include: 603:woodwind instruments 53:, Raoux, Paris, 1797 3129:Wooden folk horns ( 3021:Eva Marie Heater, " 2984:Eva Marie Heater, " 2927:Eva Marie Heater, " 2884:Eva Marie Heater, " 2689:Oxford Music Online 2201:Camille Saint-Saëns 2078:Orlando finto pazzo 2032:Dieterich Buxtehude 2028:Diana rappacificata 1932:Jean-Baptiste Lully 1595:. Instead of using 1462:double horn in F/B♭ 1372:(ὄφις) "serpent" + 1159:Anton Joseph Hampel 1122:the "French horn". 609:in these contexts. 597:, and a section of 575:musical instruments 481:Electronic keyboard 66:Musical instruments 60:Part of a series on 3741:British brass band 3612:Marching euphonium 3379:Subcontrabass tuba 3028:2015-06-20 at the 2991:2015-06-20 at the 2934:2015-06-20 at the 2778:; Jeremy Montagu, 2685:Grove Music Online 2651:Grove Music Online 2619:, at the 2012 BBC 2244:last works is the 2238:major, Op. 20 2205:Morceau de concert 2189:Saverio Mercadante 2105:and Joseph Haydn, 1980:I trionfi del fato 1972:Echo und Narcissus 1859:George Turberville 1820:The Art of Hunting 1751: 1710: 1685:(the same as the B 1631: 1575: 1527: 1452: 1427: 1390: 1334: 1245: 1243:A Swedish Bockhorn 1131:Cornette di Caccia 1107: 1053: 843: 832: 820: 812: 804: 796: 210:String instruments 55: 3846: 3845: 3802:Euphonium players 3191:Brass instruments 2961:Gascoigne, George 2790:; Walter Piston, 2776:978-1-878822-83-3 2755:978-0-8108-5657-8 2626:"Mass in B Minor" 2586:978-1-878822-83-3 2166:Gioachino Rossini 2099:Christoph Förster 2083:trombon da caccia 2069:trombon da caccia 1976:Agostino Steffani 1946:trompes de chasse 1922:Francesco Cavalli 1411:period instrument 1340:Le Morte d'Arthur 1317:(= modern French 1076:Sebastian Virdung 579:brass instruments 567: 566: 145:Brass instruments 36:brass instruments 16:(Redirected from 3866: 3797:Jazz trombonists 3777:(all) Trumpeters 3715:Axial flow valve 3627:Contrabass bugle 3184: 3177: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3082:Anthony Baines, 3080: 3074: 3059: 3050: 3045:Anthony Baines, 3043: 3037: 3019: 3013: 3008:Anthony Baines, 3006: 3000: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2959:. Translated by 2949: 2943: 2925: 2919: 2904: 2893: 2882: 2876: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2795: 2766:Harold L. Meek, 2764: 2758: 2725:Anthony Baines, 2723: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2595: 2589: 2576:Harold L. Meek, 2574: 2568: 2567: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2514: 2505: 2492:Anthony Baines, 2490: 2484: 2471:Anthony Baines, 2469: 2463: 2448: 2435: 2410:Anthony Baines, 2408: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2367: 2361: 2346: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2301: 2295: 2288: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2065:trompe de chasse 2061:tromba da caccia 2009: 2008: 2003: 1992:Sonata venatoria 1964:trompe de chasse 1958: 1955: 1950:Israël Silvestre 1920:a la caccia" in 1917:trompe de chasse 1893:Tosto che l'alba 1882: 1855:George Gascoigne 1840: 1837: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1608: 1607: 1556: 1555: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1368:(from the Greek 1312: 1303: 1235:Fingerhole horns 1208:Heinrich Stölzel 1181: 1180: 1171: 1170: 1127:Johann Mattheson 1080:trompe de chasse 1073: 1044:Crescent-shaped 898: 892: 891: 882: 876: 870: 869: 860: 830:, excavated 1797 762:contrabass bugle 750: 749: 739: 738: 559: 552: 545: 57: 56: 27:Brass instrument 21: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3811: 3782:Jazz trumpeters 3765: 3724: 3720:Harmonic series 3636:Parts/technique 3631: 3588: 3532: 3491:Soprano helicon 3461:Baroque trumpet 3456:Natural trumpet 3397: 3348:Alto/Tenor horn 3232:Fanfare trumpet 3193: 3188: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3102: 3098: 3081: 3077: 3060: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3030:Wayback Machine 3020: 3016: 3007: 3003: 2993:Wayback Machine 2983: 2979: 2966: 2964: 2950: 2946: 2936:Wayback Machine 2926: 2922: 2905: 2896: 2883: 2879: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2798: 2765: 2761: 2724: 2720: 2703: 2699: 2682: 2678: 2669: 2665: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2615:, conducted by 2613:English Concert 2608:Mass in B Minor 2596: 2592: 2575: 2571: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2515: 2508: 2491: 2487: 2470: 2466: 2449: 2438: 2409: 2405: 2388: 2384: 2368: 2364: 2347: 2340: 2323: 2319: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2264:Lennox Berkeley 2234: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2213: 2197:Richard Strauss 2181:Robert Schumann 2174:corni da caccia 2119:Concerti grossi 2091: 2036:Templum honoris 2020:corne de chasse 2016:corne de chasse 2006: 2005: 1956: 1900:The King's Hunt 1872: 1868: 1838: 1828:Juliana Berners 1816: 1811: 1805: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1781:Richard Strauss 1757: 1740: 1716: 1702: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1644:appears today. 1637: 1620: 1605: 1604: 1581: 1567: 1553: 1552: 1533: 1519: 1509: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1458: 1444: 1419: 1396: 1382: 1362:Russian bassoon 1237: 1229: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1119:corno cromatico 1094:are available. 1092:harmonic series 840:Trajan's Column 828:Brudevælte Lurs 788: 783: 747: 746: 736: 735: 615: 595:wind instrument 563: 534: 533: 524: 516: 515: 466: 456: 455: 426:aka Kettledrums 339: 329: 328: 212: 202: 201: 147: 137: 136: 77: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3872: 3862: 3861: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3381: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3350: 3345: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3256:Soprano cornet 3246: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3227:Pocket trumpet 3224: 3219: 3214: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3140: 3135: 3124: 3123:External links 3121: 3118: 3117: 3096: 3075: 3051: 3038: 3014: 3001: 2977: 2944: 2920: 2894: 2877: 2856: 2847: 2825: 2812: 2796: 2759: 2718: 2697: 2676: 2663: 2642: 2590: 2569: 2552: 2543: 2530: 2506: 2485: 2464: 2436: 2403: 2382: 2371:Conrad Gessner 2362: 2338: 2317: 2296: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2212: 2209: 2153:Der Freischütz 2135:Giovanni Punto 2090: 2089:Solo repertory 2087: 2071:called for by 2001:trombae breves 1998:calls for two 1870: 1866: 1815: 1812: 1804: 1801: 1765:Richard Wagner 1753:Main article: 1739: 1736: 1732:baritone horns 1712:Main article: 1701: 1698: 1676: 1673: 1633:Main article: 1619: 1616: 1577:Main article: 1566: 1563: 1529:Main article: 1518: 1515: 1454:Main article: 1443: 1440: 1418: 1415: 1392:Main article: 1381: 1378: 1236: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1197:Giovanni Punto 1193:Inventionshorn 1155:Inventionshorn 1135:Cors de Chasse 1071:trombae brevae 1058:Marin Mersenne 953:Conrad Gessner 787: 784: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 765: 764: 753: 752: 751: 745:, pitched in B 740: 723: 718: 713: 708: 707: 706: 701: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 645: 644: 639: 631: 626: 619: 614: 611: 565: 564: 562: 561: 554: 547: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 476:Clavicytherium 473: 467: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 443: 437: 432: 427: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 213: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 148: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 73: 72: 69: 68: 62: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3871: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3828:Brass section 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3751:Brass quintet 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3665:Hand-stopping 3663: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3471:Slide trumpet 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3429:Tenor cornett 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3343:Baritone horn 3341: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3109:Stanley Sadie 3106: 3100: 3093: 3092:0-684-15229-0 3089: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3067:Stanley Sadie 3064: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2951:For example: 2948: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2912:Stanley Sadie 2909: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2869:Stanley Sadie 2866: 2860: 2851: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2792:Orchestration 2789: 2788:9780715379943 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:Stanley Sadie 2732: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2714:0-306-80005-5 2711: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2523: 2522:Stanley Sadie 2519: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2502:0-684-15229-0 2499: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2481:0-684-15229-0 2478: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2456:Stanley Sadie 2453: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2432:0-393-00758-8 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:0-684-15229-0 2417: 2413: 2407: 2400: 2399:0-393-00758-8 2396: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2358:0-393-00758-8 2355: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2334:0-393-00758-8 2331: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2313:0-393-00758-8 2310: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2273: 2272:György Ligeti 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2255:, and though 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2222: 2221:brass quintet 2218: 2211:Chamber music 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:Franz Strauss 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2075:in his opera 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:Antonio Lotti 2045: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2002: 1997: 1994:from 1684 by 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814:Early history 1810: 1800: 1792: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1675:Marching horn 1672: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1602: 1601:piston valves 1598: 1597:rotary valves 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1538:piston valves 1532: 1523: 1514: 1506: 1496: 1473: 1471: 1470:rotary valves 1467: 1463: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1417:Russian horns 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Natural horns 1395: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1232: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1213:natural horn, 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189:hand-stopping 1184: 1173: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:cor de chasse 1081: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 988: 987: 982: 977: 975: 971: 970: 965: 961: 959: 954: 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918:cor d'olifant 915: 911: 910: 904: 902: 897: 886: 881: 877:) in Hebrew, 875: 864: 856: 852: 848: 841: 836: 829: 824: 816: 808: 800: 792: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 763: 760: 759: 757: 756:Valved bugles 754: 744: 743:Baritone horn 741: 733: 730: 729: 728:, including: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 633:Roman horns: 632: 630: 627: 625:(prehistoric) 624: 621: 620: 618: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 560: 555: 553: 548: 546: 541: 540: 538: 537: 530: 527: 526: 520: 519: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 465: 460: 459: 452: 449: 447: 444: 441: 440:Tubular bells 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 338: 333: 332: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217: 211: 206: 205: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 152:Baritone horn 150: 149: 146: 141: 140: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 92:Contrabassoon 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 76: 71: 70: 67: 64: 63: 59: 58: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 3833:Horn section 3787:Horn players 3746:Balkan brass 3653:Rotary valve 3648:Piston valve 3579:Tibetan horn 3446:Natural horn 3424:Mute cornett 3371: 3335: 3296: 3263: 3262: 3248: 3204: 3150: 3146:"Horn" 3130: 3113:John Tyrrell 3104: 3099: 3083: 3078: 3071:John Tyrrell 3062: 3046: 3041: 3033: 3017: 3009: 3004: 2996: 2980: 2972: 2965:. Retrieved 2955: 2947: 2939: 2923: 2916:John Tyrrell 2907: 2889: 2880: 2873:John Tyrrell 2864: 2859: 2850: 2839:. Retrieved 2828: 2820: 2815: 2807: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2762: 2746: 2742: 2739:John Tyrrell 2730: 2726: 2721: 2705: 2704:Adam Carse, 2700: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2658: 2653:, edited by 2650: 2645: 2634:. Retrieved 2629: 2617:Harry Bicket 2606: 2593: 2577: 2572: 2562: 2555: 2546: 2538: 2533: 2526:John Tyrrell 2517: 2493: 2488: 2472: 2467: 2460:John Tyrrell 2451: 2423: 2411: 2406: 2390: 2385: 2374: 2365: 2349: 2325: 2320: 2304: 2299: 2291: 2290:Willi Apel, 2286: 2270:(1962), and 2250: 2217:wind quintet 2214: 2204: 2185:Concertstück 2184: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2162:multiphonics 2151: 2145: 2139: 2115:Carl Stamitz 2092: 2082: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2040: 2035: 2027: 2019: 2015: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1952:, published 1945: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1875: 1862: 1850: 1842: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1758: 1717: 1693: 1678: 1669: 1661: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1582: 1559: 1548: 1546: 1534: 1504: 1474: 1461: 1459: 1428: 1397: 1394:Natural horn 1380:Natural horn 1373: 1369: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1319:cor à doigts 1318: 1314: 1306:Bongo people 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1230: 1218: 1212: 1205: 1192: 1185: 1174: 1163: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1065: 1061: 1060:calls these 1054: 1049: 1045: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1004: 1003:, Provençal 1000: 996: 990: 984: 978: 973: 967: 956: 946: 921: 917: 913: 907: 905: 844: 826:Pair of the 758:, including 694:Natural horn 616: 607:horn section 589:rather than 581:such as the 570: 568: 369:Glockenspiel 252: 251: 214: 50: 47:natural horn 18:Horn (music) 3290:Wagner tuba 3285:Vienna horn 3280:German horn 3275:French horn 2266:(ca.1953), 2232:Septet in E 2129:composed a 2012:Johann Beer 1974:(1693) and 1957: 1676 1897:John Bull's 1839: 1345 1755:Wagner tuba 1748:Wagner tuba 1738:Wagner tuba 1724:Adolphe Sax 1641:mellophone. 1585:Vienna horn 1579:Vienna horn 1573:Vienna horn 1565:Vienna horn 1549:single horn 1542:horn player 1531:French horn 1517:French horn 1466:horn player 1456:German horn 1442:German horn 1304:and by the 1280:soittotorvi 1276:prillarhorn 1219:The use of 1056:horseback. 930:Middle Ages 779:Gjallarhorn 721:Wagner tuba 716:Vienna horn 711:French horn 591:cylindrical 491:Harpsichord 269:Bass guitar 237:Hurdy-gurdy 227:Double bass 172:French horn 97:Cor anglais 32:French horn 3736:Brass band 3685:Pedal tone 3675:Mouthpiece 3670:Embouchure 3622:Sousaphone 3617:Trombonium 3602:Mellophone 3537:Indigenous 3528:Jazzophone 3518:Saxotromba 3508:Sudrophone 3498:Ophicleide 3419:Cornettino 3402:Antiquated 3353:Flugelhorn 3304:Contrabass 3212:Contrabass 2841:2008-07-29 2655:Deane Root 2636:2013-11-29 2278:References 2242:Schubert's 1851:La vénerie 1807:See also: 1777:Stravinsky 1720:saxophones 1665:embouchure 1635:Mellophone 1628:mellophone 1618:Mellophone 1366:ophicleide 1352:, "horn". 1264:fingerhorn 1088:Waldhörner 1027:ranasringa 999:, Italian 774:Sousaphone 689:Ophicleide 471:Clavichord 446:Vibraphone 442:aka Chimes 414:Snare drum 384:Lithophone 337:Percussion 182:Tenor horn 177:Mellophone 167:Flugelhorn 112:Nadaswaram 3729:Ensembles 3710:Water key 3695:Valve oil 3451:Post horn 3384:Euphonium 3363:Kuhlohorn 3324:Superbone 2268:Don Banks 2260:Horn Trio 2253:horn trio 2172:for four 2127:Beethoven 2026:'s opera 1978:'s opera 1924:'s opera 1861:) titled 1847:tablature 1803:Repertory 1791:euphonium 1649:alto horn 1612:glissando 1407:posthorns 1259:bukkehorn 1254:björnhorn 1172:, and D. 1115:Jägerhorn 1082:, though 1016:ransingha 942:Byzantium 732:Alto horn 704:Post horn 649:Dung chen 511:Virginals 486:Harmonium 464:Keyboards 451:Xylophone 435:Tubaphone 404:Mridangam 394:Marímbula 344:Bass drum 162:Euphonium 127:Saxophone 75:Woodwinds 3853:Category 3705:Leadpipe 3594:Marching 3554:Vuvuzela 3329:Cimbasso 3298:Trombone 3237:Firebird 3026:Archived 2989:Archived 2932:Archived 2274:(1982). 2257:Brahms's 2235:♭ 2226:♭ 2095:Telemann 2056:Porsenna 2007:♭ 1796:♯ 1786:♭ 1773:Bruckner 1700:Saxhorns 1688:♭ 1682:♭ 1606:♭ 1554:♭ 1510:♭ 1500:♭ 1493:, and a 1490:♭ 1484:♭ 1478:♭ 1435:handbell 1346:cornette 1315:coradoiz 1301:sokusarv 1296:vallhorn 1288:tjuthorn 1284:spelhorn 1250:Iron Age 1179:♭ 1169:♭ 1164:cor solo 1139:facilité 1133:, Gall. 1031:kurudutu 1010:ramsinga 926:elephant 922:oliphant 914:oliphant 885:Akkadian 748:♭ 737:♭ 726:Saxhorns 430:Triangle 419:Steelpan 379:Handbell 354:Carillon 299:Shamisen 289:Mandolin 187:Trombone 102:Clarinet 82:Bagpipes 51:cor solo 3807:Tubists 3770:Players 3544:Alphorn 3523:Bazooka 3513:Saxtuba 3503:Serpent 3486:Helicon 3481:Sackbut 3466:Buccina 3414:Cornett 3409:Clarion 3358:Fiscorn 3337:Saxhorn 3319:Soprano 3242:Flumpet 3222:Piccolo 3206:Trumpet 2967:29 June 2630:YouTube 2601:" from 2107:Leopold 2103:Michael 2073:Vivaldi 1902:in the 1714:Saxhorn 1593:Austria 1505:descant 1495:descant 1358:serpent 1332:Cornett 1323:cornett 1310:mangval 1292:tuthorn 1272:låthorn 1268:lekhorn 1227:Variety 1147:clarini 1143:ambitus 1105:, India 1046:trompes 986:buccina 960:alpinus 949:alphorn 909:olifant 786:History 684:Serpent 679:Cornett 674:Alphorn 642:Buccina 587:conical 583:trumpet 424:Timpani 389:Marimba 364:Cymbals 359:Celesta 314:Ukulele 309:Tambura 274:Guzheng 253:Plucked 192:Trumpet 122:Piccolo 87:Bassoon 3680:Falset 3643:Valves 3574:Sringa 3569:Shofar 3564:Carnyx 3476:Buccin 3250:Cornet 3198:Modern 3090: 2786: 2774: 2753: 2712: 2632:. 2012 2584: 2500: 2479: 2430: 2418: 2397: 2356: 2332: 2311: 2147:Oberon 2113:, and 2014:, for 1880:caccie 1589:Vienna 1403:bugles 1221:valves 1111:crooks 1062:trompe 1033:, and 1022:sringa 974:tulnic 969:bucium 964:osiers 958:lituus 887:, and 855:Hebrew 851:shofar 659:Sringa 629:Shofar 529:Ghatam 523:Others 506:Spinet 324:Zither 264:Guitar 247:Violin 157:Cornet 132:Tharai 3859:Horns 3816:Other 3700:Crook 3660:Mutes 3584:Wazza 3559:Nyele 3549:Nabal 3436:Cornu 3270:Bugle 2823:p. 65 2810:p. 21 2621:Proms 2246:Octet 1885:canon 1728:tenor 1374:kleis 1370:ophis 1350:cornu 1035:kombu 1001:corno 992:cornu 981:lurer 938:tusks 934:ivory 901:Greek 899:) in 896:keras 890:κέρας 880:qarnu 874:keren 847:horns 699:Bugle 669:Wazza 664:Nyele 637:Cornu 613:Types 599:brass 501:Piano 496:Organ 409:Parai 399:Melam 304:Sitar 259:Banjo 242:Viola 232:Huqin 222:Cello 216:Bowed 107:Flute 3690:Bore 3441:Dord 3373:Tuba 3314:Alto 3309:Bass 3264:Horn 3217:Bass 3111:and 3088:ISBN 3069:and 2969:2022 2914:and 2871:and 2784:ISBN 2772:ISBN 2751:ISBN 2737:and 2710:ISBN 2582:ISBN 2524:and 2498:ISBN 2477:ISBN 2458:and 2428:ISBN 2416:ISBN 2395:ISBN 2354:ISBN 2330:ISBN 2309:ISBN 2219:and 2150:and 2109:and 2046:and 1779:and 1761:tuba 1730:and 1583:The 1048:and 1005:corn 989:and 906:The 859:שופר 769:Tuba 654:Dord 571:horn 374:Gong 349:Bell 319:Yazh 294:Harp 284:Lyre 279:Koto 197:Tuba 117:Oboe 3032:", 2995:", 2938:", 2888:", 2605:'s 2010:by 1891:'s 1830:'s 1599:or 997:cor 932:to 924:, " 912:or 883:in 868:קרן 623:Lur 601:or 3855:: 3149:. 3054:^ 2971:. 2897:^ 2799:^ 2687:, 2628:. 2509:^ 2439:^ 2373:, 2341:^ 2199:. 2191:, 2117:. 2101:, 2097:, 2038:. 1954:c. 1836:c. 1775:, 1746:A 1626:A 1591:, 1405:, 1325:. 1294:, 1290:, 1286:, 1282:, 1278:, 1274:, 1270:, 1266:, 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