756:) mounted on the road surface, or along the edge of a road, and are used to channelize traffic. These are a form of raised pavement marker but unlike most such markers, delineators are not supposed to be hit except by out-of-control or drifting vehicles. Unlike their smaller cousins, delineators are tall enough to impact not only a vehicle's tires but the vehicle body itself. They usually contain one or more retroreflective strips. They can be round and open in the center or curved (45-degree sections) of plastic with a reflective strip. They are also used in low reflective markers in a "T" shape. They can also be used to indicate lane closures as in cases where the number of lanes is reduced.
195:. When a speeding vehicle runs over the raised road lines, it produces a strong warning vibration to remind the car driver of deviation from the lane. Perpendicular to driving directions, these marking lines are used for settled mainline toll plaza, ramp entrances, mountainous areas, continuous sharp turns, downhill sections and the end of the highway (intersection of highway exit and the plane of the common roadway), gates and entrances of enterprises, institutions, and school. In the same direction of traffic driving direction, they are mainly settled in the
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255:. In areas with little snowfall, reflective raised pavement markers are applied directly on top of the road surface. The device's retroreflective surface enables the device to be clearly visible at long distances at night and in rainy weather. The devices come in multiple colors which vary in usage depending on local traffic marking standards.
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Nonreflective raised pavement markers (also known as Botts' dots) are usually round, are white or yellow, and are frequently used on highways and interstates in lieu of painted lines. They are glued to the road surface with epoxy and as such are not suitable in areas where snow plowing is conducted.
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For countries in Latin
America, the colors of raised markers vary by country to country. For most countries, they tend to generally follow the European counterparts rather than North American counterparts, but in several countries of Latin America, such as Mexico, the usage of blue follows the North
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Lit LED in-pavement Raised
Pavement Markings (RPMs), help improve road safety, as they are more generally visible than reflective RPM markings as they are internally lit and don't require headlights to show up. And, whilst the RPMs are usually raised, being so visible, in snowplow areas, these types
759:
Delineators are often used in snow-prone areas in lieu of raised pavement markings as the latter can be easily dislodged from the road surface by snowplows. In addition to marking the road edge, delineators are used to mark ramp gores, medians, and objects near the roadway such as fire hydrants. In
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White and red or yellow and red — white or yellow for normal use in one direction, and red to indicate "do not enter" or "wrong way" in the other direction. Red-Clear
Markers are primarily used to warn motorists they are going the wrong way; most people have never seen these because they show
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Glass road studs have a very special shape: the upper half is a dome shape, and the lower half is a base covered with a reflective layer. They come in a variety of colors and sizes to meet the requirements of different applications. Currently they are widely adopted in Taiwan and around the world.
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In areas where snowplowing is frequent, conventional markers are placed in a shallow groove cut in the pavement, or specially designed markers are used which include a protective metal casting that is embedded in recesses in the pavement, allowing the marker to protrude slightly above the pavement
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Central. In pertinent part, the article notes that "Stimsonite reflectors now are used on virtually all the nation's major highways" and had been already approved by the states of
California and Texas. At the time this article was published, Stimsonite had been purchased by and was operating as a
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Fluorescent yellow markers — These are used to indicate temporary lanes during roadworks on major roads and are glued to the road surface; they are never embedded in it. Any painted markings will be removed from the road surface if they contradict the markers. They are fluorescent yellow in
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In almost all
European countries, such markers will include reflective lenses of some kind. Most appear white or gray during daylight; the colors discussed here are the color of light they reflect. Because of their inconspicuousness during the day, they are always used in conjunction with painted
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Linear visual aids are also more useful since they can be used for creating in-pavement signs and messages such as lit merge arrows. Whilst point source RPMs could be used for such signage, in practice, because they are installed so close together and much deeper within the pavement compared to
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For single-point source viewer directional guidance, a number of these units must all be viewed at the same time. In severe weather, such as fog or snow whiteouts, this may not be possible. Therefore, as each linear visual aid provides both positional and directional guidance, this type is more
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color, so they stand out in the day, but reflect white light at night. Where used, they are much more numerous and dense than standards markers, as they are not used in conjunction with painted lines. They also appear yellow on the edges but reflect red on the left side or amber on the right
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Cat's eyes, in their original form, consist of two pairs of retroreflective glass spheres set into a white rubber dome, mounted in a cast-iron housing. They generally come in a variety of colors. They have enjoyed widespread usage in the
British Isles and elsewhere around the world.
656:. For six years, Avery sold Stimsonite's line under its Sun Country brand. In 2006, Avery sold its raised pavement marker division to Ennis Paint, one of the largest manufacturers worldwide of paint for pavement markings (particularly lane markings). The company (based in
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Some lit linear visual aids / RPMs, melt snow, without needing any additional heating elements, as such, these types or self-cleaning RPMs are more energy-efficient compared to those that need additional heating elements to melt snow so are NOT self-cleaning.
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and now markets the
Stimsonite product line and descendants under the Stimsonite brand. Other manufacturers of retroreflective raised pavement markers sold in the United States under various designs include 3M, Apex Universal, Vialume, and Ray-O-Lite.
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Green markers — These are used where slip-roads (US: off-ramp) leave and join the main carriageway on dual carriageways. In some countries, they are also used across the entrances of minor roads or accesses onto major single carriageway roads or
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Red markers — These are found by the hard shoulder on motorways and at the edge of the running surface on other roads. They are also occasionally used to indicate a no-entry road and when travelling down the wrong way of the motorway/dual
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and patented in 1934 (UK patents 436,290 and 457,536), and the United States in 1939 (US patent 2,146,359). On March 15, 1935, Shaw founded
Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd, which became the first manufacturer of raised pavement markers.
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Motorcycle
Officer Kenneth Grant Maine, improved upon, applied for a patent pending, and then submitted the white epoxy-resin reflective raised pavement markers to the California Bureau of Highways, the predecessor to the
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There are a number of types, ranging from a single LED point source RPMs, with limited daytime visibilities, (road studs), to multi-LED linear type RPMs, visible in all full sunlight and nighttime applications.
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If marked on the road, the color should match the purpose according to
European counterparts. Also, fluorescent yellow markers are used to indicate temporary lanes during roadworks on major roads in Japan.
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such areas, the height of the delineators is established based on the typical amount of snowfall the area receives, ranging from 4 feet to more than 8 feet in height in areas with extreme snow depths.
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In Thailand, raised marker colors generally follow European usage but road markings follow the MUTCD. However, Thailand also adopted three uses of marker colors, one different from European usage:
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is marked out by a series of markers. Usually, these are painted as squares on the road but occasionally a metal stud is used. These are usually square and made from unpainted steel or aluminum.
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White and black — white for marking lane restrictions in one direction on a roadway that has "reversible" traffic flow, and black in the other direction when the markings do not apply.
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White and black — white for marking lane restrictions in one direction on a roadway that has "reversible" traffic flow, and black in the other direction when the markings do not apply.
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Red, yellow or amber — Lines that should not be crossed. Red is used for the left side of a dual carriageway, while yellow or amber is used for the right side of a dual carriageway.
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on which motorized traffic can drive, and double yellow reflectors are used with solid yellow lines to denote tram tracks on which motorized traffic may not drive other than to cross.
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Blue markers — Are used to indicate the entrance to police reserved slip-roads (these do not lead anywhere, they are to allow police to park and monitor motorway traffic).
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Some lit RPMs can be visible and useful in both bright sunlight as well as nighttime applications, whilst others are only visible at nighttime or in low light applications.
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with a dome shape and reflect the lights with a reflective layer within. Some other names for specific types of raised pavement markers include convex vibration lines,
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White and red or yellow and red — white or yellow for normal use in one direction, and red to indicate "do not enter" or "wrong way" in the other direction.
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White and red or yellow and red — white or yellow for normal use in one direction, and red to indicate "do not enter" or "wrong way" in the other direction.
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One of the key differences between these types is that lit linear RPMs, being linear, each lit unit provides both positional and directional guidance to viewers.
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The plastic markers now used widely throughout the United States and elsewhere appeared three decades later. They were originally invented by American engineer
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155:. These devices are usually made with plastic, ceramic, thermoplastic paint, glass or occasionally metal, and come in a variety of shapes and colors.
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The surface of this type of vibrating coating line is distributed and scattered with raised bumps. Some bumps are coated with high-refractive-index
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Stimsonite went on to become the leading manufacturer of retroreflective raised pavement markers in the United States and was acquired in 1999 by
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While Australian designs generally follow those in the US, the colors generally follow European usage. Differences from European usage include:
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Yellow or amber markers — These are found next to the central reservation (US: median) on motorways and dual carriageways and, in the
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diamond) in one direction on a roadway that has "reversible" traffic flow, and black in the other direction when the markings do not apply.
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Yellow or orange markers — These separate traffic moving in opposite directions, or mark the left pavement edge on one-way roadways.
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The name "delineator" is also used for reflective devices attached to other objects which are technically not pavement markers.
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The orange markers separate opposing traffic lanes. The blue marker denotes a fire hydrant on the left sidewalk.
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Blue markers — Usually placed near the center of the roadway, offset to one side to mark the location of
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This scheme only applies to the US and Canada. Mexico, on the other hand, generally follows European usage.
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of RPMs can be installed flush-mounted within the pavement so that they completely avoid the snowplows.
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White — For lane markings and central reservation (US: median) on motorways and dual carriageways
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made out of metal were the earliest form of retroreflective pavement markers, and are in use in the
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linear RPMs, such usage would tend to damage the road, especially within the asphalt roads.
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clear when approached in the correct direction, and only appear red to wrong-way drivers.
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A Toucan crossing with markers visible. In this case thermoplastic paint has been used.
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on October 23, 1964. Patent No. 3,332,327 was subsequently granted on July 25, 1967.
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Heise, Kenan (March 23, 1997). "Sidney Allen Heenan, 78, Invented Pavement Marker".
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Hong Kong's raised marker colors are identical to those used in the United Kingdom.
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995:"News and Views of Investments: Elastic Stop Nut to Tap Fresh Peak in Earnings".
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Two other markers are adopted for use in Japan, taken from North American usage:
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California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) Standard Plan A20A & A20C
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26:"Reflective road marking" redirects here. For reflective painted lines, see
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Colors can also be combined, with a different color facing each direction:
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paint lines with reflectors as seen on the majority of American highways.
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helpful as in a wider variety of weather conditions and light conditions.
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A blue raised pavement marker (for marking the location of fire hydrants)
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White and black — white for marking lane restrictions (such as an
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Green — A line that may be crossed, such as a slip road or lay-by
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Red markers — Usually indicate areas that are closed to traffic.
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single yellow reflectors are used with broken yellow lines to denote
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with cat's eyes on the road surface and retroreflectors on barriers
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A white retroreflective raised pavement marker (Stimsonite design)
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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
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Yellow — In addition to marking the median of freeways, in
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They are usually made out of plastic or ceramic materials.
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19:"Delineator" redirects here. For the fashion magazine, see
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retro-reflective lines; they are never seen on their own.
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In the UK, the area in which pedestrians should cross at
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and other parts of the world. They were invented in the
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Retroreflective spheres set into a cat's eye in the UK
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including the basic principles regarding road safety.
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The current trend for lane markings is to intersperse
243:
strips. The marker is generally held in place using
202:
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Green markers — Usually used to indicate that
507:Thailand's raised markers use the American design.
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
573:Blue — Usually used to mark the location of
199:, edge lines, and dangerous sections of the road.
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186:
997:Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly
816:"Reflective Pavement Marker | Florida Transcor"
562:A yellow raised pavement marker used to mark a
519:are likely to retain a modified version of the
271:surface for increased visibility, much like a
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723:
1072:
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494:Blue — Used to mark the location of
1016:"Avery Dennison to Purchase Stimsonite".
1006:division of Elastic Stop Nut Corporation.
637:in the course of his employment with the
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
748:Delineators are tall pylons (similar to
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463:A yellow raised pavement marker in Japan
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482:The design of the markers is diagonal.
265:California Department of Transportation
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861:"Road Infrastructure & Technology"
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365:The exception to the above rules are:
2168:Median / Central reservation
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798:"Convex Vibration Road Marking Paint"
645:. Heenan filed an application for a
211:Snowplow-resistant reflective marker
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
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592:
400:or to mark the right pavement edge.
374:
13:
2086:Risk compensation (road transport)
1079:
979:United States Patent No. 3,332,327
346:, are also used on hard shoulders.
203:Reflective raised pavement markers
14:
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963:. Tribune Publishing. p. 4C.
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2452:Glossary of road transport terms
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515:Countries formerly part of the
410:on the shoulder or at the curb.
48:needs additional citations for
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677:Side view of a glass road stud
662:Ennis Traffic Safety Solutions
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1:
2434:Pavement performance modeling
2424:International roughness index
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187:Convex vibration marking line
2429:Present serviceability index
2223:Sidewalk / Pavement
1768:Diamond grinding of pavement
999:. July 24, 1967. p. 22.
840:"Pave.Mark.Ch.9.080307.indd"
554:A red raised pavement marker
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7:
2401:Underpass / Tunnel
2396:Overpass / Flyover
2150:High-occupancy vehicle lane
2040:Driving under the influence
1114:Freeway / Motorway
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10:
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1328:Highway systems by country
1020:. June 5, 1999. p. 2.
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654:Avery Dennison Corporation
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417:can open gates to enter a
396:White markers — for
331:White markers — for
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18:
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2439:Granular base equivalency
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2258:Traffic signal preemption
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1666:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
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1572:Single-point urban (SPUI)
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724:Pedestrian crossing studs
709:A round, white Botts' dot
267:, now known as Caltrans.
157:Raised reflective markers
2419:Pavement condition index
2145:High-occupancy toll lane
2140:Contraflow lane reversal
2115:Barrier transfer machine
72:"Raised pavement marker"
1273:Express-collector setup
1045:Raised pavement markers
2457:Road types by features
2352:Raised pavement marker
2319:Constant-slope barrier
2243:Traffic directionality
2233:Street running railway
1656:Protected intersection
1026:Historical Newspapers.
969:Historical Newspapers.
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660:) changed its name to
639:Stimsonite Corporation
611:
598:American counterpart.
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145:raised pavement marker
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2483:Road surface markings
2314:Concrete step barrier
1651:Offset T-intersection
1047:at Wikimedia Commons
889:www.rural-roads.co.uk
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577:, as in North America
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2357:Road surface marking
2055:Single-vehicle crash
1778:Full depth recycling
1676:Seagull intersection
773:Road surface marking
227:, some countries of
57:improve this article
28:Road surface marking
2498:American inventions
2478:Road infrastructure
2183:Pedestrian crossing
1746:Reinforced concrete
1582:Three-level diamond
1293:Two-lane expressway
1278:Farm-to-market road
802:wiki.dyroadmark.com
511:In the Commonwealth
344:Republic of Ireland
2493:1933 introductions
2488:British inventions
2213:Runaway truck ramp
2035:Driver's education
1823:Rubberized asphalt
1758:Crocodile cracking
1681:Split intersection
1449:Hierarchy of roads
1410:Single carriageway
1022:Available through
1001:Available through
965:Available through
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2076:Automotive safety
1957:Road slipperiness
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1415:Single-track road
1357:Bicycle boulevard
1043:Media related to
1018:Los Angeles Times
981:, July 25, 1967,
738:pelican crossings
337:dual carriageways
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2309:Cat's eye (road)
2130:Complete streets
1902:Dead Man's Curve
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1803:Pavement milling
1718:Asphalt concrete
1661:Quadrant roadway
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1124:Elevated highway
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669:Glass road studs
635:Sidney A. Heenan
593:In Latin America
375:In North America
260:San Diego Police
241:corner reflector
169:glass road studs
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2238:Traffic calming
2198:Reversible lane
2188:Pedestrian zone
2173:Motorcycle lane
2135:Contraflow lane
2107:time allocation
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2091:Underride guard
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1631:Continuous flow
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643:Niles, Illinois
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446:retroreflective
419:gated community
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335:. When used on
320:Carlow, Ireland
318:M9 motorway in
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179:, delineators,
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2268:Unused highway
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2045:Drowsy driving
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2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
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1994:
1989:
1984:
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1974:
1969:
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1927:Level crossing
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1626:Channelization
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1611:3-way junction
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1505:Road junctions
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1469:business route
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1397:Primitive road
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1268:County highway
1265:
1263:Collector road
1260:
1254:
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1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1237:United Kingdom
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
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1199:
1194:
1189:
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1179:
1174:
1172:Czech Republic
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1103:
1101:Limited-access
1094:
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1077:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1035:
1034:External links
1032:
1029:
1028:
1008:
987:
983:Google Patents
971:
951:
937:
923:
909:
900:
873:
852:
831:
820:fltranscor.com
807:
788:
787:
785:
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781:
780:
775:
768:
765:
745:
742:
725:
722:
713:Main article:
702:
699:
690:Main article:
687:
684:
670:
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623:United Kingdom
619:United Kingdom
603:
600:
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591:
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543:
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517:British Empire
512:
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376:
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311:
308:
306:
305:Usage of color
303:
204:
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131:
130:
45:
43:
36:
21:The Delineator
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2347:Noise barrier
2345:
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2307:
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2304:Cable barrier
2302:
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2279:
2276:
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2253:Traffic lanes
2251:
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2193:Refuge island
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2159:
2158:Living street
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2125:Climbing lane
2123:
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2032:
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2028:
2027:Human factors
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Traffic light
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
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1968:
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1960:
1958:
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1948:
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1942:Oversize load
1940:
1938:
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1933:
1932:Manhole cover
1930:
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1923:
1920:
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1763:Crushed stone
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1598:Intersections
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1547:Directional T
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1465:
1464:special route
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1382:Frontage road
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1242:United States
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1093:
1092:Types of road
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779:
778:Rumble strips
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771:
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764:
761:
757:
755:
751:
750:traffic cones
741:
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575:fire hydrants
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496:fire hydrants
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408:fire hydrants
405:
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398:lane markings
395:
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333:lane markings
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229:South America
226:
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217:United States
209:
200:
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184:
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174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:safety device
146:
137:
127:
124:
116:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
2372:Traffic cone
2362:Rumble strip
2351:
2263:Truck bypass
2218:Shared space
2178:Passing lane
2163:Managed lane
2120:Bicycle lane
2002:Washboarding
1997:Traffic sign
1922:Hairpin turn
1691:Texas U-turn
1621:Box junction
1515:Interchanges
1459:Route number
1367:Country lane
1109:Bike freeway
1037:
1017:
1011:
996:
990:
974:
960:
954:
940:
926:
912:
903:
892:. Retrieved
888:
876:
867:
855:
846:
834:
823:. Retrieved
819:
810:
801:
792:
762:
758:
747:
735:
718:
695:
680:
658:Ennis, Texas
651:
632:
613:
596:
568:
546:In Australia
530:
527:In Hong Kong
521:British laws
514:
506:
489:
481:
470:
466:
450:
443:
427:
364:
350:carriageway.
325:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
281:
277:
269:
257:
214:
197:median strip
190:
156:
144:
142:
119:
113:January 2008
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
2410:Performance
2342:Kassel kerb
2299:Botts' dots
2287:Demarcation
1987:Storm drain
1952:Road debris
1877:Aquaplaning
1870:environment
1858:Road safety
1736:Cobblestone
1686:Superstreet
1491:Winter road
1439:Concurrency
1432:Other terms
1423:Sunken lane
1392:Main street
1337:Local roads
946:"Espacenet"
932:"Espacenet"
918:"Espacenet"
868:wtbooks.com
715:Botts' dots
701:Botts' dots
625:in 1933 by
586:tram tracks
486:In Thailand
193:glass beads
177:Botts' dots
163:automotive
2472:Categories
2412:indicators
2381:Structures
2332:Guard rail
2208:Road verge
2081:Seat belts
2017:Snowsquall
1982:Speed bump
1962:Road train
1783:Glassphalt
1723:Bioasphalt
1696:Turnaround
1671:Roundabout
1601:(at-grade)
1567:Roundabout
1532:Cloverleaf
1387:Green lane
1323:Trunk road
1251:Main roads
1134:By country
894:2020-01-10
825:2017-03-15
784:References
744:Delineator
686:Cat's eyes
627:Percy Shaw
615:Cat's eyes
564:stop valve
245:butyl pads
181:cat's eyes
173:headlights
165:headlights
83:newspapers
2203:Road diet
2105:Space and
2050:Road rage
1937:Oil spill
1897:Crosswind
1887:Black ice
1882:Avalanche
1808:Permeable
1641:Jughandle
1636:Hook turn
1542:Free-flow
1486:Toll road
1405:Side road
1362:Boulevard
1318:Super two
1313:Ring road
1288:Link road
1187:Hong Kong
1142:Australia
1084:hierarchy
310:In Europe
273:cat's eye
251:glue, or
237:Australia
2391:Causeway
2228:Shoulder
2064:Vehicles
2012:Whiteout
1972:Rockfall
1967:Roadkill
1892:Bleeding
1868:Road and
1828:Sealcoat
1753:Corduroy
1741:Concrete
1731:Chipseal
1710:Surfaces
1562:Raindrop
1377:Driveway
1372:Dead end
1352:Backroad
1303:2+2 road
1298:2+1 road
1222:Portugal
1212:Pakistan
1024:ProQuest
1003:ProQuest
967:ProQuest
767:See also
754:bollards
582:Victoria
455:In Japan
258:In 1965
233:Thailand
167:, while
151:used on
2294:Bollard
2278:Woonerf
2007:Washout
1947:Pothole
1860:factors
1848:Texture
1818:Plastic
1798:Macadam
1587:Trumpet
1537:Diamond
1308:Parkway
1283:Highway
1197:Ireland
1177:Germany
1167:Croatia
1147:Belgium
882:"Photo"
602:History
356:lay-bys
253:bitumen
215:In the
97:scholar
2387:Bridge
2071:Airbag
1843:Tarmac
1788:Gravel
1616:Bowtie
1557:Parclo
1481:Stroad
1444:Detour
1419:Street
1347:Avenue
1232:Taiwan
1217:Poland
1182:Greece
1157:Canada
1152:Brazil
647:patent
225:Mexico
221:Canada
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
1813:Plank
1727:Brick
1577:Stack
1343:Alley
1227:Spain
1207:Nepal
1202:Italy
1192:India
1162:China
885:(JPG)
864:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
249:epoxy
153:roads
147:is a
104:JSTOR
90:books
2323:Curb
2154:Lane
1917:Ford
1833:Sett
1773:Dirt
1401:Road
1081:Road
235:and
76:news
1977:Rut
1912:Fog
1793:Ice
752:or
641:in
438:HOV
59:by
2474::
887:.
866:.
845:.
818:.
800:.
275:.
247:,
231:,
223:,
219:,
143:A
1523:)
1519:(
1073:e
1066:t
1059:v
985:.
948:.
934:.
920:.
897:.
870:.
849:.
828:.
804:.
421:.
358:.
126:)
120:(
115:)
111:(
101:·
94:·
87:·
80:·
53:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
