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2176:, unaware of the presence of the French fleet and mistaking its ships for East Indiamen, approached and had to surrender. From the prisoners, Suffren learnt of Hyder Ali's death. The fleet continued to Cuddalore, arriving there on 1 February. Peynier's squadron of 3 ships and 1 frigate arrived shortly afterwards with 30 transports, survivors of a much larger convoy that had lost a number of ships to the elements and to the British.
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arrived to Isle de France with 6 ships of the line, 2 frigates and transports carrying 5,000 soldiers. He also informed Hyder Ali that a French frigate had intercepted a
British schooner carrying Colonal Horn to Nagapattinam. Hyder Ali responded with luxurious gifts to Suffren and his officers, or with gifts represented by their equivalent value in rupees. He then ajourned the meeting until the next day.
2261:, tensions again flared up between France and England, and it was feared that a new conflict was looming. As a precaution, Louis XVI ordered the Brest squadron be readied, and he appointed Suffren to command it, leaving him the choice of his captains. As he prepared for the journey to Brest, Suffren's health suddenly declined. He died in Paris on 8 December 1788.
1530:, under Perrier de Salvert, came in view of Madras harbour and Hughes' squadron. Seeing Hugues anchored in a very strong defensive position, Suffren decided to sail off the coast, but to his surprise, Hugues left the safety of the forts and gave chase. Suffren deployed a frigate screen to warn his squadron of Hugues' moves, but during the night
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On 24 May, Hughes' squadron passed off
Trincomalee. A few days later, a ship brought letters from Bussy-Castelnau announcing that Cuddalore was besieged and blockaded. Suffren departed Trincomalee on 11 June 1783 and passed off Tharangambadi on 16, when the frigate screen signaled 18 ships in view.
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under the gun salutes of the fortress and the whole French squadron. The next day, a 500-man cavalry troop under
General Ghulam Ali Khan escorted Suffren, six of his captains and several officers to the encampment of Hyder Ali's army for a meeting with him. Suffren announced that Bussy-Castelnau had
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On 25 August, the fleet set sail and formed a battle line, soon arriving in view of the forts of
Trincomalee. 2,000 men quickly landed, with siege artillery, ammunition and three days worth of rations. By 29, the French had completed their siege battery emplacements, and they started bombarding the
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to personally reconnoitre the situation. The two fleets approached each other in the evening manoeuvered without engaging. In the morning, the French found themselves at the entrance of
Cuddalore Bay, while the British squadron was further off at sea. Suffren anchored his ships and spent the night
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In the following days, d'Orves' failing health deteriorated to the point where he was not fit for duty, and he delegated command to
Suffren. The French intended to surprise the British ships anchored in the roads of Madras. The fleet arrived North of Madras on 5 February 1782, and its light units
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With the return of favourable weather, Suffren expected and feared Hughes' attack, as his own ships were either damaged after long cruises, or had at best only received field repair at Aceh. He therefore quickly landed his troops at
Cuddalore and set sail for Trincomalee. Unfavourable winds made
1611:, the French ambassador, to act as an intermediary between Suffren and himself, along with two of his officiers. Suffren negotiated an agreement that French troops would retain their own command; that a 4,000-man cavalry and 6,000-man infantry force would reinforce them; and that they be paid 24
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Meanwhile, Suffren received news that Hyder Ali had left
Cuddalore with his army to fight in the North, leaving the city vulnerable to a British attack from Madras. As Cuddalore was a crucial supply depot, it was imperative for Suffren to protect it. Suffren departed Trincomalee on 1 October to
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was shot away by
British fire and Suffren had new French ensigns hoisted to continue the fight. After an hour and a half, night fell and the battle ended. Suffren was furious at the conduct of his captains, whom he accused of abandoning him. The next day, the British fleet had disappeared, and
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On 27, Hyder Ali invited
Suffren and Piveron to a private dinner, with European-style seating in deference to his guests. Suffren reported on the battles against Hughes, and they reviewed plans of operations against the British. Hyder Ali was especially concerned by British advance on the
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Un jour, à Sainte-Hélène, Las Cases, qui avait été lieutenant de vaisseau à l'époque de la Révolution, traçait à Napoléon le portrait de l'adversaire de Hughes : « M. de Suffren, très dur, très bizarre, extrêmement égoïste, mauvais coucheur, mauvais camarade, n'était aimé de
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offers a more nuanced assessment, finding Suffren an aggressive and innovative commander comparable to Ruyter and Nelson, but also one whose lack of didactic qualities and social graces made him misunderstood and disliked by his captains, and thus failed to develop his full potential.
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The military situation... demanded first the disabling of the hostile fleet, next the capture of certain strategic ports. That this diagnosis was correct is as certain as that it reversed the common French maxims, which would have put the port first and the fleet second as
1390:, but this time with other ships deploying as to ensure communication between the pursuers and the main body of the fleet, allowing Suffren to press on his chase. Suffren caught up with his quarry on 22 around noon and forced her to surrender. She was the 50-gun
1160:. On 24 July, Suffren set sail with four ships, chased away the British frigates, and patrolled the area around the Cape to ascertain the intentions of the British. Satisfied that Johnstone had renounced attacking the Cape colony, he resupplied and sailed to
834:. On 5 August 1778, Suffren entered the Bay and anchored next to the British, who cut their cables and scuttled their ships by fire to avoid capture. The Royal Navy ended up having to destroy ten of their own vessels in all, including five frigates.
1289:, arriving on 9 August 1779. With four ships of the line now at his disposal, Tronjoli departed on 6 December 1779 to cruise off the Cape, but to no avail, and he returned to Isle de France on 13 January 1780. On 3 February 1780, the 64-gun
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ran aground in Almadora Bay and was burnt by the British, in violation of neutrality laws, while her crew was taken prisoner, including Suffren. He returned to France after several months and was left without employ at sea for several years.
2236:. He departed for Trincomalee on 26, arriving on 29. The fleet departed for Europe on 6 October. On his way, Suffren called the Cape of Good Hope, and had stayed there for a few days when Hughes' squadron arrived, with unfavourable winds.
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reinforcing his crew with 1,200 soldiers from ashore. On 18 June, Suffren set sail and the two squadrons chased each other for two days, trying to gain an advantage. Finally, on 20, the two fleets came in contact and engaged, starting the
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in 1778, Tronjoli had lost some of his ships and escaped to Isle de France with the survivors, arriving there in late September. Pondichéry fell to the British on 17 October. With these reinforcements, the island was guarded by the 64-gun
1656:, which had been left to patrol, came with news that Hughes' squadron was at Nagapattinam. Suffren ordered an immediate departure and found the British ships anchored when he arrived on 6 July 1782. Before the battle, Suffren despatched
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returned to Lorient to bring the news of the engagement, while the other survivors sailed on to Isle de France. By 1780, Tronjoly was recalled to France, leaving d'Orves in command with a total of six ships of the line at his disposal.
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arrived, bringing despatches. The letter, dated from 22 November 1781, notably carried official approval of Suffren's conduct at the Battle of Porto Praya, granted the requests he had made to appoint his officers, and promoted him to
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reinforce Cuddalore, arriving on 4 October. The expected British attack did not happen, and on 12 October, the change in monsoon forced both fleets to shelter in harbour. Hughes anchored at Bombay, while Suffren chose to sail to
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on 21 June. The Régiment de Pondichéry landed and started fortifying the Cape colony against attacks from land and from the sea, while the fleet repaired its ships and had its sick given medical attention in hospitals ashore.
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On the return of peace in 1763 Suffren intended again to do the service in the caravans which was required to qualify him to hold the high and lucrative posts of the order. He was, however, named to the command of the 20-gun
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On 21 August, the two ships of the convoy arrived. Suffren had ammunition from the convoy distributed among his warships to replenish their magazines, and explained his intentions to the captains. The same day, the cutter
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arrived shortly after with spare parts, and the fleet spent the following weeks tending to the sick and effecting repairs. After a while, a corvette arrived from Isle de France, bringing news that a 3-ship squadron under
1378:, until the ship made signals that he was unable to answer. A chase ensued, and with the night Suffren abandoned the pursuit to rejoin the fleet. On 21, the fleet encountered the same ship again, and again detached
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The older son was an Army officer; the second, a priest; the third and fourth sons were Navy officers; the oldest daughter married Marquis de Pierrevert, and the youngest married Marquis de Nibles de Vitrolles.
2146:. By choosing Aceh, Suffren avoided both being driven away from the battlefield as he would have by choosing Isle de France, and the climate of Trincomalee which he feared would be detrimental to his crew.
1570:, while the French were scattered due to an error in interpreting night signals. Suffren formed a line without consideration for the order of battle, and at 1500 he closed in within gun range, starting the
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as reminiscent of Nelson's style, in that he was giving advance instruction for a variety of scenarios and was attempting to take the British in a cross-fire and destroy their squadron. In 1942, Admiral
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with 8 transports of troops and supplies. Suffren had sent a light ship to Trincomalee, which returned announcing that the British ships were not there. Suffren then decided to lay siege to Trincomalee.
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2332:, who had served as a lieutenant in the navy, described Suffren to Napoléon as "A hard man, very weird, egoistic in the extreme, bad-tempered, poor comrade in arms, liked of no one." More recently,
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After the end of the expedition, Suffren returned to Malta to resume escort duty with the order. He spent four years, rising from Knight to Commander. In February 1772, he was promoted to
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caused strong winds from the South which trapped the French North of Madras, while at the same time favouring the return of Hughes' squadron from Ceylon to Madras. Upon Hughes' arrival,
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1962:. In early August, Suffren learnt that the British fleet had departed Nagapattinam and was embarking troops in Madras, bound for an unknown destination. Suffren departed at once for
366:, although this did not lead to any permanent gains. After his return to France, he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral, and died shortly before he was to take command of the
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2064:, in particular, was leaking and had lost her foremast and mainmast. The ships anchored to effect repairs, which the crew completed in two weeks. Around that time, Captains
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Suffren arrived at Isle de France on 25 October 1781. The island had been selected as the base for French operations in the Indian Ocean, falling under the overall command of
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stated "while Chevalier de Suffren displayed an indisputable bravery and an incomparable tactical insight, an analysis of his action shows it to be banal and disappointing."
1622:
captured a British courier and managed to retrieve the dispatches that her captain had thrown overboard, revealing British plans to expel the Dutch from Ceylon. On 12, the
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of the British warships gave them a decisive advantage, and he abandoned the pursuit to help with the capture of the merchantmen. After the battle, Suffren wrote a letter to
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detected La Clue's squadron and reported to Boscawen, who moved to intercept. Meanwhile, the French squadron failed to maintain formation and scattered. In the ensuing
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had surrendered and promised to launch an investigation, and also warned that without orders from his government he was not at liberty to give away his ships.
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The previous day, Suffren, who was overweight, had suffered from the Indian-style seating and Hyder Ali had graciously bent the etiquette to accommodate him.
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Suffren's squadron arrived at Trincomalee on 8 August. Most of it remained there until October. Suffren himself sailed to Pondichéry on 15 September with
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1128:, which had originally been appointed to a shorter mission, found herself short on water, and Captain de Cardaillac requested permission to resupply at
863:, sustaining 62 men killed or wounded. After the battle, Admiral d'Estaing sent Suffren with a 2-ship and 3-frigate division to secure the surrender of
2060:
When the French squadron arrived at Trincomalee in the evening of 7 September 1782 after the Battle of Trincomalee, its ships were seriously damaged.
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where approaching the French transports. Suffren rushed with his warships to protect the convoy, and Hughes ordered his ships to regroup and form a
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spotted five British warship at anchor; she turned, signalling "enemy ships in sight". Understanding that random chance had put him in contact with
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Suffren cruised off Nagapattinam to observe the moves of the British ships, and seeing them idle, returned to Cuddalore to repair. On the way,
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On 10 April, the two fleets came into view, and they spent two days in manoeuvres, trying to gain an advantage on the other. In the morning,
2547:
was in need of more extensive repairs to her rigging: after losing her masts at Porto Praya, she had done the rest of the journey in two of
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1144:'s squadron, and disregarding neutrality laws, Suffren ordered an immediate attack. At 1000, Suffren's squadron attacked, precipitating the
2026:
surrendered the fort in exchange for its 1,000-man garrison to be sent to Madras. The next day, Captain Quelso, low on water, surrendered
1502:
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D'Orves died the same day at 1600. Suffren re-appointed his captains to the ships of the squadron: Captain de Lapallière took command of
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he commanded vessels in the squadron of evolution which the French government had established for the purpose of training its officers.
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On 25, Hughes retreated to Madras, and on 29, a British frigate came as a cartel, bringing news of the preliminary agreements to the
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507:. He served in several commercial expeditions on galleys of the order, escorting merchantmen and defending them against attacks from
354:, but assumed command himself after d'Estienne's death. Leading a large fleet, he fought five intense and evenly matched battles for
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lost sight of the British ships, and both thus failed to keep Suffren appraised of Hughes's position. In the morning, signals from
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On 14 February, the usual monsoon wind from the North-East resumed, allowing Suffren's squadron to sail South. In the evening,
362:. Through these battles, Suffren managed to secure French dominance of the Indian Ocean until the conclusion of the war at the
332:
1966:
in the hope of discovering the British plans. Failing to do so, he sailed to Batticaloa, where he arrived on 8 August to find
1295:
departed Lorient to further reinforce Isle de France. After it was confirmed that the British had despatched a squadron under
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The French fleet sailed to Martinique, where Suffren's division joined up with it, and from there to Grenada, leading to the
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629:'s forces but, on 16 August 1758, La Clue seized an opportunity to make a sortie with 12 ships and 3 frigates. The frigate
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1352:. He had 11 ships of the line, 3 frigates and 3 corvettes at his disposal. En route, d'Orves changed his objectif from
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that had been signed on 9 February 1783, and Hughes' offer of a cease-fire. Suffren accepted. On 25 July, the frigate
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reported 17 sails closing in. The French squadron retreated into the safety of Trincomalee and started repairing.
1566:. In the morning of 17 February, the fleets were about 6 km apart, the British forming a line and had captured
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2127:
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Suffren sustained about 30 men killed and 100 wounded, and light damage to his riggings. At 1900 he broke contact.
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to investigate. Suffren closed in, making signals according to tables captured at Porto Praya on the East Indiaman
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rupee a year. Suffren landed his troops at Porto Nove, and departed on 23 March to search for the British fleet.
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Biographie maritime ou notices historiques sur la vie et les campagnes des marins célèbres français et étrangers
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On 3 September, the British fleet arrived. Suffren reembarked his troops and moved to intercept, leading to the
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fort. On 30, at 0900, Suffren sent a message to the fort of Trincomalee to negotiate its capitulation. Captain
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Suffren's fleet set sail on 20 December to return to Coromandel. On the way, it raided the British colony of
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When known in France, the anecdote yielded the pun that "Villeneuve-Cilart wanted to surrender, but "God" (
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ensued. The two fleets exchanged fire to over 4 hours, until Hughes retreated. During the battle, Captain
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under Brigadier Duchemin de Chenneville. En route, the convoy encountered a British squadron under Admiral
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725:. She departed for a training cruise to drill new navy officers. From that time till the beginning of the
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to prevent British relief to support Fort St. Philip, La Galissonière intercepted a 13-ship squadron under
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Suffren received 10,000 rupees symbolising the gift of an elephant, which would have been inconvenient on
1432:. On 9 February 1782, Hughes received reinforcements with the arrival of a squadron comprising the 64-gun
1300:
1034:, and Suffren was given command of a 5-ship squadron to reinforce it. The task force comprised the 74-gun
555:. The squadron departed on 10 April, arriving on 17 and landing troops; the British garrison retreated to
315:(17 July 1729 – 8 December 1788) was a French naval officer and nobleman. Beginning his career during the
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warned him of the presence of the French squadron, and Hughes anchored his ships under the protection of
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1132:. Suffren gave permission but, unwilling to scatter his forces, ordered his entire squadron to move into
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Suffren graduated from the Gardes-Marine in 1747 as an ensign, and worked on commissioning the brand new
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was created especially for Suffren, the decree stipulating that it would be suppressed after his death.
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Suffren arrived at Toulon on 26 March 1784. Summoned to Versailles, he was received by Navy Minister
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was about to arrive, escorting a convoy ferrying troops and ammunitions, as well as Bussy-Castelnau.
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but two of the officers, named Dieu and Kerlero de Rosbo, refused to surrender and resumed firing.
1148:. Having scattered and disorganised Johnstone's forces, Suffren rushed to The Cape, and arrived at
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presenting vice-admiral Pierre André Bailly de Suffren de Saint Tropez with a golden sword in 1784
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Johnstone arrived in the morning of 21 July, left two frigates to watch the bay, and sailed on to
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broke out, leaving both squadrons damaged. Suffren retreated to the safety of the Dutch forts of
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ran aground, and both the British and French ships launched their boats to provide assistance.
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and orders to Suffren to return to France, leaving 5 ships under Peynier in the Indian Ocean.
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1595:, where he arrived on 19 February 1782 and learned that the British squadron was heading for
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A number of streets and avenues through France are named in Suffren's honour. In Paris, the
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to repair, and tend to those members of his crews who were wounded or suffered from scurvy.
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992:, fled before the vastly superior combined fleet. Suffren attempted to give chase, but the
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Several authors attribute Suffren's disregard for neutrality law to his experience at the
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The French squadron left Cuddalore on 15 October 1782 and arrived at Aceh on 1 November.
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sacrificed herself and tree smaller transports to lure the British away from the others.
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1030:. The Dutch expected the British to send an expeditionary force to try and capture their
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579:. The British failed to break the French blockade, and Fort St. Philip fell on 29 July.
462:, sent to America to harass British forces. At his return, Suffren served on the 60-gun
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The full text of Suffren's memorandum on copper sheathing is quoted in Cunat, p.353-354
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2638:, the name of the insubordinate officer) would not allow it". Dieu would be killed on
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Suffren returned to Trincomalee, where he arrived in the evening of 7 September 1782.
592:. The squadron departed Toulon in November, bound for Brest. On 7 December, it called
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Meanwhile, the French squadron was effecting repairs, especially to its rigging, and
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would switch sides, ally with the British and start a war with Mysore. The next day,
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Naval Leadership in the Atlantic World: The Age of Reform and Revolution, 1700–1850
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pension in recognition of his services. In April, Suffren was given command of the
912:, sailing into the river and forcing the British to scuttle several ships, notably
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Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours
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started preying on coastal merchantmen and capturing cargo of rice. However, the
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on 17 June. He then joined up with a combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral
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in the French Navy, and returned to Toulon to take command of the 26-gun frigate
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Tensions mounted between France and England in early 1778 in the context of the
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La guerre incomprise, ou, Le mythe de Suffren: la campagne en Inde, 1781-1783
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called him "perhaps the ablest sea-commander that France ever produced'. In
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On 7 December 1781, d'Orves led a 27-ship fleet to Ceylon, with his flag on
965:. On 9 August, the fleet intercepted a large British convoy, leading to the
411:. However, he spent only 6 months ashore before he was appointed on a ship.
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to confer with Bussy, arriving on 17. There, he learnt of his promotion to
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caught fire and had to distance herself from the other ships. The flag of
1603:, he decided not to land his troops in Pondichéry, and rather to head for
791:. The mission of his force was to support Franco-American efforts in the
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La Marine de Louis XVI: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1774 à 1792
4334:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 660.
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On 7 September 1779, d'Estaing ordered Suffren to blockade the mouth of
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joined the squadron with a prize carrying British colonel Horn, of the
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on 28 February 1758. La Clue's squadron eventually returned to Toulon.
2659:; his officers received 1,000 symbolising horses, for the same reason.
2169:, destroying a number of merchantmen. On 12 January 1783, the frigate
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her. Seeing his hand forced, Cillart ordered his flag hoisted again.
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4608:(2017). "Le Bailli Pierre-André de Suffren: A Precursor of Nelson".
4559:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Regnault éditeur. pp. 289–332.
1704:
handy to bring news of the outcome of the battle to Isle de France.
2080:, who was wounded and weakened. On 23 September 1782, Suffren sent
950:
568:
396:
387:
Pierre André de Suffren was born on 17 July 1729 in the Château de
4450:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2086:
to Isle de France under M. Le Fer to bring despatches to Governor
1265:(a 12-gun corvette). Furthermore, on 28 December 1778, the 74-gun
882:, and prevent British ships from escaping. Suffren led the 64-gun
399:
with two daughters and three other sons. In October 1743, as the
2592:
2180:
progression difficult and as Suffren's squadron entered the bay,
2090:, with the four captains aboard. This yielded another reshuffle:
1955:
1830:; Lieutenant Maureville de Langle was promoted to the command of
1692:, food and ammunition to resupply his fleet. He furthermore kept
1663:
1417:
1275:
to reinforce the colony, and on 27 March 1779, so did the 64-gun
1176:
Until the outbreak of the Anglo-French War, the French colony of
564:
552:
1299:
in the Indian Ocean, France sent a convoy comprising the 64-gun
596:
to resupply, and found itself blockaded by a British from under
4826:
4387:
4385:
2166:
1901:
1771:
after her surrender. Suffren answered that he was unaware that
1767:
bringing a letter from Hughes demanding that Suffren hand over
1673:
1440:
1357:
1317:(under Baron de la Haye), escorting 16 transports ferrying the
931:
476:
404:
1534:
drifted away from the fleet due to a navigation error, while
2250:
and by Louis XVI, and much celebrated. A fourth position of
1985:
1256:
958:
655:
90:
4382:
4358:
4278:
4276:
4191:
4189:
4164:
4162:
4149:
4147:
4134:
4132:
4107:
4105:
4068:
4066:
4064:
3991:
3989:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3923:
3921:
3908:
3906:
3833:
3831:
3816:
511:. In late 1754, Suffren departed Malta to return to Toulon.
4881:
French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
4841:
Composition de l'escadre sous Suffren aux Indes (1781–1783)
4589:
La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI
4469:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3730:
3728:
3441:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3232:
3118:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
2943:
2941:
2485:
Alternatively spelt "Macnémara", "Macnemara" or "Macnamara"
2274:
Suffren was generally recognised as an able commander. The
2143:
1612:
1171:
1004:, to advocate for the French Navy to copper its own ships.
496:, badly damaged, was captured. Suffren was taken prisoner.
2738:
2736:
2734:
878:, to cover the landing of French troops in support of the
712:. He conducted two patrols in the Eastern Mediterranean.
604:
attempted to break the blockade, but was destroyed in the
313:
Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez, bailli de Suffren
4300:
4288:
4273:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4186:
4174:
4159:
4144:
4129:
4117:
4102:
4061:
4049:
4037:
3986:
3945:
3918:
3903:
3828:
2037:. The French line fought disorganised, especially after
1652:. The French troops reembarked on their transports, when
529:
In 1756, Suffren had returned to Toulon and had risen to
327:, where Suffren was taken prisoner by the British at the
3797:
3785:
3725:
3528:
3363:
3309:
3145:
3080:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
2938:
1644:
On 3 June 1782, Suffren departed Batacalo and sailed to
1607:, where he arrived on 23 February. Hyder Ali despatched
1124:
The squadron departed Brest on 22 March 1781. En route,
761:
France's participation in the American Revolutionary War
458:, part of a 5-ship and 2-frigate squadron under Captain
4815:
Engraving by Mme de Cernel after an original by Gerard.
4249:
4237:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2731:
1972:, arrived from Isle de France three days earlier. From
1834:; Lieutenant de Beaumont le Maître received command of
1730:
had stopped to launch her boats and take possession of
845:
was at the front of the vanguard, preceding the 74-gun
719:
appointed Suffren to the command of the 26-gun frigate
4421:
4409:
4397:
4370:
3494:
3492:
3419:
3417:
3404:
3402:
3329:
3327:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3186:
3184:
3135:
3133:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3070:
3068:
3066:
2970:
2968:
2928:
2926:
2832:
2830:
1734:, and sustained serious damage when the broadsides of
1168:) with the rest of the squadron, arriving on 28 July.
4713:
Le Marseillois, devenu plus tard le Vengeur du peuple
4686:
Mais qui est le bailli de Suffren Saint-Tropez ?
4261:
4090:
4078:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3974:
3962:
3933:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3028:
3016:
2887:
2300:
Lacour-Gayet cites Suffren's instructions before the
1866:, and from then on Lieutenant de Kersauson captained
795:
by striking a 5-frigate British squadron anchored in
492:
on 25 October 1747, where La Bédoyère was killed and
4566:
British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650–1859
3773:
3757:
3755:
3740:
3157:
2842:
2803:
2755:
2753:
2751:
1806:, as well as three more junior officers. Command of
588:, flagship of a 6-ship and 2-frigate squadron under
4673:(1890). Harding, Richard; Guimerá, Agustín (eds.).
4612:. University of Westminster Press. pp. 85–92.
3564:
3552:
3540:
3516:
3504:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3429:
3414:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3351:
3339:
3324:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3181:
3169:
3130:
3101:
3063:
3051:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2965:
2953:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2875:
2863:
2827:
2791:
1200:, and three armed merchantmen: the 26-gun corvette
953:, and joined up with a division under Rear-Admiral
346:Suffren was subsequently appointed to serve in the
4676:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660–1783
2815:
2309:listed his five favourite admirals of the past as
1136:. Arriving there at 0830 the morning of 16 April,
773:, which he personally captained, and the frigates
468:, under Captain d'Estourmel, and took part in the
4346:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783
3752:
2748:
484:, under Captain La Bédoyère, in a squadron under
414:
4847:
4663:Journal de Bord du Bailli de Suffren dans l'Inde
2257:In October 1787, with the implementation of the
2010:, informed him that he was promoted to Bailiff (
673:, also a 20-gun xebec, part of a squadron under
3709:
3707:
3705:
1007:
747:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War
732:
337:naval battles of the American Revolutionary War
331:. Promoted to captain in 1772, he served under
102:Ashes defiled in 1793 by French revolutionaries
4503:. Rennes: A. Marteville et Lefas. p. 447.
1364:detected a strange sail, and d'Orves detached
1281:, under la Pallière, escorting the transports
454:In the spring of 1745, Suffren transferred to
44:Portrait of Suffren during his service in the
19:"Suffren" redirects here. For other uses, see
4710:
3238:
1182:François-Jean-Baptiste l'Ollivier de Tronjoli
949:. They set sail on 19 May 1780 to patrol off
16:French naval officer and nobleman (1729–1788)
4669:
4582:
4391:
4364:
3822:
3702:
3693:
3303:
3124:
2765:
969:. The British escort, comprising the 74-gun
4724:. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau.
3677:
3675:
3656:
3654:
3608:
3606:
1212:(under Captain du Chézeau), and the 24-gun
767:, leading a division comprising the 64-gun
685:and called to Brest to serve on the 64-gun
582:In 1757, Suffren transferred to the 80-gun
4746:
4541:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2582:had been reduced to a 74-gun in early 1766
2346:
38:
4549:
4526:
4507:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4180:
4168:
4153:
4138:
4123:
4111:
4072:
4055:
4043:
3995:
3956:
3927:
3912:
3837:
3810:
3791:
3734:
3534:
3447:
3369:
3318:
3151:
3095:
2947:
2742:
939:, part of a two-ship squadron along with
4711:Diaz de Soria, Ollivier-Zabulon (1954).
4455:
3716:
3684:
3672:
3663:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3576:
2857:
1883:
1873:
1172:Preliminary operations at Isle de France
1113:
763:. Suffren was appointed to the fleet of
743:France in the American Revolutionary War
667:. Shortly thereafter, he transferred on
418:
395:, the third son of an old nobility from
4752:Histoire ignorée de la Marine française
4688:. Mémoires du Sud – Editions Equinoxe.
4638:
4604:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4376:
4255:
4243:
3045:
2893:
2809:
2704:
2284:The Influence of Sea Power upon History
2008:Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
4848:
4768:
4563:
3163:
3022:
2364:in honour of Suffren de Saint Tropez.
2049:
1900:On 25 July 1782, Hyder Ali arrived at
1633:
1580:
1090:), and seven transports carrying the
695:. Upon his return, he was promoted to
559:and was forced to surrender after the
547:tasked with ferrying 12,000 men under
537:, Suffren was appointed to the 64-gun
403:was raging, Suffren, aged 14, went to
333:Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing
4772:(2009). "The Battle of Lagos, 1759".
4719:
4683:
4660:
4493:
4473:
4461:Suffren Saint Tropez, Pierre André de
4267:
4096:
4084:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3980:
3968:
3939:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3779:
3746:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3435:
3423:
3408:
3393:
3381:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3291:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3175:
3139:
3112:
3074:
3057:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2959:
2932:
2917:
2905:
2881:
2869:
2836:
2821:
2797:
2759:
2498:are now part of a site listed on the
2234:Lieutenant général des Armées navales
2212:arrived from Europe with news of the
2188:Suffren transferred onto the frigate
1688:to Isle de France, to purchase spare
1190:(under Tronjoli), the 40-gun frigate
2500:National Register of Historic Places
2118:to Lieutenant Tréhouret de Pennelé,
1513:. General Duchemin transferred from
1026:found themselves allied against the
503:restoring peace, Suffren joined the
4481:. Service historique de la marine.
3763:"de Cillart (Chevalier de Cillart)"
2360:of the French Navy have been named
1404:
1080:), as well as the 16-gun corvette
691:, flagship of a squadron headed by
681:. In 1767, Suffren was promoted to
675:Louis Charles du Chaffault de Besné
612:. Suffren witnessed the capture of
543:, part of a 12-ship squadron under
514:
13:
4551:Hennequin, Joseph François Gabriel
1180:maintained a small squadron under
759:constituting a step up announcing
648:
14:
4892:
4819:
2016:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1822:, himself replaced by Lieutenant
407:to undertaken naval studies as a
4825:
4529:Suffren et le temps de Vergennes
4443:
4338:
4312:
2720:Les voyages du Bailli de Suffren
2684:
2671:
2662:
2649:
2628:
2625:Also known as Villeneuve-Cilart
2440:
2420:
2404:
2388:
1947:, on the theatre of operations.
1931:brought news of the arrival of
1862:after Pierrevert's death in the
490:Second Battle of Cape Finisterre
302:Order of Saint-John of Jérusalem
292:
155:
143:
123:
112:
4774:The Journal of Military History
4715:(in French). F. Robert et fils.
4679:. London: Little, Brown and Co.
2681:was to start three years later.
2619:
2606:
2597:
2585:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2538:
2525:
2516:
2488:
2479:
2160:Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier
663:, which he cruised against the
590:Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran
505:navy of the Order of Saint John
4809:
4754:(in French). Editions Perrin.
4684:Klein, Charles-Armand (2000).
4568:. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot.
2780:
2713:
2470:
1976:, Suffren learnt that Bussy's
1892:on 26 July 1782. Engraving by
1858:. Later, Beaulieu returned to
1206:(under du Chayla), the 24-gun
1002:Secretary of State of the Navy
415:War of the Austrian Succession
401:War of the Austrian Succession
317:War of the Austrian Succession
204:War of the Austrian Succession
184:General of the Galleys (Malta)
1:
4512:(in French). Éditions Ancre.
4500:Histoire du Bailli de Suffren
4436:
2603:Sometimes spelt "la Pallière"
2269:
2002:. Furthermore, a letter from
1760:, with Captain James Watt of
1493:, exchanged their positions;
525:France in the Seven Years War
430:Suffren served on the 64-gun
382:
358:against British Vice-Admiral
2698:
1778:Following the incident with
1008:Campaign in the Indian Ocean
733:War of American independence
727:War of American Independence
486:Des Herbiers de l'Estenduère
440:in 1744. During the battle,
377:
7:
4866:People from Aix-en-Provence
4720:Roche, Jean-Michel (2005).
2219:
2030:under the same conditions.
600:. A relief squadron under
319:, he briefly served in the
10:
4897:
4592:. Paris: Honoré Champion.
4325:"Hughes, Sir Edward"
2776:(2009), p.2, also cited at
2569:Cunat spells "Saint-Orins"
2560:Sometimes spelt "Tronjoly"
2350:
2056:Battle of Cuddalore (1783)
2053:
1877:
1640:Battle of Negapatam (1782)
1637:
1584:
1542:informed Suffren that HMS
1489:, in temporary command of
1408:
1343:Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
1327:action of 24 February 1780
1117:
1094:, under Brigadier General
1011:
753:American Revolutionary War
736:
518:
238:American Revolutionary War
18:
4564:Hepper, David J. (1994).
4527:Glanchant, Roger (1976).
4508:Demerliac, Alain (1996).
2787:Geneanet: Paul de Suffren
2264:
1273:Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves
1098:. All these ships had a
1018:With the outbreak of the
963:Luis de Córdova y Córdova
533:. At the outbreak of the
501:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
391:to the family of Marquis
352:Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves
288:
214:Battle of Cape Finisterre
196:
188:
175:
167:
136:
107:
97:
80:
60:
52:
37:
30:
2463:
2004:Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc
1864:action of 12 August 1782
1454:and the armed transport
1184:, comprising the 64-gun
1028:Kingdom of Great Britain
926:granted Suffren a 1,500
739:Franco-American alliance
625:Toulon was blockaded by
470:Duc d'Anville expedition
460:Jean-Baptiste Mac Nemara
298:Order of the Holy Spirit
21:Suffren (disambiguation)
4832:Pierre André de Suffren
4466:Encyclopædia Britannica
4331:Encyclopædia Britannica
2347:Monuments and memorials
2277:Encyclopædia Britannica
1609:André Piveron de Morlat
1014:Franco-Indian alliances
967:action of 9 August 1780
608:, as La Clue failed to
561:Siege of Fort St Philip
323:before fighting in the
32:Pierre André de Suffren
2298:
2102:to Captain de Vigues,
1913:and the risk that the
1897:
1850:, himself replaced on
1092:Régiment de Pondichéry
1020:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
793:Battle of Rhode Island
757:action of 17 June 1778
677:. He took part in the
602:Duquesne de Menneville
488:. He took part in the
427:
4584:Lacour-Gayet, Georges
2380:Depictions of Suffren
2293:
2074:la Landelle-Roscanvec
2035:Battle of Trincomalee
1984:were awaiting him at
1888:Suffren meeting with
1887:
1880:Battle of Trincomalee
1874:Battle of Trincomalee
1271:departed Brest under
1249:(a 24-gun corvette),
1146:Battle of Porto Praya
1120:Battle of Porto Praya
1114:Battle of Porto Praya
563:. Patrolling between
549:Maréchal de Richelieu
436:and took part in the
422:
339:, taking part in the
268:Battle of Trincomalee
248:Battle of Porto Praya
192:Indian Ocean squadron
168:Years of service
4871:French Navy admirals
4834:at Wikimedia Commons
4671:Thayer Mahan, Alfred
3239:Diaz de Soria (1954)
2578:Built as an 80-gun,
2411:Suffren's statue in
2088:François de Souillac
1894:Jean-Baptiste Morret
1786:. He also dismissed
1591:Suffren returned to
1485:, and Lieutenant de
1319:Régiment d'Austrasie
1220:Siege of Pondicherry
1040:(under Suffren) and
976:, under Captain Sir
4748:Taillemite, Étienne
4661:Mores, ed. (1888).
4531:(in French). Paris.
4392:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
4365:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3823:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3450:, p. 17, n°22.
3304:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3125:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
2644:Battle of Cuddalore
2535:, 20 years earlier.
2504:Wreck Sites of HMS
2494:The remains of the
2447:Bust of Suffren by
2429:Mattheus Lestevenon
2371:runs alongside the
2353:French ship Suffren
2328:On the other hand,
2197:Battle of Cuddalore
2050:Battle of Cuddalore
1709:Battle of Negapatam
1634:Battle of Negapatam
1624:Battle of Providien
1599:. After consulting
1587:Battle of Providien
1581:Battle of Providien
1509:; and Galifet took
980:, and the frigates
894:, and the frigates
699:on 18 August 1767.
606:Battle of Cartagena
557:St. Philip's Castle
425:Jean-Antoine Houdon
423:Bust of Suffren by
273:Battle of Cuddalore
263:Battle of Negapatam
258:Battle of Providien
4786:10.1353/jmh.0.0366
3767:Three Deck's Forum
2725:2008-12-31 at the
2679:Maratha–Mysore War
2453:Paris naval museum
2122:to Saint-Georges,
1935:, with the 74-gun
1898:
1840:Bouvet de Précourt
1826:at the command of
1721:struck his colours
1311:, and the frigate
1243:, and the smaller
1086:(under Lieutenant
1050:), and the 64-gun
998:Antoine de Sartine
679:Larache expedition
428:
356:command of the sea
278:Siege of Cuddalore
4830:Media related to
4761:978-2-262-03242-5
4731:978-2-9525917-0-6
2691:personne. ».
2369:Avenue de Suffren
1824:Perier de Salvert
1802:and De Ruyter of
1360:. On 19 January,
1032:Dutch Cape Colony
1022:, France and the
947:d'Albert de Rions
922:On 1 March 1780,
880:Siege of Savannah
839:Battle of Grenada
765:Admiral d'Estaing
577:Battle of Minorca
575:, leading to the
360:Sir Edward Hughes
341:siege of Savannah
307:
306:
243:Battle of Grenada
226:Battle of Minorca
131:Kingdom of France
119:Hospitaller Malta
4888:
4876:Counts of France
4839:
4829:
4805:
4765:
4743:
4716:
4707:
4680:
4666:
4657:
4631:
4601:
4579:
4560:
4546:
4540:
4532:
4523:
4504:
4490:
4470:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4316:
4310:
4307:Hennequin (1835)
4304:
4298:
4295:Hennequin (1835)
4292:
4286:
4283:Hennequin (1835)
4280:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4232:Hennequin (1835)
4229:
4223:
4220:Hennequin (1835)
4217:
4211:
4208:Hennequin (1835)
4205:
4199:
4196:Hennequin (1835)
4193:
4184:
4181:Hennequin (1835)
4178:
4172:
4169:Hennequin (1835)
4166:
4157:
4154:Hennequin (1835)
4151:
4142:
4139:Hennequin (1835)
4136:
4127:
4124:Hennequin (1835)
4121:
4115:
4112:Hennequin (1835)
4109:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4073:Hennequin (1835)
4070:
4059:
4056:Hennequin (1835)
4053:
4047:
4044:Hennequin (1835)
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3996:Hennequin (1835)
3993:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3957:Hennequin (1835)
3954:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3928:Hennequin (1835)
3925:
3916:
3913:Hennequin (1835)
3910:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3838:Hennequin (1835)
3835:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3811:Hennequin (1835)
3808:
3795:
3792:Hennequin (1835)
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3735:Hennequin (1835)
3732:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3713:Hennequin, p.302
3711:
3700:
3699:Hennequin, p.299
3697:
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3535:Hennequin (1835)
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3496:
3487:
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3457:
3451:
3448:Demerliac (1996)
3445:
3439:
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3397:
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3370:Hennequin (1835)
3367:
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3319:Hennequin (1835)
3316:
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3152:Hennequin (1835)
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2948:Hennequin (1835)
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2647:
2646:on 20 June 1783.
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2451:, on display at
2444:
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2408:
2392:
2302:Battle of Sadras
2279:Eleventh Edition
2128:Villaret-Joyeuse
2094:went to Captain
2078:Morard de Galles
1572:Battle of Sadras
1503:Tromelin-Lanuguy
1479:Morard de Galles
1411:Battle of Sadras
1405:Battle of Sadras
1142:George Johnstone
1100:copper sheathing
994:copper sheathing
945:, under Captain
841:on 6 July 1779.
797:Narragansett Bay
535:Seven Years' War
521:Seven Years' War
515:Seven Years' War
438:Battle of Toulon
370:squadron of the
325:Seven Years' War
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253:Battle of Sadras
221:Seven Years' War
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4634:CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
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4475:Caron, François
4459:, ed. (1911). "
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2727:Wayback Machine
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2533:Battle of Lagos
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2204:Treaty of Paris
2058:
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1941:and the 64-gun
1933:Bussy-Castelnau
1882:
1876:
1784:court-martialed
1719:, panicked and
1642:
1636:
1589:
1583:
1426:Fort St. George
1413:
1407:
1325:, yielding the
1233:, the frigates
1196:(under Captain
1174:
1122:
1116:
1016:
1010:
857:and the 70-gun
749:
737:Main articles:
735:
697:Frigate captain
683:frigate captain
665:Barbary pirates
651:
649:Interwar period
638:Battle of Lagos
627:Edward Boscawen
545:La Galissonière
527:
519:Main articles:
517:
509:Barbary pirates
417:
393:Paul de Suffren
385:
380:
364:Treaty of Paris
329:Battle of Lagos
300:
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231:Battle of Lagos
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84:8 December 1788
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4820:External links
4818:
4817:
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4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4780:(3): 745–765.
4766:
4760:
4744:
4730:
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4708:
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4667:
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4646:. Tallandier.
4636:
4628:j.ctv5vddxt.12
4618:
4602:
4580:
4574:
4561:
4547:
4524:
4518:
4505:
4495:Cunat, Charles
4491:
4471:
4457:Chisholm, Hugh
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:Monaque (2017)
4420:
4416:Monaque (2017)
4408:
4404:Monaque (2009)
4396:
4394:, p. 525.
4381:
4377:Monaque (2009)
4369:
4367:, p. 502.
4357:
4337:
4322:, ed. (1911).
4320:Chisholm, Hugh
4311:
4309:, p. 331.
4299:
4297:, p. 330.
4287:
4285:, p. 329.
4272:
4270:, p. 338.
4260:
4258:, p. 321.
4256:Monaque (2009)
4248:
4246:, p. 320.
4244:Monaque (2009)
4236:
4234:, p. 328.
4224:
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4212:
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4200:
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4185:
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4173:
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4101:
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4077:
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4060:
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4048:
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4036:
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4000:
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3985:
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3973:
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3961:
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3944:
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3932:
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3917:
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3902:
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3890:
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3878:
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3866:
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3854:
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3842:
3840:, p. 304.
3827:
3825:, p. 546.
3815:
3813:, p. 306.
3796:
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3784:
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3772:
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3739:
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3724:
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3539:
3537:, p. 297.
3527:
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3488:
3476:
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3452:
3440:
3428:
3413:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3372:, p. 295.
3362:
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3323:
3321:, p. 294.
3308:
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3296:
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3267:
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3243:
3231:
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3207:
3195:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3154:, p. 292.
3144:
3129:
3127:, p. 456.
3117:
3100:
3098:, p. 291.
3079:
3062:
3050:
3046:Monaque (2017)
3027:
3025:, p. 761.
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2964:
2952:
2950:, p. 290.
2937:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2894:Monaque (2017)
2886:
2874:
2862:
2841:
2826:
2814:
2810:Monaque (2017)
2802:
2800:, p. 2-3.
2790:
2779:
2764:
2747:
2745:, p. 289.
2730:
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2348:
2345:
2334:François Caron
2321:, Suffren and
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:Eden Agreement
2221:
2218:
2214:Peace of Paris
2138:to Dufreneau.
2134:to Malis, and
2054:Main article:
2051:
2048:
2028:Fort Ostenburg
2000:Chef d'Escadre
1915:Maratha Empire
1878:Main article:
1875:
1872:
1638:Main article:
1635:
1632:
1585:Main article:
1582:
1579:
1564:line of battle
1422:Lord Macartney
1409:Main article:
1406:
1403:
1297:Admiral Hughes
1173:
1170:
1162:Isle de France
1118:Main article:
1115:
1112:
1024:Dutch Republic
1012:Main article:
1009:
1006:
876:Savannah River
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4640:Monaque, Rémi
4637:
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4619:9781911534082
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4606:Monaque, Rémi
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4452:public domain
4441:
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4429:
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4417:
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4405:
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4378:
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4354:0-486-25509-3
4351:
4347:
4344:Mahan, A.T.,
4341:
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3722:Cunat, p. 127
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3597:
3588:
3579:
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3572:
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3560:
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3549:, p. 95.
3548:
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3536:
3531:
3525:, p. 94.
3524:
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3513:, p. 82.
3512:
3507:
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3500:
3495:
3493:
3486:, p. 81.
3485:
3480:
3474:, p. 75.
3473:
3468:
3462:, p. 73.
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3438:, p. 71.
3437:
3432:
3426:, p. 72.
3425:
3420:
3418:
3411:, p. 69.
3410:
3405:
3403:
3396:, p. 74.
3395:
3390:
3384:, p. 64.
3383:
3378:
3371:
3366:
3360:, p. 65.
3359:
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3348:, p. 62.
3347:
3342:
3336:, p. 50.
3335:
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3315:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3294:, p. 63.
3293:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3277:, p. 49.
3276:
3271:
3265:, p. 48.
3264:
3259:
3253:, p. 44.
3252:
3247:
3241:, p. 11.
3240:
3235:
3229:, p. 42.
3228:
3223:
3217:, p. 41.
3216:
3211:
3205:, p. 40.
3204:
3199:
3193:, p. 39.
3192:
3187:
3185:
3178:, p. 38.
3177:
3172:
3166:, p. 52.
3165:
3164:Hepper (1994)
3160:
3153:
3148:
3142:, p. 37.
3141:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3115:, p. 33.
3114:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3077:, p. 32.
3076:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3060:, p. 31.
3059:
3054:
3048:, p. 87.
3047:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3013:, p. 30.
3012:
3007:
3001:, p. 29.
3000:
2995:
2989:, p. 27.
2988:
2983:
2977:, p. 26.
2976:
2971:
2969:
2962:, p. 25.
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2935:, p. 19.
2934:
2929:
2927:
2920:, p. 18.
2919:
2914:
2908:, p. 15.
2907:
2902:
2896:, p. 86.
2895:
2890:
2884:, p. 12.
2883:
2878:
2872:, p. 11.
2871:
2866:
2859:
2858:Chisholm 1911
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2839:, p. 10.
2838:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2812:, p. 85.
2811:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2703:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2397:Pompeo Batoni
2391:
2386:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2373:Champ de Mars
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:Petit-Annibal
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2083:Pulvérisateur
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:Hay MacDowall
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:Tharangambadi
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:Malabar Coast
1906:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1752:joined up as
1751:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1715:, captain of
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:Petit Annibal
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1448:, the 50-gun
1447:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1399:Petit Annibal
1396:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1375:Hinchinbrooke
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:George Rodney
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:, the 54-gun
1226:
1221:
1218:. During the
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Praia Harbour
1131:
1127:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:, except for
1101:
1097:
1096:Thomas Conway
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
984:
979:
975:
974:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:
938:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
917:
911:
910:
905:
904:
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
886:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
849:
844:
840:
835:
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:, comprising
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
783:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
744:
740:
730:
728:
724:
723:
718:
713:
711:
710:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
661:
657:
646:
643:
639:
635:
634:
628:
623:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Henry Osborne
595:
591:
587:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
532:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
452:
450:
449:
443:
439:
435:
434:
426:
421:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
152:
141:
135:
132:
120:
110:
106:
100:
96:
92:
83:
79:
75:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
4777:
4773:
4751:
4721:
4712:
4685:
4675:
4662:
4643:
4609:
4588:
4565:
4555:
4528:
4509:
4499:
4478:
4464:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4372:
4360:
4345:
4340:
4329:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4268:Cunat (1852)
4263:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4176:
4119:
4097:Cunat (1852)
4092:
4085:Cunat (1852)
4080:
4051:
4039:
4032:Cunat (1852)
4027:
4020:Cunat (1852)
4015:
4008:Cunat (1852)
4003:
3981:Caron (1996)
3976:
3969:Cunat (1852)
3964:
3940:Cunat (1852)
3935:
3898:Cunat (1852)
3893:
3886:Cunat (1852)
3881:
3874:Cunat (1852)
3869:
3862:Cunat (1852)
3857:
3850:Cunat (1852)
3845:
3818:
3787:
3780:Roche (2005)
3775:
3766:
3747:Cunat (1852)
3742:
3718:
3695:
3690:Cunat, p.116
3686:
3681:Cunat, p.115
3669:Cunat, p.111
3665:
3660:Cunat, p.109
3648:Cunat, p.108
3644:
3639:Cunat, p.106
3635:
3630:Cunat, p.105
3626:
3621:Cunat, p.103
3617:
3612:Cunat, p.104
3600:Cunat, p.102
3596:
3591:Cunat, p.101
3587:
3582:Cunat, p.100
3578:
3571:Cunat (1852)
3566:
3559:Cunat (1852)
3554:
3547:Cunat (1852)
3542:
3530:
3523:Cunat (1852)
3518:
3511:Cunat (1852)
3506:
3499:Cunat (1852)
3484:Cunat (1852)
3479:
3472:Cunat (1852)
3467:
3460:Cunat (1852)
3455:
3443:
3436:Cunat (1852)
3431:
3424:Cunat (1852)
3409:Cunat (1852)
3394:Cunat (1852)
3389:
3382:Cunat (1852)
3377:
3365:
3358:Cunat (1852)
3353:
3346:Cunat (1852)
3341:
3334:Cunat (1852)
3299:
3292:Cunat (1852)
3275:Cunat (1852)
3270:
3263:Cunat (1852)
3258:
3251:Cunat (1852)
3246:
3234:
3227:Cunat (1852)
3222:
3215:Cunat (1852)
3210:
3203:Cunat (1852)
3198:
3191:Cunat (1852)
3176:Cunat (1852)
3171:
3159:
3147:
3140:Cunat (1852)
3120:
3113:Cunat (1852)
3075:Cunat (1852)
3058:Cunat (1852)
3053:
3018:
3011:Cunat (1852)
3006:
2999:Cunat (1852)
2994:
2987:Cunat (1852)
2982:
2975:Cunat (1852)
2960:Cunat (1852)
2955:
2933:Cunat (1852)
2918:Cunat (1852)
2913:
2906:Cunat (1852)
2901:
2889:
2882:Cunat (1852)
2877:
2870:Cunat (1852)
2865:
2837:Cunat (1852)
2824:, p. 9.
2822:Cunat (1852)
2817:
2805:
2798:Cunat (1852)
2793:
2782:
2773:
2767:
2762:, p. 3.
2760:Cunat (1852)
2715:
2710:Cunat, p.382
2706:
2686:
2673:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2608:
2599:
2591:Present-day
2587:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2413:Saint Tropez
2395:Suffren, by
2366:
2361:
2356:
2340:Rémi Monaque
2338:
2327:
2299:
2294:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2256:
2252:vice-admiral
2245:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2209:Surveillante
2208:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2104:Saint-Michel
2103:
2099:
2091:
2082:
2061:
2059:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2020:
2011:
1994:
1991:
1982:Saint Michel
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1951:
1949:
1944:Saint Michel
1943:
1937:
1927:
1918:
1907:
1899:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1838:, replacing
1835:
1831:
1827:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1650:Nagapattinam
1643:
1619:
1617:
1590:
1576:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1414:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1175:
1158:Saldanha Bay
1155:
1137:
1125:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1036:
1017:
988:
982:
978:John Moutray
972:
941:
935:
928:French livre
921:
915:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
873:
869:Union Island
859:
853:
847:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
787:
781:
775:
769:
750:
721:
714:
708:
701:
687:
669:
659:
652:
641:
632:
624:
619:
614:
584:
581:
573:Admiral Byng
539:
528:
498:
493:
480:
474:
464:
455:
453:
447:
441:
432:
429:
409:Garde-Marine
389:Saint-Cannat
386:
372:Ponant Fleet
348:Indian Ocean
345:
321:Maltese Navy
312:
310:Vice-Admiral
308:
197:Battles/wars
180:Vice-admiral
162:Maltese Navy
86:(1788-12-08)
74:Saint-Cannat
71:17 July 1729
46:Maltese Navy
25:
4861:1788 deaths
4856:1729 births
4838:(in French)
4810:Iconography
4770:Willis, Sam
3023:Willis 2009
2427:The envoys
2358:Eight ships
2307:Ernest King
2296:objectives.
2151:Pourvoyeuse
2070:Saint-Félix
1958:to pick up
1952:Pourvoyeuse
1923:Madras Army
1812:Saint-Félix
1804:Pourvoyeuse
1659:Pourvoyeuse
1597:Trincomalee
1532:Pourvoyeuse
1483:Pourvoyeuse
1354:Trincomalee
1235:Pourvoyeuse
1198:Saint-Orens
1193:Pourvoyeuse
1150:Simon's Bay
1068:Du Chilleau
989:Southampton
955:de Beausset
942:Marseillais
755:, with the
717:Duchaffault
335:during the
151:French Navy
53:Nickname(s)
4850:Categories
4695:2841352056
4437:References
2616:and a half
2351:See also:
2270:Assessment
2199:at 1530.
2132:Consolante
2106:to Dupas,
1974:Consolante
1969:Consolante
1954:sailed to
1856:Pierrevert
1820:Cuverville
1814:; that of
1669:Résolution
1605:Porto Nove
1593:Pondichéry
1477:; Captain
1460:James Alms
1430:Black Town
1287:Trois-Amis
1240:Consolante
1178:Pondichéry
1058:Cardaillac
788:Engageante
615:Foudroyant
551:to strike
531:lieutenant
383:Early life
108:Allegiance
67:1729-07-17
4802:162390731
4794:0899-3718
4750:(2010) .
4740:165892922
4598:763372623
4537:cite book
4487:463973942
4348:, p. 433
2772:Monaque,
2699:Citations
2330:Las Cases
2230:Cléopâtre
2191:Cléopâtre
2014:) of the
1890:Hyder Ali
1788:Maurville
1738:suddenly
1679:Fortitude
1646:Cuddalore
1601:Hyder Ali
1568:Lawriston
1544:Montmouth
1335:Charmante
1329:in which
1314:Charmante
1252:Elisabeth
1215:Lawriston
1166:Mauritius
1048:Trémignon
973:Ramillies
971:HMS
924:Louis XVI
865:Carriacou
854:Royal Oak
843:Fantasque
770:Fantasque
715:In 1776,
633:Gibraltar
594:Cartagena
378:Biography
343:in 1779.
182:(France)
171:1743–1784
4704:51607247
4642:(2009).
4586:(1905).
4553:(1835).
4497:(1852).
4477:(1996).
2723:Archived
2508:and HMS
2506:Cerberus
2496:Cerberus
2323:Farragut
2291:writes:
2220:Post-War
2173:Coventry
2112:Beaulieu
2100:Artésien
2066:Tromelin
1978:Illustre
1938:Illustre
1868:Brillant
1848:Beaulieu
1846:went to
1844:Brillant
1818:went to
1810:went to
1808:Artésien
1792:Artésien
1701:Diligent
1695:Sylphide
1685:Yarmouth
1628:Batacalo
1511:Sylphide
1505:took on
1497:went on
1495:Beaulieu
1473:that of
1458:, under
1436:Monmouth
1394:Hannibal
1384:Artésien
1370:Artésien
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