Lee de Forest - Knowledge

544:'s 1886 patent for wireless communication meant it held a monopoly for all wireless communication in the United States, had also set up a powerful transmitter. None of these companies had effective tuning for their transmitters, so only one could transmit at a time without causing mutual interference. Although an attempt was made to have the three systems avoid conflicts by rotating operations over five-minute intervals, the agreement broke down, resulting in chaos as the simultaneous transmissions clashed with each other. De Forest ruefully noted that under these conditions the only successful "wireless" communication was done by visual semaphore "wig-wag" flags. (The 1903 International Yacht races would be a repeat of 1901—Marconi worked for the Associated Press, de Forest for the Publishers' Press Association, and the unaffiliated International Wireless Company (successor to 1901's American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph) operated a high-powered transmitter that was used primarily to drown out the other two.) 918:

mails to defraud". Their trials took place in late 1913, and while three of the defendants were found guilty, de Forest was acquitted. With the legal problems behind him, de Forest reorganized his company as the DeForest Radio Telephone Company, and established a laboratory at 1391 Sedgewick Avenue in the Highbridge section of the Bronx in New York City. The company's limited finances were boosted by the sale, in October 1914, of the commercial Audion patent rights for radio signalling to AT&T for $ 90,000, with de Forest retaining the rights for sales for "amateur and experimental use". In October 1915 AT&T conducted test radio transmissions from the Navy's station in Arlington, Virginia that were heard as far away as Paris and Hawaii.

1318: 1472: 553: 1006:) Medal of Honor, which had been awarded to him in 1917 "in recognition of his work and publications dealing with the action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion", but the organization's board refused to let him, stating that it "strongly affirms the original award". The practical effect of de Forest's victory was that his company was free to sell products that used regeneration, for during the controversy, which became more a personal feud than a business dispute, Armstrong tried to block the company from even being licensed to sell equipment under his patent. 852: 770:, and the first device which could amplify electrical signals. He traced its inspiration to 1900, when, experimenting with a spark-gap transmitter, he briefly thought that the flickering of a nearby gas flame might be in response to electromagnetic pulses. With further tests he soon determined that the cause of the flame fluctuations was due to air pressure changes produced by the loud sound of the spark. Still, he was intrigued by the idea that, properly configured, it might be possible to use a flame or something similar to detect radio signals. 1022: 922: 447: 706: 835:, which also consisted of a filament and plate enclosed in an evacuated glass tube. De Forest passionately denied the similarly of the two devices, claiming his invention was a relay that amplified currents, while the Fleming valve was merely a rectifier that converted alternating current to direct current. (For this reason, de Forest objected to his Audion being referred to as "a valve".) The U.S. courts were not convinced, and ruled that the grid Audion did in fact infringe on the Fleming valve patent, now held by 1344: 786:, that was granted U.S. patent number 841387 on January 15, 1907. Subsequently, a third "control" electrode was added, originally as a surrounding metal cylinder or a wire coiled around the outside of the glass tube. None of these initial designs worked particularly well. De Forest gave a presentation of his work to date to the October 26, 1906, New York meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, which was reprinted in two parts in late 1907 in the 5705: 561:

for the next five years. White envisioned bold and expansive plans that enticed the inventor—however, he was also dishonest and much of the new enterprise would be built on wild exaggeration and stock fraud. To back de Forest's efforts, White incorporated the American DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company, with himself as the company's president, and de Forest the Scientific Director. The company claimed as its goal the development of "world-wide wireless".

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copied Armstrong's claims, in the hopes of having the priority of the competing applications upheld by an interference hearing at the patent office. Based on a notebook entry recorded at the time, de Forest asserted that, while working on the cascade amplifier, he had stumbled on August 6, 1912, across the feedback principle, which was then used in the spring of 1913 to operate a low-powered transmitter for

5725: 647: 666:(AM) audio transmissions. Although Poulsen had patented his invention, de Forest claimed to have come up with a variation that allowed him to avoid infringing on Poulsen's work. Using his "sparkless" arc transmitter, de Forest first transmitted audio across a lab room on December 31, 1906, and by February was making experimental transmissions, including music produced by 1099: 499:. Their original design consisted of a mirror in which a narrow, moistened slit had been cut through the silvered back. Attaching a battery and telephone receiver, they could hear sound changes in response to radio signal impulses. De Forest, along with Ed Smythe, a co-worker who provided financial and technical help, developed variations they called "responders". 1192:, using their work to perfect the Phonofilm system. However, de Forest had a falling out with both men. Due to de Forest's continuing misuse of Theodore Case's inventions and failure to publicly acknowledge Case's contributions, the Case Research Laboratory proceeded to build its own camera. That camera was used by Case and his colleague Earl Sponable to record 982:

the potential for further development until he became familiar with Armstrong's research. De Forest was not alone in the interference determination—the patent office identified four competing claimants for its hearings, consisting of Armstrong, de Forest, General Electric's Langmuir, and a German, Alexander Meissner, whose application would be seized by the

2040: 1280:, which expanded the company's factory to cope with rising demand for radios. The sale also bought the services of de Forest, who was focusing his attention on newer innovations. De Forest's finances were badly hurt by the stock market crash of 1929, and research in mechanical television proved unprofitable. In 1934, he established a small shop to produce 895:, contacted AT&T to arrange for de Forest to demonstrate his invention. It was found that de Forest's "gassy" version of the Audion could not handle even the relatively low voltages used by telephone lines. (Owing to the way he constructed the tubes, de Forest's Audions would cease to operate with too high a vacuum.) However, careful research by Dr. 1145:(1889–1957)) and investigating other European sound film systems. In April 1922 he announced that he would soon have a workable sound-on-film system. On March 12, 1923, he demonstrated Phonofilm to the press; this was followed on April 12, 1923, by a private demonstration to electrical engineers at the Engineering Society Building's Auditorium at 398:, a school "open to all of either sex, without regard to sect, race, or color", and which educated primarily African-Americans. Many of the local white citizens resented the school and its mission, and Lee spent most of his youth in Talladega isolated from the white community, with several close friends among the black children of the town. 839:. In contrast, Marconi admitted that the addition of the third electrode was a patentable improvement, and the two sides agreed to license each other so that both could manufacture three-electrode tubes in the United States. (De Forest's European patents had lapsed because he did not have the funds needed to renew them). 1568:"I foresee great refinements in the field of short-pulse microwave signaling, whereby several simultaneous programs may occupy the same channel, in sequence, with incredibly swift electronic communication. Short waves will be generally used in the kitchen for roasting and baking, almost instantaneously." – 1952 790:. He was insistent that a small amount of residual gas was necessary for the tubes to operate properly. However, he also admitted that "I have arrived as yet at no completely satisfactory theory as to the exact means by which the high-frequency oscillations affect so markedly the behavior of an ionized gas." 1374:

According to Donald Beaver, his intense desire to overcome the deficiencies of his childhood account for his independence, self-reliance, and inventiveness. He displayed a strong desire to achieve, to conquer hardship, and to devote himself to a career of invention. "He possessed the qualities of the

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With the entry of the United States into World War I on April 6, 1917, all civilian radio stations were ordered to shut down, so 2XG was silenced for the duration of the war. The ban on civilian stations was lifted on October 1, 1919, and 2XG soon renewed operation, with the Brunswick-Balke-Collender

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reception of Federal Telegraph arc transmissions. However, there was also strong evidence that de Forest was unaware of the full significance of this discovery, as shown by his lack of follow-up and continuing misunderstanding of the physics involved. In particular, it appeared that he was unaware of

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Beginning in 1912, there was increased investigation of vacuum-tube capabilities, simultaneously by numerous inventors in multiple countries, who identified additional important uses for the device. These overlapping discoveries led to complicated legal disputes over priority, perhaps the most bitter

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After a delay of ten months, in July 1913 AT&T, through a third party who disguised his link to the telephone company, purchased the wire rights to seven Audion patents for $ 50,000. De Forest had hoped for a higher payment, but was again in bad financial shape and was unable to bargain for more.

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and his team at AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary determined that improving the tube's design would allow it to be more fully evacuated, and the high vacuum allowed it to operate at telephone-line voltages. With these changes the Audion evolved into a modern electron-discharge vacuum tube, using

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Despite this setback, de Forest remained in the New York City area, in order to raise interest in his ideas and capital to replace the small working companies that had been formed to promote his work thus far. In January 1902 he met a promoter, Abraham White, who would become de Forest's main sponsor

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in Los Altos Hills, California. In 1991 the college closed the museum, breaking its contract. The foundation won a lawsuit and was awarded $ 775,000. The holdings were placed in storage for twelve years, before being acquired in 2003 by History San José and put on display as The Perham Collection of

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These broadcasts were also used to advertise "the products of the DeForest Radio Co., mostly the radio parts, with all the zeal of our catalogue and price list", until comments by Western Electric engineers caused de Forest enough embarrassment to make him decide to eliminate the direct advertising.

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This judicial ruling meant that Lee de Forest was now legally recognized in the United States as the inventor of regeneration. However, much of the engineering community continued to consider Armstrong to be the actual developer, with de Forest viewed as someone who skillfully used the patent system

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The subsequent legal proceedings become divided between two groups of court cases. The first court action began in January 1920 when Armstrong, with Westinghouse, which purchased his patent, sued the De Forest Company in district court for infringement of patent 1,113,149. On May 17, 1921, the court

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After determining that an open flame was too susceptible to ambient air currents, de Forest investigated whether ionized gases, heated and enclosed in a partially evacuated glass tube, could be used instead. In 1905 to 1906 he developed various configurations of glass-tube devices, which he gave the

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sang "I Love You Truly" in an unpublicized test from his laboratory in 1907, and in 1908, on de Forest's Paris honeymoon, musical selections were broadcast from the Eiffel Tower as a part of demonstrations of the arc-transmitter. In early 1909, in what may have been the first public speech by radio,

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in New Haven, Connecticut, on a $ 300 per year scholarship that had been established for relatives of David de Forest. Convinced that he was destined to become a famous—and rich—inventor, and perpetually short of funds, he sought to interest companies with a series of devices and puzzles he created,

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Although raised in a strongly religious Protestant household, de Forest later became an agnostic. In his autobiography, he wrote that in the summer of 1894 there was an important shift in his beliefs: "Through that Freshman vacation at Yale I became more of a philosopher than I have ever since. And

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In April 1917, the company's remaining commercial radio patent rights were sold to AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary for $ 250,000. During World War I, the Radio Telephone Company prospered from sales of radio equipment to the military. However, it also became known for the poor quality of its

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The Radio Telephone Company began selling "Oscillion" power tubes to amateurs, suitable for radio transmissions. The company wanted to keep a tight hold on the tube business, and originally maintained a policy that retailers had to require their customers to return a worn-out tube before they could

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In May 1910, the Radio Telephone Company and its subsidiaries were reorganized as the North American Wireless Corporation, but financial difficulties meant that the company's activities had nearly come to a halt. De Forest moved to San Francisco, California, and in early 1911 took a research job at

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Because of its limited uses and the great variability in the quality of individual units, the grid Audion would be rarely used during the first half-decade after its invention. In 1908, John V. L. Hogan reported that "The Audion is capable of being developed into a really efficient detector, but in

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Meanwhile, White set in motion a series of highly visible promotions for American DeForest: "Wireless Auto No.1" was positioned on Wall Street to "send stock quotes" using an unmuffled spark transmitter to loudly draw the attention of potential investors, in early 1904 two stations were established

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Believing that de Forest was more concerned with his own fame and recognition than he was with actually creating a workable system of sound film, and because of his continuing attempts to downplay the contributions of the Case Research Laboratory in the creation of Phonofilm, Case severed his ties

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Beginning in 1913 Armstrong prepared papers and gave demonstrations that comprehensively documented how to employ three-element vacuum tubes in circuits that amplified signals to stronger levels than previously thought possible, and that could also generate high-power oscillations usable for radio

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and selections from the controversial "Elektra" over a transmitter located in de Forest's lab. But these tests showed that the idea was not yet technically feasible, and de Forest would not make any additional entertainment broadcasts until late 1916, when more capable vacuum-tube equipment became

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The company's most important early contract was the construction, in 1905–1906, of five high-powered radiotelegraph stations for the U.S. Navy, located in Panama, Pensacola and Key West, Florida, Guantanamo, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. It also installed shore stations along the Atlantic Coast and Great

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Radio Telephone Company officials had engaged in some of the same stock selling excesses that had taken place at American DeForest, and as part of the U.S. government's crackdown on stock fraud, in March 1912 de Forest, plus four other company officials, were arrested and charged with "use of the

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dot or dash, it had to be tapped to restore operation), insensitive, and not very reliable. De Forest was determined to devise a better system, including a self-restoring detector that could receive transmissions by ear, thus making it capable of receiving weaker signals and also allowing faster

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in 1898, de Forest enrolled in the Connecticut Volunteer Militia Battery as a bugler, but the war ended and he was mustered out without ever leaving the state. He then completed his studies at Yale's Sloane Physics Laboratory, earning a Doctorate in 1899 with a dissertation on the "Reflection of

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U.S. patent law included a provision for challenging grants if another inventor could prove prior discovery. With an eye to increasing the value of the patent portfolio that would be sold to Western Electric in 1917, beginning in 1915 de Forest filed a series of patent applications that largely

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De Forest soon felt that Smythe and Freeman were holding him back, so in the fall of 1901 he made the bold decision to go to New York to compete directly with Marconi in transmitting race results for the International Yacht races. Marconi had already made arrangements to provide reports for the

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After completing his undergraduate studies, in September 1896 de Forest began three years of postgraduate work. However, his electrical experiments had a tendency to blow fuses, causing building-wide blackouts. Even after being warned to be more careful, he managed to douse the lights during an

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However, a second series of court cases, which were the result of the patent office interference proceeding, had a different outcome. The interference board had also sided with Armstrong, and de Forest appealed its decision to the District of Columbia district court. On May 8, 1924, that court

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De Forest eventually came into conflict with his company's management. His main complaint was the limited support he got for conducting research, while company officials were upset with de Forest's inability to develop a practical receiver free of patent infringement. (This problem was finally

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concluded that the evidence, beginning with the 1912 notebook entry, was sufficient to establish de Forest's priority. Now on the defensive, Armstrong's side tried to overturn the decision, but these efforts, which twice went before the U.S. Supreme Court, in 1928 and 1934, were unsuccessful.

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movie studios expressed interest in his invention, and because at this time these studios controlled all the major theater chains, this meant de Forest was limited to showing his experimental films in independent theaters (The Phonofilm Company would file for bankruptcy in September 1926.).

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demonstrated an electrolytic detector, and de Forest developed a variation, which he called the "spade detector", claiming it did not infringe on Fessenden's patents. Fessenden, and the U.S. courts, did not agree, and court injunctions enjoined American De Forest from using the device.

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Reflecting his pioneering work, de Forest has sometimes been credited as the "Father of Radio", an honorific which he adopted as the title of his 1950 autobiography. In the late 1800s he became convinced there was a great future in radiotelegraphic communication (then known as

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Lakes, and equipped shipboard stations. But the main focus was selling stock at ever more inflated prices, spurred by the construction of promotional inland stations. Most of these inland stations had no practical use and were abandoned once the local stock sales slowed.

1033:, located at its Highbridge laboratory. In late 1916, de Forest renewed the entertainment broadcasts he had suspended in 1910, now using the superior capabilities of vacuum-tube equipment. 2XG's debut program aired on October 26, 1916, as part of an arrangement with the 613:). On November 28, 1906, in exchange for $ 1000 (half of which was claimed by an attorney) and the rights to some early Audion detector patents, de Forest turned in his stock and resigned from the company that bore his name. American DeForest was then reorganized as the 328:

He had over 300 patents worldwide, but also a tumultuous career – he boasted that he made, then lost, four fortunes. He was also involved in several major patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of his income on legal bills, and was even tried (and acquitted) for

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At this time the American Telephone and Telegraph Company was researching ways to amplify telephone signals to provide better long-distance service, and it was recognized that de Forest's device had potential as a telephone line repeater. In mid-1912 an associate,

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The company set up a network of radiotelephone stations along the Atlantic coast and the Great Lakes, for coastal ship navigation. However, the installations proved unprofitable, and by 1911 the parent company and its subsidiaries were on the brink of bankruptcy.

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The grid Audion was the first device to amplify, albeit only slightly, the strength of received radio signals. However, to many observers it appeared that de Forest had done nothing more than add the grid electrode to an existing detector configuration, the

1122:. Phonofilm recorded the electrical waveforms produced by a microphone photographically onto film, using parallel lines of variable shades of gray, an approach known as "variable density", in contrast to "variable area" systems used by processes such as 1574:"To place a man in a multi-stage rocket and project him into the controlling gravitational field of the moon where the passengers can make scientific observations, perhaps land alive, and then return to earth—all that constitutes a wild dream worthy of 1071:

Later that year a de Forest associate, Clarence "C.S." Thompson, established Radio News & Music, Inc., in order to lease de Forest radio transmitters to newspapers interested in setting up their own broadcasting stations. In August 1920, The

1013:'s "E. H. Armstrong, the Hero as Inventor" in the August 1956 Harper's magazine, de Forest wrote the author, describing Armstrong as "exceedingly arrogant, brow beating, even brutal...", and defending the Supreme Court decision in his favor. 1584:"As a growing competitor to the tube amplifier comes now the Bell Laboratories’ transistor, a three-electrode germanium crystal of amazing amplification power, of wheat-grain size and low cost. Yet its frequency limitations, a few hundred 1331:, where he was introduced as "the father of radio and the grandfather of television". He suffered a severe heart attack in 1958, after which he remained mostly bedridden. He died in Hollywood on June 30, 1961, aged 87, and was interred in 629:

in New York City. The Radio Telephone Company was incorporated in order to promote his inventions, with James Dunlop Smith, a former American DeForest salesman, as president, and de Forest the vice president (De Forest preferred the term

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to promote its recordings, which included "announcing the title and 'Columbia Gramophone Company' with each playing". Beginning November 1, the "Highbridge Station" offered a nightly schedule featuring the Columbia recordings.

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After recording stage performances (such as in vaudeville), speeches, and musical acts, on April 15, 1923, de Forest premiered 18 Phonofilm short films at the independent Rivoli Theater in New York City. Starting in May 1924,

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in which he demanded: "What have you done with my child, the radio broadcast? You have debased this child, dressed him in rags of ragtime, tatters of jive and boogie-woogie." That same year, de Forest and early TV engineer

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at the General Electric Corporation made similar findings, and both he and Arnold attempted to patent the "high vacuum" construction, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1931 that this modification could not be patented).

1571:"So I repeat that while theoretically and technically television may be feasible, yet commercially and financially, I consider it an impossibility; a development of which we need not waste little time in dreaming." – 1926 990:

ruled that the lack of awareness and understanding on de Forest's part, in addition to the fact that he had made no immediate advances beyond his initial observation, made implausible his attempt to prevail as inventor.

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The original "responder" receiver (also known as the "goo anti-coherer") proved to be too crude to be commercialized, and de Forest struggled to develop a non-infringing device for receiving radio signals. In 1903,

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by Frederick Nebeker, 2009, p. 15: "The triode vacuum-tube is one of the small number of technical devices... that have radically changed human culture. It defined a new realm of technology, that of electronics..."

2103:, August 1922, p. 299: " took out a patent in 1905 on a bulb having two hot filaments connected in a peculiar manner, the intended functioning of which is not at all apparent to one comprehending the radio art." 2133:

An alternate explanation was given by early associate Frank Butler, who stated that de Forest coined the term because the control electrode looked "just like a roaster grid". ("How the Term 'Grid' Originated",

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get a replacement. This style of business encouraged others to make and sell unlicensed vacuum tubes which did not impose a return policy. One of the boldest was Audio Tron Sales Company founded in 1915 by

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The race effort turned out to be an almost total failure. The Freeman transmitter broke down—in a fit of rage, de Forest threw it overboard—and had to be replaced by an ordinary spark coil. Even worse, the

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company now supplying the phonograph records. In early 1920, de Forest moved the station's transmitter from the Bronx to Manhattan, but did not have permission to do so, so district Radio Inspector

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output from a grid Audion by feeding it into a second tube for additional amplification. He called this a "cascade amplifier", which eventually consisted of chaining together up to three Audions.

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De Forest regularly responded to articles which he thought exaggerated Armstrong's contributions with animosity that continued even after Armstrong's 1954 suicide. Following the publication of

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De Forest (1950) p. 243. He noted that he had been "totally unaware of the fact that in the little audion tube, which I was then using only as a radio detector, lay dormant the principle of

3487: 3292: 862:, stands at the former location of the Federal Telegraph laboratory, and references Lee de Forest's development there, in 1911–1913, of "the first vacuum-tube amplifier and oscillator". 2397:, July 1915, p. 3. The "2" in 2XG's callsign indicated that the station was located in the 2nd Radio Inspection district, while the "X" signified that it held an Experimental license. 1884: 693:

around-the-world voyage that began in late 1907. However, at the conclusion of the circumnavigation the sets were declared to be too unreliable to meet the Navy's needs and removed.

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in Saint Louis, Missouri, where the company won a gold medal for its radiotelegraph demonstrations. (Marconi withdrew from the Exposition when he learned de Forest would be there).

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The station also made the first audio broadcast of election reports—in earlier elections, stations that broadcast results had used Morse code—providing news of the November 1916

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In 1915, AT&T used the innovation to conduct the first transcontinental telephone calls, in conjunction with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco.

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On July 18, 1907, de Forest made the first ship-to-shore transmissions by radiotelephone—race reports for the Annual Inter-Lakes Yachting Association (I-LYA) Regatta held on

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De Forest (1950) p. 114. The notebook recordings of the 1900 experiments, including the determination that the flickering was due to sound only, are reproduced on this page.

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In late 1906, de Forest made a breakthrough when he reconfigured the control electrode, moving it from outside the tube envelope to a position inside the tube between the

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De Forest was given to expansive predictions, many of which were not borne out, but he also made many correct predictions, including microwave communication and cooking.

1068:, was established as "The California Theater station", which de Forest later stated was the "first radio-telephone station devoted solely" to broadcasting to the public. 471:, who received his first patent in 1896, was already making impressive progress in both Europe and the United States. One drawback of Marconi's approach was his use of a 1530:, but later came to resent him, calling Roosevelt America's "first Fascist president". In 1949, he "sent letters to all members of Congress urging them to vote against 938:

of San Francisco, whose Audio Tron tubes cost less but were of equal or higher quality. The de Forest company sued Audio Tron Sales, eventually settling out of court.

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on February 18, 1908. Because the grid-control Audion was the only configuration to become commercially valuable, the earlier versions were forgotten, and the term

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Mary Mayo White (1891–1957), stage name Mary Mayo, in December 1912. According to census records, in 1920 they were living with their infant daughter, Deena (born

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would lead to microchips that eventually supplanted vacuum-tube technology. For this reason de Forest has been called one of the founders of the "electronic age".

817:, convinced him that he had discovered an important new radio detector. He quickly prepared a patent application which was filed on January 29, 1907, and received 3160:

a PBS Documentary Video 1992. Focuses on three of the individuals who made significant contributions to the early radio industry in the United States: De Forest,

520:. By 1900, using a spark-coil transmitter and his responder receiver, de Forest expanded his transmitting range to about seven kilometers (four miles). Professor 5844: 3285: 3137:, three parts: January 17, 1942 (pp. 9–11, 75–76, 78, 80), January 24, 1942 (pp. 20–21, 27–28, 38, and 43), and January 31, 1942 (pp. 27, 38, 40–42, 46, 48–49). 1138: 1277: 1241: 508: 4969: 3473: 2410:

which, had I but realized it, would have caused me to unceremoniously dump into the ash can all of the fine arc mechanisms which I had ever constructed..."

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One of de Forest's areas of research at Federal Telegraph was improving the reception of signals, and he came up with the idea of strengthening the

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In 1927 and 1928, Hollywood expanded its use of sound-on-film systems, including Fox Movietone and RCA Photophone. Meanwhile, theater chain owner

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ordered the station off the air. De Forest's response was to return to San Francisco in March, taking 2XG's transmitter with him. A new station,

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De Forest was a vocal critic of many of the developments in the entertainment side of the radio industry. In 1940 he sent an open letter to the

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to get credit for an invention to which he had barely contributed. Following the 1934 Supreme Court decision, Armstrong attempted to return his

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minister who hoped his son would also become a pastor. In 1879 the elder de Forest became president of the American Missionary Association's

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In November 1922, de Forest established the De Forest Phonofilm Company, located at 314 East 48th Street in New York City. But none of the

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vacuum tubes, especially compared to those produced by major industrial manufacturers such as General Electric and Western Electric.

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was originally named the De Forest Training School by its founder Dr. Herman A. De Vry, who was a friend and colleague of de Forest.

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performers from September 1926 to May 1929. Almost 200 Phonofilm shorts were made, and many are preserved in the collections of the

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Ohio Historical Marker. On July 18, 1907 Lee de Forest transmitted the first ship-to-shore messages that were sent by radiotelephone

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by Helge Kragh, 2002, p. 127: "...De Forest's invention of the triode (or "audion") was the starting point of the electronic age."

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The grid Audion, which de Forest called "my greatest invention", and the vacuum tubes developed from it, dominated the field of

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American DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company's observation tower, 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition at Saint Louis, Missouri

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in New York City were conducted to determine whether it was practical to broadcast opera performances live from the stage.

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on August 11, 1924, which was one of the films shown by de Forest and claimed by him to be the product of his inventions.

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its present forms is quite unreliable and entirely too complex to be properly handled by the usual wireless operator."

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traditional tinkerer-inventor: visionary faith, self-confidence, perseverance, the capacity for sustained hard work."

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The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 5 – Crystal and Ceramic Filters to Digital-Loop Carrier

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De Forest also used the arc-transmitter to conduct some of the earliest experimental entertainment radio broadcasts.

614: 5312: 4860: 4662: 1869: 3261: 3172: 1631:"Wireless Telegraph System" (separate transmitting and receiving antennas), filed December 1905, issued July 1906; 1534:, federally subsidized housing, and an excess profits tax". In 1952, he wrote to the newly elected Vice President 1431:, "For the profound technical and social consequences of the grid-controlled vacuum tube which he had introduced". 1200:

with de Forest in the fall of 1925. Case successfully negotiated an agreement to use his patents with studio head

5819: 5794: 5774: 5423: 4272: 3825: 3566: 3213: 1578:. I am bold enough to say that such a man-made voyage will never occur regardless of all future advances." – 1957 626: 625:

De Forest moved quickly to re-establish himself as an independent inventor, working in his own laboratory in the

1489:(1883–1971) on February 14, 1908. They had a daughter, Harriet, but were separated by 1909 and divorced in 1912. 5418: 4137: 2390: 2008: 855: 402: 5443: 4298: 1852: 1588:, and its strict power limitations will never permit its general replacement of the Audion amplifier." – 1952 1332: 1114:. In 1919 he filed the first patent for the new system, which improved upon earlier work by Finnish inventor 610: 591: 524:

of the Armour Institute became interested in de Forest's work and developed a new type of spark transmitter.

17: 1909: 5718: 5479: 5376: 4919: 4714: 4686: 2287: 1411:, in "recognition for his invention of the three-electrode amplifier and his other contributions to radio". 1401: 1383: 1034: 999: 719: 2561: 5769: 5708: 5215: 4655: 4477: 4038: 3327: 2024: 1297: 414: 106: 2732: 1965:

Wireless Communication in the United States: The Early Development of American Radio Operating Companies

512:

in Chicago. With radio research his main priority, de Forest next took a night teaching position at the

5567: 5489: 5428: 5135: 4553: 4003: 3866: 3224: 2794:

The first of these, in 1906, was to a Lucille Sheardown, a marriage thatended in divorce the same year.

2238: 1655:"Wireless Telegraphy" (tunable vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed August 1906, issued January 1907; 1647:"Oscillation Responsive Device" (vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed May 1906, issued November 1906; 1486: 814: 762:

De Forest's most famous invention was the "grid Audion", which was the first successful three-element (

506:'s American Wireless Telegraph Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and work as an assistant editor of the 171: 3121: 2440: 2081:, De Forest, Lee, "Device for Amplifying Feeble Electrical Currents", published 1907-01-15 5339: 5300: 5145: 5045: 4974: 4907: 4734: 3665: 2465: 2374: 2215: 2211: 2078: 1976: 1106:

In 1921, de Forest ended most of his radio research in order to concentrate on developing an optical

868: 2606:

Highlights of this episode, as well as a film clip of his 1940 NAB letter, are included in the 1992

1824: 590:, and later that year a tower, with "DEFOREST" arrayed in lights, was erected on the grounds of the 5698: 4940: 4875: 4828: 4788: 3141: 2289:

Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. v. De Forest Radio T. & T. Co., 21 F.2d 918 (3d Cir. 1927)

1623:"Oscillation Responsive Device" (vacuum tube detector diode), filed January 1906, issued June 1906; 1591:"I came, I saw, I invented—it's that simple—no need to sit and think—it's all in your imagination." 1335:

in Los Angeles, California. De Forest died relatively poor, with just $ 1,250 in his bank account.

488: 450:

De Forest, some time between 1914 and 1922, with two of his Audions, a small 1 watt receiving tube

430: 3249: 5849: 5834: 5537: 5522: 5366: 5317: 5240: 5140: 4818: 4704: 4699: 4571: 3723: 3147: 2744: 1663:"Device for Amplifying Feeble Electrical Currents" (...), filed August 1906, issued January 1907; 1471: 1444:

in 1960, in recognition of "his pioneering inventions which brought sound to the motion picture".

4511: 1747:"Wireless Telegraphy" (directional antenna/direction finder), filed June 1906, issued June 1914; 1671:"Wireless Telegraph Transmitting System" (antenna coupler), filed May 1904, issued January 1908; 1553:

thus, one by one, were my childhood's firm religious beliefs altered or reluctantly discarded."

475:

as a receiver, which, while providing for permanent records, was also slow (after each received

368: 5459: 5245: 5060: 5005: 5000: 4813: 4778: 4338: 4055: 3589: 3510: 3405: 3393: 3345: 3239: 1872: 1448: 1434: 1293: 1257: 1209: 1201: 1185: 952: 322: 3010: 2888: 2807: 2770: 2590: 2348: 1317: 1021: 502:

A series of short-term positions followed, including three unproductive months with Professor

409:, for two years, beginning in 1891. In 1893, he enrolled in a three-year course of studies at 5361: 5165: 5130: 5050: 5030: 4952: 4840: 4761: 3937: 2935: 1418: 1284:

machines, and, in a 1942 interview, still hoped "to make at least one more great invention".

1181:

acts, instead of full-length features, limited the appeal of Phonofilm to Hollywood studios.

1174: 1153: 1052:

installed a private wire and bulletins were sent out every hour. About 2,000 listeners heard

859: 387: 344: 314: 258: 90: 4694: 1615:"Wireless Signaling Device" (directional antenna), filed December 1902, issued January 1904; 487:

and Marconi, de Forest struck out on his own. His first job after leaving Yale was with the

5754: 5749: 5275: 5235: 5205: 4962: 4897: 4719: 4231: 4099: 3991: 1352: 1272:, which manufactured de Forest's Audions for commercial use, was sold to a group headed by 1233: 1205: 964: 956: 827:

later became synonymous with just the grid type. It later also became known as the triode.

435: 363: 71: 709:

February 24, 1910 radio broadcast by Mme. Mariette Mazarin of the Manhattan Opera Company.

8: 5285: 5225: 4984: 4946: 4744: 4729: 4029: 3816: 3809: 3793: 3496: 3315: 2315: 1531: 1441: 1408: 1253: 935: 851: 663: 464: 423: 406: 337: 291: 251: 5512: 5469: 5400: 5270: 5200: 5175: 5110: 4957: 4678: 4491: 4170: 3870: 3528: 3516: 3417: 3363: 3351: 1527: 1415: 1364: 587: 566: 395: 341: 318: 4593: 2481:

The initial advertisements for Radio News & Music, Inc., appeared on p. 20 of the

1325:

De Forest was the guest celebrity on the May 22, 1957, episode of the television show

373: 5552: 5474: 5388: 5371: 5334: 5180: 5010: 4979: 4845: 4739: 4599: 4561: 4547: 4519: 4109: 4069: 3979: 3848: 3775: 3715: 3632: 3522: 3453: 3447: 3399: 3381: 3357: 3301: 3198: 3032: 2941: 2894: 2847: 2813: 2776: 2352: 2341: 2199: 1840: 1770: 1306: 1301: 1061: 1048: 690: 686: 503: 468: 434:

Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", supervised by theoretical physicist

391: 265: 5220: 1479:

De Forest was married four times, with the first three marriages ending in divorce:

5557: 5517: 5497: 5464: 5393: 5351: 5265: 5120: 5105: 5080: 5055: 5015: 4865: 4724: 4709: 4483: 4473: 4409: 4326: 4250: 4223: 4125: 4059: 4009: 3995: 3967: 3916: 3893: 3881: 3840: 3830: 3651: 3637: 3540: 1454: 1387: 1224: 921: 896: 892: 783: 655: 529: 517: 2992:

Campbell, Richard, Christopher R. Martin, and Bettina Fabos. "Sounds and Images."

2700: 735:

was performed on January 12, 1910, and the next day's test included Italian tenor

725:

More ambitious demonstrations followed. A series of tests in conjunction with the

705: 446: 313:

in 1906. This helped start the Electronic Age, and enabled the development of the

5185: 5040: 4808: 4783: 4771: 4635: 4539: 4497: 4463: 4439: 4433: 4163: 3984: 3921: 3757: 3705: 3689: 3681: 3607: 3441: 3321: 3209: 3176: 3165: 2969: 2841: 1213: 1193: 1170: 1115: 959:(also known as the "feedback circuit" and, by de Forest, as the "ultra-audion"). 901: 884: 806: 667: 513: 418:

and expectantly submitted essays in prize competitions, all with little success.

410: 102: 2517: 1565:"I discovered an Invisible Empire of the Air, intangible, yet solid as granite." 1029:

In the summer of 1915, the company received an Experimental license for station

858:

No. 836, located at the eastern corner of Channing Street and Emerson Avenue in

5383: 5255: 5230: 5190: 5160: 5035: 4870: 4823: 4798: 4756: 4627: 4543: 4515: 4459: 4403: 4399: 4304: 4213: 4176: 4103: 4025: 3928: 3844: 3836: 3767: 3701: 3697: 3625: 3619: 3435: 3387: 1519: 1506: 1437: 1245: 1228: 1166: 1123: 714: 227: 4565: 3789: 3218: 2720: 1751: 1743: 1735: 1076:

began operation of "The Detroit News Radiophone", initially with the callsign

969: 5743: 5532: 5305: 5295: 5210: 5095: 5085: 5070: 4892: 4751: 4575: 4529: 4453: 4445: 4427: 4415: 4382: 4372: 4360: 4288: 4268: 4256: 4238: 4196: 4121: 4075: 3932: 3908: 3888: 3862: 3854: 3820: 3785: 3731: 3677: 3673: 3641: 3546: 3411: 3339: 3161: 3120: 1728: 1723: 1715: 1707: 1699: 1691: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1635: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1535: 1343: 1220: 1189: 1162: 1107: 832: 819: 736: 659: 5410: 5250: 5195: 5125: 5090: 5025: 4924: 4914: 4766: 4617: 4613: 4579: 4557: 4501: 4449: 4421: 4378: 4354: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4310: 4219: 4186: 4180: 4157: 4153: 4131: 4093: 4063: 4045: 4021: 3999: 3975: 3912: 3902: 3875: 3858: 3743: 3735: 3719: 3709: 3693: 3659: 3647: 3603: 3423: 3333: 3250:"A History of the Regeneration Circuit: From Invention to Patent Litigation 3146:(Howard W. Sams and Company, 1977). Tyne was a research associate with the 3077:

Adams, Mike. "Lee de Forest and the Invention of Sound Movies, 1918–1926"

2756: 2156: 2052: 1523: 1428: 671: 541: 484: 351: 3150:. Details de Forest's activities from the invention of the Audion to 1930. 321:

and long distance telephone lines possible, and led to the development of

5610: 5260: 5170: 5155: 5115: 5075: 4934: 4607: 4585: 4535: 4487: 4467: 4348: 4278: 4244: 4190: 4089: 4085: 4017: 3898: 3763: 3739: 3669: 3613: 3558: 1575: 1360: 1348: 1010: 872: 802: 767: 685:

to his assistant, Frank E. Butler, located in the Fox's Dock Pavilion on

606: 603: 310: 295: 3220:

A Few Moments with Eddie Cantor (1923) (De Forest Phonofilm Sound Movie)

1703:"Wireless Telegraph Transmitter," filed February 1906, issued July 1909; 1483:

Lucille Sheardown in February 1906. Divorced before the end of the year.

5615: 5322: 5020: 4929: 4885: 4855: 4833: 4631: 4621: 4603: 4505: 4366: 4282: 4227: 4147: 4141: 4013: 3955: 3799: 3685: 3194: 3169: 2112:"The Audion: A New Receiver for Wireless Telegraphy" by Lee de Forest, 1540: 1368: 1249: 1178: 978: 476: 330: 3465: 1544:, accusing it of being "lousy with Treason, crawling with Communism." 963:

transmission. In late 1913 Armstrong applied for patents covering the

871:, which produced long-range radiotelegraph systems using high-powered 574:

at Wei-hai-Wei on the Chinese mainland and aboard the Chinese steamer

336:

Despite this, he was recognised for his pioneering work with the 1922

298:

of fundamental importance. He invented the first practical electronic

5600: 5065: 4880: 4647: 4589: 4525: 4314: 4262: 3375: 3265: 3157: 2607: 2552:

by Cass Warner Sperling, Cork Millner and Jack Warner (1998), p. 111.

1585: 1281: 1217: 1119: 1111: 1093: 1030: 775: 678: 582: 576: 380: 299: 126: 3270: 3255: 3242:

by A. B. Cole, Sales Manager – De Forest Radio Tel. & Tel. Co.,

5595: 5585: 5502: 5327: 5150: 4115: 3971: 3960: 3805: 3753: 3369: 1081: 1077: 793: 635: 377: 287: 2663:

Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century

1363:

for forty years, making possible long-distance telephone service,

1177:" gimmick. However, de Forest's choice of primarily filming short 383:

who fled Europe in the 17th century due to religious persecution.

5590: 5575: 4793: 3747: 3203: 2812:. Inventors and Innovators. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 113. 1639:"Wireless Telegraph System," filed January 1906 issued July 1906; 1025:

De Forest broadcasting Columbia phonograph records (October 1916)

472: 372:

Robbins) and Henry Swift DeForest. He was a direct descendant of

2721:"The Perham Collection of Early Electronics at History San José" 547: 41: 5620: 5580: 4902: 1993:

History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy

1130: 763: 757: 307: 303: 125:

Three-electrode vacuum-tube (Audion), sound-on-film recording (

1526:. In 1932, in the midst of the Great Depression, he voted for 1133:, Germany, meeting the Tri-Ergon developers (German inventors 646: 5605: 5542: 4850: 4294: 3188: 3086:

The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932

2940:. SpringerLink : Bücher. Springer New York. p. 31. 2799: 2701:"Lee de Forest, Class of 1893: Father of the Electronics Age" 2506:

The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931

2173:

The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932

1098: 779: 731: 631: 426:, who responded by having de Forest expelled from Sheffield. 778:, and on October 25, 1906, de Forest filed a patent for the 5547: 2996:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 113, additional text. 2809:

Pioneers of the Industrial Age: Breakthroughs in Technology

1885:"Wireless Telegraphy That Sends No Messages Except By Wire" 1602: 2880: 1102:

Poster promoting a Phonofilm demonstration (December 1925)

774:

general name of "Audions". The first Audions had only two

634:, which up to now had been primarily used in Europe, over 580:, which allowed war correspondent Captain Lionel James of 483:

After making unsuccessful inquiries about employment with

3771: 3266:

University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1503:). Mayo died December 30, 1957, in a fire in Los Angeles. 1065: 3098:

Chipman, Robert A. "De Forest and the Triode Detector"

2994:

Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication

2097:"What Everyone Should Know About Radio History: Part II" 1248:

rights to Phonofilm and released short films of British

1129:

From October 1921 to September 1922, de Forest lived in

5840:

Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni

286:(August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American 2041:"Metropolitan Opera House: January 13, 1910 Broadcast" 1378:

De Forest's archives were donated by his widow to the

1321:

De Forest visiting Beckman Industries in Germany, 1955

912: 3256:"De Forest Phonofilm Co. Inc. on White House grounds" 2504:"Lee de Forest and Phonofilm: Virtual Broadway" from 2441:"Election Returns Flashed by Radio to 7,000 Amateurs" 1727:"Oscillation Responsive Device" (parallel plates in 951:

being one in the United States between de Forest and

739:. On February 24, the Manhattan Opera Company's Mme. 3093:

Father of Radio: the Autobiography of Lee de Forest'

2961: 2843:

American Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary

2762: 2688:

encyclopedia of American biography 1974 pp 268–269.

1518:

De Forest was a conservative Republican and fervent

3230:"Who said Lee de Forest was the 'Father of Radio'?" 2971:

Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee De Forest

2286:US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. (1927). 1940:

A Modern Campaign: War and Wireless in the Far East

1925:"Wireless Telegraphy at the St. Louis Exposition", 1813:

Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest

751: 700: 4052:Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers 3252:" by Sungook Hong, Seoul National University (PDF) 3072:Lee de Forest: King of Radio, Television, and Film 2937:Lee de Forest: King of Radio, television, and Film 2340: 2198:. Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams & Company. 1216:introduced a competing method for sound film, the 1087: 1016: 846: 3129:. New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc. 3017:, December 1940, pp. 154–159, 358, 360, 362, 364. 2833: 2375:"Columbia Used to Demonstrate Wireless Telephone" 1739:"Transmission of Music by Electromagnetic Waves"; 1731:flame) filed February 1905, issued December 1910; 1270:De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company 1004:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 641: 538:American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company 5741: 3688:, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, 2927: 2805: 2550:Hollywood be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story 1868:The two Institutes merged in 1940 to become the 878: 722:, made a broadcast supporting women's suffrage. 516:, which freed him to conduct experiments at the 2313: 1853:"De Forest Forecasts Boom in Use of Television" 1355:, are in this building named for Lee de Forest. 454:, and a later 250-watt transmitting power tube 5845:Presidents of the Institute of Radio Engineers 3074:(Springer Science & Business Media, 2011). 2518:"March 12, 1923: Talkies Talk... On Their Own" 2381:, November 4, 1916, p. 52. (arcade-museum.com) 2157:"The Audion; A Third Form of the Gas Detector" 1995:by Captain L. S. Howeth, USN (Retired), 1963, 1791:in the 1900 U.S. Census (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) 609:detector by another company employee, General 4663: 3819:, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / 3574: 3481: 3286: 2924:(1992), Lehigh University Press, pp. 119–120. 2886: 1983:, August 10, 1907, pp. 293–294. (archive.org) 1977:"Reporting Yacht Races by Wireless Telephony" 1891:, October 28, 1901, p. 4. (fultonhistory.com) 1447:Honored February 8, 1960, with a star on the 548:American De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company 2745:"The 32nd Academy Awards: Memorable Moments" 401:De Forest prepared for college by attending 5678:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 3262:Guide to the Lee De Forest Papers 1902–1953 3052:"De Forest Says Space Travel Is Impossible" 2636:"Dr. DeForest, Father of Radio, Dead at 87" 2370: 2368: 2347:(first ed.). Harper Collins. pp. 1442:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 945: 654:At the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 5714: 4670: 4656: 3588: 3581: 3567: 3488: 3474: 3293: 3279: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2873:"Second Wife of De Forest Dies in Blaze", 2577:"'Magnificent Failure'" by Samuel Lubell, 2239:"Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves" 1953:Inventing American Broadcasting: 1899–1922 1426:American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1314:, was published, although it sold poorly. 1227:, with the August 6, 1926, release of the 1080:, which later became broadcasting station 620: 349:American Institute of Electrical Engineers 273:Audio Engineering Society Gold Medal Award 40: 3246:, March 1916, pp. 41–44. (wikisource.org) 3154:Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio 3107:Lee de Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio 3026: 2967: 2922:Lee de Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio 2733:"IRE Medal of Honor Recipients 1917–1963" 2703:. Northfield Mount Hermon Alumni Magazine 2652:Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio 2624:Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio 2612:Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio 2077: 2059:, May 1910, p. 63. (earlyradiohistory.us) 1803:in the 1920 U.S. Census (Bronx, New York) 1394: 809:. He called the intermediate electrode a 5805:Illinois Institute of Technology faculty 5790:Burials at San Fernando Mission Cemetery 3133:Lubell, Samuel. "'Magnificent Failure'" 2768: 2365: 2175:by Hugh G. J. Aitken, 1985, pp. 235–244. 2031:, February 26, 1909, p. 7. (nytimes.com) 1470: 1421:for "inventions embodied in the Audion". 1342: 1316: 1263: 1097: 1020: 920: 850: 792: 704: 645: 551: 445: 4232:Museum of Modern Art Department of Film 3495: 2999: 2757:"Hollywood Walk of Fame: Lee De Forest" 2698: 2472:, April 23, 1921, p. 936. (archive.org) 2466:"'Broadcasting' News by Radiotelephone" 1843:by Raymond E. Fielding (britannica.com) 1304:and a jam-resistant radio control in a 674:, that were heard throughout the city. 14: 5742: 4677: 3118: 2839: 2025:"Barnard Girls Test Wireless 'Phones" 900:electron flows rather than ions. (Dr. 681:—which were sent from the steam yacht 325:, among countless other applications. 5825:Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni 5800:History of radio in the United States 4651: 3562: 3469: 3300: 3274: 2933: 2893:. Taylor & Francis. p. 288. 2806:Publishing, B.E.; Hollar, S. (2012). 2775:. Taylor & Francis. p. 980. 2723:(perhamcollection.historysanjose.org) 2447:, January 1917, p. 650. (archive.org) 2391:"Special Land Stations: New Stations" 2338: 2236: 1296:presented the concept of a primitive 1169:used the Phonofilm process for their 1056:and other anthems, songs, and hymns. 367: 5724: 3127:The Cyclopædia of American Biography 2877:, December 31, 1957, part III, p. 2. 2534:"The History of Sound in the Cinema" 2193: 1289:National Association of Broadcasters 4056:Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson 2562:"DeForest Company Bought by Jewett" 1766:Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts 1695:"Wireless Telegraph Tuning Device"; 1044:Wilson-Hughes presidential election 913:Reorganized Radio Telephone Company 602:resolved with the invention of the 586:of London to report on the brewing 441: 24: 3240:"Practical Pointers on the Audion" 3064: 2974:. Wilcox & Follett. p. 71 2887:Froehlich, F.E.; Kent, A. (1992). 2772:Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set 1916:, August 27, 1903, p. 1. (loc.gov) 1841:"Lee de Forest: American inventor" 1547: 1310:issue. In 1950 his autobiography, 1173:series of cartoons—featuring the " 984:Office of Alien Property Custodian 362:Lee de Forest was born in 1873 in 25: 5861: 5765:Academy Honorary Award recipients 4010:Bausch & Lomb Optical Company 3992:20th Century-Fox Film Corporation 3778:and his associates / Rey Scott / 3656:Museum of Modern Art Film Library 3182: 3029:Interactive television production 1955:by Susan J. Douglas, 1987, p. 97. 1499:); divorced October 5, 1930 (per 1208:, who marketed the innovation as 615:United Wireless Telegraph Company 540:, which claimed its ownership of 458:, which he called an "oscillion". 5830:People from Council Bluffs, Iowa 5723: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5692: 5313:Free-space optical communication 3189:Lee de Forest, American Inventor 3112: 3056:Lewiston (Idaho) Morning Tribune 2138:magazine, December 1930, p. 41.) 1870:Illinois Institute of Technology 1461: 1400:Charter member, in 1912, of the 797:De Forest grid Audion from 1906. 701:Initial broadcasting experiments 214: 187: 158: 5760:20th-century American inventors 4273:National Endowment for the Arts 3780:British Ministry of Information 3214:National Inventors Hall of Fame 3045: 3020: 2986: 2914: 2867: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2645: 2629: 2617: 2600: 2584: 2571: 2555: 2543: 2527: 2511: 2498: 2475: 2459: 2450: 2434: 2422: 2413: 2400: 2384: 2332: 2307: 2295: 2280: 2268: 2265:by Tom Lewis, 1991, pp. 77, 87. 2256: 2230: 2221: 2187: 2178: 2166: 2150: 2141: 2127: 2106: 2090: 2071: 2062: 2046: 2034: 2018: 2002: 1986: 1970: 1967:by Thorn L. Mayes, 1989, p. 44. 1958: 1946: 1932: 1919: 1903: 1088:Phonofilm sound-on-film process 1017:Renewed broadcasting activities 847:Employment at Federal Telegraph 422:important lecture by Professor 236: 210: 183: 154: 5815:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients 3770:, John N. A. Hawkins, and the 3119:Homans, James E., ed. (1918). 2118:November 30, 1907, pp. 348–350 2114:Scientific American Supplement 1894: 1878: 1862: 1857:Washington (D.C.) Evening Star 1846: 1834: 1818: 1806: 1794: 1782: 973:was issued for his discovery. 856:California Historical Landmark 788:Scientific American Supplement 642:Arc radiotelephone development 13: 1: 5785:American electrical engineers 4299:National Film Board of Canada 3095:(Wilcox & Follett, 1950). 2699:Millard, Max (October 1993). 2597:, December 1940, pp. 805–806. 2540:, July/August 1998, pp. 8–13. 2524:, March 12, 2008. (wired.com) 2468:(letter from Lee de Forest), 2122:December 7, 1907, pp. 354–356 2053:"Radio Telephone Experiments" 1997:"The Radio Telephone Failure" 1776: 1493: 1333:San Fernando Mission Cemetery 879:Audio frequency amplification 611:Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody 592:Louisiana Purchase Exposition 357: 47: 27:American inventor (1873–1961) 5810:IEEE Edison Medal recipients 5699:Telecommunication portal 5480:Telecommunications equipment 3011:"Dawn of the Electronic Age" 1910:"Cuss Words in the Wireless" 1466: 1402:Institute of Radio Engineers 1384:Foothills Electronics Museum 1380:Perham Electronic Foundation 1035:Columbia Graphophone Company 1000:Institute of Radio Engineers 658:had presented a paper on an 366:, the son of Anna Margaret ( 7: 5216:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 4039:Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto 3031:. Focal Press. p. 89. 2445:The Electrical Experimenter 2194:Tyne, Gerald E. J. (1977). 1825:"De Forest—Father of Radio" 1759: 1513: 1382:, which in 1973 opened the 1298:unmanned combat air vehicle 1184:De Forest also worked with 1118:and the German partnership 718:de Forest's mother-in-law, 480:Morse code sending speeds. 415:Sheffield Scientific School 376:, the leader of a group of 107:Sheffield Scientific School 10: 5866: 4920:Telecommunications history 3728:Motion Picture Relief Fund 2675:Dawn of the Electronic Age 2581:, January 31, 1942, p. 49. 1595: 1487:Nora Stanton Blatch Barney 1091: 755: 172:Nora Stanton Blatch Barney 5687: 5629: 5566: 5528:Public Switched Telephone 5488: 5452: 5409: 5350: 5340:telecommunication circuit 5301:Fiber-optic communication 5284: 5046:Francis Blake (telephone) 4993: 4841:Optical telecommunication 4685: 4392: 4206: 3996:Bell & Howell Company 3948: 3772:RCA Manufacturing Company 3596: 3503: 3308: 3102:, March 1965, pp. 93–101. 2591:"Robot Television Bomber" 1929:, September 1904, p. 167. 1859:, April 7, 1943, p. B-11. 1801:Lee de Forest entry (#29) 1789:Lee de Forest entry (#20) 1556: 1475:Mary Mayo, his third wife 1338: 967:, and on October 6, 1914 869:Federal Telegraph Company 429:With the outbreak of the 403:Mount Hermon Boys' School 386:De Forest's father was a 247: 133: 121: 113: 98: 79: 57: 39: 32: 5780:American anti-communists 5439:Orbital angular-momentum 4876:Satellite communications 4715:Communications satellite 3027:Gawlinski, Mark (2003). 2846:. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. 2508:by Donald Crafton (1999) 2456:De Forest (1950) p. 350. 2419:De Forest (1950) p. 337. 2227:De Forest (1950) p. 340. 2184:De Forest (1950) p. 327. 2147:De Forest (1950) p. 322. 1900:De Forest (1950) p. 126. 1175:Follow the Bouncing Ball 1054:The Star-Spangled Banner 946:Regeneration controversy 743:sang "La Habanera" from 727:Metropolitan Opera House 489:Western Electric Company 294:and an early pioneer in 5318:Molecular communication 5141:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 4970:Undersea telegraph line 4705:Cable protection system 3724:William Cameron Menzies 3210:Lee de Forest biography 3204:Lee de Forest biography 3148:Smithsonian Institution 3143:Saga of the Vacuum Tube 2769:Sterling, C.H. (2004). 2640:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2568:, April 21, 1923, p. 2. 2320:Encyclopædia Britannica 2196:Saga of the Vacuum Tube 2163:, October 1908, p. 233. 2159:by John L. Hogan, Jr., 927:Electrical Experimenter 621:Radio Telephone Company 323:talking motion pictures 5820:Naval Consulting Board 5795:California Republicans 5775:American anti-fascists 5460:Communication protocol 5246:Charles Sumner Tainter 5061:Walter Houser Brattain 5006:Edwin Howard Armstrong 4814:Information revolution 4339:Michelangelo Antonioni 3863:William Nicholas Selig 3590:Academy Honorary Award 3394:George Ashley Campbell 3122:"De Forest, Lee" 2968:De Forest, L. (1950). 2686:John A. Garraty, ed., 2395:Radio Service Bulletin 2379:The Music Trade Review 2292:. Retrieved Nov. 2021. 2015:, August 1922, p. 333. 1943:by David Fraser, 1905. 1831:, January 1947, p. 17. 1755:"Wireless Telegraphy." 1687:"Wireless Telegraphy"; 1476: 1449:Hollywood Walk of Fame 1435:Honorary Academy Award 1407:Received the 1922 IRE 1395:Awards and recognition 1356: 1347:The DeForest Lofts at 1322: 1294:Ulises Armand Sanabria 1258:British Film Institute 1186:Freeman Harrison Owens 1103: 1026: 955:over the discovery of 953:Edwin Howard Armstrong 930: 925:Audion advertisement, 863: 798: 752:"Grid" Audion detector 720:Harriot Stanton Blatch 710: 651: 557: 459: 5434:Polarization-division 5166:Narinder Singh Kapany 5131:Erna Schneider Hoover 5051:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5031:Alexander Graham Bell 4762:online video platform 4295:Eastman Kodak Company 3938:The Walls of Malapaga 3352:Arthur Edwin Kennelly 3135:Saturday Evening Post 3084:Aitken, , Hugh G. J. 2840:Bailey, M.J. (1994). 2579:Saturday Evening Post 2314:Lawrence P. Lessing. 2245:. Columbia University 1752:U.S. patent 1,214,283 1744:U.S. patent 1,101,533 1736:U.S. patent 1,025,908 1474: 1419:Elliott Cresson Medal 1346: 1320: 1264:Later years and death 1223:process developed by 1101: 1024: 970:U.S. patent 1,113,149 929:magazine, August 1916 924: 860:Palo Alto, California 854: 796: 708: 649: 555: 449: 388:Congregational Church 345:Elliott Cresson Medal 315:electronic oscillator 302:, the three-element " 259:Elliott Cresson Medal 91:Hollywood, California 5276:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5236:Almon Brown Strowger 5206:Charles Grafton Page 4861:Prepaid mobile phone 4789:Electrical telegraph 4512:Jean-Claude Carrière 4102:/ Fred L. Metzler / 4100:William L. Hendricks 3978:/ George Mitchell / 3058:, February 25, 1957. 2488:, and p. 202 of the 2316:"Edwin H. Armstrong" 2237:Armstrong, Edwin H. 2099:by J. H. Morecroft, 2043:(metoperafamily.org) 1353:San Jose, California 1206:Fox Film Corporation 986:during World War I. 965:regenerative circuit 431:Spanish–American War 364:Council Bluffs, Iowa 213: 1912; 186: 1908; 157: 1906; 72:Council Bluffs, Iowa 5226:Johann Philipp Reis 4985:Wireless revolution 4947:The Telephone Cases 4804:Hydraulic telegraph 4169:Charles S. Boren / 3826:The House I Live In 3817:Daniel J. Bloomberg 3794:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 3497:IEEE Medal of Honor 3316:William D. Coolidge 3258:(1924) (shorpy.com) 3232:by Stephen Greene, 3140:Tyne, Gerald E. J. 3100:Scientific American 2339:Lewis, Tom (1991). 2304:, pp. 193–198, 203. 2009:"A Review of Radio" 1827:by Hugo Gernsback, 1724:U.S. patent 979,275 1716:U.S. patent 926,937 1711:"Space Telegraphy"; 1708:U.S. patent 926,936 1700:U.S. patent 926,935 1692:U.S. patent 926,934 1684:U.S. patent 926,933 1676:U.S. patent 879,532 1668:U.S. patent 876,165 1660:U.S. patent 841,387 1652:U.S. patent 841,386 1644:U.S. patent 836,070 1636:U.S. patent 827,524 1628:U.S. patent 827,523 1620:U.S. patent 824,637 1612:U.S. patent 748,597 1532:socialized medicine 1391:Early Electronics. 1278:Jewett-Paige Motors 1268:In April 1923, the 1254:Library of Congress 1242:Isadore Schlesinger 1147:33 West 39th Street 936:Elmer T. Cunningham 820:U.S. patent 879,532 664:amplitude modulated 509:Western Electrician 465:wireless telegraphy 424:Charles S. Hastings 407:Gill, Massachusetts 338:IEEE Medal of Honor 292:electrical engineer 252:IEEE Medal of Honor 5770:American agnostics 5424:Frequency-division 5401:Telephone exchange 5271:Charles Wheatstone 5201:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5176:Innocenzo Manzetti 5111:Reginald Fessenden 4846:Optical telegraphy 4679:Telecommunications 4492:George Stevens Jr. 4171:Edward G. Robinson 3871:George Kirke Spoor 3708:and Allen Davey / 3704:, Walter Oberst / 3700:, Harry D. Mills, 3529:Reginald Fessenden 3517:Ernst Alexanderson 3511:Edwin H. Armstrong 3418:Ernst Alexanderson 3406:Edwin H. Armstrong 3364:Lewis B. Stillwell 3175:2018-12-06 at the 3109:(Lehigh UP, 1992). 3013:by Lee de Forest, 2934:Adams, M. (2011). 2011:by Lee de Forest, 1927:The Electrical Age 1873:physics department 1719:"Space Telephony"; 1528:Franklin Roosevelt 1477: 1424:Received the 1946 1416:Franklin Institute 1365:radio broadcasting 1357: 1323: 1149:in New York City. 1104: 1027: 931: 864: 799: 711: 652: 588:Russo-Japanese War 567:Reginald Fessenden 558: 460: 396:Talladega, Alabama 342:Franklin Institute 319:radio broadcasting 5737: 5736: 5475:Store and forward 5470:Data transmission 5384:Network switching 5335:Transmission line 5181:Guglielmo Marconi 5146:Internet pioneers 5011:Mohamed M. Atalla 4980:Whistled language 4645: 4644: 4600:Samuel L. Jackson 4562:Donald Sutherland 4548:Frederick Wiseman 4110:William J. Tuttle 4070:Maurice Chevalier 3980:Joseph M. Schenck 3922:The Bicycle Thief 3849:Claude Jarman Jr. 3815:Republic Studio, 3776:Leopold Stokowski 3716:Douglas Fairbanks 3633:The March of Time 3556: 3555: 3523:Guglielmo Marconi 3463: 3462: 3454:Otto B. Blackwell 3448:Karl B. McEachron 3400:John B. Whitehead 3382:Dugald C. Jackson 3358:Willis R. Whitney 3346:Bancroft Gherardi 3302:IEEE Edison Medal 3191:(leedeforest.com) 3105:Hijiya, James A. 3015:Popular Mechanics 2947:978-1-4614-0418-7 2900:978-0-8247-2903-5 2875:Los Angeles Times 2853:978-0-87436-740-9 2819:978-1-61530-745-6 2782:978-1-135-45648-1 2610:PBS documentary 2595:Popular Mechanics 2538:Cinema Technology 2520:by Randy Alfred, 2485:The Fourth Estate 2343:Empire of the Air 2263:Empire of the Air 1771:Robert von Lieben 1601:Patent images in 1501:Los Angeles Times 1440:presented by the 1414:Awarded the 1923 1328:This Is Your Life 1307:Popular Mechanics 1302:television camera 1141:(1890–1979), and 1062:Arthur Batcheller 1049:New York American 691:Great White Fleet 687:South Bass Island 504:Warren S. Johnson 469:Guglielmo Marconi 392:Talladega College 281: 280: 266:IEEE Edison Medal 144:Lucille Sheardown 16:(Redirected from 5857: 5727: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5568:Notable networks 5558:Wireless network 5498:Cellular network 5490:Types of network 5465:Computer network 5352:Network topology 5266:Thomas A. Watson 5121:Oliver Heaviside 5106:Philo Farnsworth 5081:Daniel Davis Jr. 5056:Charles Bourseul 5016:John Logie Baird 4725:Data compression 4720:Computer network 4672: 4665: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4484:D. A. Pennebaker 4474:James Earl Jones 4327:Federico Fellini 4251:Barbara Stanwyck 4224:Laurence Olivier 4126:Y. Frank Freeman 4060:Charles Brackett 3968:Merian C. Cooper 3917:Cecil B. DeMille 3894:Monsieur Vincent 3841:Laurence Olivier 3831:Peggy Ann Garner 3810:Margaret O'Brien 3652:W. Howard Greene 3638:W. Howard Greene 3583: 3576: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3541:John Stone Stone 3490: 3483: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3328:Charles F. Scott 3295: 3288: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3236:, February 1991. 3234:Mass Comm Review 3221: 3130: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3091:De Forest, Lee. 3081:(vol. 26, 2013). 3059: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3024: 3018: 3008: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2931: 2925: 2920:James A. Hijya, 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2766: 2760: 2759:(walkoffame.com) 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2604: 2598: 2588: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2536:by Dion Hanson, 2531: 2525: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2479: 2473: 2470:Electrical World 2463: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2382: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2346: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2209: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2161:Modern Electrics 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2131: 2125: 2110: 2104: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057:Modern Electrics 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2022: 2016: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1984: 1981:Electrical World 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1882: 1876: 1866: 1860: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1726: 1718: 1710: 1702: 1694: 1686: 1678: 1670: 1662: 1654: 1646: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1614: 1498: 1495: 1455:DeVry University 1388:Foothill College 1225:Western Electric 972: 897:Harold D. Arnold 893:John Stone Stone 822: 815:John V. L. Hogan 741:Mariette Mazarin 656:Valdemar Poulsen 530:Associated Press 522:Clarence Freeman 518:Armour Institute 493:A. Neugschwender 467:"), but Italian 442:Early radio work 371: 277: 270: 263: 256: 240: 238: 218: 216: 212: 191: 189: 185: 162: 160: 156: 86: 67: 65: 52: 49: 44: 30: 29: 21: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5625: 5562: 5484: 5448: 5405: 5354: 5346: 5287: 5280: 5186:Robert Metcalfe 5041:Tim Berners-Lee 4989: 4809:Information Age 4681: 4676: 4646: 4641: 4636:Carol Littleton 4594:Lina Wertmüller 4554:Charles Burnett 4540:Lynn Stalmaster 4498:Angela Lansbury 4464:Jean-Luc Godard 4440:Robert F. Boyle 4434:Ennio Morricone 4388: 4202: 4164:Charlie Chaplin 4016:/ Kemp Niver / 3985:Forbidden Games 3944: 3867:Albert E. Smith 3758:Nathan Levinson 3706:Oliver T. Marsh 3690:Farciot Edouart 3682:Gordon Jennings 3608:Charlie Chaplin 3592: 3587: 3557: 3552: 3499: 3494: 3464: 3459: 3442:Morris E. Leeds 3322:Frank B. Jewett 3304: 3299: 3219: 3185: 3177:Wayback Machine 3166:Edwin Armstrong 3113: 3067: 3065:Further reading 3062: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3025: 3021: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2804: 2800: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2605: 2601: 2589: 2585: 2576: 2572: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2532: 2528: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2499: 2490:March 18, 1920 2483:March 13, 1920 2480: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2389: 2385: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2243:Living Legacies 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2206: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2128: 2111: 2107: 2101:Radio Broadcast 2095: 2091: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2023: 2019: 2013:Radio Broadcast 2007: 2003: 1991: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1889:New York Herald 1883: 1879: 1867: 1863: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1835: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1762: 1750: 1742: 1734: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1698: 1690: 1682: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1650: 1642: 1634: 1626: 1618: 1610: 1598: 1559: 1550: 1548:Religious views 1516: 1496: 1469: 1464: 1397: 1341: 1312:Father of Radio 1266: 1214:Warner Brothers 1194:Calvin Coolidge 1143:Joseph Massolle 1116:Eric Tigerstedt 1110:process called 1096: 1090: 1019: 968: 948: 915: 902:Irving Langmuir 885:audio frequency 881: 849: 818: 760: 754: 703: 668:Thaddeus Cahill 660:arc transmitter 644: 627:Parker Building 623: 550: 514:Lewis Institute 497:Emil Aschkinass 444: 411:Yale University 374:Jessé de Forest 360: 275: 271: 268: 264: 261: 257: 254: 243: 242: 239: 1930) 234: 230: 220: 217: 1923) 208: 204: 201: 193: 190: 1911) 181: 177: 174: 164: 161: 1906) 152: 148: 145: 99:Alma mater 94: 88: 84: 75: 69: 68:August 26, 1873 63: 61: 53: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5863: 5853: 5852: 5850:Stanton family 5847: 5842: 5837: 5835:Radio pioneers 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5721: 5711: 5701: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5419:Space-division 5415: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5256:Camille Tissot 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5231:Claude Shannon 5228: 5223: 5221:Tivadar Puskás 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5191:Antonio Meucci 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Charles K. Kao 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5136:Harold Hopkins 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5036:Emile Berliner 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4975:Videotelephony 4972: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4873: 4871:Radiotelephone 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Internet video 4749: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4628:Angela Bassett 4625: 4611: 4597: 4583: 4569: 4551: 4544:Anne V. 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2279: 2267: 2255: 2229: 2220: 2204: 2186: 2177: 2165: 2149: 2140: 2136:Communications 2126: 2120:and No. 1666, 2105: 2089: 2070: 2061: 2045: 2033: 2029:New York Times 2017: 2001: 1999:, pp. 169–172. 1985: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1931: 1918: 1902: 1893: 1877: 1861: 1845: 1833: 1817: 1815:, 1950, p. 88. 1805: 1793: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1720: 1712: 1704: 1696: 1688: 1680: 1672: 1664: 1656: 1648: 1640: 1632: 1624: 1616: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1520:anti-communist 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1507:Marie Mosquini 1504: 1490: 1484: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1445: 1432: 1422: 1412: 1409:Medal of Honor 1405: 1396: 1393: 1340: 1337: 1265: 1262: 1244:purchased the 1229:John Barrymore 1167:Dave Fleischer 1124:RCA Photophone 1092:Main article: 1089: 1086: 1018: 1015: 947: 944: 914: 911: 880: 877: 848: 845: 756:Main article: 753: 750: 715:Eugenia Farrar 702: 699: 643: 640: 622: 619: 549: 546: 443: 440: 359: 356: 279: 278: 249: 245: 244: 232: 228:Marie Mosquini 226: 225: 224: 223: 206: 202: 199: 198: 197: 196: 179: 175: 170: 169: 168: 167: 150: 146: 143: 142: 141: 140: 137: 135: 131: 130: 123: 122:Known for 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 100: 96: 95: 89: 87:(aged 87) 81: 77: 76: 70: 59: 55: 54: 46:Lee de Forest 45: 37: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5862: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5730: 5722: 5720: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5700: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 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5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101:Lee de Forest 5099: 5097: 5096:Thomas Edison 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Donald Davies 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Claude Chappe 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915:Smoke signals 4913: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4893:Semiconductor 4891: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 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4362: 4361:Stanley Donen 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4289:Ralph Bellamy 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4269:James Stewart 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4257:Mickey Rooney 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4239:Alec Guinness 4236: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4197:Mary Pickford 4195: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4138:John Chambers 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4122:Yakima Canutt 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4080:Lee de Forest 4077: 4076:Buster Keaton 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3933:George Murphy 3930: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909:Jean Hersholt 3907: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3889:Walter Wanger 3887: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855:James Baskett 3853: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3821:Walter Wanger 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786:Charles Boyer 3784: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:Jean Hersholt 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678:Mickey Rooney 3675: 3674:Deanna Durbin 3671: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3642:Harold Rosson 3639: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3547:Mihajlo Pupin 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3535:Lee de Forest 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3471: 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Rice 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3195:Lee de Forest 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162:David Sarnoff 3159: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070:Adams, Mike. 3069: 3068: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3040: 3038:0-240-51679-6 3034: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2989: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2795: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2493: 2492:Printers' Ink 2487: 2486: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2453: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2360: 2358:0-06-018215-6 2354: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2335: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2224: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2205:0-672-21471-7 2201: 2197: 2190: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536:Richard Nixon 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1462:Personal life 1456: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Edward Jewett 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:sound-on-disc 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:Fox Movietone 1207: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1190:Theodore Case 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Song Car-Tune 1168: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1137:(1893–1942), 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:sound-on-film 1100: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1002:(present-day 1001: 995: 991: 987: 985: 980: 974: 971: 966: 960: 958: 954: 943: 939: 937: 928: 923: 919: 910: 906: 903: 898: 894: 888: 886: 876: 874: 870: 861: 857: 853: 844: 840: 838: 834: 833:Fleming valve 828: 826: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 795: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 771: 769: 765: 759: 749: 746: 742: 738: 737:Enrico Caruso 734: 733: 728: 723: 721: 716: 707: 698: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 648: 639: 637: 633: 628: 618: 616: 612: 608: 605: 599: 595: 593: 589: 585: 584: 579: 578: 571: 568: 562: 554: 545: 543: 539: 533: 531: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 478: 474: 470: 466: 457: 453: 448: 439: 437: 436:Willard Gibbs 432: 427: 425: 419: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 379: 375: 370: 365: 355: 353: 350: 347:and the 1946 346: 343: 339: 334: 332: 326: 324: 320: 317:. These made 316: 312: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284:Lee de Forest 274: 267: 260: 253: 250: 246: 229: 222: 221: 195: 194: 173: 166: 165: 139: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 101: 97: 92: 83:June 30, 1961 82: 78: 73: 60: 56: 43: 38: 34:Lee de Forest 31: 19: 18:Lee De Forest 5411:Multiplexing 5286:Transmission 5251:Nikola Tesla 5241:Henry Sutton 5196:Samuel Morse 5126:Robert Hooke 5100: 5091:Amos Dolbear 5026:John Bardeen 4945: 4925:Telautograph 4829:Mobile phone 4784:Edholm's law 4767:social media 4700:Broadcasting 4618:Diane Warren 4614:Euzhan Palcy 4580:Cicely Tyson 4558:Owen Roizman 4502:Steve Martin 4450:Roger Corman 4422:Sidney Lumet 4393:2001–present 4379:Jack Cardiff 4355:Michael Kidd 4345:Kirk Douglas 4333:Deborah Kerr 4321:Satyajit Ray 4311:Sophia Loren 4237:Hal Elias / 4220:Walter Lantz 4187:Howard Hawks 4181:Groucho Marx 4158:Orson Welles 4154:Lillian Gish 4132:Arthur Freed 4094:Hayley Mills 4079: 4064:B. B. Kahane 4046:Eddie Cantor 4037: 4031:Gate of Hell 4030: 4022:Jon Whiteley 4000:Joseph Breen 3983: 3976:Harold Lloyd 3959: 3936: 3920: 3913:Fred Astaire 3903:Adolph Zukor 3892: 3880: 3876:Bill and Coo 3874: 3859:Thomas Armat 3824: 3744:Conrad Nagel 3736:Ralph Morgan 3720:Judy Garland 3710:Harry Warner 3694:Loyal Griggs 3660:Mack Sennett 3648:Edgar Bergen 3631: 3604:Warner Bros. 3534: 3429: 3424:Philip Sporn 3334:Frank Conrad 3243: 3233: 3153: 3142: 3134: 3126: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3055: 3047: 3028: 3022: 3014: 2993: 2988: 2976:. Retrieved 2970: 2963: 2951:. Retrieved 2936: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2904:. Retrieved 2889: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2857:. Retrieved 2842: 2835: 2823:. Retrieved 2808: 2801: 2793: 2786:. Retrieved 2771: 2764: 2752: 2747:(oscars.org) 2740: 2728: 2716: 2705:. Retrieved 2694: 2687: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2631: 2626:. PBS: 1992. 2623: 2619: 2602: 2594: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2566:Radio Digest 2565: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2529: 2521: 2513: 2505: 2500: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2461: 2452: 2444: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2415: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2386: 2378: 2342: 2334: 2323:. Retrieved 2319: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2247:. 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283: 282: 103:Yale College 85:(1961-06-30) 5755:1961 deaths 5750:1873 births 5611:NPL network 5323:Radio waves 5261:Alfred Vail 5171:Hedy Lamarr 5156:Dawon Kahng 5116:Elisha Gray 5076:Yogen Dalal 5001:Nasir Ahmed 4935:Teleprinter 4799:Heliographs 4608:Liv Ullmann 4586:David Lynch 4572:Marvin Levy 4566:Agnès Varda 4536:Jackie Chan 4488:Hal Needham 4468:Eli Wallach 4349:Chuck Jones 4279:Paul Newman 4245:Henry Fonda 4191:Jean Renoir 4090:Stan Laurel 4086:Gary Cooper 4018:Greta Garbo 3899:Sid Grauman 3790:Noël Coward 3764:Walt Disney 3740:Ralph Block 3670:Walt Disney 3614:Walt Disney 2408:oscillation 1829:Radio-Craft 1576:Jules Verne 1497: 1919 1361:electronics 1349:Santana Row 1204:, owner of 1202:William Fox 1011:Carl Dreher 768:vacuum tube 748:available. 604:carborundum 340:, the 1923 311:vacuum tube 296:electronics 51: 1904 5744:Categories 5657:Antarctica 5616:Toasternet 5538:Television 5021:Paul Baran 4953:Television 4937:(teletype) 4930:Telegraphy 4908:transistor 4886:Phryctoria 4856:Photophone 4834:Smartphone 4824:Mass media 4632:Mel Brooks 4622:Peter Weir 4604:Elaine May 4506:Piero Tosi 4478:Dick Smith 4367:Elia Kazan 4283:Alex North 4228:King Vidor 4148:Cary Grant 4142:Onna White 4014:Danny Kaye 4004:Pete Smith 3956:Gene Kelly 3800:George Pal 3686:Jan Domela 3206:(ethw.org) 2735:(ethw.org) 2707:2017-12-10 2325:2017-12-10 2249:2017-12-10 1777:References 1586:kilocycles 1541:The Nation 1369:transistor 1250:music hall 1179:vaudeville 1135:Josef Engl 979:heterodyne 776:electrodes 477:Morse code 358:Early life 331:mail fraud 114:Occupation 64:1873-08-26 5641:Americas 5630:Locations 5601:Internet2 5362:Bandwidth 5066:Vint Cerf 4963:streaming 4941:Telephone 4881:Semaphore 4772:streaming 4590:Wes Studi 4526:Spike Lee 4315:Myrna Loy 4263:Hal Roach 4207:1976–2000 3949:1951–1975 3882:Shoeshine 3597:1928–1950 3504:1917–1925 3376:Gano Dunn 3309:1926–1950 3158:Ken Burns 2608:Ken Burns 2277:, p. 192. 2079:US 841387 1467:Marriages 1282:diathermy 1218:Vitaphone 1154:Hollywood 1139:Hans Vogt 1120:Tri-Ergon 1112:Phonofilm 1094:Phonofilm 679:Lake Erie 583:The Times 577:SS Haimun 381:Huguenots 300:amplifier 200:Mary Mayo 127:Phonofilm 5709:Category 5596:Internet 5586:CYCLADES 5503:Ethernet 5453:Concepts 5377:terminal 5328:wireless 5151:Bob Kahn 4994:Pioneers 4819:Internet 4710:Cable TV 4116:Bob Hope 3972:Bob Hope 3961:Rashomon 3806:Bob Hope 3754:Bob Hope 3370:Alex Dow 3173:Archived 1760:See also 1514:Politics 1300:using a 1256:and the 1234:Don Juan 805:and the 803:filament 784:detector 636:wireless 288:inventor 117:Inventor 5729:Commons 5719:Outline 5672:Oceania 5591:FidoNet 5576:ARPANET 5389:circuit 4958:digital 4687:History 3264:at the 3225:YouTube 3088:(1985). 1596:Patents 837:Marconi 607:crystal 473:coherer 456:(right) 378:Walloon 241: 233: 219: 207: 203: 192: 180: 176: 163: 151: 147: 134:Spouses 5667:Europe 5637:Africa 5621:Usenet 5581:BITNET 5518:Mobile 5394:packet 4903:MOSFET 4898:device 4695:Beacon 4638:(2023) 4624:(2022) 4610:(2021) 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