53:
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584:. While the Polish government was passive towards the Lemko state and saw no need to suppress it thanks to its anti-Ukrainian attitude, the pro-Czech attitude concerned the Polish authorities, and unlike Russophilia, was seen as a threat to the Polish nation state. Following the proclamation by the Lemko Council the Republic would join Czechoslovakia as part of Carpathian Ukraine, the Polish army quickly occupied the region in March 1920, effectively dissolving the Lemko Republic. A trial of the council members took place on 10 June 1921 in
195:
592:
Lemkos becoming split between left-wing pro-Soviet and anti-Bolshevik right wing activists, known as the Old Rusyns. Old Rusyns remained loyal to the
Russophile cause, but also declared loyalty towards the Polish state and started advocating for autonomy within Poland, without abandoning their Rusyn national consciousness. Given the partition of Ukrainian lands between Poland and the Soviet Union, the pro-Ukrainian Lemkos merged with the pro-Russian groups, seeing either the Soviets or the Polish state as preferable.
605:
269:
485:, the Greek Catholic metropolitan, was arrested. The situation was quickly reversed when the Russian army was pushed back, with mass arrests and reprisals against pro-Russian circles by the Austrian army, including against the Rusyn movement. The war greatly polarised the Ukrainian and Russophile factions amongst Lemko activists, with the East being swayed towards supporting the Ukrainians and proclaiming a pro-Ukrainian
234:
261:
457:
weren't any strong foundations for a Lemko nation. In other words, Lemkos were certain that they weren't Poles nor
Ukrainians and sought sovereignty from them, and yet many didn't feel like they formed a nation on their own either. Russian agitation solved this problem, and many Rusyns proceeded to identify with the Russian nation and culture.
564:. In January 1919, Lemko council members met with Rusyns of Carpathia and under the leadership of Antonii Beskyd formed a united Carpatho-Rusyn National Council, announcing that the Lemkos of Galicia and Rusyns of Carpathia formed a single nation that would join Czechoslovakia. A delegation was sent to the
559:
The collapse of Russia put the pro-Russian republic in a difficult situation, and the republic started seeking alternatives. This made the Lemkos develop a pro-Czechoslovak policy as to avoid integration into Poland, and the pro-Czech attitude was already widespread amongst the Rusyns of
Slovakia and
439:
denominations. The spread of pro-Russian sympathies proved successful as there already were cultural and social conflicts between the Poles and Rusyn peasants, resulting in an anti-Polish attitude. Antipathy towards Poland was also caused by the attitude of Polish nationalist groups, which spread the
591:
Following the annexation of the Lemko-Rusyn
Republic and the lenient trial, the newly established Polish state ignored Lemkos and didn't interfere in the local political affairs. The success of the Polish state and the downfall of the Ukrainian one re-evaluated Rusyn politics, with the Russophile
509:
proclaimed that the Lemko region could only belong to a Rusyn state. Jarosław Moklak notes that the resolutions of Gładyszów received support from local Lemkos, as they considered the
Ukrainian nation foreign to them and feared being dismissed as a mere regional variant of the Ukrainian culture.
456:
Mykhailo
Hrushevsky stresses that there was no nationalism nor a strong identity present in the Rusyn circles, the cultural and religious differences made it impossible to identify with both the Polish and Ukrainian population, and yet despite a common desire for independence or autonomy, there
472:
came to represent
Galicia in the Viennese parliament. National Democrats represented a Russophile current, believing that rebuilding the Polish state lies in collaboration with Russia in exchange of extensive autonomy and combating Ukrainian nationalism. This pro-Russian attitude of National
480:
resulted in the
Russian occupation of Galicia, which the Russian officials declared to be "eternally Russian lands". Russia made vigorous efforts to integrate Galicia into Russia, and conducted mass conversions from Greek Catholicism to Eastern Orthodoxy. The Ukrainian national movement was
547:
for its government headquarters. However, the Lemkos were not interested in joining the Polish state and desired to join Russia instead. At the end of 1918, the council announced the incorporation of the Lemko region into Russia, although it wasn't specified whether the council meant
529:
also present as well. Additionally, a representative of the Polish government, Kazimierz Romult, was present as well. The congress proclaimed the creation of 'Nachalnyi Sovit', the executive council, and 'Russka Rada', the national council. Mykhal
Iurchakevych led the former, while
580:, the first governor of Czechoslovak Carpathian Ruthenia, vehemently opposed the annexation of Lemko Region into Czechoslovakia, given that it would provoke a war in Poland and that the Entente powers had already allowed Poland to occupy all of Galicia until the resolution of the
52:
440:
belief that Rusyns were a Polish tribe and that Rusyn culture was just a regional variation of the Polish one. Rusyns demanded that
Eastern Catholic customs be freely respected in Galicia, and for the Rusyn language to be represented in administration and schools. Fears of
556:. The Rusyn Council established its control on the region, prohibiting teachers and officials from submitting "pledges of loyalty" to the Polish government, and public documents referred to the Republic as "Russian National Republic".
760:
538:
was elected as the head of the latter. The newly proclaimed government proceeded to establish its control over the region, forming a national guard and workers' cooperatives. Given that the Lemko Republic was opposed to the
444:
and ignorance concerning the treatments of Rusyns and Ukrainians within the borders of the Russian Empire made the Russian campaign particularly successful, and already in 1849 the Lemkos sent a delegation to
1642:
464:
society, and by the dominant Polish element as well. This temporarily weakened the pro-Russian ambitions of the Rusyns, but it returned as a consequence of Russian defeat in the
924:
Magocsi, Paul Robert (1993). "The Ukrainian question between Poland and Czechoslovakia: The Lemko Rusyn republic (1918–1920) and political thought in western Rus'-Ukraine".
66:
722:(Fall 1993). "The Ukrainian question between Poland and Czechoslovakia: The Lemko Rusyn republic (1918-1920) and political thought in western Rus'-Ukraine".
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On 5 December 1918, over 500 Rusyn representatives of 130 villages and towns in the western Lemko Region held a national congress in
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never gave up on his ambition to join Russia, and continued to support a union with Russia, even if under Bolshevik governance.
568:, which issued a formal memorandum in April 1919 of a united Rusyn state which would encompass the Lemko region in Galicia, the
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government arrested Kacmarcyk and other members of the Lemko government. Its fate was sealed by the September 1919
214:
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Map comparing the approximate borders of the Lemko Republic with the Polish and Czechoslovak borders of the 1920s.
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The Russophilia of Rusyn circles came to be combated by the Ukrainian nationalist movements, most importantly the
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1241:
505:, where Rusyn activists spoke against joining the Ukrainian state. A political conference of Lemko activists in
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Relations between the Ukrainian national movement and Moscophilism in Eastern Galicia in the years 1866–1890
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do not wish to be incorporated into the Polish state, and wish to share the fate of our Rusyn brothers in
543:, the Polish government expected the Lemko state to support them and offered them the former town hall of
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Democrats greatly emporered the Russophile Rusyns and weakened the Ukrainian movement in Lemko region.
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Relacje między ukraińskim ruchem narodowym a moskalofilstwem w Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1866–1890
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811:. A History of East Central Europe. Vol. 1 (revised and expanded ed.). Seattle:
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359:
346:, its intent was unification with a democratic Russia and was opposed to a union with the
8:
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761:"Mini-States and Micro-Sovereignty: Local Democracies in East Central Europe, 1918–1923"
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The Lemko Region in the Second Polish Republic Political and Interdenominational Issues
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as President of the Central National Council. It was ended in March 1920 when the
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350:. A union with Russia proved impossible, so the Republic then attempted to join
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The approximate extent of the territory claimed by the Lemko Republic (yellow).
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who visited Galicia regularly, and conducted talks with anti-Polish clergy of
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turned into a power struggle between Austria, Russia and Poland. A circle of
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Map detailing the Galician administrative units claimed by the Lemko Republic
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On 5 December 1918, the Republic's delegates issued the statement: "We, the
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The western Lemkos were concerned that they would be incorporated into the
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1020:[A state within a state of the Rus' People's Republic of Lemkos].
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against their will. In November 1918, an anti-Ukrainian rally was held in
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382:
358:. This, however, was opposed by the then governor of Subcarpathian Rus',
327:
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In the middle of the 19th century, the question of Rusyn population in
311:'Rusyn National Republic of Lemkos'), often known also as the
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908:] (in Polish). Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press. p. 80.
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nation, living in a compact settlement in the southern parts of the
544:
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counties as one indivisible geographic and ethnographic unit."
641:
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926:
Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
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repressed, with most Ukrainian politicians fleeing to Vienna.
408:
state that existed between November 1918 and 23 January 1919.
323:, was a short-lived state founded on 5 December 1918 in the
968:
Political activity of the Lemkos in Lemkivshchyna 1918–1921
1643:
Former administrative regions of Lesser Poland Voivodeship
970:] (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawn Arboretum. p. 45.
964:
Działalność polityczna Łemków na Łemkowszczyźnie 1918–1921
404:, another short-lived republic. This was a smaller pro-
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1018:"Państwo w państwie Ruska Ludowa Republika Łemków"
1599:
272:Map of the areas claimed and controlled by the
1088:
1008:Paul R. Magocsi article on the Lemko Republic
453:, which asked the Tsar for his "protection".
338:, a village in the south-east of present-day
525:, with the Slovak representatives from the
396:This state should not be confused with the
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1653:States and territories established in 1918
1254:American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese
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874:. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press.
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807:(2002) . "Central Europe 1918-1923".
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1638:History of Subcarpathian Voivodeship
1633:History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)
1003:History of the Lemko-Rusyn Republic
499:Western Ukrainian People's Republic
13:
809:Historical Atlas of Central Europe
14:
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1628:States succeeding Austria-Hungary
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1658:1920 disestablishments in Europe
1521:Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper
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348:West Ukrainian People's Republic
278:West Ukrainian People's Republic
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301:Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv
16:1918–1920 Rusyn state in Europe
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813:University of Washington Press
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510:Further rallies took place in
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28:Руска Народна Република Лемків
1:
1648:1918 establishments in Poland
1331:Rákóczi's War of Independence
765:Contemporary European History
618:Galician administrative units
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354:as an autonomous province of
285:Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic
276:, the Lemko Republic and the
23:Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic
1526:Alexander Dukhnovych Theater
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300:
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1293:Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
1024:(in Polish). Archived from
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365:The Republic was headed by
330:and the dissolution of the
10:
1679:
1613:Former countries in Europe
1303:Saints Cyril and Methodius
449:led by Mykhailo Hrynda of
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389:in March 1921 whereby the
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938:10.1080/00905999308408278
900:Moklak, Jarosław (1985).
865:Moklak, Jarosław (2012).
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932:(2). Routledge: 95–105.
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1059:49.566667°N 20.983333°E
759:Mazur, Zachary (2023).
375:Treaty of Saint-Germain
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695:Republic of Tarnobrzeg
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228:Second Polish Republic
160:• Disestablished
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385:to Poland and by the
334:. It was centered on
271:
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87:Common languages
1623:Galician Russophilia
1547:Alexander Dukhnovych
1473:Carpathian Mountains
1359:Galician Russophilia
1349:Alexander Dukhnovych
1064:49.566667; 20.983333
1028:on 19 September 2016
1016:(14 November 2008).
805:Magocsi, Paul Robert
725:Nationalities Papers
720:Magocsi, Paul Robert
700:Republic of Zakopane
313:Lemko-Rusyn Republic
1557:Paul Robert Magocsi
1055: /
574:Carpathian Ruthenia
562:Carpathian Ruthenia
274:Carpathian Ruthenia
150:• Established
1586:WikiProject Rusyns
1456:Zakarpattia Oblast
1197:Ruthenian language
690:Republic of Ostrów
610:
594:Jaroslav Kacmarcyk
532:Jaroslav Kacmarcyk
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466:Russo-Japanese War
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1237:Greek Catholicism
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675:Komańcza Republic
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120:• 1918-1920
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815:. p. 127.
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468:. In 1907, the
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732:(2): 95–103.
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570:Prešov Region
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527:Prešov Region
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20:
1608:Lemko Region
1516:Prostopinije
1403:Contemporary
1383:
1369:Polonization
1313:Early Modern
1283:White Croats
1040:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
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611:
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554:White Russia
520:
496:
493:Proclamation
475:
459:
455:
442:Polonization
425:pan-Slavists
415:
402:Lemko Region
395:
381:west of the
364:
325:aftermath of
320:
316:
312:
284:
283:
183:Succeeded by
182:
177:
1567:Steve Ditko
1562:Andy Warhol
1341:Late Modern
1288:Rus' people
1275:Middle Ages
1193:Precursors
1062: /
400:of eastern
328:World War I
315:, just the
178:Preceded by
1602:Categories
1050:20°59′00″E
1047:49°34′00″N
451:Szlachtowa
422:Russophile
412:Background
344:Russophile
164:March 1920
97:Government
1446:Lemkovyna
1429:Geography
1213:Literary
1130:Dolinyans
946:154943090
791:258159097
783:0960-7773
746:154943090
626:Nowy Sącz
622:Nowy Targ
600:Territory
586:Nowy Sącz
516:Nowy Sącz
507:Gładyszów
406:Ukrainian
319:, or the
107:President
44:1918–1920
1229:Religion
1217:Iazychie
1171:Language
1150:Diaspora
986:37645527
962:(1997).
831:47097699
767:: 1–14.
664:See also
523:Florynka
462:Prosvita
342:. Being
336:Florynka
101:Republic
81:Florynka
1531:Pysanky
1507:Culture
1266:History
1135:Hutsuls
1113:Peoples
658:Zemplín
634:Gorlice
536:Muszyna
418:Galicia
379:Galicia
309:
280:in 1918
77:Capital
1140:Lemkos
1125:Boykos
1106:topics
1104:Rusyns
1032:24 May
984:
974:
944:
878:
829:
819:
789:
781:
744:
680:Lemkos
656:, and
644:, and
642:Krosno
630:Grybów
545:Grybów
512:Grybów
371:Polish
340:Poland
253:Poland
110:
31:
966:[
942:S2CID
904:[
872:(PDF)
787:S2CID
742:S2CID
706:Notes
654:Šariš
646:Sanok
638:Jasło
614:Rusyn
289:Rusyn
91:Rusyn
35:Rusyn
1034:2010
982:OCLC
972:ISBN
876:ISBN
827:OCLC
817:ISBN
779:ISSN
650:Spiš
572:and
514:and
476:The
435:and
307:lit.
59:Flag
934:doi
769:doi
734:doi
620:of
552:or
534:of
383:San
1604::
980:.
940:.
930:21
928:.
914:^
890:^
839:^
825:.
785:.
777:.
763:.
740:.
730:21
728:.
652:,
640:,
636:,
632:,
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304:,
295:,
291::
1096:e
1089:t
1082:v
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936::
884:.
833:.
793:.
771::
748:.
736::
287:(
37:)
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
