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2187:, unaware of the presence of the French fleet and mistaking its ships for East Indiamen, approached and had to surrender. From the prisoners, Suffren learnt of Hyder Ali's death. The fleet continued to Cuddalore, arriving there on 1 February. Peynier's squadron of 3 ships and 1 frigate arrived shortly afterwards with 30 transports, survivors of a much larger convoy that had lost a number of ships to the elements and to the British.
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arrived to Isle de France with 6 ships of the line, 2 frigates and transports carrying 5,000 soldiers. He also informed Hyder Ali that a French frigate had intercepted a
British schooner carrying Colonal Horn to Nagapattinam. Hyder Ali responded with luxurious gifts to Suffren and his officers, or with gifts represented by their equivalent value in rupees. He then ajourned the meeting until the next day.
2272:, tensions again flared up between France and England, and it was feared that a new conflict was looming. As a precaution, Louis XVI ordered the Brest squadron be readied, and he appointed Suffren to command it, leaving him the choice of his captains. As he prepared for the journey to Brest, Suffren's health suddenly declined. He died in Paris on 8 December 1788.
1541:, under Perrier de Salvert, came in view of Madras harbour and Hughes' squadron. Seeing Hugues anchored in a very strong defensive position, Suffren decided to sail off the coast, but to his surprise, Hugues left the safety of the forts and gave chase. Suffren deployed a frigate screen to warn his squadron of Hugues' moves, but during the night
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On 24 May, Hughes' squadron passed off
Trincomalee. A few days later, a ship brought letters from Bussy-Castelnau announcing that Cuddalore was besieged and blockaded. Suffren departed Trincomalee on 11 June 1783 and passed off Tharangambadi on 16, when the frigate screen signaled 18 ships in view.
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under the gun salutes of the fortress and the whole French squadron. The next day, a 500-man cavalry troop under
General Ghulam Ali Khan escorted Suffren, six of his captains and several officers to the encampment of Hyder Ali's army for a meeting with him. Suffren announced that Bussy-Castelnau had
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On 25 August, the fleet set sail and formed a battle line, soon arriving in view of the forts of
Trincomalee. 2,000 men quickly landed, with siege artillery, ammunition and three days worth of rations. By 29, the French had completed their siege battery emplacements, and they started bombarding the
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to personally reconnoitre the situation. The two fleets approached each other in the evening manoeuvered without engaging. In the morning, the French found themselves at the entrance of
Cuddalore Bay, while the British squadron was further off at sea. Suffren anchored his ships and spent the night
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In the following days, d'Orves' failing health deteriorated to the point where he was not fit for duty, and he delegated command to
Suffren. The French intended to surprise the British ships anchored in the roads of Madras. The fleet arrived North of Madras on 5 February 1782, and its light units
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With the return of favourable weather, Suffren expected and feared Hughes' attack, as his own ships were either damaged after long cruises, or had at best only received field repair at Aceh. He therefore quickly landed his troops at
Cuddalore and set sail for Trincomalee. Unfavourable winds made
1622:, the French ambassador, to act as an intermediary between Suffren and himself, along with two of his officiers. Suffren negotiated an agreement that French troops would retain their own command; that a 4,000-man cavalry and 6,000-man infantry force would reinforce them; and that they be paid 24
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Meanwhile, Suffren received news that Hyder Ali had left
Cuddalore with his army to fight in the North, leaving the city vulnerable to a British attack from Madras. As Cuddalore was a crucial supply depot, it was imperative for Suffren to protect it. Suffren departed Trincomalee on 1 October to
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was shot away by
British fire and Suffren had new French ensigns hoisted to continue the fight. After an hour and a half, night fell and the battle ended. Suffren was furious at the conduct of his captains, whom he accused of abandoning him. The next day, the British fleet had disappeared, and
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On 27, Hyder Ali invited
Suffren and Piveron to a private dinner, with European-style seating in deference to his guests. Suffren reported on the battles against Hughes, and they reviewed plans of operations against the British. Hyder Ali was especially concerned by British advance on the
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Un jour, à Sainte-Hélène, Las Cases, qui avait été lieutenant de vaisseau à l'époque de la Révolution, traçait à Napoléon le portrait de l'adversaire de Hughes : « M. de Suffren, très dur, très bizarre, extrêmement égoïste, mauvais coucheur, mauvais camarade, n'était aimé de
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offers a more nuanced assessment, finding Suffren an aggressive and innovative commander comparable to Ruyter and Nelson, but also one whose lack of didactic qualities and social graces made him misunderstood and disliked by his captains, and thus failed to develop his full potential.
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The military situation... demanded first the disabling of the hostile fleet, next the capture of certain strategic ports. That this diagnosis was correct is as certain as that it reversed the common French maxims, which would have put the port first and the fleet second as
1401:, but this time with other ships deploying as to ensure communication between the pursuers and the main body of the fleet, allowing Suffren to press on his chase. Suffren caught up with his quarry on 22 around noon and forced her to surrender. She was the 50-gun
1171:. On 24 July, Suffren set sail with four ships, chased away the British frigates, and patrolled the area around the Cape to ascertain the intentions of the British. Satisfied that Johnstone had renounced attacking the Cape colony, he resupplied and sailed to
845:. On 5 August 1778, Suffren entered the Bay and anchored next to the British, who cut their cables and scuttled their ships by fire to avoid capture. The Royal Navy ended up having to destroy ten of their own vessels in all, including five frigates.
1300:, arriving on 9 August 1779. With four ships of the line now at his disposal, Tronjoli departed on 6 December 1779 to cruise off the Cape, but to no avail, and he returned to Isle de France on 13 January 1780. On 3 February 1780, the 64-gun
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ran aground in Almadora Bay and was burnt by the British, in violation of neutrality laws, while her crew was taken prisoner, including Suffren. He returned to France after several months and was left without employ at sea for several years.
2247:. He departed for Trincomalee on 26, arriving on 29. The fleet departed for Europe on 6 October. On his way, Suffren called the Cape of Good Hope, and had stayed there for a few days when Hughes' squadron arrived, with unfavourable winds.
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reinforcing his crew with 1,200 soldiers from ashore. On 18 June, Suffren set sail and the two squadrons chased each other for two days, trying to gain an advantage. Finally, on 20, the two fleets came in contact and engaged, starting the
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in 1778, Tronjoli had lost some of his ships and escaped to Isle de France with the survivors, arriving there in late September. Pondichéry fell to the British on 17 October. With these reinforcements, the island was guarded by the 64-gun
1667:, which had been left to patrol, came with news that Hughes' squadron was at Nagapattinam. Suffren ordered an immediate departure and found the British ships anchored when he arrived on 6 July 1782. Before the battle, Suffren despatched
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returned to Lorient to bring the news of the engagement, while the other survivors sailed on to Isle de France. By 1780, Tronjoly was recalled to France, leaving d'Orves in command with a total of six ships of the line at his disposal.
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arrived, bringing despatches. The letter, dated from 22 November 1781, notably carried official approval of Suffren's conduct at the Battle of Porto Praya, granted the requests he had made to appoint his officers, and promoted him to
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reinforce Cuddalore, arriving on 4 October. The expected British attack did not happen, and on 12 October, the change in monsoon forced both fleets to shelter in harbour. Hughes anchored at Bombay, while Suffren chose to sail to
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on 21 June. The Régiment de Pondichéry landed and started fortifying the Cape colony against attacks from land and from the sea, while the fleet repaired its ships and had its sick given medical attention in hospitals ashore.
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On the return of peace in 1763 Suffren intended again to do the service in the caravans which was required to qualify him to hold the high and lucrative posts of the order. He was, however, named to the command of the 20-gun
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On 21 August, the two ships of the convoy arrived. Suffren had ammunition from the convoy distributed among his warships to replenish their magazines, and explained his intentions to the captains. The same day, the cutter
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arrived shortly after with spare parts, and the fleet spent the following weeks tending to the sick and effecting repairs. After a while, a corvette arrived from Isle de France, bringing news that a 3-ship squadron under
1389:, until the ship made signals that he was unable to answer. A chase ensued, and with the night Suffren abandoned the pursuit to rejoin the fleet. On 21, the fleet encountered the same ship again, and again detached
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The older son was an Army officer; the second, a priest; the third and fourth sons were Navy officers; the oldest daughter married Marquis de Pierrevert, and the youngest married Marquis de Nibles de Vitrolles.
2157:. By choosing Aceh, Suffren avoided both being driven away from the battlefield as he would have by choosing Isle de France, and the climate of Trincomalee which he feared would be detrimental to his crew.
1581:, while the French were scattered due to an error in interpreting night signals. Suffren formed a line without consideration for the order of battle, and at 1500 he closed in within gun range, starting the
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as reminiscent of Nelson's style, in that he was giving advance instruction for a variety of scenarios and was attempting to take the British in a cross-fire and destroy their squadron. In 1942, Admiral
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with 8 transports of troops and supplies. Suffren had sent a light ship to Trincomalee, which returned announcing that the British ships were not there. Suffren then decided to lay siege to Trincomalee.
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2343:, who had served as a lieutenant in the navy, described Suffren to Napoléon as "A hard man, very weird, egoistic in the extreme, bad-tempered, poor comrade in arms, liked of no one." More recently,
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After the end of the expedition, Suffren returned to Malta to resume escort duty with the order. He spent four years, rising from Knight to Commander. In February 1772, he was promoted to
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caused strong winds from the South which trapped the French North of Madras, while at the same time favouring the return of Hughes' squadron from Ceylon to Madras. Upon Hughes' arrival,
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1973:. In early August, Suffren learnt that the British fleet had departed Nagapattinam and was embarking troops in Madras, bound for an unknown destination. Suffren departed at once for
377:, although this did not lead to any permanent gains. After his return to France, he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral, and died shortly before he was to take command of the
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2075:, in particular, was leaking and had lost her foremast and mainmast. The ships anchored to effect repairs, which the crew completed in two weeks. Around that time, Captains
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Suffren arrived at Isle de France on 25 October 1781. The island had been selected as the base for French operations in the Indian Ocean, falling under the overall command of
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stated "while Chevalier de Suffren displayed an indisputable bravery and an incomparable tactical insight, an analysis of his action shows it to be banal and disappointing."
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captured a British courier and managed to retrieve the dispatches that her captain had thrown overboard, revealing British plans to expel the Dutch from Ceylon. On 12, the
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of the British warships gave them a decisive advantage, and he abandoned the pursuit to help with the capture of the merchantmen. After the battle, Suffren wrote a letter to
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detected La Clue's squadron and reported to Boscawen, who moved to intercept. Meanwhile, the French squadron failed to maintain formation and scattered. In the ensuing
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had surrendered and promised to launch an investigation, and also warned that without orders from his government he was not at liberty to give away his ships.
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The previous day, Suffren, who was overweight, had suffered from the Indian-style seating and Hyder Ali had graciously bent the etiquette to accommodate him.
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Suffren's squadron arrived at Trincomalee on 8 August. Most of it remained there until October. Suffren himself sailed to Pondichéry on 15 September with
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1139:, which had originally been appointed to a shorter mission, found herself short on water, and Captain de Cardaillac requested permission to resupply at
874:, sustaining 62 men killed or wounded. After the battle, Admiral d'Estaing sent Suffren with a 2-ship and 3-frigate division to secure the surrender of
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When the French squadron arrived at Trincomalee in the evening of 7 September 1782 after the Battle of Trincomalee, its ships were seriously damaged.
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where approaching the French transports. Suffren rushed with his warships to protect the convoy, and Hughes ordered his ships to regroup and form a
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spotted five British warship at anchor; she turned, signalling "enemy ships in sight". Understanding that random chance had put him in contact with
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Suffren cruised off Nagapattinam to observe the moves of the British ships, and seeing them idle, returned to Cuddalore to repair. On the way,
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On 10 April, the two fleets came into view, and they spent two days in manoeuvres, trying to gain an advantage on the other. In the morning,
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was in need of more extensive repairs to her rigging: after losing her masts at Porto Praya, she had done the rest of the journey in two of
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1155:'s squadron, and disregarding neutrality laws, Suffren ordered an immediate attack. At 1000, Suffren's squadron attacked, precipitating the
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surrendered the fort in exchange for its 1,000-man garrison to be sent to Madras. The next day, Captain Quelso, low on water, surrendered
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D'Orves died the same day at 1600. Suffren re-appointed his captains to the ships of the squadron: Captain de Lapallière took command of
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he commanded vessels in the squadron of evolution which the French government had established for the purpose of training its officers.
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On 25, Hughes retreated to Madras, and on 29, a British frigate came as a cartel, bringing news of the preliminary agreements to the
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518:. He served in several commercial expeditions on galleys of the order, escorting merchantmen and defending them against attacks from
365:, but assumed command himself after d'Estienne's death. Leading a large fleet, he fought five intense and evenly matched battles for
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lost sight of the British ships, and both thus failed to keep Suffren appraised of Hughes's position. In the morning, signals from
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On 14 February, the usual monsoon wind from the North-East resumed, allowing Suffren's squadron to sail South. In the evening,
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in the hope of discovering the British plans. Failing to do so, he sailed to Batticaloa, where he arrived on 8 August to find
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departed Lorient to further reinforce Isle de France. After it was confirmed that the British had despatched a squadron under
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The French fleet sailed to Martinique, where Suffren's division joined up with it, and from there to Grenada, leading to the
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640:'s forces but, on 16 August 1758, La Clue seized an opportunity to make a sortie with 12 ships and 3 frigates. The frigate
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1363:. He had 11 ships of the line, 3 frigates and 3 corvettes at his disposal. En route, d'Orves changed his objectif from
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that had been signed on 9 February 1783, and Hughes' offer of a cease-fire. Suffren accepted. On 25 July, the frigate
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reported 17 sails closing in. The French squadron retreated into the safety of Trincomalee and started repairing.
1577:. In the morning of 17 February, the fleets were about 6 km apart, the British forming a line and had captured
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Suffren sustained about 30 men killed and 100 wounded, and light damage to his riggings. At 1900 he broke contact.
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to investigate. Suffren closed in, making signals according to tables captured at Porto Praya on the East Indiaman
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rupee a year. Suffren landed his troops at Porto Nove, and departed on 23 March to search for the British fleet.
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Biographie maritime ou notices historiques sur la vie et les campagnes des marins célèbres français et étrangers
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On 3 September, the British fleet arrived. Suffren reembarked his troops and moved to intercept, leading to the
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fort. On 30, at 0900, Suffren sent a message to the fort of Trincomalee to negotiate its capitulation. Captain
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Suffren's fleet set sail on 20 December to return to Coromandel. On the way, it raided the British colony of
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When known in France, the anecdote yielded the pun that "Villeneuve-Cilart wanted to surrender, but "God" (
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ensued. The two fleets exchanged fire to over 4 hours, until Hughes retreated. During the battle, Captain
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under Brigadier Duchemin de Chenneville. En route, the convoy encountered a British squadron under Admiral
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736:. She departed for a training cruise to drill new navy officers. From that time till the beginning of the
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to prevent British relief to support Fort St. Philip, La Galissonière intercepted a 13-ship squadron under
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Suffren received 10,000 rupees symbolising the gift of an elephant, which would have been inconvenient on
1443:. On 9 February 1782, Hughes received reinforcements with the arrival of a squadron comprising the 64-gun
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1045:, and Suffren was given command of a 5-ship squadron to reinforce it. The task force comprised the 74-gun
566:. The squadron departed on 10 April, arriving on 17 and landing troops; the British garrison retreated to
326:(17 July 1729 – 8 December 1788) was a French naval officer and nobleman. Beginning his career during the
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warned him of the presence of the French squadron, and Hughes anchored his ships under the protection of
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1143:. Suffren gave permission but, unwilling to scatter his forces, ordered his entire squadron to move into
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Suffren graduated from the Gardes-Marine in 1747 as an ensign, and worked on commissioning the brand new
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was created especially for Suffren, the decree stipulating that it would be suppressed after his death.
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Suffren arrived at Toulon on 26 March 1784. Summoned to Versailles, he was received by Navy Minister
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was about to arrive, escorting a convoy ferrying troops and ammunitions, as well as Bussy-Castelnau.
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but two of the officers, named Dieu and Kerlero de Rosbo, refused to surrender and resumed firing.
1159:. Having scattered and disorganised Johnstone's forces, Suffren rushed to The Cape, and arrived at
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presenting vice-admiral Pierre André Bailly de Suffren de Saint Tropez with a golden sword in 1784
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Johnstone arrived in the morning of 21 July, left two frigates to watch the bay, and sailed on to
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broke out, leaving both squadrons damaged. Suffren retreated to the safety of the Dutch forts of
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ran aground, and both the British and French ships launched their boats to provide assistance.
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and orders to Suffren to return to France, leaving 5 ships under Peynier in the Indian Ocean.
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1606:, where he arrived on 19 February 1782 and learned that the British squadron was heading for
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A number of streets and avenues through France are named in Suffren's honour. In Paris, the
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to repair, and tend to those members of his crews who were wounded or suffered from scurvy.
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Several authors attribute Suffren's disregard for neutrality law to his experience at the
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The French squadron left Cuddalore on 15 October 1782 and arrived at Aceh on 1 November.
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sacrificed herself and tree smaller transports to lure the British away from the others.
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1041:. The Dutch expected the British to send an expeditionary force to try and capture their
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473:, sent to America to harass British forces. At his return, Suffren served on the 60-gun
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The full text of Suffren's memorandum on copper sheathing is quoted in Cunat, p.353-354
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2649:, the name of the insubordinate officer) would not allow it". Dieu would be killed on
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Suffren returned to Trincomalee, where he arrived in the evening of 7 September 1782.
603:. The squadron departed Toulon in November, bound for Brest. On 7 December, it called
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Meanwhile, the French squadron was effecting repairs, especially to its rigging, and
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would switch sides, ally with the British and start a war with Mysore. The next day,
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Naval Leadership in the Atlantic World: The Age of Reform and Revolution, 1700–1850
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pension in recognition of his services. In April, Suffren was given command of the
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Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours
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started preying on coastal merchantmen and capturing cargo of rice. However, the
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on 17 June. He then joined up with a combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral
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in the French Navy, and returned to Toulon to take command of the 26-gun frigate
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La guerre incomprise, ou, Le mythe de Suffren: la campagne en Inde, 1781-1783
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called him "perhaps the ablest sea-commander that France ever produced'. In
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On 7 December 1781, d'Orves led a 27-ship fleet to Ceylon, with his flag on
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to confer with Bussy, arriving on 17. There, he learnt of his promotion to
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caught fire and had to distance herself from the other ships. The flag of
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802:. The mission of his force was to support Franco-American efforts in the
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La Marine de Louis XVI: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1774 à 1792
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On 7 September 1779, d'Estaing ordered Suffren to blockade the mouth of
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joined the squadron with a prize carrying British colonel Horn, of the
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on 28 February 1758. La Clue's squadron eventually returned to Toulon.
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her. Seeing his hand forced, Cillart ordered his flag hoisted again.
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4619:(2017). "Le Bailli Pierre-André de Suffren: A Precursor of Nelson".
4570:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Regnault éditeur. pp. 289–332.
1715:
handy to bring news of the outcome of the battle to Isle de France.
2091:, who was wounded and weakened. On 23 September 1782, Suffren sent
961:
579:
407:
398:
Pierre André de Suffren was born on 17 July 1729 in the Château de
4461:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2097:
to Isle de France under M. Le Fer to bring despatches to Governor
1276:(a 12-gun corvette). Furthermore, on 28 December 1778, the 74-gun
893:, and prevent British ships from escaping. Suffren led the 64-gun
410:
with two daughters and three other sons. In October 1743, as the
2603:
2191:
progression difficult and as Suffren's squadron entered the bay,
2101:, with the four captains aboard. This yielded another reshuffle:
1966:
1841:; Lieutenant Maureville de Langle was promoted to the command of
1703:, food and ammunition to resupply his fleet. He furthermore kept
1674:
1428:
1286:
to reinforce the colony, and on 27 March 1779, so did the 64-gun
1187:
Until the outbreak of the Anglo-French War, the French colony of
575:
563:
1310:
in the Indian Ocean, France sent a convoy comprising the 64-gun
607:
to resupply, and found itself blockaded by a British from under
4837:
4398:
4396:
2177:
1912:
1782:
after her surrender. Suffren answered that he was unaware that
1778:
bringing a letter from Hughes demanding that Suffren hand over
1684:
1451:
1368:
1328:(under Baron de la Haye), escorting 16 transports ferrying the
942:
487:
415:
1545:
drifted away from the fleet due to a navigation error, while
2261:
and by Louis XVI, and much celebrated. A fourth position of
1996:
1267:
969:
666:
101:
4393:
4369:
4289:
4287:
4202:
4200:
4175:
4173:
4160:
4158:
4145:
4143:
4118:
4116:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4002:
4000:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3934:
3932:
3919:
3917:
3844:
3842:
3827:
522:. In late 1754, Suffren departed Malta to return to Toulon.
4892:
French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
4852:
Composition de l'escadre sous Suffren aux Indes (1781–1783)
4600:
La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI
4480:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3741:
3739:
3452:
3325:
3323:
3308:
3243:
3129:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
2954:
2952:
2496:
Alternatively spelt "Macnémara", "Macnemara" or "Macnamara"
2285:
Suffren was generally recognised as an able commander. The
2154:
1623:
1182:
1015:, to advocate for the French Navy to copper its own ships.
507:, badly damaged, was captured. Suffren was taken prisoner.
2749:
2747:
2745:
889:, to cover the landing of French troops in support of the
723:. He conducted two patrols in the Eastern Mediterranean.
615:
attempted to break the blockade, but was destroyed in the
324:
Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez, bailli de Suffren
4311:
4299:
4284:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4197:
4185:
4170:
4155:
4140:
4128:
4113:
4072:
4060:
4048:
3997:
3956:
3929:
3914:
3839:
2048:. The French line fought disorganised, especially after
1663:. The French troops reembarked on their transports, when
540:
In 1756, Suffren had returned to Toulon and had risen to
338:, where Suffren was taken prisoner by the British at the
3808:
3796:
3736:
3539:
3374:
3320:
3156:
3091:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
2949:
1655:
On 3 June 1782, Suffren departed Batacalo and sailed to
1618:, where he arrived on 23 February. Hyder Ali despatched
1135:
The squadron departed Brest on 22 March 1781. En route,
772:
France's participation in the American Revolutionary War
469:, part of a 5-ship and 2-frigate squadron under Captain
4826:
Engraving by Mme de Cernel after an original by Gerard.
4260:
4248:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2742:
1983:, arrived from Isle de France three days earlier. From
1845:; Lieutenant de Beaumont le Maître received command of
1741:
had stopped to launch her boats and take possession of
856:
was at the front of the vanguard, preceding the 74-gun
730:
appointed Suffren to the command of the 26-gun frigate
4432:
4420:
4408:
4381:
3505:
3503:
3430:
3428:
3415:
3413:
3340:
3338:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3197:
3195:
3146:
3144:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3081:
3079:
3077:
2981:
2979:
2939:
2937:
2843:
2841:
1745:, and sustained serious damage when the broadsides of
1179:) with the rest of the squadron, arriving on 28 July.
4724:
Le Marseillois, devenu plus tard le Vengeur du peuple
4697:
Mais qui est le bailli de Suffren Saint-Tropez ?
4272:
4101:
4089:
4036:
4024:
4012:
3985:
3973:
3944:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3039:
3027:
2898:
2311:
Lacour-Gayet cites Suffren's instructions before the
1877:, and from then on Lieutenant de Kersauson captained
806:
by striking a 5-frigate British squadron anchored in
503:
on 25 October 1747, where La Bédoyère was killed and
4577:
British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650–1859
3784:
3768:
3766:
3751:
3168:
2853:
2814:
2766:
2764:
2762:
1817:, as well as three more junior officers. Command of
599:, flagship of a 6-ship and 2-frigate squadron under
4684:(1890). Harding, Richard; Guimerá, Agustín (eds.).
4623:. University of Westminster Press. pp. 85–92.
3575:
3563:
3551:
3527:
3515:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3440:
3425:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3362:
3350:
3335:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3192:
3180:
3141:
3112:
3074:
3062:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2976:
2964:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2886:
2874:
2838:
2802:
1211:, and three armed merchantmen: the 26-gun corvette
964:, and joined up with a division under Rear-Admiral
357:Suffren was subsequently appointed to serve in the
4687:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660–1783
2826:
2320:listed his five favourite admirals of the past as
1147:. Arriving there at 0830 the morning of 16 April,
784:, which he personally captained, and the frigates
479:, under Captain d'Estourmel, and took part in the
4357:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783
3763:
2759:
495:, under Captain La Bédoyère, in a squadron under
425:
4858:
4674:Journal de Bord du Bailli de Suffren dans l'Inde
2268:In October 1787, with the implementation of the
2021:, informed him that he was promoted to Bailiff (
684:, also a 20-gun xebec, part of a squadron under
3720:
3718:
3716:
1018:
758:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War
743:
348:naval battles of the American Revolutionary War
342:. Promoted to captain in 1772, he served under
113:Ashes defiled in 1793 by French revolutionaries
4514:. Rennes: A. Marteville et Lefas. p. 447.
1375:detected a strange sail, and d'Orves detached
1292:, under la Pallière, escorting the transports
465:In the spring of 1745, Suffren transferred to
55:Portrait of Suffren during his service in the
30:"Suffren" redirects here. For other uses, see
4721:
3249:
1193:François-Jean-Baptiste l'Ollivier de Tronjoli
960:. They set sail on 19 May 1780 to patrol off
27:French naval officer and nobleman (1729–1788)
4680:
4593:
4402:
4375:
3833:
3713:
3704:
3314:
3135:
2776:
980:. The British escort, comprising the 74-gun
4735:. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau.
3688:
3686:
3667:
3665:
3619:
3617:
1223:(under Captain du Chézeau), and the 24-gun
778:, leading a division comprising the 64-gun
696:and called to Brest to serve on the 64-gun
593:In 1757, Suffren transferred to the 80-gun
4757:
4552:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2593:had been reduced to a 74-gun in early 1766
2357:
49:
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4518:
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4305:
4293:
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3821:
3802:
3745:
3545:
3458:
3380:
3329:
3162:
3106:
2958:
2753:
950:, part of a two-ship squadron along with
4722:Diaz de Soria, Ollivier-Zabulon (1954).
4466:
3727:
3695:
3683:
3674:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
2868:
1894:
1884:
1183:Preliminary operations at Isle de France
1124:
774:. Suffren was appointed to the fleet of
754:France in the American Revolutionary War
678:. Shortly thereafter, he transferred on
429:
406:, the third son of an old nobility from
4763:Histoire ignorée de la Marine française
4699:. Mémoires du Sud – Editions Equinoxe.
4649:
4615:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4387:
4266:
4254:
3056:
2904:
2820:
2715:
2295:The Influence of Sea Power upon History
2019:Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
14:
4859:
4779:
4574:
3174:
3033:
2375:in honour of Suffren de Saint Tropez.
2060:
1911:On 25 July 1782, Hyder Ali arrived at
1644:
1591:
1101:), and seven transports carrying the
706:. Upon his return, he was promoted to
570:and was forced to surrender after the
558:tasked with ferrying 12,000 men under
548:, Suffren was appointed to the 64-gun
414:was raging, Suffren, aged 14, went to
344:Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing
4783:(2009). "The Battle of Lagos, 1759".
4730:
4694:
4671:
4504:
4484:
4472:Suffren Saint Tropez, Pierre André de
4278:
4107:
4095:
4042:
4030:
4018:
3991:
3979:
3950:
3908:
3896:
3884:
3872:
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3757:
3581:
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3557:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3446:
3434:
3419:
3404:
3392:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3302:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3186:
3150:
3123:
3085:
3068:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2970:
2943:
2928:
2916:
2892:
2880:
2847:
2832:
2808:
2770:
2509:are now part of a site listed on the
2245:Lieutenant général des Armées navales
2223:arrived from Europe with news of the
2199:Suffren transferred onto the frigate
1699:to Isle de France, to purchase spare
1201:(under Tronjoli), the 40-gun frigate
2511:National Register of Historic Places
2129:to Lieutenant Tréhouret de Pennelé,
1524:. General Duchemin transferred from
1037:found themselves allied against the
514:restoring peace, Suffren joined the
4492:. Service historique de la marine.
3774:"de Cillart (Chevalier de Cillart)"
2371:of the French Navy have been named
1415:
1091:), as well as the 16-gun corvette
702:, flagship of a squadron headed by
692:. In 1767, Suffren was promoted to
686:Louis Charles du Chaffault de Besné
623:. Suffren witnessed the capture of
554:, part of a 12-ship squadron under
525:
24:
4562:Hennequin, Joseph François Gabriel
1191:maintained a small squadron under
770:constituting a step up announcing
659:
25:
4903:
4830:
2027:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1833:, himself replaced by Lieutenant
418:to undertaken naval studies as a
4836:
4540:Suffren et le temps de Vergennes
4454:
4349:
4323:
2731:Les voyages du Bailli de Suffren
2695:
2682:
2673:
2660:
2639:
2636:Also known as Villeneuve-Cilart
2451:
2431:
2415:
2399:
1958:, on the theatre of operations.
1942:brought news of the arrival of
1873:after Pierrevert's death in the
501:Second Battle of Cape Finisterre
313:Order of Saint-John of Jérusalem
303:
166:
154:
134:
123:
4785:The Journal of Military History
4726:(in French). F. Robert et fils.
4690:. London: Little, Brown and Co.
2692:was to start three years later.
2630:
2617:
2608:
2596:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2549:
2536:
2527:
2499:
2490:
2171:Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier
674:, which he cruised against the
601:Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran
516:navy of the Order of Saint John
4820:
4765:(in French). Editions Perrin.
4695:Klein, Charles-Armand (2000).
4579:. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot.
2791:
2724:
2481:
1987:, Suffren learnt that Bussy's
1903:on 26 July 1782. Engraving by
1869:. Later, Beaulieu returned to
1217:(under du Chayla), the 24-gun
1013:Secretary of State of the Navy
426:War of the Austrian Succession
412:War of the Austrian Succession
328:War of the Austrian Succession
215:War of the Austrian Succession
195:General of the Galleys (Malta)
13:
1:
4523:(in French). Éditions Ancre.
4511:Histoire du Bailli de Suffren
4447:
2614:Sometimes spelt "la Pallière"
2280:
2013:. Furthermore, a letter from
1771:, with Captain James Watt of
1504:, exchanged their positions;
536:France in the Seven Years War
441:Suffren served on the 64-gun
393:
369:against British Vice-Admiral
2709:
1789:Following the incident with
1019:Campaign in the Indian Ocean
744:War of American independence
738:War of American Independence
497:Des Herbiers de l'Estenduère
451:in 1744. During the battle,
388:
7:
4877:People from Aix-en-Provence
4731:Roche, Jean-Michel (2005).
2230:
2041:under the same conditions.
611:. A relief squadron under
330:, he briefly served in the
10:
4908:
4603:. Paris: Honoré Champion.
4336:"Hughes, Sir Edward"
2787:(2009), p.2, also cited at
2580:Cunat spells "Saint-Orins"
2571:Sometimes spelt "Tronjoly"
2361:
2067:Battle of Cuddalore (1783)
2064:
1888:
1651:Battle of Negapatam (1782)
1648:
1595:
1553:informed Suffren that HMS
1500:, in temporary command of
1419:
1354:Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
1338:action of 24 February 1780
1128:
1105:, under Brigadier General
1022:
764:American Revolutionary War
747:
529:
249:American Revolutionary War
29:
4575:Hepper, David J. (1994).
4538:Glanchant, Roger (1976).
4519:Demerliac, Alain (1996).
2798:Geneanet: Paul de Suffren
2275:
1284:Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves
1109:. All these ships had a
1029:With the outbreak of the
974:Luis de Córdova y Córdova
544:. At the outbreak of the
512:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
402:to the family of Marquis
363:Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves
299:
225:Battle of Cape Finisterre
207:
199:
186:
178:
147:
118:
108:
91:
71:
63:
48:
41:
2474:
2015:Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc
1875:action of 12 August 1782
1465:and the armed transport
1195:, comprising the 64-gun
1039:Kingdom of Great Britain
937:granted Suffren a 1,500
750:Franco-American alliance
636:Toulon was blockaded by
481:Duc d'Anville expedition
471:Jean-Baptiste Mac Nemara
309:Order of the Holy Spirit
32:Suffren (disambiguation)
4843:Pierre André de Suffren
4477:Encyclopædia Britannica
4342:Encyclopædia Britannica
2358:Monuments and memorials
2288:Encyclopædia Britannica
1620:André Piveron de Morlat
1025:Franco-Indian alliances
978:action of 9 August 1780
619:, as La Clue failed to
572:Siege of Fort St Philip
334:before fighting in the
43:Pierre André de Suffren
2309:
2113:to Captain de Vigues,
1924:and the risk that the
1908:
1861:, himself replaced on
1103:Régiment de Pondichéry
1031:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
804:Battle of Rhode Island
768:action of 17 June 1778
688:. He took part in the
613:Duquesne de Menneville
499:. He took part in the
438:
4595:Lacour-Gayet, Georges
2391:Depictions of Suffren
2304:
2085:la Landelle-Roscanvec
2046:Battle of Trincomalee
1995:were awaiting him at
1899:Suffren meeting with
1898:
1891:Battle of Trincomalee
1885:Battle of Trincomalee
1282:departed Brest under
1260:(a 24-gun corvette),
1157:Battle of Porto Praya
1131:Battle of Porto Praya
1125:Battle of Porto Praya
574:. Patrolling between
560:Maréchal de Richelieu
447:and took part in the
433:
350:, taking part in the
279:Battle of Trincomalee
259:Battle of Porto Praya
203:Indian Ocean squadron
179:Years of service
4882:French Navy admirals
4845:at Wikimedia Commons
4682:Thayer Mahan, Alfred
3250:Diaz de Soria (1954)
2589:Built as an 80-gun,
2422:Suffren's statue in
2099:François de Souillac
1905:Jean-Baptiste Morret
1797:. He also dismissed
1602:Suffren returned to
1496:, and Lieutenant de
1330:Régiment d'Austrasie
1231:Siege of Pondicherry
1051:(under Suffren) and
987:, under Captain Sir
4759:Taillemite, Étienne
4672:Mores, ed. (1888).
4542:(in French). Paris.
4403:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
4376:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3834:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3461:, p. 17, n°22.
3315:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
3136:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
2655:Battle of Cuddalore
2546:, 20 years earlier.
2515:Wreck Sites of HMS
2505:The remains of the
2458:Bust of Suffren by
2440:Mattheus Lestevenon
2382:runs alongside the
2364:French ship Suffren
2339:On the other hand,
2208:Battle of Cuddalore
2061:Battle of Cuddalore
1720:Battle of Negapatam
1645:Battle of Negapatam
1635:Battle of Providien
1610:. After consulting
1598:Battle of Providien
1592:Battle of Providien
1520:; and Galifet took
991:, and the frigates
905:, and the frigates
710:on 18 August 1767.
617:Battle of Cartagena
568:St. Philip's Castle
436:Jean-Antoine Houdon
434:Bust of Suffren by
284:Battle of Cuddalore
274:Battle of Negapatam
269:Battle of Providien
4797:10.1353/jmh.0.0366
3778:Three Deck's Forum
2736:2008-12-31 at the
2690:Maratha–Mysore War
2464:Paris naval museum
2133:to Saint-Georges,
1946:, with the 74-gun
1909:
1851:Bouvet de Précourt
1837:at the command of
1732:struck his colours
1322:, and the frigate
1254:, and the smaller
1097:(under Lieutenant
1061:), and the 64-gun
1009:Antoine de Sartine
690:Larache expedition
439:
367:command of the sea
289:Siege of Cuddalore
4841:Media related to
4772:978-2-262-03242-5
4742:978-2-9525917-0-6
2702:personne. ».
2380:Avenue de Suffren
1835:Perier de Salvert
1813:and De Ruyter of
1371:. On 19 January,
1043:Dutch Cape Colony
1033:, France and the
958:d'Albert de Rions
933:On 1 March 1780,
891:Siege of Savannah
850:Battle of Grenada
776:Admiral d'Estaing
588:Battle of Minorca
586:, leading to the
371:Sir Edward Hughes
352:siege of Savannah
318:
317:
254:Battle of Grenada
237:Battle of Minorca
142:Kingdom of France
130:Hospitaller Malta
16:(Redirected from
4899:
4887:Counts of France
4850:
4840:
4816:
4776:
4754:
4727:
4718:
4691:
4677:
4668:
4642:
4612:
4590:
4571:
4557:
4551:
4543:
4534:
4515:
4501:
4481:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4327:
4321:
4318:Hennequin (1835)
4315:
4309:
4306:Hennequin (1835)
4303:
4297:
4294:Hennequin (1835)
4291:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4243:Hennequin (1835)
4240:
4234:
4231:Hennequin (1835)
4228:
4222:
4219:Hennequin (1835)
4216:
4210:
4207:Hennequin (1835)
4204:
4195:
4192:Hennequin (1835)
4189:
4183:
4180:Hennequin (1835)
4177:
4168:
4165:Hennequin (1835)
4162:
4153:
4150:Hennequin (1835)
4147:
4138:
4135:Hennequin (1835)
4132:
4126:
4123:Hennequin (1835)
4120:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4084:Hennequin (1835)
4081:
4070:
4067:Hennequin (1835)
4064:
4058:
4055:Hennequin (1835)
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4007:Hennequin (1835)
4004:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3968:Hennequin (1835)
3965:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3939:Hennequin (1835)
3936:
3927:
3924:Hennequin (1835)
3921:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3849:Hennequin (1835)
3846:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3822:Hennequin (1835)
3819:
3806:
3803:Hennequin (1835)
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3746:Hennequin (1835)
3743:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3724:Hennequin, p.302
3722:
3711:
3710:Hennequin, p.299
3708:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
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3546:Hennequin (1835)
3543:
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3531:
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3513:
3507:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3459:Demerliac (1996)
3456:
3450:
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3423:
3417:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3381:Hennequin (1835)
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3333:
3330:Hennequin (1835)
3327:
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3163:Hennequin (1835)
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2658:
2657:on 20 June 1783.
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2462:, on display at
2455:
2435:
2419:
2403:
2313:Battle of Sadras
2290:Eleventh Edition
2139:Villaret-Joyeuse
2105:went to Captain
2089:Morard de Galles
1583:Battle of Sadras
1514:Tromelin-Lanuguy
1490:Morard de Galles
1422:Battle of Sadras
1416:Battle of Sadras
1153:George Johnstone
1111:copper sheathing
1005:copper sheathing
956:, under Captain
852:on 6 July 1779.
808:Narragansett Bay
546:Seven Years' War
532:Seven Years' War
526:Seven Years' War
449:Battle of Toulon
381:squadron of the
336:Seven Years' War
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264:Battle of Sadras
232:Seven Years' War
220:Battle of Toulon
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4665:
4645:CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
4631:
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4486:Caron, François
4470:, ed. (1911). "
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2738:Wayback Machine
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2544:Battle of Lagos
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2500:
2495:
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2477:
2472:
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2447:
2444:Gerard Brantsen
2436:
2427:
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2393:
2392:
2366:
2360:
2283:
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2233:
2215:Treaty of Paris
2069:
2063:
1952:and the 64-gun
1944:Bussy-Castelnau
1893:
1887:
1795:court-martialed
1730:, panicked and
1653:
1647:
1600:
1594:
1437:Fort St. George
1424:
1418:
1336:, yielding the
1244:, the frigates
1207:(under Captain
1185:
1133:
1127:
1027:
1021:
868:and the 70-gun
760:
748:Main articles:
746:
708:Frigate captain
694:frigate captain
676:Barbary pirates
662:
660:Interwar period
649:Battle of Lagos
638:Edward Boscawen
556:La Galissonière
538:
530:Main articles:
528:
520:Barbary pirates
428:
404:Paul de Suffren
396:
391:
375:Treaty of Paris
340:Battle of Lagos
311:
295:
242:Battle of Lagos
194:
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95:8 December 1788
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4832:
4831:External links
4829:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4791:(3): 745–765.
4777:
4771:
4755:
4741:
4728:
4719:
4705:
4692:
4678:
4669:
4663:
4657:. Tallandier.
4647:
4639:j.ctv5vddxt.12
4629:
4613:
4591:
4585:
4572:
4558:
4535:
4529:
4516:
4506:Cunat, Charles
4502:
4482:
4468:Chisholm, Hugh
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:Monaque (2017)
4431:
4427:Monaque (2017)
4419:
4415:Monaque (2009)
4407:
4405:, p. 525.
4392:
4388:Monaque (2009)
4380:
4378:, p. 502.
4368:
4348:
4333:, ed. (1911).
4331:Chisholm, Hugh
4322:
4320:, p. 331.
4310:
4308:, p. 330.
4298:
4296:, p. 329.
4283:
4281:, p. 338.
4271:
4269:, p. 321.
4267:Monaque (2009)
4259:
4257:, p. 320.
4255:Monaque (2009)
4247:
4245:, p. 328.
4235:
4233:, p. 327.
4223:
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4211:
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4196:
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4184:
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4169:
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4154:
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4112:
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4100:
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4088:
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4071:
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4059:
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4047:
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4035:
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4023:
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4011:
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3996:
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3984:
3982:, p. 193.
3972:
3970:, p. 311.
3955:
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3943:
3941:, p. 309.
3928:
3926:, p. 308.
3913:
3911:, p. 217.
3901:
3899:, p. 201.
3889:
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3877:
3875:, p. 179.
3865:
3863:, p. 177.
3853:
3851:, p. 304.
3838:
3836:, p. 546.
3826:
3824:, p. 306.
3807:
3805:, p. 305.
3795:
3793:, p. 414.
3783:
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3760:, p. 164.
3750:
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3735:
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3604:
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3586:
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3562:
3550:
3548:, p. 297.
3538:
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3514:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3424:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3383:, p. 295.
3373:
3361:
3349:
3334:
3332:, p. 294.
3319:
3317:, p. 480.
3307:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3165:, p. 292.
3155:
3140:
3138:, p. 456.
3128:
3111:
3109:, p. 291.
3090:
3073:
3061:
3057:Monaque (2017)
3038:
3036:, p. 761.
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2975:
2963:
2961:, p. 290.
2948:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2905:Monaque (2017)
2897:
2885:
2873:
2852:
2837:
2825:
2821:Monaque (2017)
2813:
2811:, p. 2-3.
2801:
2790:
2775:
2758:
2756:, p. 289.
2741:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2708:
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2388:
2359:
2356:
2345:François Caron
2332:, Suffren and
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:Eden Agreement
2232:
2229:
2225:Peace of Paris
2149:to Dufreneau.
2145:to Malis, and
2065:Main article:
2062:
2059:
2039:Fort Ostenburg
2011:Chef d'Escadre
1926:Maratha Empire
1889:Main article:
1886:
1883:
1649:Main article:
1646:
1643:
1596:Main article:
1593:
1590:
1575:line of battle
1433:Lord Macartney
1420:Main article:
1417:
1414:
1308:Admiral Hughes
1184:
1181:
1173:Isle de France
1129:Main article:
1126:
1123:
1035:Dutch Republic
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
887:Savannah River
745:
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4651:Monaque, Rémi
4648:
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4630:9781911534082
4626:
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4617:Monaque, Rémi
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4463:public domain
4452:
4451:
4441:, p. 90.
4440:
4435:
4429:, p. 91.
4428:
4423:
4417:, p. 15.
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4390:, p. 14.
4389:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4365:0-486-25509-3
4362:
4358:
4355:Mahan, A.T.,
4352:
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3733:Cunat, p. 127
3730:
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3687:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3656:
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3638:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3584:, p. 99.
3583:
3578:
3572:, p. 97.
3571:
3566:
3560:, p. 95.
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3536:, p. 94.
3535:
3530:
3524:, p. 82.
3523:
3518:
3512:, p. 83.
3511:
3506:
3504:
3497:, p. 81.
3496:
3491:
3485:, p. 75.
3484:
3479:
3473:, p. 73.
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3449:, p. 71.
3448:
3443:
3437:, p. 72.
3436:
3431:
3429:
3422:, p. 69.
3421:
3416:
3414:
3407:, p. 74.
3406:
3401:
3395:, p. 64.
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3371:, p. 65.
3370:
3365:
3359:, p. 62.
3358:
3353:
3347:, p. 50.
3346:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3305:, p. 63.
3304:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3288:, p. 49.
3287:
3282:
3276:, p. 48.
3275:
3270:
3264:, p. 44.
3263:
3258:
3252:, p. 11.
3251:
3246:
3240:, p. 42.
3239:
3234:
3228:, p. 41.
3227:
3222:
3216:, p. 40.
3215:
3210:
3204:, p. 39.
3203:
3198:
3196:
3189:, p. 38.
3188:
3183:
3177:, p. 52.
3176:
3175:Hepper (1994)
3171:
3164:
3159:
3153:, p. 37.
3152:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3126:, p. 33.
3125:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3088:, p. 32.
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3071:, p. 31.
3070:
3065:
3059:, p. 87.
3058:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3024:, p. 30.
3023:
3018:
3012:, p. 29.
3011:
3006:
3000:, p. 27.
2999:
2994:
2988:, p. 26.
2987:
2982:
2980:
2973:, p. 25.
2972:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2946:, p. 19.
2945:
2940:
2938:
2931:, p. 18.
2930:
2925:
2919:, p. 15.
2918:
2913:
2907:, p. 86.
2906:
2901:
2895:, p. 12.
2894:
2889:
2883:, p. 11.
2882:
2877:
2870:
2869:Chisholm 1911
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2850:, p. 10.
2849:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2823:, p. 85.
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2408:Pompeo Batoni
2402:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2384:Champ de Mars
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:Petit-Annibal
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2094:Pulvérisateur
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:Hay MacDowall
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1975:Tharangambadi
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:Malabar Coast
1917:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1763:joined up as
1762:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1726:, captain of
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Petit Annibal
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:, the 50-gun
1458:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1410:Petit Annibal
1407:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:Hinchinbrooke
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:George Rodney
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:, the 54-gun
1237:
1232:
1229:. During the
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Praia Harbour
1142:
1138:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:, except for
1112:
1108:
1107:Thomas Conway
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
986:
985:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
949:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
928:
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
897:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
866:
861:
860:
855:
851:
846:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:, comprising
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
759:
755:
751:
741:
739:
735:
734:
729:
724:
722:
721:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
672:
668:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:
639:
634:
632:
628:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:Henry Osborne
606:
602:
598:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
543:
537:
533:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
477:
472:
468:
463:
461:
460:
454:
450:
446:
445:
437:
432:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
163:
152:
146:
143:
131:
121:
117:
111:
107:
103:
94:
90:
86:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4788:
4784:
4762:
4732:
4723:
4696:
4686:
4673:
4654:
4620:
4599:
4576:
4566:
4539:
4520:
4510:
4489:
4475:
4434:
4422:
4410:
4383:
4371:
4356:
4351:
4340:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4279:Cunat (1852)
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:
4187:
4130:
4108:Cunat (1852)
4103:
4096:Cunat (1852)
4091:
4062:
4050:
4043:Cunat (1852)
4038:
4031:Cunat (1852)
4026:
4019:Cunat (1852)
4014:
3992:Caron (1996)
3987:
3980:Cunat (1852)
3975:
3951:Cunat (1852)
3946:
3909:Cunat (1852)
3904:
3897:Cunat (1852)
3892:
3885:Cunat (1852)
3880:
3873:Cunat (1852)
3868:
3861:Cunat (1852)
3856:
3829:
3798:
3791:Roche (2005)
3786:
3777:
3758:Cunat (1852)
3753:
3729:
3706:
3701:Cunat, p.116
3697:
3692:Cunat, p.115
3680:Cunat, p.111
3676:
3671:Cunat, p.109
3659:Cunat, p.108
3655:
3650:Cunat, p.106
3646:
3641:Cunat, p.105
3637:
3632:Cunat, p.103
3628:
3623:Cunat, p.104
3611:Cunat, p.102
3607:
3602:Cunat, p.101
3598:
3593:Cunat, p.100
3589:
3582:Cunat (1852)
3577:
3570:Cunat (1852)
3565:
3558:Cunat (1852)
3553:
3541:
3534:Cunat (1852)
3529:
3522:Cunat (1852)
3517:
3510:Cunat (1852)
3495:Cunat (1852)
3490:
3483:Cunat (1852)
3478:
3471:Cunat (1852)
3466:
3454:
3447:Cunat (1852)
3442:
3435:Cunat (1852)
3420:Cunat (1852)
3405:Cunat (1852)
3400:
3393:Cunat (1852)
3388:
3376:
3369:Cunat (1852)
3364:
3357:Cunat (1852)
3352:
3345:Cunat (1852)
3310:
3303:Cunat (1852)
3286:Cunat (1852)
3281:
3274:Cunat (1852)
3269:
3262:Cunat (1852)
3257:
3245:
3238:Cunat (1852)
3233:
3226:Cunat (1852)
3221:
3214:Cunat (1852)
3209:
3202:Cunat (1852)
3187:Cunat (1852)
3182:
3170:
3158:
3151:Cunat (1852)
3131:
3124:Cunat (1852)
3086:Cunat (1852)
3069:Cunat (1852)
3064:
3029:
3022:Cunat (1852)
3017:
3010:Cunat (1852)
3005:
2998:Cunat (1852)
2993:
2986:Cunat (1852)
2971:Cunat (1852)
2966:
2944:Cunat (1852)
2929:Cunat (1852)
2924:
2917:Cunat (1852)
2912:
2900:
2893:Cunat (1852)
2888:
2881:Cunat (1852)
2876:
2848:Cunat (1852)
2835:, p. 9.
2833:Cunat (1852)
2828:
2816:
2809:Cunat (1852)
2804:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2773:, p. 3.
2771:Cunat (1852)
2726:
2721:Cunat, p.382
2717:
2697:
2684:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2619:
2610:
2602:Present-day
2598:
2590:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2424:Saint Tropez
2406:Suffren, by
2377:
2372:
2367:
2351:Rémi Monaque
2349:
2338:
2310:
2305:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2267:
2263:vice-admiral
2256:
2250:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2220:Surveillante
2219:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2115:Saint-Michel
2114:
2110:
2102:
2093:
2072:
2070:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2031:
2022:
2005:
2002:
1993:Saint Michel
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1962:
1960:
1955:Saint Michel
1954:
1948:
1938:
1929:
1918:
1910:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1849:, replacing
1846:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1661:Nagapattinam
1654:
1630:
1628:
1601:
1587:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1446:
1425:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1169:Saldanha Bay
1166:
1148:
1136:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1028:
999:
993:
989:John Moutray
983:
952:
946:
939:French livre
932:
926:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
884:
880:Union Island
870:
864:
858:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
798:
792:
786:
780:
761:
732:
725:
719:
712:
698:
680:
670:
663:
652:
643:
635:
630:
625:
595:
592:
584:Admiral Byng
550:
539:
509:
504:
491:
485:
475:
466:
464:
458:
452:
443:
440:
420:Garde-Marine
400:Saint-Cannat
397:
383:Ponant Fleet
359:Indian Ocean
356:
332:Maltese Navy
323:
321:Vice-Admiral
319:
208:Battles/wars
191:Vice-admiral
173:Maltese Navy
97:(1788-12-08)
85:Saint-Cannat
82:17 July 1729
57:Maltese Navy
36:
4872:1788 deaths
4867:1729 births
4849:(in French)
4821:Iconography
4781:Willis, Sam
3034:Willis 2009
2438:The envoys
2369:Eight ships
2318:Ernest King
2307:objectives.
2162:Pourvoyeuse
2081:Saint-Félix
1969:to pick up
1963:Pourvoyeuse
1934:Madras Army
1823:Saint-Félix
1815:Pourvoyeuse
1670:Pourvoyeuse
1608:Trincomalee
1543:Pourvoyeuse
1494:Pourvoyeuse
1365:Trincomalee
1246:Pourvoyeuse
1209:Saint-Orens
1204:Pourvoyeuse
1161:Simon's Bay
1079:Du Chilleau
1000:Southampton
966:de Beausset
953:Marseillais
766:, with the
728:Duchaffault
346:during the
162:French Navy
64:Nickname(s)
4861:Categories
4706:2841352056
4448:References
2627:and a half
2362:See also:
2281:Assessment
2210:at 1530.
2143:Consolante
2117:to Dupas,
1985:Consolante
1980:Consolante
1965:sailed to
1867:Pierrevert
1831:Cuverville
1825:; that of
1680:Résolution
1616:Porto Nove
1604:Pondichéry
1488:; Captain
1471:James Alms
1441:Black Town
1298:Trois-Amis
1251:Consolante
1189:Pondichéry
1069:Cardaillac
799:Engageante
626:Foudroyant
562:to strike
542:lieutenant
394:Early life
119:Allegiance
78:1729-07-17
4813:162390731
4805:0899-3718
4761:(2010) .
4751:165892922
4609:763372623
4548:cite book
4498:463973942
4359:, p. 433
2783:Monaque,
2710:Citations
2341:Las Cases
2241:Cléopâtre
2202:Cléopâtre
2025:) of the
1901:Hyder Ali
1799:Maurville
1749:suddenly
1690:Fortitude
1657:Cuddalore
1612:Hyder Ali
1579:Lawriston
1555:Montmouth
1346:Charmante
1340:in which
1325:Charmante
1263:Elisabeth
1226:Lawriston
1177:Mauritius
1059:Trémignon
984:Ramillies
982:HMS
935:Louis XVI
876:Carriacou
865:Royal Oak
854:Fantasque
781:Fantasque
726:In 1776,
644:Gibraltar
605:Cartagena
389:Biography
354:in 1779.
193:(France)
182:1743–1784
4715:51607247
4653:(2009).
4597:(1905).
4564:(1835).
4508:(1852).
4488:(1996).
2734:Archived
2519:and HMS
2517:Cerberus
2507:Cerberus
2334:Farragut
2302:writes:
2231:Post-War
2184:Coventry
2123:Beaulieu
2111:Artésien
2077:Tromelin
1989:Illustre
1949:Illustre
1879:Brillant
1859:Beaulieu
1857:went to
1855:Brillant
1829:went to
1821:went to
1819:Artésien
1803:Artésien
1712:Diligent
1706:Sylphide
1696:Yarmouth
1639:Batacalo
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