635:
124:
674:
660:
607:
108:
101:
162:
5764:
5774:
733:
621:
1134:
1455:, declared himself ruler and quickly consolidated an independent local power base. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805 the Porte officially recognised Muhammad Ali as Wāli of Egypt. Demonstrating his grander ambitions, Muhammad Ali Pasha claimed for himself the higher title of Khedive (Viceroy), ruling the self-proclaimed (but not recognised) Khedivate of Egypt. He murdered the remaining Mamluk
5784:
5794:
1691:, who early in August 1828 appeared before Alexandria and induced the pasha, by no means sorry to have a reasonable excuse, by a threat of bombardment, to sign a convention undertaking to recall Ibrahim and his army. But for the action of European powers, it is suspected by many that the Ottoman Empire might have defeated the Greeks.
1913:
to bolster the
Khedive amidst a turbulent climate, spreading fear of invasion throughout the country. By June Egypt was in the hands of nationalists opposed to European domination of the country. A British naval bombardment of Alexandria had little effect on the opposition which led to the landing of
1844:
to Isma'il, with
Massawa and Suakin at the Red Sea as the main cities of that province. This province, which neighboured Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian emperor. Here Ismail occupied regions originally claimed by
1682:
His naval superiority wrested from the Greeks the command of a great deal of the sea, on which the fate of the insurrection ultimately depended, while on land the Greek irregular bands, having largely soundly beaten the Porte's troops, had finally met a worthy foe in
Ibrahim's disciplined troops. The
1518:
Efforts were made to promote education and the study of medicine. To
European merchants, on whom he was dependent for the sale of his exports, Muhammad Ali showed much favor and under his influence, the port of Alexandria again rose into importance. It was also under Muhammad Ali's encouragement that
1918:
in August 1882. The
British succeeded in defeating the Egyptian Army at Tel El Kebir in September and took control of the country putting Tewfiq back in control. The purpose of the invasion had been to restore political stability to Egypt under a government of the Khedive and international controls
1475:
The pasha also attempted to reorganize his troops on
European lines, but this led to a formidable mutiny in Cairo. Muhammad Ali's life was endangered, and he sought refuge by night in the citadel, while the soldiery committed many acts of plunder. The revolt was reduced by gifts to the chiefs of the
1467:
During
Muhammad Ali's absence in Arabia his representative at Cairo had completed the confiscation, begun in 1808, of almost all the lands belonging to private individuals, who were forced to accept instead inadequate pensions. By this revolutionary method of land nationalization Muhammad Ali became
1648:
Mahmud also was already planning reforms borrowed from the West, and
Muhammad Ali, who had had plenty of opportunity of observing the superiority of European methods of warfare, was determined to anticipate the sultan in the creation of a fleet and an army on European lines, partly as a precaution,
1653:
in 1821, he had already expended much time and energy in organizing a fleet and in training, under the supervision of French instructors, native officers and artificers; though it was not till 1829 that the opening of a dockyard and arsenal at
Alexandria enabled him to build and equip his own
1483:
While
Ibrahim was engaged in the second Arabian campaign the pasha turned his attention to strengthening the Egyptian economy. He created state monopolies over the chief products of the country. He set up factories and began digging in 1819 a new canal to Alexandria called the
1782:
In the early 19th сentury the Egyptians tried multiple attempts to take full control of the Nile River and with that take control of the Horn of Africa which was a Key route to enter the Southern Arabian peninsula. After failing multiple times to take control of the
2159:, who supported the Central Powers and was in Vienna for a state visit, was deposed from the Khedivate throne in his absence by the enforcement of the British military authorities in Cairo and was banned from returning to Egypt. He was succeeded by his uncle
150:
1985:
gave Britain a faster route to India. This made Egypt increasingly reliant on Britain for both military and economic aid. Isma'il made no effort to reconcile with the European powers, who pressured the Ottoman sultan into removing him from power.
1967:, had become dependent on Britain and France for a healthy economy. Isma'il attempted to end this European dominance, while at the same time pursuing an aggressive domestic policy. Under Isma'il, 112 canals and 400 bridges were built in Egypt.
1386:
leaders who had held power in Egypt since the 13th century. Save for military expeditions to crush Mamluk uprisings seeking to reestablish the independent Egyptian sultanate, the Ottomans largely ignored Egyptian affairs until the
1759:, to demand his accession to the governorship. The Ottoman sultan acceded to the demands, and Muhammad Ali was removed from power. However, Ibrahim died of his disease months later, outlived by his father, who died in 1849.
1660:. The effectiveness of the new force was demonstrated in the suppression of an 1823 revolt of the Albanians in Cairo by six disciplined Sudanese regiments; after which Mehemet Ali was no more troubled with military mutinies.
2044:, with orders to evacuate its minority of European and Egyptian inhabitants. Instead of evacuating the city, Gordon prepared for a siege and held out from 1884 to 1885. However, Khartoum eventually fell, and he was killed.
699:
b. Area and density include inhabited areas only. The total area of Egypt, including deserts, is 994,000 km, however, the size of the Khedivate of Egypt consisted so many other territories, and was approximately 5,000,000
1564:
The forces destined for this service were led by Ismail, the youngest son of Muhammad Ali. They consisted of between 4000 and 5000 men, being Albanians, Turks and Egyptians. They left Cairo in July 1820. The
1394:
Between 1799 and 1801, the Porte, working at times with France's main enemy, Great Britain, undertook various campaigns to restore Ottoman rule in Egypt. By August 1801, the remaining French forces of General
149:
1998:, who, unlike his younger brothers, had not been educated in Europe. He pursued a policy of closer relations with Britain and France but his authority was undermined in a rebellion led by his war minister,
1736:
In 1840, the British bombarded Beirut and an Anglo-Ottoman force landed and seized Acre. The Egyptian army was forced to retreat back home, and Syria again became an Ottoman province. As a result of the
2017:. Urabi was tried for treason and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to exile. After the revolt, the Egyptian army was reorganized on a British model and commanded by British officers.
1905:
In 1882 opposition to European control led to growing tension amongst native notables, the most dangerous opposition coming from the army. A large military demonstration in September 1881 forced the
1459:
in 1811, solidifying his control of Egypt. He is regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms he instituted in the military, agricultural, economic and cultural spheres.
3335:
151:
1879:. Ismail's son Hassan was captured by the Ethiopians and only released after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only finishing in 1884 with the Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian
1654:
vessels. By 1823, moreover, he had succeeded in carrying out the reorganization of his army on European lines, the turbulent Turkish and Albanian elements being replaced by Sudanese and
1402:
The period between 1801 and 1805 was, effectively, a three-way civil war in Egypt between the Egyptian Mamluks, the Ottoman Turks, and Albanian troops the Ottoman Porte dispatched from
2876:
1671:, which he had occupied with a small Egyptian force. In the autumn of 1824, a fleet of 60 Egyptian warships carrying a large force of 17,000 disciplined troops concentrated in
5613:
4646:
1637:, whose whole policy had been directed to curbing the power of too-ambitious vassals, and who was under the influence of the personal enemies of the pasha of Egypt, notably
5890:
3328:
1774:
replaced Turkish with Arabic as the administrative and elite language, further reducing Turkish influence in Egypt and enhancing Egypt’s modernization and independence.
4641:
4636:
2136:
Abbas II became very hostile to the British as his reign drew on, and, by 1911, was considered by Lord Kitchener to be a "wicked little Khedive" worthy of deposition.
1561:. He also saw in the campaign a means of getting rid of his disaffected troops, and of obtaining a sufficient number of captives to form the nucleus of the new army.
3243:
Tassin, Kristin Shawn. "Egyptian nationalism, 1882–1919: elite competition, transnational networks, empire, and independence" (PhD Dissertation, U of Texas, 2014.)
3321:
265:
5855:
2762:"Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff"
1663:
His foresight was rewarded by the invitation of the sultan to help him in the task of subduing the Greek insurgents, offering as reward the pashaliks of the
1970:
Because of his efforts to gain economic independence from the European powers, Isma'il became unpopular with many British and French diplomats, including
5925:
5920:
5850:
2812:
Article 17 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) regarding the new status of Egypt and Sudan, starting from 5 November 1914, when the Khedivate was abolished.
5811:
2465:
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (2012). "Turks in the Egyptian Administration and the Turkish Language as a Language of Administration". In Humphrey Davies (ed.).
1929:. The document was limited in scope and was effectively more of an organic law of the Consultative Council to the khedive than an actual constitution.
1633:
Muhammad Ali understood that the empire he had so laboriously built up might at any time have to be defended by force of arms against his master Sultan
2203:
Machines were imported into Egypt and by the abolition of the khedivate in 1914, the textile industry had become the most prominent one in the nation.
5168:
4032:
2445:
1836:. This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Ismail to expansive policies directed against the Ethiopian Empire under
1218:
177:
5930:
1532:
319:
4415:
3393:
1048:
2239:
This amounted to 58,000 troops in the regular army; there were also 5,000 military and municipal police and various other irregular formations.
3344:
3036:
1741:, Muhammad Ali gave up all conquered lands with the exception of the Sudan and was, in turn, granted the hereditary governorship of the Sudan.
1687:
and the liberation of Greece is told elsewhere; the withdrawal of the Egyptians from the Morea was ultimately due to the action of Admiral Sir
1603:. The defterdar, a man infamous for his cruelty, assumed the command of those provinces and exacted terrible retribution from the inhabitants.
5875:
5037:
5935:
5895:
4104:
2429:
3244:
1766:, who undid many of Muhammad Ali's accomplishments. Abbas was assassinated by two of his slaves in 1854, and Muhammad Ali's fourth son,
1329:
2880:
1595:
with like result, but not without a hard-fought engagement. In October 1822, Ismaʿil, with his retinue, was burnt to death by Nimr, the
4663:
4631:
3105:
EzzelArab, AbdelAziz. "The experiment of Sharif Pasha's cabinet (1879): An inquiry into the historiography of Egypt's elite movement."
1883:, when Bogos was given back to Ethiopia. The Red Sea Province created by Ismail and his governor Munzinger Pasha was taken over by the
1814:, until their withdrawal in April 1884 and failed attempts to establish themselves beyond Berbera and the eastern littoral of Somalia.
1512:
1493:
1444:(soldiers) without pay. This led to rioting that drove Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha from Cairo. During the ensuing turmoil, the Porte sent
1162:
5915:
5492:
5020:
4502:
5504:
4895:
2286:
2259:
1730:
1718:
1704:
1700:
123:
5870:
4939:
4673:
2902:
5910:
5880:
4216:
2928:
1717:, or hereditary viceroy, early on during his rule. The Ottoman government, although irritated, did nothing until Muhammad Ali
3217:
1515:
and the organization of the new industry from which in a few years Muhammad Ali was enabled to extract considerable revenues.
5885:
5741:
3074:
Cain, Peter J. "Character,'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914."
3012:
2551:
2509:
1496:, struck a death blow to the system of monopolies, though the application of the treaty to Egypt was delayed for some years.
365:
4099:
2731:
5565:
5219:
5163:
5119:
4932:
4606:
4596:
4556:
2276:
248:
5413:
3202:
Pinfari, Marco. "The Unmaking of a Patriot: Anti-Arab Prejudice in the British Attitude towards the Urabi Revolt (1882)."
2582:
Tanada, Hirofumi (March 1998). "Demographic Change in Rural Egypt, 1882–1917: Population of Mudiriya, Markaz and Madina".
1488:
after the sultan. The old canal had long fallen into decay and the necessity of a safe channel between Alexandria and the
5224:
4964:
4850:
818:
2504:. Georgetown Classics in Arabic Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
1476:
insurgents, and Muhammad Ali ordered compensation from the treasury for those who had suffered in the disturbances. The
5677:
5608:
5487:
5109:
4986:
4653:
4534:
4461:
4449:
4410:
4093:
1900:
1388:
1234:
1085:
1038:
838:
798:
5212:
4741:
2797:
2482:
2291:
1971:
341:
161:
5345:
5008:
4731:
2076:
5704:
5672:
5425:
5151:
4561:
4281:
1452:
1353:
751:
492:
5865:
5860:
5273:
5067:
5030:
1922:
1155:
5560:
5355:
4761:
4286:
4269:
2625:
2281:
1926:
778:
5472:
3164:
Hunter, F. Robert. "State‐society relations in nineteenth‐century Egypt: the years of transition, 1848–79."
1810:. In 1874, Ismail Pasha ordered the deputation of warships to patrol Tadjoura whereafter for ten years, the
1770:, succeeded him. Sa'id brought back many of his father's policies but otherwise had an unremarkable reign.
1729:, but the title was not granted to him after the war. This caused the Ottomans, allied with the British, to
1607:
was founded at this time, and in the following years, Egyptian rule was greatly extended and control of the
1335:
in 1882. In 1914, the Ottoman Empire connection was ended and Britain established a protectorate called the
5536:
5340:
5308:
5124:
4756:
4626:
4549:
1306:
848:
2013:
was formed in England. The British army landed in Egypt soon afterwards and defeated Urabi's army in the
100:
5787:
5699:
5541:
5283:
5173:
4996:
4791:
4658:
4601:
4497:
4372:
3948:
3053:
Berridge, W. J. "Imperialist and Nationalist Voices in the Struggle for Egyptian independence, 1919–22."
1811:
1738:
1710:
1649:
partly as an instrument for the realization of yet wider schemes of ambition. Before the outbreak of the
1418:
1115:
1875:
In March 1876, Ismail's army tried again and suffered a second dramatic defeat by Yohannes' army in the
1638:
1414:
5694:
5499:
5396:
5379:
5362:
5303:
5129:
5084:
5015:
4954:
4927:
4571:
4430:
4209:
3960:
3803:
3083:
Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: The Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's 'Urabi Revolt
1823:
1499:
Another notable fact in the economic progress of the country was the development of the cultivation of
3067:
Cain, Peter J. "Character and imperialism: the British financial administration of Egypt, 1878–1914."
5660:
5603:
5570:
5335:
5245:
5207:
5202:
5190:
5089:
4781:
4751:
4736:
4488:
3829:
3522:
3153:
Hopkins, Anthony G. "The Victorians and Africa: a reconsideration of the occupation of Egypt, 1882."
2253:
1726:
1650:
1628:
1148:
712:
17:
1396:
5900:
5736:
5716:
5524:
5350:
5146:
5134:
4971:
4949:
4616:
4566:
4507:
4466:
4342:
4337:
4303:
4264:
4124:
3466:
3090:
The Cambridge History of Egypt Volume 2 Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century
2125:
2048:
2009:
British naval forces shelled and captured Alexandria, and an expeditionary force under General Sir
1584:
1302:
1203:
1198:
921:
769:
71:
2147:
against Britain and France. Britain now removed the nominal role of Constantinople, proclaimed a
5645:
5268:
5003:
4855:
4828:
4813:
4808:
4544:
4444:
3844:
3313:
2955:
2709:
2265:
2184:. Because of the gradual European domination of the Egyptian economy, the khedivate adopted the
2072:
1837:
1076:
808:
376:
258:
5905:
5797:
5726:
5655:
5477:
5445:
5139:
5077:
5072:
4786:
4251:
4119:
3887:
3813:
3112:
Fahmy, Ziad. "Media Capitalism: Colloquial Mass Culture and Nationalism in Egypt, 1908–1918",
2543:
The Economic Development of the Middle East: An Outline of Planned Reconstruction after the War
2385:
2345:
2160:
2121:
2014:
1947:
1756:
1581:
were defeated; the remnant of the Mamluks dispersed; and Sennar was reduced without a battle.
5731:
5623:
5593:
5482:
5462:
5408:
5320:
4959:
4917:
4912:
4890:
4698:
4688:
4473:
4352:
4320:
4202:
4175:
4165:
4114:
3703:
3655:
2848:
2766:
2541:
2499:
2335:
2197:
2037:
2036:
and annihilated two British-led expeditions sent to quell it. The British soldier-adventurer
1445:
1407:
1860:) was annexed by the governor of the new "Province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Coast",
5598:
5548:
5418:
4522:
4512:
4134:
3771:
3517:
3405:
2474:
2051:
was delayed by several battles and was thus unable to reach Khartoum and save Gordon. The
1750:
1538:
1508:
1226:
828:
788:
414:
8:
5709:
5689:
5509:
5457:
5452:
5391:
5293:
4976:
4907:
4902:
4621:
4325:
2229:
24 field artillery batteries (organised into 2 regiments) with 144 guns primarily of the
2106:
1492:
was much felt. The conclusion in 1838 of a commercial treaty with Turkey, negotiated by
1018:
626:
429:
2826:
2687:
2665:
5519:
5430:
5330:
5197:
5025:
4991:
4944:
4922:
4818:
4720:
4591:
4478:
4129:
4083:
4078:
3876:
3819:
3547:
3301:
3183:
3030:
2975:
2322:
2148:
2114:
1940:
1909:
to dismiss his Prime Minister. In April 1882 France and Great Britain sent warships to
1684:
1591:, with another force of about the same strength, was then sent by Muhammad Ali against
1336:
1332:
1095:
930:
653:
479:
3592:
2906:
2811:
5773:
5667:
5467:
5374:
5325:
5278:
5263:
5178:
5094:
4981:
4879:
4860:
4693:
4367:
4362:
4293:
4276:
4259:
4088:
4051:
3854:
3834:
3451:
3018:
3008:
2979:
2956:"Character and imperialism: The british financial administration of Egypt, 1878–1914"
2793:
2643:
2557:
2547:
2515:
2505:
2478:
2379:
2357:
2156:
2086:
2082:
2052:
1936:
1767:
1688:
1545:. Ali's intentions for Sudan were to extend his rule southward, capture the valuable
980:
970:
950:
940:
883:
742:
308:
222:
5529:
3173:
Egypt Under the Khedives: 1805–1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy
3146:
Hicks, Geoffrey. "Disraeli, Derby and the Suez Canal, 1875: some myths reassessed."
2932:
1541:. He first sent an expedition westward in February, which conquered and annexed the
1468:
proprietor of nearly all the soil of Egypt, an iniquitous measure against which the
1440:
Amid these disturbances, Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian
5628:
5585:
5555:
5403:
5185:
5114:
5056:
4771:
4766:
4746:
4668:
4483:
4384:
4315:
4298:
4239:
4160:
4068:
3917:
3912:
3724:
3643:
3496:
3486:
3481:
2967:
2587:
2470:
2363:
2351:
2110:
1884:
1869:
1861:
1803:
1799:
1763:
1667:
and of Syria. Muhammad Ali had already, in 1821, been appointed by him governor of
1485:
1421:(governor) of Egypt, tasking him to kill or imprison the surviving Egyptian Mamluk
1359:
1322:
1105:
1000:
721:
284:
234:
5440:
5618:
5435:
5386:
5288:
5104:
4840:
4823:
4454:
4379:
4170:
4063:
4056:
3999:
3922:
3824:
3638:
3612:
3587:
3582:
3456:
3436:
3410:
3383:
2739:
2389:
2230:
2215:
58 infantry battalions (organised into 18 regiments and 4 independent battalions)
2010:
1888:
1868:, which were then tributary to the Ethiopian Emperor, and suffered defeat at the
1802:, another grandson of Muhammad Ali, became wali. In 1866 the polity occupied the
1755:
By 1848, Muhammad Ali was old and senile enough for his tuberculosis-ridden son,
1180:
990:
230:
218:
214:
178:
autonomous vassal of the Ottoman Empire, de facto independent and sovereign state
142:
47:
3290:
3271:
Walker, Dennis. "Mustafa Kamil's Party: Islam, Pan-Islamism, and Nationalism",
3207:
1675:, and, in the following March, with Ibrahin as commander-in-chief landed in the
5767:
5721:
5575:
5514:
5298:
5099:
4611:
4539:
4398:
4332:
3943:
3938:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3882:
3808:
3797:
3699:
3662:
3633:
3577:
3572:
3471:
3461:
3446:
2409:
2339:
2196:
Although the adoption of modern, Western industrial techniques was begun under
2181:
2144:
2098:
2021:
1876:
1864:
Pasha. In October 1875 Ismail's army tried to occupy the adjacent highlands of
1857:
1574:
1566:
1480:(New System) project was, in consequence of this mutiny, abandoned for a time.
1383:
1363:
1222:
903:
873:
640:
578:
226:
187:
3542:
2971:
1845:
the Ottomans when they had established the Habesh Eyalet in the 16th century.
1588:
5844:
5826:
5813:
5650:
5638:
5633:
5313:
4403:
4009:
4004:
3983:
3978:
3955:
3892:
3849:
3839:
3792:
3787:
3628:
3607:
3552:
3537:
3527:
3501:
3441:
3400:
3388:
3022:
2185:
2056:
1975:
1880:
1841:
1546:
1477:
1371:
1367:
1028:
667:
113:
3752:
3567:
3491:
3093:
2586:. No. D97–22. Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
2561:
2519:
1374:(government) was content to permit local rule to remain in the hands of the
107:
5777:
5367:
4776:
4435:
4150:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3683:
3678:
3650:
3602:
3597:
3562:
3532:
3431:
3426:
3128:
Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999).
2827:"Egypt – From Autonomy To Occupation: Ismail, Tawfiq, And The Urabi Revolt"
2732:"FRENCH SOMALI COAST 1708 – 1946 FRENCH SOMALI COAST | Awdalpress.com"
2404:
2373:
2303:
1995:
1906:
1791:
however these attempted invasions were repelled by the emperor at the time
1771:
1642:
1441:
1426:
1314:
1138:
612:
466:
296:
191:
1425:. Many of these were freed by or fled with the British, while others held
4796:
4527:
4517:
4310:
3860:
3557:
3476:
2546:. The International Library of Sociology. London: Routledge. p. 24.
2417:
2400:
2394:
2315:
2309:
2271:
2140:
2090:
2029:
1999:
1964:
1849:
1848:
New economically promising projects, like huge cotton plantations in the
1792:
1434:
1430:
1379:
1246:
1211:
893:
398:
353:
244:
79:
3231:
Egypt for the Egyptians!: the Socio-Political Crisis in Egypt, 1878–1882
2200:
in the early 19th century, the policy was continued under the khedives.
4845:
4803:
2592:
2297:
2003:
1982:
1915:
1910:
1832:
including its diverse sources, and over the whole African coast of the
1542:
1504:
452:
3158:
1806:. In 1867, the Ottoman sultan acknowledged Isma'il's use of the title
5684:
5156:
4109:
2180:
During the khedivate, the standard form of Egyptian currency was the
2060:
2020:
Meanwhile, a religious rebellion had broken out in the Sudan, led by
1788:
1722:
1721:. The governorship of Syria had been promised to him by the sultan,
1634:
1554:
1469:
1274:
732:
2113:. The campaign was concluded with the Anglo-Egyptian victory in the
1963:
By Isma'il's reign, the Egyptian government, headed by the minister
1925:
of 1882, a constitution, followed an abortive attempt to promulgate
4357:
4073:
2761:
2041:
2033:
1932:
British occupation ended nominally with the deposition of the last
1865:
1672:
1604:
1592:
1262:
1254:
1230:
960:
3343:
2059:, ruled over first by the Mahdi and then by his successor Khalifa
2006:
to seize control of the government and temporarily depose Tewfik.
3748:
2607:
2440:
2367:
2242:
2152:
2040:, an ex-governor of the Sudan, was sent to the Sudanese capital,
1919:
which were in place to streamline Egyptian financing since 1876.
1833:
1807:
1714:
1616:
1608:
1578:
1550:
1403:
1266:
1258:
1250:
63:
1507:
in 1822 and onwards. The cotton grown had been brought from the
4389:
4347:
4194:
3364:
2164:
2102:
2085:, a massive Anglo-Egyptian force, under the command of General
1656:
1612:
1600:
1558:
1500:
1375:
1310:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1537:
In 1820, Muhammad Ali gave orders to commence the conquest of
4420:
4225:
2413:
2094:
2025:
1853:
1784:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1570:
1520:
1318:
1294:
1278:
1242:
1238:
204:
1887:
shortly thereafter and became the territorial basis for the
4833:
3746:
3252:
Modernization and British colonial rule in Egypt, 1882–1914
2849:"BBC – History – British History in depth: The Suez Crisis"
1829:
1645:, who had never forgiven his humiliation in Egypt in 1803.
1596:
1489:
1298:
3175:(2nd ed. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1999.)
3141:
Gladstone's Imperialism in Egypt: Techniques of Domination
2877:"Heritage History – Putting the "Story" back into History"
1709:
Although Muhammad Ali had only been granted the title of
1456:
1422:
2191:
3236:
Shock, Maurice. "Gladstone's Invasion of Egypt, 1882"
3197:
Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul
2879:. Heritage-history.com. 10 January 1904. Archived from
1953:
1828:
Ismail dreamt of expanding his realm across the entire
1413:
Following the defeat of the French, the Porte assigned
1406:(the Empire's European province), under the command of
694:
a. English became the sole official language in 1898.
3224:
Egypt and Cromer; a Study in Anglo-Egyptian Relations
2128:, and Anglo-Egyptian rule was restored to the Sudan.
2002:, in 1882. Urabi took advantage of violent riots in
3308:
The Last Khedive of Egypt: Memoirs of Abbas Hilmi II
3214:
Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism
3119:
Goldberg, Ellis. "Peasants in Revolt – Egypt 1919",
2871:
2869:
2464:
2397:: Egyptian politician; often prime minister of Egypt
55:
5891:
Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa
2501:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
2321:Abolishment of the khedivate; establishment of the
2688:"Egypt – Abbas Hilmi I, 1848–54 and Said, 1854–63"
1914:a British expeditionary force at both ends of the
1233:'s forces which brought an end to the short-lived
2866:
2446:Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
2223:24 Cavalry squadrons (organised into 4 regiments)
5842:
3062:Egypt from Independence to Revolution, 1919–1952
2821:
2819:
2403:: Egyptian soldier, war minister; leader of the
1812:Khedivate was established from Zaylac to Berbera
1798:Sa'id ruled for only nine years, and his nephew
2235:3 regiments of Fortress artillery with 276 guns
2105:. The Mahdists were defeated in the battles of
1989:
3345:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire
3275:Vol. 11 (1980), 230–9 and Vol. 12 (1981), 1–43
2243:Notable events and people during khedival rule
1939:on 5 November 1914 and the establishment of a
1526:
5856:States and territories disestablished in 1914
4210:
3329:
3121:International Journal of Middle East Studies,
2905:. Onwar.com. 16 December 2000. Archived from
2816:
2790:Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy.
1519:the overland transit of goods from Europe to
1156:
527:5,000,000 km (1,900,000 sq mi)
3356:
3180:European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890
3114:International Journal of Middle East Studies
3107:International Journal of Middle East Studies
3076:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
3069:Journal of imperial and Commonwealth history
3055:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
2960:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
2658:
2467:The Turks in Egypt and their Cultural Legacy
2430:List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty
2382:: Third and last khedive; Tewfik's successor
2348:: Muhammad Ali's son and successor (in 1848)
1744:
1533:Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)
1188:
166:Egypt and its expansion in the 19th century.
39:
2081:In 1896, during the reign of Tewfik's son,
1978:, who claimed that he was "ruining Egypt."
1840:. In 1865, the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded
5926:1880s establishments in the British Empire
5921:1860s establishments in the Ottoman Empire
5851:States and territories established in 1867
4217:
4203:
4031:
3336:
3322:
3035:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2792:Cambridge University Press, 2017. p. 293.
2636:
2124:was hunted down and killed in 1899 in the
2066:
2032:rebels had seized the regional capital of
1777:
1163:
1149:
160:
2807:
2805:
2608:"حدود مصر في عهد الخديوي إسماعيل – خرائط"
2591:
2211:In 1877 the Egyptian military contained:
2143:broke out, the Ottoman Empire joined the
1694:
1683:history of the events that led up to the
1241:had also expanded to control present-day
27:1867–1914 monarchy in Northeastern Africa
2073:Mahdist State § Reconquest of Sudan
1994:Isma'il was succeeded by his eldest son
5931:20th-century disestablishments in Egypt
3002:
2131:
1347:
14:
5843:
3266:The First World War in the Middle East
3212:Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher.
2802:
2581:
1229:following the defeat and expulsion of
1197:
5243:
5054:
4877:
4718:
4237:
4198:
4030:
3745:
3355:
3317:
2998:
2996:
2539:
2497:
2376:: Second khedive; Isma'il's successor
2220:10 independent Nubian Rifle companies
2192:Adoption of European-style industries
1958:
1894:
1410:, to restore the Empire's authority.
1366:in 1517, the country was governed as
5876:Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
5793:
2953:
2903:"Britain Sudan Reconquest 1896–1899"
2475:10.5743/cairo/9789774163975.003.0005
1954:Sanctioned khedival rule (1867–1914)
1817:
1762:Ibrahim was succeeded by his nephew
1453:Muhammad Ali seized control of Egypt
1207:
695:
690:
64:
5936:Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire
5783:
3159:https://www.jstor.org/stable/181140
2754:
2469:. Oxford Academic. pp. 81–98.
2423:
2055:resulted in the proclamation of an
1719:invaded Ottoman-ruled Syria in 1831
1577:immediately beyond the province of
1189:
1184:
40:
24:
3310:(Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 1998).
3279:
3047:
2993:
1901:History of Egypt under the British
1389:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
25:
5947:
5164:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
3259:Women in nineteenth-century Egypt
3005:Russo-Turkish Naval War 1877-1878
1622:
5916:1914 disestablishments in Africa
5792:
5782:
5772:
5763:
5762:
5021:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
4224:
2626:"خرائط نادرة لحدود مصر الخديوية"
2287:Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)
2093:not long after the death of the
2077:Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
1725:, for his assistance during the
1705:Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
1701:Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)
1235:French occupation of Lower Egypt
1132:
731:
672:
658:
633:
619:
605:
147:
122:
106:
99:
5896:History of Egypt (1900–present)
5505:Identification card controversy
3092:(1998) pp 217–84 on 1879–1923.
2947:
2921:
2895:
2841:
2788:Aslı Ü. Bâli and Hanna Lerner.
2782:
2724:
2702:
2666:"Egypt – Muhammad Ali, 1805–48"
1981:In 1869, the completion of the
1573:submitted without a fight; the
1378:, the Egyptian military led by
1225:, established and ruled by the
1185:الْخُدَيْوِيَّةُ الْمِصْرِيَّةُ
478:• British invasion in the
41:الْخُدَيْوِيَّةُ الْمِصْرِيَّةُ
5871:British colonisation in Africa
4411:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
4094:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3134:Historical Dictionary of Egypt
3132:Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur. ed.
3126:Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur, ed.
2680:
2618:
2600:
2575:
2533:
2491:
2458:
1923:Egyptian Fundamental Ordinance
1557:which he believed to exist in
1195:Egyptian Arabic pronunciation:
13:
1:
5911:1867 establishments in Africa
5881:Former countries in West Asia
4719:
3357:
3233:(London: Ithaca Press, 1981.)
2451:
2292:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2024:, who proclaimed himself the
5886:Former British protectorates
5038:Twin towns and sister cities
4878:
4550:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
4105:Principality of Transylvania
3264:Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates.
1990:Tewfik and the loss of Sudan
1354:Muhammad Ali's rise to power
1307:Democratic Republic of Congo
1293:, in addition to parts from
1212:
80:
7:
5566:Vehicle registration plates
5244:
5220:Water supply and sanitation
5055:
4238:
3240:(June 1957) 7#6 pp 351–357.
3222:Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi.
2954:Cain, P. J. (6 July 2010).
2434:
2370:of Egypt; Sa'id's successor
2206:
2175:
1943:, with the installation of
1739:Convention of London (1840)
1527:Invasion of Libya and Sudan
56:
10:
5952:
5225:Water resources management
3182:(2nd ed. 1956) pp 251–80.
3155:Journal of African History
2427:
2260:Egyptian invasion of Syria
2170:
2070:
1898:
1821:
1748:
1698:
1626:
1530:
1462:
1351:
1342:
1313:, as well as northwestern
1199:[xedeˈwejjetmɑsˤɾ]
5758:
5584:
5256:
5252:
5239:
5120:Impact on the environment
5110:Entrepreneurship policies
5063:
5050:
4886:
4873:
4727:
4714:
4682:
4584:
4250:
4246:
4233:
4143:
4110:Principality of Wallachia
4044:
4040:
4026:
3992:
3971:
3931:
3869:
3780:
3764:
3760:
3741:
3692:
3671:
3621:
3510:
3419:
3376:
3372:
3351:
3247:; bibliography pp 269–92.
2972:10.1080/03086530600633405
2710:"Khedive of Egypt Ismail"
2416:; leader of the Sudanese
2329:
2254:Greek War of Independence
2247:
1852:, were started. In 1872,
1745:Muhammad Ali's successors
1727:Greek War of Independence
1651:War of Greek Independence
1629:Greek War of Independence
1358:Upon the conquest of the
894:Roman and Byzantine Egypt
688:
584:
574:
570:
560:
550:
540:
536:
531:
521:
516:
512:
502:
489:
476:
463:
449:
439:
435:
425:
421:
404:
389:
385:
375:
371:
359:
347:
335:
331:
318:
314:
302:
290:
278:
274:
264:
254:
240:
210:
200:
190:military occupation from
171:
159:
136:
95:
90:
34:
4891:Administrative divisions
4567:2011 Egyptian revolution
4508:1952 Egyptian revolution
4304:Lighthouse of Alexandria
4125:Principality of Bulgaria
4074:Principality of Moldavia
3273:Islam in the Modern Age,
3157:27.2 (1986): 363–391. [
3136:(Scarecrow Press, 1994).
2163:, who took the title of
2126:Battle of Umm Diwaykarat
2049:Gordon Relief Expedition
1713:, he proclaimed himself
1639:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
1415:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
1333:invaded and took control
1303:Central African Republic
5095:Egyptian stock exchange
4115:Principality of Romania
3150:97.326 (2012): 182–203.
3123:Vol. 24 (1992), 261–80.
3003:Olender, Piotr (2017).
2540:Bonné, Alfred (2003) .
2388:: Isma'il's son; first
2266:Oriental Crisis of 1840
2117:, the Mahdist capital.
2067:Reconquest of the Sudan
1778:Invasion of East Africa
1523:via Egypt was resumed.
1289:, southern and central
839:3rd Intermediate Period
819:2nd Intermediate Period
799:1st Intermediate Period
259:Constitutional monarchy
5426:International rankings
4431:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
4120:Principality of Serbia
3204:Arab Studies Quarterly
3166:Middle Eastern Studies
2277:2nd Franco-Mexican War
2122:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
2015:Battle of Tel el-Kebir
1927:a constitution in 1879
1891:(proclaimed in 1890).
1824:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
1731:counter-attack in 1839
1695:Wars against the Turks
1575:Shaigiya Confederation
1553:, and secure the rich
1397:Jacques-François Menou
504:• Disestablished
5866:20th century in Egypt
5861:19th century in Egypt
5031:Terrorism and tourism
4489:1948 Arab–Israeli War
4321:Library of Alexandria
4176:Principality of Samos
3261:(Cambridge UP, 1985).
3254:(Princeton UP, 2015).
3206:34.2 (2012): 92–108.
3168:36.3 (2000): 145–159.
3109:36.4 (2004): 561–589.
3100:Khedive Ismail's Army
3085:(Princeton UP, 1993.)
3078:40.4 (2012): 557–578.
3071:34.2 (2006): 177–200.
3057:42.3 (2014): 420–439.
2767:World Digital Library
2498:Holes, Clive (2004).
2354:: Ibrahim's successor
2167:on 19 December 1914.
2091:conquest of the Sudan
2038:Charles George Gordon
1950:on 19 December 1914.
1399:withdrew from Egypt.
779:Early Dynastic Period
485:July – September 1882
211:Common languages
5742:World Heritage Sites
5561:Units of measurement
5016:Proposed new capital
4762:Environmental issues
4523:United Arab Republic
4416:Muhammad Ali dynasty
4135:Septinsular Republic
3394:Muhammad Ali dynasty
3229:Scholch, Alexander.
3178:Langer, William, L.
3139:Harrison, Robert T.
3116:42#1 (2010), 83–103.
3064:(Syracuse UP, 1991).
3007:. . pp. 42–43.
2155:on 5 November 1914.
2132:End of the Khedivate
1941:British protectorate
1751:Muhammad Ali dynasty
1539:Ottoman Tripolitania
1509:Turco-Egyptian Sudan
1348:Rise of Muhammad Ali
1227:Muhammad Ali Dynasty
1217:) was an autonomous
1190:خُدَيْوِيَّةُ مِصْرَ
1049:Muhammad Ali dynasty
415:Hussein Roshdy Pasha
5823: /
5414:Freedom of religion
5309:Mass sexual assault
4674:Timekeeping devices
4572:2013 Rabaa massacre
4545:Egyptian–Libyan War
3171:Hunter. F. Robert.
2614:. 21 December 2016.
2338:: First hereditary
1368:an Ottoman province
1237:. The Khedivate of
884:Ptolemaic dynasties
627:Sultanate of Darfur
441:• Established
430:Scramble for Africa
249:Coptic Christianity
5604:Art (contemporary)
5284:Capital punishment
5174:Telecommunications
4851:Towns and villages
4819:Qattara Depression
4632:Muslim Brotherhood
4602:Cigarette industry
4462:British occupation
4373:Crusader invasions
4343:Rashidun Caliphate
4156:Khedivate of Egypt
4130:Kingdom of Imereti
4084:Republic of Ragusa
4079:Sharifate of Mecca
3306:Amira Sonbol, ed.
3257:Tucker, Judith E.
3250:Tignor, Robert L.
3216:(1961) pp 76–159.
3199:(Oxford UP, 2004.)
2909:on 11 January 2011
2829:. Country-data.com
2736:www.awdalpress.com
2712:. Encyclopedia.com
2690:. Country-data.com
2668:. Country-data.com
2412:: Self-proclaimed
2360:: Abbas' successor
2323:Sultanate of Egypt
2316:Second Mahdist War
2296:Completion of the
2226:1 Sapper battalion
2151:and abolished the
2149:Sultanate of Egypt
2115:Battle of Omdurman
1959:European influence
1895:British occupation
1856:(with the city of
1685:battle of Navarino
1446:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1408:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1337:Sultanate of Egypt
1231:Napoleon Bonaparte
1177:Khedivate of Egypt
1096:Sultanate of Egypt
1086:British occupation
1059:Khedivate of Egypt
931:Rashidun caliphate
752:Predynastic Period
654:Sultanate of Egypt
480:Anglo-Egyptian War
36:Khedivate of Egypt
5827:30.050°N 31.217°E
5806:
5805:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5678:Football stadiums
5609:Botanical gardens
5488:Catholic dioceses
5380:Gender inequality
5304:Human trafficking
5235:
5234:
5169:Tallest buildings
5130:Military industry
5046:
5045:
4987:Political parties
4940:Islamic extremism
4928:Foreign relations
4869:
4868:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4450:French occupation
4368:Fatimid Caliphate
4363:Ikhshidid dynasty
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4089:Serbian Despotate
4052:Cossack Hetmanate
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3285:Cromer, Earl of.
3014:978-83-65281-66-1
2553:978-0-415-17525-8
2511:978-1-58901-022-2
2418:Mahdist rebellion
2380:Abbas II of Egypt
2342:governor of Egypt
2310:First Mahdist War
2087:Herbert Kitchener
1889:Colony of Eritrea
1818:War with Ethiopia
1689:Edward Codrington
1213:Hıdiviyet-i Mısır
1173:
1172:
1124:
1123:
1077:Late Modern Egypt
1067:
1066:
1039:French occupation
1009:
1008:
971:Ikhshidid dynasty
941:Umayyad caliphate
912:
911:
866:Greco-Roman Egypt
857:
856:
760:
759:
743:Prehistoric Egypt
705:
704:
684:
683:
680:
679:
646:
645:
409:
394:
391:• 1878–1879
366:Herbert Kitchener
361:• 1911–1914
349:• 1907–1911
337:• 1883–1907
304:• 1892–1914
292:• 1879–1892
280:• 1867–1879
152:
140: (1871–1914)
81:Hıdiviyet-i Mısır
16:(Redirected from
5943:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5796:
5795:
5786:
5785:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5571:Waste management
5336:Academic grading
5254:
5253:
5241:
5240:
5213:Railway stations
5191:Cultural tourism
5090:Economic regions
5052:
5051:
4875:
4874:
4716:
4715:
4385:Mamluk Sultanate
4316:Diocese of Egypt
4299:Battle of Actium
4248:
4247:
4235:
4234:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4161:Kurdish emirates
4069:Khanate of Kazan
4042:
4041:
4028:
4027:
3762:
3761:
3743:
3742:
3374:
3373:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3300:(London, 1892).
3298:England in Egypt
3296:Milner, Alfred.
3226:(Praeger, 1969).
3192:(Praeger, 1970.)
3081:Cole, Juan R.I.
3041:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:. Archived from
2929:"Egyptian Pound"
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2814:
2809:
2800:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2738:. Archived from
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2646:. Infoplease.com
2640:
2634:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2584:Discussion Paper
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2462:
2424:List of Khedives
2053:fall of Khartoum
1885:Kingdom of Italy
1870:Battle of Gundet
1862:Werner Munzinger
1804:Emirate of Harar
1360:Mamluk Sultanate
1323:Kingdom of Hejaz
1215:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1139:Egypt portal
1137:
1136:
1135:
1106:Kingdom of Egypt
1082:
1081:
1025:
1024:
927:
926:
870:
869:
775:
774:
748:
747:
735:
725:
707:
706:
698:
693:
676:
675:
662:
661:
650:
649:
637:
636:
623:
622:
609:
608:
602:
601:
586:
585:
508:19 December 1914
493:Sudan Convention
459:17 November 1869
417:
407:
392:
323:
164:
154:
153:
126:
116:Flag (1881–1914)
114:Flag (1867–1881)
110:
103:
85:
84:
83:
75:
67:
66:
61:
60:
59:
57:Khidywyt-al Misr
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
21:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5901:New Imperialism
5841:
5840:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5802:
5746:
5737:Public holidays
5727:National anthem
5580:
5493:Coptic Churches
5436:Egyptian Arabic
5346:Medical schools
5248:
5231:
5147:Nuclear program
5059:
5042:
4972:Nationality law
4965:Supreme Council
4950:Law enforcement
4882:
4865:
4841:Sinai Peninsula
4824:Red Sea Riviera
4723:
4702:
4678:
4580:
4467:1919 revolution
4455:Revolt of Cairo
4380:Ayyubid dynasty
4358:Tulunid dynasty
4242:
4229:
4223:
4193:
4180:
4171:Eastern Rumelia
4139:
4100:Duchy of Syrmia
4064:Crimean Khanate
4057:Ottoman Ukraine
4036:
4014:
3988:
3967:
3927:
3865:
3845:Mamuret-ul-Aziz
3776:
3756:
3729:
3688:
3667:
3617:
3506:
3415:
3368:
3360:
3347:
3342:
3282:
3280:Primary sources
3190:Cromer in Egypt
3188:Marlowe, John.
3060:Botman, Selma.
3050:
3048:Further reading
3045:
3044:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3001:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2935:on 4 March 2016
2927:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2883:on 11 July 2011
2875:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2644:"Private Tutor"
2642:
2641:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2390:Sultan of Egypt
2332:
2250:
2245:
2231:La Hitte system
2209:
2194:
2178:
2173:
2134:
2079:
2069:
2011:Garnet Wolseley
1992:
1961:
1956:
1903:
1897:
1826:
1820:
1780:
1753:
1747:
1707:
1699:Main articles:
1697:
1631:
1625:
1535:
1529:
1472:had no remedy.
1465:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1261:, northeastern
1257:, northwestern
1219:tributary state
1204:Ottoman Turkish
1194:
1169:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1022:
1011:
1010:
991:Ayyubid dynasty
981:Fatimid dynasty
961:Tulunid dynasty
951:Abbasid dynasty
924:
914:
913:
867:
859:
858:
772:
762:
761:
745:
723:
716:
701:
673:
659:
634:
620:
606:
563:
553:
543:
524:
505:
498:18 January 1899
495:
482:
469:
456:
442:
413:
410:
395:
362:
350:
338:
321:
305:
293:
281:
219:Ottoman Turkish
181:
167:
155:
148:
145:
143:Salam Affandina
141:
132:
131:
130:
127:
119:
118:
115:
111:
104:
86:
78:
77:
76:
72:Ottoman Turkish
69:
62:
54:
53:
52:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5832:30.050; 31.217
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5790:
5780:
5770:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5673:Football clubs
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5475:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:Animal welfare
5266:
5260:
5258:
5250:
5249:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5152:Power stations
5149:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5100:Egyptian pound
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5004:Prime Minister
5001:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4809:Northern coast
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Yom Kippur War
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Mamluk of Iraq
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4048:
4046:
4038:
4037:
4035:and autonomies
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:Constantinople
3885:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3814:Constantinople
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3753:mutasarrıfates
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3704:Mamluk of Iraq
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3294:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3268:(Hurst, 2014).
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3098:Dunn, John P.
3096:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3013:
2992:
2966:(2): 177–200.
2946:
2920:
2894:
2865:
2840:
2815:
2801:
2781:
2753:
2742:on 9 June 2013
2723:
2701:
2679:
2657:
2635:
2632:. 15 May 2017.
2617:
2599:
2574:
2552:
2532:
2510:
2490:
2483:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:Main article:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2410:Muhammad Ahmed
2407:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2190:
2182:Egyptian pound
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2145:Central Powers
2139:In 1914, when
2133:
2130:
2099:Muhammad Ahmad
2068:
2065:
2022:Muhammad Ahmed
1991:
1988:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1907:Khedive Tewfiq
1899:Main article:
1896:
1893:
1877:Battle of Gura
1819:
1816:
1779:
1776:
1749:Main article:
1746:
1743:
1696:
1693:
1627:Main article:
1624:
1623:Greek campaign
1621:
1567:Funj Sultanate
1549:bound for the
1531:Main article:
1528:
1525:
1464:
1461:
1364:Ottoman Empire
1352:Main article:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1330:United Kingdom
1223:Ottoman Empire
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:Mamluk dynasty
997:
996:
993:
987:
986:
983:
977:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
957:
956:
953:
947:
946:
943:
937:
936:
933:
925:
922:Medieval Egypt
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
909:
906:
904:Sasanian Egypt
900:
899:
896:
890:
889:
886:
880:
879:
876:
874:Argead dynasty
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
835:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
815:
814:
811:
809:Middle Kingdom
805:
804:
801:
795:
794:
791:
785:
784:
781:
773:
768:
767:
764:
763:
758:
757:
754:
746:
741:
740:
737:
736:
728:
727:
718:
717:
710:
703:
702:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
670:
664:
663:
656:
647:
644:
643:
641:Ottoman Empire
638:
630:
629:
624:
616:
615:
610:
598:
597:
592:
582:
581:
579:Egyptian pound
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
490:
487:
486:
483:
477:
474:
473:
470:
464:
461:
460:
457:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
426:Historical era
423:
422:
419:
418:
411:
405:
402:
401:
396:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
377:Prime Minister
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
360:
357:
356:
351:
348:
345:
344:
339:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:Consul-General
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
303:
300:
299:
294:
291:
288:
287:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
242:
238:
237:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
196:
195:
183:
182:
173:
169:
168:
165:
157:
156:
146:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
112:
105:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5948:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:Ottoman Egypt
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5839:
5836:
5799:
5791:
5789:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Art (ancient)
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:Blasphemy law
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5446:Sign Language
5444:
5442:
5441:Saʽidi Arabic
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5078:National Bank
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4404:Ottoman Egypt
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3949:Mount Lebanon
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:Mount Lebanon
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3289:(2 vol 1908)
3288:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:History Today
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3195:Owen, Roger.
3194:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2854:
2853:www.bbc.co.uk
2850:
2844:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2798:9781107070516
2795:
2791:
2785:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2711:
2705:
2689:
2683:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2484:9789774163975
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:Hussein Kamel
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Cretan Revolt
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2186:gold standard
2183:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:Hussein Kamel
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:Islamic state
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1976:Alfred Milner
1973:
1972:Evelyn Baring
1968:
1966:
1951:
1949:
1948:Hussein Kamel
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:Hewett Treaty
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1842:Habesh Eyalet
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:caravan trade
1544:
1540:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1478:Nizam-i Cedid
1473:
1471:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:bashi-bazouks
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Ottoman Porte
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1200:
1182:
1178:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1029:Ottoman Egypt
1027:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
992:
989:
988:
984:
982:
979:
978:
974:
972:
969:
968:
964:
962:
959:
958:
954:
952:
949:
948:
944:
942:
939:
938:
934:
932:
929:
928:
923:
918:
917:
907:
905:
902:
901:
897:
895:
892:
891:
887:
885:
882:
881:
877:
875:
872:
871:
863:
862:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
797:
796:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
780:
777:
776:
771:
770:Ancient Egypt
766:
765:
755:
753:
750:
749:
744:
739:
738:
734:
730:
729:
726:
720:
719:
714:
709:
708:
697:
692:
687:
671:
669:
668:Mahdist Sudan
666:
665:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
642:
639:
632:
631:
628:
625:
618:
617:
614:
611:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
559:
555:
549:
545:
539:
535:
530:
526:
520:
515:
511:
507:
501:
497:
494:
488:
484:
481:
475:
471:
468:
462:
458:
454:
448:
444:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
400:
397:
388:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:
358:
355:
352:
346:
343:
342:Evelyn Baring
340:
334:
330:
326:
324:
317:
313:
310:
307:
301:
298:
295:
289:
286:
285:Isma'il Pasha
283:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
193:
189:
185:
184:
179:
176:
175:
174:
170:
163:
158:
144:
139:
135:
125:
117:
109:
102:
94:
89:
82:
73:
58:
49:
33:
30:
19:
5808:
5624:Coat of arms
5594:Architecture
5483:Christianity
5463:Prostitution
5409:Human rights
5368:Abaza family
5356:Universities
5321:Demographics
5274:Billionaires
4918:Constitution
4913:Conscription
4896:Governorates
4777:Halfaya Pass
4647:1954–present
4607:Constitution
4562:2010s Crisis
4474:World War II
4436:Urabi revolt
4425:
4353:Islamization
4287:31st Dynasty
4282:27th Dynasty
4155:
4151:Cretan State
3830:Hüdavendigâr
3772:Tripolitania
3467:Hüdavendigâr
3406:Tripolitania
3307:
3297:
3287:Modern Egypt
3286:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3004:
2983:. Retrieved
2963:
2959:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2933:the original
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2907:the original
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:the original
2856:. Retrieved
2852:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2789:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2765:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2740:the original
2735:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2583:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2542:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2500:
2493:
2466:
2460:
2405:Urabi revolt
2336:Muhammad Ali
2304:Urabi revolt
2238:
2210:
2202:
2198:Muhammad Ali
2195:
2179:
2138:
2135:
2119:
2089:, began the
2080:
2047:The British
2046:
2019:
2008:
1993:
1980:
1969:
1962:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1921:
1904:
1874:
1847:
1827:
1797:
1781:
1772:Ismail Pasha
1761:
1754:
1735:
1708:
1681:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1643:grand vizier
1632:
1585:Muhammad Bey
1583:
1563:
1536:
1517:
1498:
1494:Henry Bulwer
1482:
1474:
1466:
1450:
1439:
1412:
1401:
1393:
1357:
1327:
1315:Saudi Arabia
1210:
1176:
1174:
1120:1953–present
1058:
1019:Early modern
898:30 BC–641 AD
833:1550–1069 BC
823:1650–1550 BC
813:2055–1650 BC
803:2181–2055 BC
793:2686–2181 BC
783:3150–2686 BC
756:6000–3000 BC
696:
691:
613:Egypt Eyalet
595:Succeeded by
594:
589:
562:• 1907
552:• 1897
542:• 1882
523:• Total
467:Urabi revolt
406:• 1914
297:Tewfik Pasha
180:(1867–1914)
137:
129:Coat of arms
29:
5830: /
5788:WikiProject
5549:Scientology
5419:LGBT rights
5341:Law schools
5125:Lighthouses
5068:Agriculture
4797:Mount Sinai
4757:Earthquakes
4557:Mubarak era
4528:Six-Day War
4518:Suez Crisis
4513:Land reform
4260:Prehistoric
4096:(1672–1676)
3993:Mesopotamia
3804:Archipelago
3747:1867–1922 (
3693:Mesopotamia
3548:Herzegovina
3523:Archipelago
3361: 1365
3291:online free
3088:Daly, M.W.
2593:10086/14678
2401:Ahmed Urabi
2395:Nubar Pasha
2318:(1896–1899)
2312:(1881–1885)
2272:Crimean War
2256:(1821–1829)
2141:World War I
2000:Urabi Pasha
1965:Nubar Pasha
1850:Barka delta
1838:Yohannes IV
1435:Lower Egypt
1417:as the new
1317:, parts of
1247:South Sudan
849:Late Period
843:1069–664 BC
829:New Kingdom
789:Old Kingdom
722:History of
590:Preceded by
445:8 June 1867
399:Nubar Pasha
354:Eldon Gorst
245:Sunni Islam
5845:Categories
5700:Newspapers
5690:Mass media
5542:Synagogues
5510:Irreligion
5458:Literature
5453:Liberalism
5392:Healthcare
5294:Corruption
4977:Parliament
4908:Corruption
4903:Civil Code
4846:Suez Canal
4804:Nile Delta
4689:Alexandria
4659:Population
4654:Parliament
4622:Healthcare
4503:Nasser era
4277:Achaemenid
4252:Chronology
4144:Autonomies
3877:Adrianople
3820:Diyarbekir
3816:(Istanbul)
3518:Adrianople
3452:Diyarbekir
2939:2 November
2913:31 October
2887:31 October
2858:24 January
2833:31 October
2746:11 January
2716:31 October
2694:31 October
2672:31 October
2650:31 October
2452:References
2298:Suez Canal
2071:See also:
2004:Alexandria
1983:Suez Canal
1916:Suez Canal
1911:Alexandria
1822:See also:
1619:obtained.
1599:(king) of
1555:gold mines
1543:Siwa Oasis
1486:Mahmudiyya
1448:to Egypt.
1380:Circassian
1208:خدیویت مصر
878:332–310 BC
853:664–332 BC
566:11,287,000
532:Population
453:Suez Canal
255:Government
65:خدیویت مصر
5695:Magazines
5685:Egyptians
5520:Ahmadiyya
5431:Languages
5397:Hospitals
5331:Education
5198:Transport
5157:Aswan Dam
5085:Companies
5026:Terrorism
4992:President
4955:Massacres
4945:Judiciary
4923:Elections
4792:Mountains
4721:Geography
4699:Port Said
4642:1939–1954
4637:1928–1938
4592:Anarchism
4535:Sadat era
4479:Sultanate
4426:Khedivate
4326:Christian
4294:Ptolemaic
3961:Jerusalem
3857:(Trabzon)
3855:Trebizond
3835:Kastamonu
3725:Shahrizor
3644:Jerusalem
3497:Trebizond
3487:Kurdistan
3482:Kastamonu
3031:cite book
3023:992804901
2980:145334112
2630:toraseyat
2188:in 1885.
2153:Khedivate
2107:Abu Hamed
2061:Abdullahi
1789:Hamassien
1723:Mahmud II
1635:Mahmud II
1611:ports of
1589:defterdar
1470:Egyptians
1451:However,
1391:in 1798.
1275:Palestine
1110:1922–1953
1100:1914–1922
1090:1882–1922
1063:1867–1914
1053:1805–1953
1043:1798–1801
1033:1517–1867
1005:1250–1517
995:1171–1250
888:310–30 BC
556:9,715,000
546:6,805,000
472:1881–1882
241:Religion
91:1867–1914
18:Khedivial
5768:Category
5732:Olympics
5668:Football
5500:Hinduism
5468:Religion
5375:Feminism
5363:Families
5326:Diaspora
5289:Censuses
5279:Cannabis
5264:Abortion
5208:Airports
5203:Airlines
5179:Internet
4982:Passport
4960:Military
4933:Missions
4880:Politics
4861:Wildlife
4585:By topic
4498:Republic
4333:Sassanid
3918:Salonica
3913:Manastir
3879:(Edirne)
3800:(Ankara)
3781:Anatolia
3749:vilayets
3639:Damascus
3593:Temeşvar
3588:Silistra
3583:Salonica
3457:Dulkadir
3437:Anatolia
3420:Anatolia
3363:– 1867 (
2985:21 April
2562:39915162
2520:54677538
2435:See also
2366:: First
2207:Military
2176:Currency
2157:Abbas II
2083:Abbas II
2042:Khartoum
2034:Kordofan
1937:Abbas II
1866:Hamasien
1793:Tewedros
1673:Suda Bay
1657:fellahin
1605:Khartoum
1593:Kordofan
1513:Maho Bey
1429:between
1321:and the
1263:Ethiopia
1255:Djibouti
1116:Republic
985:969–1171
713:a series
711:Part of
575:Currency
320:British
309:Abbas II
223:Albanian
5818:31°13′E
5815:30°03′N
5798:Commons
5717:Museums
5661:regions
5629:Cuisine
5614:Castles
5586:Culture
5556:Smoking
5537:Judaism
5525:Mosques
5404:Housing
5351:Schools
5257:General
5246:Society
5186:Tourism
5115:Fishing
5073:Banking
5057:Economy
4782:Islands
4772:Geology
4767:Fossils
4752:Deserts
4747:Climate
4737:Borders
4683:By city
4669:Saladin
4617:Genetic
4597:Capital
4484:Kingdom
4399:Ottoman
4265:Ancient
4240:History
4045:Vassals
4033:Vassals
4000:Baghdad
3923:Scutari
3825:Erzurum
3700:Baghdad
3663:Tripoli
3578:Rumelia
3573:Podolia
3472:Karaman
3462:Erzurum
3447:Childir
3384:Algiers
3365:eyalets
3148:History
3143:(1995).
2612:elnabaa
2525:14 July
2441:Khedive
2368:khedive
2364:Isma'il
2352:Abbas I
2346:Ibrahim
2340:Ottoman
2171:Economy
2120:Caliph
2030:Mahdist
2028:. The
1934:khedive
1834:Red Sea
1808:khedive
1800:Isma'il
1764:Abbas I
1757:Ibrahim
1715:khedive
1617:Massawa
1609:Red Sea
1579:Dongola
1551:Red Sea
1503:in the
1463:Reforms
1404:Rumelia
1376:Mamluks
1362:by the
1343:History
1267:Lebanon
1259:Somalia
1251:Eritrea
1221:of the
975:935–969
965:868–905
955:750–935
945:661–750
935:641–661
908:619–629
491:•
465:•
455:opened
451:•
393:(first)
266:Khedive
235:English
201:Capital
188:British
186:(under
138:Anthem:
5778:Portal
5619:Cinema
5473:Baháʼí
5387:Health
5135:Mining
5105:Energy
4829:Rivers
4742:Cities
4664:Postal
4445:Modern
4390:Mamluk
4348:Fustat
4338:Muslim
4270:topics
4228:topics
3972:Arabia
3944:Beirut
3939:Aleppo
3932:Levant
3908:Kosovo
3903:Janina
3898:Danube
3883:Bosnia
3870:Europe
3809:Bitlis
3798:Angora
3765:Africa
3672:Arabia
3634:Cyprus
3629:Aleppo
3622:Levant
3613:Yanina
3608:Widdin
3553:Kanije
3528:Bosnia
3511:Europe
3442:Ankara
3401:Habesh
3377:Africa
3302:online
3293:1220pp
3245:online
3218:online
3208:online
3184:online
3161:online
3102:(2013)
3094:online
3021:
3011:
2978:
2796:
2774:3 June
2770:. 1880
2567:9 July
2560:
2550:
2518:
2508:
2481:
2374:Tewfik
2330:People
2325:(1914)
2306:(1881)
2300:(1869)
2268:(1840)
2262:(1831)
2248:Events
2165:Sultan
2111:Atbara
2103:typhus
2075:, and
1996:Tewfik
1945:sultan
1641:, the
1613:Suakin
1601:Shendi
1587:, the
1559:Sennar
1501:cotton
1384:Turkic
1370:. The
1311:Uganda
1309:, and
1291:Turkey
1287:Cyprus
1283:Greece
1271:Jordan
1181:Arabic
715:on the
408:(last)
381:
327:
270:
231:French
215:Arabic
172:Status
68:
48:Arabic
44:
5722:Music
5705:Radio
5646:Films
5576:Women
5530:Niqāb
5515:Islam
5299:Crime
5140:Mines
4856:Wadis
4814:Oases
4787:Lakes
4732:Biota
4694:Cairo
4612:Copts
4421:Nahda
4311:Roman
4226:Egypt
4010:Basra
4005:Mosul
3984:Yemen
3979:Hejaz
3956:Syria
3893:Crete
3850:Sivas
3840:Konya
3793:Aidin
3788:Adana
3720:Rakka
3715:Basra
3710:Mosul
3684:Lahsa
3679:Yemen
3651:Sidon
3603:Varat
3598:Uyvar
3563:Morea
3538:Crete
3533:Budin
3432:Aidin
3427:Adana
3411:Tunis
3389:Egypt
2976:S2CID
2414:Mahdi
2358:Sa'id
2101:, to
2095:Mahdi
2026:Mahdi
1858:Keren
1854:Bogos
1785:Bogos
1768:Sa'id
1677:Morea
1669:Crete
1665:Morea
1571:Nubia
1521:India
1505:Delta
1431:Upper
1427:Minya
1319:Yemen
1295:Libya
1279:Syria
1243:Sudan
1239:Egypt
1021:Egypt
724:Egypt
227:Greek
205:Cairo
5656:list
5651:Flag
5639:Wine
5634:Beer
5314:Rape
5009:list
4997:list
4834:Nile
4627:Jews
3751:and
3558:Kefe
3543:Egir
3477:Kars
3037:link
3019:OCLC
3009:ISBN
2987:2022
2941:2010
2915:2010
2889:2010
2860:2021
2835:2010
2794:ISBN
2776:2013
2748:2022
2718:2010
2696:2010
2674:2010
2652:2010
2569:2010
2558:OCLC
2548:ISBN
2527:2010
2516:OCLC
2506:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2109:and
1974:and
1830:Nile
1711:wali
1703:and
1615:and
1597:makk
1490:Nile
1457:beys
1433:and
1423:beys
1419:Wāli
1328:The
1299:Chad
1175:The
517:Area
192:1882
3861:Van
3568:Niš
3502:Van
3492:Rum
2968:doi
2588:hdl
2471:doi
1569:of
1511:by
1187:or
700:km.
5847::
5710:TV
3358:c.
3033:}}
3029:{{
3017:.
2995:^
2974:.
2964:34
2962:.
2958:.
2868:^
2851:.
2818:^
2804:^
2764:.
2734:.
2628:.
2610:.
2556:.
2514:.
2477:.
2097:,
2063:.
1872:.
1795:.
1733:.
1679:.
1437:.
1339:.
1325:.
1305:,
1301:,
1297:,
1285:,
1281:,
1277:,
1273:,
1269:,
1265:,
1253:,
1249:,
1245:,
1206::
1202:;
1193:,
1183::
247:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
4218:e
4211:t
4204:v
3755:)
3706:)
3702:(
3367:)
3337:e
3330:t
3323:v
3039:)
3025:.
2989:.
2970::
2943:.
2917:.
2891:.
2862:.
2837:.
2778:.
2750:.
2720:.
2698:.
2676:.
2654:.
2596:.
2590::
2571:.
2529:.
2487:.
2473::
1787:/
1382:-
1179:(
1164:e
1157:t
1150:v
194:)
74:)
70:(
50:)
46:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
