670:, Achieving the Dream focuses on increasing the success of college students – particularly students of color and students from low-income backgrounds. Starting in 2004, the project funded promising, data-driven approaches to strengthening remedial education coursework. Achieving the Dream is its own national organization with the same mission: "community college student success and completion; focused primarily on helping low-income students and students of color complete their education and obtain market-valued credentials." The organization continues to fund positive interventions that move underprepared students through remediation with greater success and features a list of best practices and exemplary colleges from which other higher education administrators can learn. Achieving the Dream promotes many different interventions that can increase the success of students, including first-year student success courses that provide students with the skills to navigate college expectations and academics more effectively, accelerated remedial courses in math and English, student mentoring and coaching, mandatory orientations for new students and supplementary computer tutoring for remedial students. Achieving the Dream also takes an active role in state policy advocacy and is currently working in 15 states to strengthen student remedial success.
356:(SARTs) at a seminar held at Hawthorn State College (Victoria, Australia) on 15 December 1980. In it he announced the most significant development in remedial education in Victoria with a strategic plan for addressing falling literacy and numeracy standards. The totally new component of the Special Assistance Program was the provision of 1000 SARTs for "the delivery of services to children with special needs." These designated teachers were given "a major on-site school responsibility for facilitating a productive relationship between parents and pupils and teachers." The program involved the training of these primary teachers as SARTs and their placement in schools. Their role was the early detection and remediation of children at risk of illiteracy and innumeracy.
611:
primary education and secondary schooling, to develop the minimum skills deemed necessary for functional participation in the economy and the democracy, and to acquire the prerequisite competencies that are crucial for negotiating college-level coursework. On the other hand, critics argue that taxpayers should not be required to pay twice for the same educational opportunities, that remediation diminishes academic standards and devalues post-secondary credentials, and that the large number of underprepared students entering colleges and universities demoralizes faculty. Following from these critiques, some have argued for a major restructuring of remediation or even the elimination of remedial programs altogether.
466:, ACCUPLACER, or COMPASS assessments. Often, each college or university sets its own score thresholds for determining whether a student must enroll in remedial courses. However, some states are moving toward a uniform standard for remedial placement cut scores. Students are required to enroll in remedial courses before advancing to a college-level course in that subject. Colleges review a student's score by subject – math, English, science, etc. – and compare that score to the school's cutoff. For example, a college might use a score of 19 on the ACT math section as the threshold for determining whether a student must enroll in a remedial math course or college-level math course.
640:
reading – did so because they did not pass their remedial course. Another 11% of math students and 9% of reading students exited college without ever having failed or completed a remedial course. Students who enrolled in college and were placed into a sequence of three or more remedial courses were the least likely to persist to a college-level course. Like in all education pathways, there are many different points at which remedial students can step out of education. Research from the
Community College Research Center at Columbia University suggests that many students do not complete their remedial sequences or do not enroll in the first college-level course in that subject.
729:
their education to meet college-level requirements to enroll in a first-year composition class where 50% of the students are ALP students and 50% have been placed in first-year composition. It is reported that 74% of students have passed first-year composition as a result of ALP. ALP is reported to be a well-known national program that has served as a template for hundreds of colleges across. The community college of
Baltimore County is one college that has shown long-term statistics showing the effectiveness of this co-requisite program.
679:
programs. The statement's principles included: aligning remedial courses with a student's long-term area of study at the college, using multiple measures to placement students in remedial courses, requiring all students – including under-prepared students – to pick a program of study when they enter college, integrating academic support services into pre-college-level coursework, creating accelerated course models with students with larger skill deficiencies, and measuring completion of remedial courses.
658:
demographic groups. The organization has also worked with states to set goals for increasing college completion and making adjustments to higher education policies. Currently, CCA heavily promotes enrolling more students directly into college-level courses even though they would traditionally test into remedial courses. The organization also heavily promotes better aligning remedial courses with college-level courses, and using diverse measures of student academic standing for remedial placement.
168:
636:
and the college-level math requirements for their degree). On four-year college campuses, 74% of students in remedial courses complete the course, and 37% complete remediation and an associated college-level course in that subject within two years. The same report projects that 9.5% of two-year college students starting in remediation will graduate within three years, and 35.1% of four-year college students starting in remedial courses will graduate within six years.
5943:
4956:
4966:
4178:
66:
25:
5953:
787:
drop-out, and grade point average. Many researchers claim that very little research has been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of remedial or developmental education and that research concerning the effectiveness of remedial education programs has been sporadic, underfunded, and inconclusive and has serious methodological flaws. Recently, efforts have been made to use more rigorous research designs (e.g.
3212:
5931:
692:
students. North
Carolina colleges can now incorporate high school grades into their course placement decisions. Additionally, starting in 2014, all colleges deliver remedial reading and English in three shorter, eight-week modules for some students while allowing higher-level remedial students to enroll in college-level English courses with required supplementary English instruction.
561:
bypassing remedial coursework and enrolling in college-level courses with additional tutoring. In contrast, students with larger skill deficiencies may require substantial math and
English instruction before they can succeed academically. Researchers continue to investigate and make recommendations for effective remedial education models.
391:
training courses. Of these 102 were also experienced in special education teaching. As well 28 of the 375 remaining designated teachers were experienced special education teachers. AREA shared a concern that teachers undertaking SART duties were not qualified in special education, but their proposals to the course committee were rejected.
770:
To be able to compare and assess various preparatory courses in Europe, a
European framework of transitional courses is necessary. By developing European Framework for Transitional Preparatory Courses (EFTPC), teachers around Europe can see how their design of their courses fit with the framework. In
635:
Complete
College America, a national non-profit working on remedial education reform, reports that among remedial students at two-year colleges 62% complete their remedial course and 23% complete associated college-level courses in that subject within two years (for example, complete math remediation
494:
Placement test scores are not especially good predictors of course grades in developmental education classes. More importantly, the tests do not have much explanatory power across a range of measures of performance including college GPA, credit accumulation, and success in gatekeeper
English and math
424:
of Nova Scotia defines academic upgrading as "programs offered to adult learners who require the academic pre-requisites needed for entry into many occupational programs." The
Alberta Ministry of Enterprise and Advanced Education advises that academic upgrading can be pursued through a post-secondary
803:
Despite the claim that a number of rigorous studies using a regression discontinuity design have found underprepared students who score near placement test cut off scores and enroll in remedial education perform no better than similarly scoring students who place directly into college level courses,
745:
institutes have started to offer remedial education programmes as well. One reason why
European universities are starting to develop remedial courses is the different situation in the two continents. In the United States, a common assumption is that remediation attracts underprepared students of low
724:
are often used synonymously. They were both designed to teach college- and university-level coursework that is designed to make up for knowledge and ability gaps for students considered unprepared for college-level work. At
California-based two-year institutions, such as community colleges, students
678:
In December 2012, the Dana Center at the University of Texas, Complete College America, Education Commission of the States, and Jobs for the Future released "Core Principles for Transforming Remedial Education: A Joint Statement" with seven key principles for strengthening community college remedial
639:
Similarly, a nationwide study of two year college students participating in remedial education found 46% of students referred to remedial reading and 33% of students in math remediation completed their remedial sequence. A substantial portion of these non-completing students – 29% in math and 16% in
619:
Depending on their skill level upon entering college, students can spend one or more semesters working to fulfill remedial requirements before advancing to college-level courses required for their degree. An example of a full sequence of math remedial courses for low-skill students might include: 1)
307:
in Victorian Primary Schools during the period 1979–1982 constituted the most significant innovation in the provision of special education services to children experiencing learning difficulties and in addressing declining literacy and numeracy standards. Up until the political directive to initiate
732:
The variety of student demographics and their respective level of preparedness also play a role in the success of developmental education. A study done at the Community College Research Center at Columbia University found that students who were placed in developmental courses after scoring close to
602:
has found that accelerating a student's remedial English requirements resulted in a higher likelihood of students completing their remedial sequences, a higher likelihood of enrolling in college-level English courses and a higher likelihood of students receiving a 'C' or better in the college-level
597:
Accelerating the pace at which students progress through remedial courses is a reform now regularly highlighted in academic research and advocacy as effective for increasing student success. Often, remedial courses do not count toward a student's graduation requirements and taking many semesters of
593:
In 2011, a nonprofit did a review of studies on remedial education delivery and found that "programs that show the greatest benefits with relatively rigorous documentation either mainstream developmental students into college-level courses with additional supports, provide modularized or compressed
377:
From the beginning of the 1982 school year, schools with an enrolment of between 150 and 300 pupils designated and appointed a SART to carry out the role on a half-time basis. This resulted in and additional 302 primary schools in Victoria having a school-based resource teacher, bringing the total
799:
One way of measuring the effectiveness of a developmental/remedial program is to investigate whether the enrolled students actually complete the remedial courses successfully. Several research studies have found that underprepared students who completed remedial coursework achieve greater academic
505:
Using GPA with standardized test scores may also improve the accuracy of remedial placement and limit the likelihood of placing students into additional remedial courses they may not need. North Carolina implemented a statewide policy that allows two-year colleges to use both placement test scores
320:
From the early 1960s, the Education Department of Victoria (Australia), had developed an extensive range of programs in primary schools that sought to develop the individual ability of each pupil. Also, the ratio of pupils to teachers in schools had been significantly reduced over time and schools
961:
of online remedial courses, the tutor's roles in designing and organizing the learning experience, providing technical advice and support, encouraging and facilitating discussion, encouraging participation, using a variety of forms of instruction, and resolving communication problems are crucial.
728:
From developmental education sprang the Accelerated Learning Program (ALP), which is a formal course of study. This program was initially started in part by Peter Adams at the Community College of Baltimore County. This program places a student who has been declared to need further progression in
610:
The methods for delivering remedial education and whether to deliver remedial education are active debates in the U.S. As Bahr (Bahr 2008a, pp. 420–421) explains, "On one hand, it fills an important niche in U.S. higher education by providing opportunities to rectify disparities generated in
390:
component for the SARTs designated by their schools for the new role. A survey of the qualifications and experience of the 575 designated SARTs was undertaken to assess their training requirements. The responses indicated that 200 of the designated teachers had already completed special education
560:
There is an active debate on how remedial courses should be delivered to students. Students who are placed into remedial courses have differing skill levels and needs for support. There is an active debate on whether students that are on the upper end of the skill spectrum may be most successful
407:
As a result, a reorganised multi-disciplinary service was created on a "one-stop" referral basis through 50 statewide Special Assistance Resource Centres allocated one to each Primary Education Inspectoral District throughout Victoria. The professional disciplines offered at each centre included
648:
Over the last several years, a large amount of philanthropic and research attention has been directed at remedial education programs. Often, focus on remedial education is directed at 1) increasing the successful completion of remedial sequences 2) increasing the overall number of students with
378:
to 877 schools. It was not planned to designate a SART at schools with less than 150 pupils. At such schools it was planned that the Principal or an appointed staff member would access services from the Special Assistance Resource Centres for children at these schools in need of such services.
786:
The question that rises is whether successful completion of a remedial course guarantees students' success in college. The literature provides limited evidence for the effectiveness of remedial courses on outcomes such as persistence to graduation, quality of performance in subsequent courses,
657:
A national non-profit organization, Complete College America (CCA), was established in 2009 and looks at paths to improving higher education outcomes for all students. The organization has provided large amounts of national data on the proportion of students enrolled in remedial courses across
606:
Some colleges have explored the possibility of providing remedial education courses online for students; however, evidence indicates that completion of online remedial courses is lower across almost every group of students compared to in-person remedial instruction. There is also evidence that
364:
The core element of this substantial change in the delivery of special educational services to children was the new role of the school-based Special Assistance Resource Teacher (SART) which was the focus of this world-first breakthrough in class room integration of pupils experiencing learning
807:
This may in part be due to the "leakage" that often occurs from the beginning of a developmental program to its end. Research from the Community College Research Center indicates that even students who successfully complete a developmental class often drop out of school before entering credit
691:
In 2012, North Carolina underwent a wide-scale redesign of their remedial education programs. Branded as 'Success NC', the program's Developmental Education Initiative takes steps to redesign math and reading curricula, move students through remedial courses faster and better assess and place
399:
The Report of the Victorian Ministerial Committee on Special Assistance Programs (1980), in one of its major recommendations, identified the need to reorganise and integrate the range of specialist professional services available (external to the school) into a single co-ordinated service. To
348:
established a Ministerial Committee on Special Assistance Programs. The committee consisted of people drawn from school staffs, special education facilities, teacher training institutions and the Education Department administration. The committee's report was the basis upon which the Special
3141:
Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D. T., Dijkstra, J., Rehm, M., & Gijselaers, W. H. (2008). Longitudinal study of online remedial education effects. In N. P. Barsky, M. Clements, J. Ravn & K. Smith (Eds.), Advances in Business Education and Training 1: The Power of Technology for Learning
700:
In 2009 the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation appropriated $ 16.5 million to 15 colleges in five states to promote promising interventions in the remedial education. Fueled by the broader goal of increasing the number of college graduates nationwide, the Gates Foundation promoted remedial
620:
pre-collegiate math, 2) basic algebra, and 3) intermediate algebra. There are many questions about how this structure both benefits students by increasing their preparation and harms students by increasing the courses required and time needed to complete college. Thomas Bailey from the
733:
the college-level cutoffs appear to have experienced far more negative or no consequences. In contrast, students who fell just short of the upper- and lower-level developmental course cutoffs and were enrolled in the lower course experienced a higher percentage of beneficial results.
551:
Educators and researchers also question whether many of the students directed into remediation ultimately need the course work, and some studies have found that the current method of using placement tests to assign students to remedial courses may be related to overplacement.
547:
issued a 2012 report on remedial placement showing that 40% of recent high school students enrolled in remedial courses at both two-year and four-year colleges. 66% of students enrolled in a two-year college and 24% of students at a four-year institution needed remediation.
527:
The likelihood of remedial placement varies among states because of high school preparation, student demographics and state policies for assessing and placing students in remedial courses. Previous proportions of recent high school graduates enrolling in remedial courses at
970:
A recent development in collaborative working and learning is the use of synchronous tools like web-videoconferences whereby learners meet online at a fixed time (synchronous) in an online classroom. While web-videoconferencing is not a new phenomenon, tools like
449:
and four-year university campuses. The bulk of remedial courses focus on advancing underprepared students' literacy skills (English and reading) or math skills. However, remedial courses can also be offered for other subjects such as science or study skills.
408:
educational psychology, social work, speech therapy and special education. The availability of these services to primary schools was accessed and co-ordinated by the designated SART within each school and in schools with less than 150 pupils by the principal.
514:
Estimates on the portion of students in higher education taking remedial courses vary. At two-year colleges the percentage reported of students taking at least one remedial course varies from 41% to as high as 60%. Students from low-income households,
800:
success than underprepared students who did not complete remedial coursework or students who started college academically prepared. Such findings support McCabe's statement that successfully-remediated students perform well in standard college work.
1196:
The Development of the Role of Special Assistance Resource Teacher in Primary Schools: the Utilisation of a Needs Assessment Technique to Identify and Assess the Requirements of Personnel in the Implementation of the Special Assistance Program in
3134:
Perry, M., Bahr, P. R., Rosin, M., & Woodward, K. M. (2010). Course-Taking Patterns, Policies, and Practices in Developmental Education in the California Community Colleges. A Report to the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office.
725:
enrolled in developmental education courses account for 40% of their undergraduates. At California-based four-year institutions, such as CSUs and UCs, every four out of ten students enroll in a minimum of one developmental education course.
523:
students are more likely to enroll in remedial courses. National estimates show that among two-year college students, students age 17–19 are most likely to enroll in remedial courses followed by students age 20–24 and then students age 25+.
3102:
Moss, B. G., Yeaton, W. H., & Lloyd, J. E. (2014). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Developmental Mathematics by Embedding a Randomized Experiment Within a Regression Discontinuity Design. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 36,
879:
which helps students to provide knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in university. This way, foreign students can study in their home country, which reduces their costs while at the same time offering flexibility to develop their
5904:
403:
Early in 1981, work began on planning for the reorganisation all the relevant special education services provided by the Education Department into a single co-ordinated service delivery system under the Special Assistance Program.
324:
In spite of this, there existed large numbers of children in Victorian primary and secondary schools urgently in need of special assistance in the essential skills of literacy and numeracy. This situation was reflected in the
866:
Other research suggests that "bridge" programs that integrate basic skills and remedial education with higher-level content or technical training can produce substantially better results than traditional remedial programs.
279:, remedial education can be designed for any students, with or without special needs; the defining trait is simply that they have reached a point of lack of preparedness, regardless of why. For example, even people of high
630:
For example, those with the greatest need for developmental math may be expected to enroll in and pass pre-collegiate math or arithmetic, basic algebra, and intermediate algebra, in order to prepare them for college-level
373:
in their schools. The Education Department's Special Services Division and the Primary Division monitored the progress of the implementation and produced a number of evaluative reports that were presented to the Minister.
4511:
368:
As a result, from the beginning of the 1981 school year SARTs were designated by their schools and appointed to the 575 primary schools with enrolments of greater than 300 pupils. They were mandated to establish the
4921:
5564:
3096:
Moss, B.G. & Yeaton, WH. (2006) "Shaping Policies Related to Developmental Education: An Evaluation Using the Regression-Discontinuity Design," Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28 (3), 215–229.
682:
Strategies that accelerate students through remedial coursework and on to college-level (also called gatekeeper) courses are widely promoted as one path to increasing the success of under-prepared students.
3093:
Moss, B. G., Kelcey, B., & Showers, N. (2014). Does Classroom Composition Matter? College Classrooms as Moderators of Developmental Education Effectiveness. Community College Review, 42(3), 201–220.
5737:
4931:
5569:
2296:
3027:
Hagedorn, L. S., Siadat, M. V., Fogel, S. F., Nora, A., and Pascarella, E. T. (1999). Success in college mathematics: Comparisons between remedial and nonremedial first-year college students.
791:) to evaluate remedial effectiveness and suggest that post-remediation classroom composition (e.g., concentrated underpreparedness) moderates developmental education effectiveness efforts.
2740:
Moss, B. G.; Yeaton, W. H.; Lloyd, J.E. (2014). "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Developmental Mathematics by Embedding a Randomized Experiment Within a Regression Discontinuity Design".
750:. Inadequate academic preparation is no longer a barrier to college access. In contrast, in Europe, a large part of the transitional problems are caused by differences among national
5559:
4537:
5787:
3099:
Moss, B. G. & Yeaton, W. H. (2013). Evaluating Effects of Developmental Education for College Students Using a Regression Discontinuity Design. Evaluation review, 37, 370–404.
5732:
4926:
4580:
540:. The proportion of students enrolling in remedial courses on public, four-year college campuses is generally lower, ranging from 35% in South Dakota to 5% in Washington state.
2730:
Jaggars, S.S, Edgecombe, N., Stacey, G.W. (2014). What We know about Developmental Education Outcomes. Community College Research Center, Teachers College, Columbia University.
5671:
3138:
Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D., Waterval, D., Rehm, M., & Gijselaers, W. H.(2006). Remedial online teaching on a summer course. Industry and Higher Education, 20(5), 327–336.
2204:
594:
courses to allow remedial students to more quickly complete their developmental work, or offer contextualized remedial education within occupational and vocational programs."
2417:
778:, each teacher can add his/her suggestions to the EFTPC. This Framework is being developed in frame of European project STEP (Studies on Transitional Electronic Programmes).
341:
In late May 1979, within a month of being reelected, the Hamer Liberal Government announced Victoria's first major review of its educational policies for more than 50 years.
5767:
5579:
476:
Whether placement tests are the most effective method of placing students is an open debate across the US. Some colleges and states are experimenting with using high school
3041:
Illich, P. A., Hagan, C., & McCallister, L. (2004). Performance in college-level courses among students concurrently enrolled in remedial courses: Policy implications.
5762:
5742:
5574:
5273:
4895:
1043:
5584:
5278:
400:
implement this recommendation, Lacy established a working party within the Victorian Education Department to examine and report on the means to achieve this objective.
5544:
5529:
4567:
888:. ICT has the power to support independent learning as well as to learn irrespective of time and geographical constraints with the widespread implementation of the
607:
students enrolling in online remedial education are less likely than their in-person counterparts to continue on to college-level coursework in the same subject.
5326:
5258:
4880:
420:, the process whereby mature students take secondary school courses so that they can qualify to take post-secondary education is called academic upgrading. The
5514:
4563:
4554:
4545:
2133:
Bailey, Thomas; Dong Wook Jeong; Sung-Woo Cho (Spring 2010). "Referral, enrollment and completion in developmental education sequences in community colleges".
3120:
Perin, D. (2004). Remediation beyond developmental education: The use of learning assistance centers to increase academic preparedness in community colleges.
2228:
1143:
Hamre, Bridget K.; Pianta, Robert C. (March 2001). "Early Teacher-Child Relationships and the Trajectory of Children's School Outcomes through Eighth Grade".
2996:
Brants, L., & Struyven, K. (2009). Literature Review on Online Remedial Education: A European Perspective. Industry and Higher Education, 23(4), 269–275.
2676:
Moss, B. G.; Kelcey, B.; Showers, N. (2014). "Does Classroom Composition Matter? College Classrooms as Moderators of Developmental Education Effectiveness".
4541:
2307:
1312:"The Special Assistance Program : a speech / by the Honourable Norman Lacy, Assistant Minister of... - Catalogue | National Library of Australia"
709:– from the Gates Foundation and Lumina Foundation investments are available through the Development Education Initiative through Achieving the Dream.
4281:
1018:
473:(GED) certificate – multiple semesters of remedial coursework may be available to and required of students who enter with low placement test scores.
1193:
2810:
Rienties, Bart; Tempelaar, Dirk; Waterval, Dominique; Rehm, Martin; Gijselaers, Wim (October 2006). "Remedial Online Teaching on a Summer Course".
2598:
Rienties, Bart; Tempelaar, Dirk; Dijkstra, Joost; Rehm, Martin; Gijselaers, Wim (2008), "Longitudinal Study of Online Remedial Education Effects",
2018:
2004:
5626:
2999:
Burley, H., Butner, B., & Cejda, B. (2001). Dropout and stopout patterns among developmental education students in Texas community colleges.
1391:
5977:
1263:
178:
2274:
5594:
5469:
3127:
Perin, D., Keselman, A., & Monopoli, M. (2003). The academic writing of community college remedial students: Text and learner variables.
1776:
3076:
McCabe, R. 2000. No One to Waste: A Report to Public Decision-makers and Community College Leaders. Washington, DC: Community College Press.
2581:
352:
The process for the establishment of the Special Assistance Program in Victorian Primary Schools was outlined in a speech Lacy delivered to
3006:
Crews, D. M., & Aragon, S. R. (2004). Influence of a community college developmental education writing course on academic performance.
2368:
330:
5987:
2742:
1953:
876:
329:'s House of Representatives Select Committee on Specific Learning Difficulties in 1976. The committee had commissioned research by the
4426:
2864:
1675:
5772:
5589:
4266:
2966:
Bahr, P. R. (2008b). Cooling Out in the community college: What is the effect of academic advising on students' chances of success?
365:
difficulties. The role incorporated all the elements of the service previously performed by external consultants visiting schools.
333:(ACER) that found that 15% to 20% of children completing their primary education had not achieved a functional level of literacy.
268:) is assigned to assist students in order to achieve expected competencies in core academic skills such as literacy and numeracy.
5519:
4870:
2078:"Student Success Challenges n Three Areas: Developmental Education, Online Learning, and the Structure of the Student Experience"
1724:
828:
Kozeracki (2002) distinguishes seven commonly cited elements that are associated with student success in developmental programs:
446:
130:
3166:
Worley, J. (2003). Developmental reading instruction, academic attainment and performance among underprepared college students.
2051:
5992:
4286:
3152:
Waycaster, P. (2001). Factors impacting success in community college developmental mathematics courses and subsequent courses.
2418:"Press Release: Community Colleges and States Selected to Boost College Graduation Rates – Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"
1877:
1649:
102:
2077:
701:
interventions that proved successful, particularly low-income students and students of color, through the Lumina Foundation's
4845:
817:
5103:
820:
and the California Completion Project. These programs merge (in different ways) developmental classes with credit classes.
1525:
741:
While remedial programmes are common in the United States, they are less common in Europe. Nevertheless, several European
109:
5982:
5409:
5033:
4890:
3244:
2948:
Bahr, P. R. (2007). Double jeopardy: Testing the effects of multiple basic skill deficiencies on successful remediation.
1433:
353:
83:
38:
3189:. Developmental Education resources for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, administrators, students and citizens.
3086:
Merisotis, J. P., & Phipps, R. A. (2000). Remedial education in colleges and universities: What's really going on?.
2786:
5459:
5894:
5777:
5641:
2787:"Beyond Basic Skills: State Strategies to Connect Low-Skilled Students to an Employer-Valued Postsecondary Education"
2615:
621:
599:
485:
312:
directing Principals of Primary Schools to develop special programs for pupils at risk of illiteracy and innumeracy.
230:
212:
149:
52:
1243:
649:
college degrees and certificates in the US and 3) decreasing the cost of remedial education to colleges and states.
116:
5474:
5369:
2989:
Bettinger, E., & Long, B. T. (2005). Remediation at the community college: Student participation and outcomes.
771:
addition, potential improvements are identified and can be extended with the insights from the field. By using the
3193:
5956:
5524:
5342:
5240:
5053:
3540:
3306:
788:
470:
5997:
5479:
5301:
5078:
4680:
4301:
1526:"Developmental/Remedial Sciences at Community Colleges in Five States in the Central Part of the United States"
945:
among students or between students and the instructor, or caused by the use of monotonous instructional methods
98:
87:
2776:
Kozeracki, C. A. (2002). ERIC review: Issues in developmental education. Community College Review, 29, 83–101.
1340:– a speech at the Opening of the Seminar of Special Assistance Resource Teachers at the Hawthorn State College
5747:
5704:
5661:
4584:
2955:
Bahr, P. R. (2008a). Does mathematics remediation work?: A comparative analysis of academic attainment among
1316:
754:, which are determined on a national level. Therefore, these students are hindered in effectively starting a
520:
3062:
Levin, H. M., and Calcagno, J. C. (2008). Remediation in the community college: An evaluator's perspective.
5316:
5268:
5165:
5160:
4885:
4790:
3447:
469:
Particularly at community colleges – which are open enrollment to any student with a high school degree or
2524:
2395:
598:
remedial education can lengthen a student's path to graduation and take up much needed financial aid. The
5727:
3731:
3285:
3280:
1903:
1048:
938:
284:
1365:
Memorandum to Heads of Schools and District Inspectors on Special Assistance Programs in Primary Schools
5899:
5125:
4341:
3864:
3480:
3348:
3338:
3202:
3180:
3055:
Kurzet, R. (1997). Quality versus quantity in the delivery of developmental programs for ESL students.
1460:
1291:
1008:
1209:
Parliament of Australia, Select Committee on Specific Learning Difficulties 1974–76 (14 October 1976)
920:
A well-designed online course makes it easy for students to navigate and find the adequate information
4840:
4805:
4760:
4576:
4451:
4441:
4246:
3916:
3826:
3811:
3560:
3079:
McCusker, M. (1999). ERIC review: Effective elements of developmental reading and writing programs.
3013:
Deil-Amen, R., and Rosenbaum, J. E. (2002). The unintended consequences of stigma-free remediation.
2824:
5808:
5651:
5554:
5464:
5414:
5374:
5225:
4730:
4725:
4620:
4612:
4456:
4346:
4276:
3776:
3365:
3311:
3106:
Oudenhoven, B. (2002). Remediation at the community college: Pressing issues, uncertain solutions.
2888:
Giesbers, Bas; Rienties, Bart; Gijselaers, Wim H.; Segers, Mien; Tempelaar, Dirk T. (August 2009).
2678:
2282:
1230:
The Special Assistance Program – A Ministerial Statement on New Directions in Literacy and Numeracy
421:
194:
2633:
Brants, Lotte; Struyven, Katrien (August 2009). "Literature Review of Online Remedial Education".
2542:"Remedial Coursetaking at U.S. Public 2- and 4-Year Institutions: Scope, Experience, and Outcomes"
5549:
5539:
5394:
5195:
5155:
5135:
5115:
5018:
4850:
4825:
4740:
4720:
4670:
4640:
4630:
4516:
4436:
4401:
4386:
4371:
4326:
4261:
4131:
3771:
3505:
3390:
3237:
1699:
1112:
190:
76:
44:
2941:
Attewell, P., Lavin, D., Domina, T., and Levey, T. (2006). New evidence on college remediation.
1801:
123:
5871:
5816:
5621:
5534:
5449:
5424:
5306:
5130:
4936:
4815:
4810:
4690:
4391:
4138:
3821:
3816:
3455:
3425:
3420:
3405:
3380:
3321:
3316:
3159:
Weissman, J., Silk, E., and Bulakowski, C. (1997). Assessing developmental education policies.
2819:
2252:
1851:
1826:
1107:
833:
256:
3145:
Saxon, D. P., & Boylan, H. R. (2001). The cost of remedial education in higher education.
2525:"Giving Hope to the American Dream: Implementing a Corequisite Model of Developmental Writing"
2346:
1650:"Predicting Success in College: The Importance of Placement Tests and High School Transcripts"
574:
Placing students in college-level courses with mandated tutoring or supplementary instruction;
484:
placement test scores to determine student course referral. A study of placement tests by the
5861:
5851:
5836:
5636:
5499:
5434:
5404:
5379:
5311:
5210:
5205:
5180:
5038:
4830:
4785:
4765:
4755:
4655:
4491:
4466:
4316:
4311:
4291:
4256:
4241:
3806:
3786:
3625:
3530:
3500:
3400:
3375:
3115:
Remedial education at degree-granting postsecondary institutions in Fall 2000 (NCES 2004-010)
996:
980:
326:
5296:
186:
5866:
5841:
5821:
5782:
5686:
5509:
5439:
5419:
5235:
5185:
5145:
5098:
5093:
5083:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5043:
5028:
5023:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4855:
4770:
4750:
4635:
4625:
4476:
4446:
4431:
4416:
4406:
4396:
4361:
4356:
4306:
4251:
4226:
4114:
4104:
3831:
3643:
3615:
3605:
3565:
3435:
3430:
3410:
3370:
3290:
755:
747:
3854:
1753:
8:
5882:
5846:
5826:
5757:
5681:
5454:
5444:
5389:
5384:
5321:
5263:
5230:
5220:
5200:
5190:
5175:
5170:
5150:
5120:
5088:
5073:
5048:
4984:
4910:
4900:
4835:
4800:
4735:
4715:
4705:
4665:
4650:
4645:
4486:
4481:
4421:
4376:
4336:
4231:
4212:
3926:
3838:
3791:
3741:
3689:
3684:
3663:
3585:
3495:
3475:
3465:
3355:
2029:
1013:
751:
564:
Currently, remedial education courses are delivered many ways across the United States:
477:
5946:
5831:
5676:
5666:
5656:
5646:
5504:
5429:
5215:
5140:
5110:
4941:
4860:
4820:
4795:
4775:
4710:
4685:
4675:
4660:
4461:
4411:
4366:
4351:
4331:
4321:
4296:
4236:
3931:
3874:
3719:
3570:
3520:
3470:
3415:
3360:
3272:
3230:
2920:
2845:
2759:
2695:
2658:
2503:
1979:
1506:
1257:
1176:
1080:
1071:
Higbee, Jeanne L. (Spring 1993). "Developmental Versus Remedial: More than Semantics".
942:
759:
434:
426:
387:
321:
had become much more independent in the development of school-based remedial programs.
2576:
2574:
1928:
571:
Cohort models that group a class of students together in a series of remedial courses;
5856:
5752:
5709:
5631:
5399:
4965:
4780:
4745:
4700:
4695:
4604:
4471:
4381:
4271:
4177:
4109:
3921:
3903:
3781:
3751:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3699:
3668:
3600:
3590:
3575:
3535:
3343:
3326:
2956:
2912:
2837:
2763:
2699:
2662:
2650:
2611:
2495:
2146:
1998:
1510:
1168:
1160:
1125:
1023:
976:
667:
516:
430:
272:
2849:
2324:
2102:
1489:
Perin, Dolores (2013). "Literacy Skills Among Academically Underprepared Students".
1180:
804:
several studies have demonstrated developmental education programs provide benefit.
4181:
4097:
4038:
3801:
3796:
3766:
3653:
3648:
3610:
3515:
3490:
3395:
3216:
2924:
2904:
2829:
2751:
2687:
2642:
2603:
2571:
2142:
1498:
1152:
1117:
765:
742:
529:
458:
Many students are placed into remedial courses through placement tests such as the
344:
Anticipating the new direction, in July 1979, the Assistant Minister of Education,
2889:
1929:"Students May Take Developmental/Remedial Courses Through Dual Enrollment Program"
1380:, Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities Volume 11, Number 2, 2006, pp. 73–81
948:
A poorly designed course interface makes students feel lost in seeking information
3761:
3756:
3638:
3633:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3525:
3485:
2715:
No One to Waste: A Report to Public Decision-makers and Community College Leaders
1438:
1121:
843:
2607:
1571:
862:
The social and emotional development of the students is taken into consideration
5935:
3981:
3694:
3069:
Mazzeo, C. (2002). Stakes for students: Agenda-setting and remedial education.
2908:
2833:
2646:
1098:
Winner, Ellen (October 1997). "Exceptionally High Intelligence and Schooling".
839:
Clearly specified goals and objectives are established for courses and programs
537:
288:
3859:
1393:
Addressing Declining Literacy and Numeracy Skills in Victorian Primary Schools
1354:
Lacy, The Hon. Norman MP, Minister of Educational Services, (9 September 1981)
1336:
Lacy, The Hon. Norman MP, Assistant Minister of Education (15 December 1980),
1228:
Lacy, The Hon. Norman MP, Minister of Educational Services (9 September 1981)
5971:
4959:
4056:
3658:
3595:
3460:
3333:
2916:
2841:
2755:
2691:
2654:
2499:
1502:
1311:
1164:
1129:
958:
276:
3869:
1156:
586:
Self-guided computer-based courses that adapt to student skill deficiencies;
3954:
3884:
3746:
2541:
1172:
280:
3879:
2369:"1 Core Principles for Transforming Remedial Education: A Joint Statement"
4969:
3736:
3186:
3048:
Kozeracki, C. A. (2002). ERIC review: Issues in developmental education.
2975:
1980:"Unlocking the Gate What We Know About Improving Developmental Education"
1952:
Jimenez, Laura; Morales, Jessica; Thompson, Maggie (September 28, 2016).
1397:
1297:
1249:
345:
2507:
2483:
1084:
283:
can be under-prepared if their education was disrupted, for example, by
3709:
1596:
992:
984:
775:
459:
2890:"Social Presence, Web Videoconferencing and Learning in Virtual Teams"
2460:
1378:
A History of Learning Difficulties Australia: part three – the Journal
3947:
3510:
3253:
1367:, Reprinted in Australian Journal of Remedial Education, 12 (4), 2–3.
881:
705:. A host of findings, recommendations and best practices – including
533:
445:
In the U.S., postsecondary remediation is delivered on both two-year
2519:
2517:
2439:
875:
Online remedial education is defined as an instruction method using
65:
3385:
2558:
988:
914:
889:
544:
16:
Assistance in order to achieve competencies in core academic skills
3580:
2514:
2132:
1468:
983:
allow learners to efficiently communicate using free or low cost
816:
This has led to Acceleration in Developmental Education with the
583:
Courses that integrate remedial content with occupational skills;
2887:
2184:
766:
European Framework of Transitional Preparatory/Remedial Teaching
762:. Remedial or developmental courses can help to bridge the gap.
580:
Intensive, compressed courses that accelerate student readiness;
3211:
2160:
1676:"Middle-Class Families Increasingly Look to Community Colleges"
1621:
885:
417:
3034:
Hoyt, J. E. (1999). Remedial education and student attrition.
3117:. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics.
2809:
2597:
2325:"Achieving the Dream Results and College Promising Practices"
972:
856:
3222:
957:
In order to provide a positive experience and to ensure the
904:
Flexible instructional pace and flexible class participation
577:
Modularized courses that target particularly student skills;
308:
this program was given, there had been no policy within the
1796:
1794:
846:
theory is applied in the design and delivery of the courses
772:
1044:"Which Remedial Education Models Work Best for Students?"
695:
463:
315:
292:
2390:
2388:
1791:
1754:"Higher Education: Gaps in Access and Persistence Study"
381:
3020:
Hadden, C. (2000). The ironies of mandatory placement.
1547:
359:
310:
Department of Education and Early Childhood Development
1951:
1725:"State Board of Community Colleges Placement Policies"
1245:
The Special Assistance Program – Ministerial Statement
859:, and supplemental instruction components are included
589:
Online, in computer-based, traditional semester model.
394:
3200:
2582:"What We Know About Developmental Education Outcomes"
2385:
2019:"Designing Meaningful Developmental Education Reform"
917:
availability (digital libraries and online databases)
3168:
Journal of Applied Research in the Community College
2726:
2724:
2484:"Developmental Versus Remedial: More than Semantics"
1904:"Many Students Don't Need Remediation, Studies Say"
1802:"Remediation: Higher Education's Bridge to Nowhere"
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3154:Community College Journal of Research and Practice
3122:Community College Journal of Research and Practice
3043:Community College Journal of Research and Practice
3022:Community College Journal of Research and Practice
3001:Community College Journal of Research and Practice
1626:Australian Council for Educational Research – ACER
852:The programs are centralized or highly coordinated
2973:
2721:
2675:
2052:"Successful Remedial Education Reform Strategies"
1019:Special Assistance Program (Australian education)
931:Unavailable technical support from the instructor
5969:
3194:"Developmental Education and Adult Basic Skills"
2559:"About ALP | ALP – Accelerated Learning Program"
2488:Research and Teaching in Developmental Education
1073:Research and Teaching in Developmental Education
877:information and communication technologies (ICT)
2739:
1878:"2012 LEGISLATIVE REPORT ON REMEDIAL EDUCATION"
1852:"Time in the Enemy: Part 2 Results from States"
1827:"Time in the Enemy: Part 2 Results from States"
895:
5801:
5356:
3113:Parsad, B., Lewis, L., and Greene, B. (2003).
2632:
2396:"SuccessNC Developmental Education Initiative"
1232:, Legislative Assembly, Parliament of Victoria
836:, and placement are mandatory for new students
3238:
175:The examples and perspective in this article
5906:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2003:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1211:Learning Difficulties in Children and Adults
1199:Monash University, M.Ed Minor thesis. p.xiii
870:
686:
673:
2865:"Online Remedial Education | K12 Academics"
2461:"Developing Education Initiative Resources"
2297:"Promising Practices: 2011 Leader Colleges"
1597:"Welcome to ACCUPLACER – The College Board"
1142:
934:Lack of self-regulation and self-motivation
652:
331:Australian Council for Educational Research
275:is designed specifically for students with
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3245:
3231:
2743:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
2717:. Washington, DC: Community College Press.
2205:"Remedial Programs: What You Need to Know"
1978:Rutschow, Elizabeth, and Emily Schneider.
1777:"States Reform College Remedial Education"
1756:. National Center for Education Statistics
1262:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
937:Sense of isolation, caused by the lack of
712:
336:
303:The development and implementation of the
2823:
2347:"Achieving the Dream: State Policy Teams"
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1883:. Colorado Department of Higher Education
1730:. North Carolina Community College System
1643:
1641:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1293:The Special Assistance Program - A Speech
1215:
1111:
1052:. The Hechinger Report. February 20, 2018
907:Elimination of barriers of time and space
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
5608:
3196:. Teachers College, Columbia University.
2602:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 43–59,
2253:"Game Changers: Corequisite Remediation"
811:
707:25 Steps to Effective Remedial Education
4983:
4211:
4200:
1747:
1745:
1673:
999:, as for example in discussion groups.
614:
506:and high school GPA to place students.
440:
386:A major component of stage one was the
5970:
3142:(pp. 43–59). Dordrecht: Springer.
2862:
2712:
2706:
2481:
2119:
1901:
1647:
1638:
1389:
1343:
1276:Letters to the Editor, (10 July 1980)
1097:
1070:
965:
696:Gates Foundation and Lumina Foundation
661:
316:Declining literacy and numeracy skills
5978:Educational assessment and evaluation
5800:
5607:
5355:
4982:
4603:
4602:
4210:
4199:
3901:
3264:
3226:
3108:New Directions for Community Colleges
3057:New Directions for Community Colleges
2991:New Directions for Community Colleges
2669:
2628:
2626:
2161:"Homepage – Complete College America"
1722:
1488:
818:Community College of Baltimore County
509:
382:In-service training courses for SARTs
2733:
2600:The Power of Technology for Learning
1977:
1751:
1742:
1523:
1289:
1241:
928:Delayed feedback from the instructor
910:Cost-effectiveness of online courses
666:Originally an initiative led by the
453:
360:Special Assistance Resource Teachers
354:Special Assistance Resource Teachers
349:Assistance Program was established.
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
5952:
3183:. Center for Law and Social Policy.
3181:Basic Skills and Workforce Training
2185:"Community College Research Center"
2083:. Community College Research Center
2075:
2057:. Community College Research Center
2049:
952:
643:
568:Traditional, semester-long courses;
395:Special Assistance Resource Centres
13:
3147:Journal of Developmental Education
2792:. Center for Law and Social Policy
2623:
2229:"Remedial Education Program (REP)"
1875:
823:
555:
500:Clive Belfield and Peter M. Crosta
14:
6009:
5988:History of education in Australia
3174:
2026:Community College Research Center
1857:. Complete College America, pg 19
1832:. Complete College America, pg 18
1654:Community College Research Center
849:The courses are highly structured
622:Community College Research Center
600:Community College Research Center
486:Community College Research Center
34:This article has multiple issues.
5951:
5942:
5941:
5929:
5470:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4964:
4955:
4954:
4512:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4282:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4176:
3210:
2147:10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.09.002
781:
752:secondary educational programmes
624:describes this in a 2010 report:
166:
64:
23:
2881:
2856:
2803:
2779:
2770:
2591:
2551:
2534:
2475:
2453:
2432:
2410:
2361:
2339:
2317:
2289:
2267:
2245:
2221:
2197:
2177:
2153:
2095:
2069:
2043:
2011:
1971:
1945:
1921:
1902:Sparks, Sarah (February 2013).
1895:
1869:
1844:
1819:
1768:
1716:
1692:
1667:
1648:Crosta, Peter (February 2012).
1614:
1589:
1564:
1540:
1517:
1482:
1453:
1426:
1417:
1414:, AREA Bulletin, 15 (3), 12–15.
1404:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1330:
1304:
1283:
789:regression discontinuity design
471:General Educational Development
298:
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
5627:Federated States of Micronesia
4922:British Indian Ocean Territory
1774:
1674:Spencer, Kyle (5 April 2018).
1423:Jenkinson, Josephine C. (2006)
1376:Jenkinson, Josephine C. (2006)
1338:The Special Assistance Program
1270:
1235:
1203:
1187:
1136:
1091:
1064:
1036:
900:Advantages and possibilities:
703:Achieving the Dream Initiative
1:
5993:Education in Victoria (state)
3252:
2978:. Developmental Education.org
2976:"Developmental Education.org"
2897:Industry and Higher Education
2812:Industry and Higher Education
2635:Industry and Higher Education
2440:"Achieving the Dream Website"
2275:"Mission, Vision, and Values"
2135:Economics of Education Review
1434:"What is Academic Upgrading?"
1317:National Library of Australia
1029:
991:. Until recently, such basic
5595:United States Virgin Islands
3265:
3161:Research in Higher Education
3029:Research in Higher Education
2968:Research in Higher Education
2961:Research in Higher Education
2950:Research in Higher Education
2863:Glavin, Chris (2019-05-15).
1958:Center for American Progress
1390:Austen, Henry (2012-07-13).
1122:10.1037/0003-066x.52.10.1070
1049:U.S. News & World Report
924:Disadvantages and problems:
896:Advantages and disadvantages
736:
411:
7:
5357:Education in North America
3187:Developmental Education.org
2943:Journal of Higher Education
2608:10.1007/978-1-4020-8747-9_3
1601:accuplacer.collegeboard.org
1290:Lacy, Norman (1980-12-15).
1242:Lacy, Norman (1981-09-09).
1002:
939:interpersonal communication
422:Workers' Compensation Board
189:, discuss the issue on the
10:
6014:
5983:Educational administration
5802:Education in South America
3902:
3088:Review of Higher Education
3071:Review of Higher Education
2974:Barry, W. J. (2011–2012).
2935:
2909:10.5367/000000009789346185
2834:10.5367/000000006778702300
2647:10.5367/000000009789346112
2482:Higbee, Jeanne L. (1993).
2327:. Achieving the Dream, Inc
2255:. Complete College America
1807:. Complete College America
1752:Ross, Terri (2012-08-28).
1009:College-preparatory school
794:
371:Special Assistance Program
305:Special Assistance Program
5923:
5880:
5807:
5718:
5695:
5614:
5570:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5488:
5362:
5335:
5287:
5249:
4991:
4950:
4909:
4869:
4611:
4525:
4500:
4219:
4206:
4195:
4171:
4125:
4091:
4050:
4032:
3993:
3975:
3941:
3917:Early childhood education
3910:
3897:
3847:
3677:
3624:
3446:
3299:
3271:
3260:
987:such as a simple desktop
871:Online remedial education
687:Changes in North Carolina
674:Core Principles Statement
5773:Northern Mariana Islands
5590:Turks and Caicos Islands
4671:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4267:Central African Republic
3081:Community College Review
3064:Community College Review
3050:Community College Review
3036:Community College Review
3008:Community College Review
2756:10.3102/0162373713504988
2692:10.1177/0091552114529153
2679:Community College Review
2165:Complete College America
1576:SAT Suite of Assessments
1528:. University of Nebraska
1503:10.1177/0091552113484057
1491:Community College Review
1248:. Melbourne – via
653:Complete College America
5738:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4932:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2398:. NC Community Colleges
2103:"Remedial – DaynalWiki"
1779:. Pew Charitable Trusts
1363:Collins, M. K. (1980).
1157:10.1111/1467-8624.00301
718:Developmental education
713:Developmental education
532:range from over 70% in
337:Government intervention
248:developmental education
5520:British Virgin Islands
5034:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3015:Sociology of Education
633:
503:
257:compensatory education
252:basic skills education
5998:Educational practices
5721:and other territories
5460:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4427:São Tomé and Príncipe
4287:Republic of the Congo
2349:. Achieving the Dream
1700:"GED Testing Service"
1194:Newton, H. F. (1982)
1100:American Psychologist
997:asynchronous learning
995:would only allow for
981:Adobe Acrobat Connect
812:Acceleration programs
628:
492:
327:Australian Parliament
285:internal displacement
262:preparatory education
5609:Education in Oceania
4985:Education in Europe
4846:United Arab Emirates
4213:Education in Africa
3436:Instructional design
2869:www.k12academics.com
1954:"Remedial Education"
1410:Wishart, L. (1983).
748:socioeconomic status
615:Research on outcomes
441:In the United States
388:in-service education
195:create a new article
187:improve this article
177:may not represent a
99:"Remedial education"
84:improve this article
5475:Trinidad and Tobago
5370:Antigua and Barbuda
5250:States with limited
4873:limited recognition
4502:States with limited
4201:Education by region
3927:Secondary education
3839:Teaching philosophy
3742:Pedagogical pattern
3685:21st century skills
3664:Religious education
3307:Aims and objectives
2713:McCabe, R. (2000).
2304:Achieving the Dream
2279:Achieving the Dream
2030:Columbia University
1723:Morrissey, Sharon.
1014:Learning disability
966:Collaborative tools
662:Achieving the Dream
478:grade point average
5936:Schools portal
5410:Dominican Republic
4605:Education in Asia
3932:Tertiary education
3870:Learning resources
3361:Education sciences
1680:The New York Times
1524:Paramore, Tricia.
1465:Advanced Education
722:remedial education
510:Student enrollment
429:program such as a
266:academic upgrading
244:Remedial education
5965:
5964:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5887:other territories
5796:
5795:
5788:Wallis and Futuna
5696:Associated states
5603:
5602:
5492:other territories
5351:
5350:
4978:
4977:
4915:other territories
4598:
4597:
4529:other territories
4302:Equatorial Guinea
4191:
4190:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3922:Primary education
3893:
3892:
3782:Dialogic learning
3752:Teacher retention
3705:Critical thinking
3700:Class arrangement
3669:Special education
3344:Standardized test
3327:Course evaluation
2970:, 49(8), 704–732.
2963:, 49(5), 420–450.
2957:community college
2107:nordan.daynal.org
2076:Jaggars, Shanna.
2050:Jaggars, Shanna.
1278:The Age Newspaper
1145:Child Development
1106:(10): 1070–1081.
1024:Twice exceptional
977:MSN Web Messenger
668:Lumina Foundation
530:two-year colleges
454:Student placement
447:community college
435:distance learning
431:storefront school
273:special education
241:
240:
233:
223:
222:
215:
197:, as appropriate.
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
6005:
5955:
5954:
5945:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5907:
5895:Falkland Islands
5809:Sovereign states
5798:
5797:
5778:Pitcairn Islands
5748:French Polynesia
5733:Christmas Island
5662:Papua New Guinea
5642:Marshall Islands
5615:Sovereign states
5605:
5604:
5560:Saint Barthélemy
5490:Dependencies and
5363:Sovereign states
5353:
5352:
5288:Dependencies and
4992:Sovereign states
4980:
4979:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4927:Christmas Island
4613:Sovereign states
4600:
4599:
4590:
4589:(United Kingdom)
4585:Tristan da Cunha
4581:Ascension Island
4573:
4560:
4551:
4527:Dependencies and
4220:Sovereign states
4208:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4180:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4098:Higher education
4094:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4039:Secondary school
4035:
4034:
4030:
4029:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3827:Student-centered
3812:Phenomenon-based
3802:Peer instruction
3767:Blended learning
3690:Bloom's taxonomy
3654:Gifted education
3649:Education reform
3481:Computer science
3262:
3261:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3197:
3129:Higher Education
2986:
2984:
2983:
2929:
2928:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2827:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2306:. Archived from
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2281:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1876:Garcia, Joseph.
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1467:. Government of
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1253:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1115:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1040:
953:Role of teachers
760:master programme
743:higher education
644:National efforts
517:African American
501:
236:
229:
218:
211:
207:
204:
198:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
6013:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5930:
5928:
5911:
5905:
5888:
5886:
5876:
5803:
5792:
5720:
5714:
5697:
5691:
5672:Solomon Islands
5610:
5599:
5493:
5491:
5484:
5358:
5347:
5331:
5289:
5283:
5269:Northern Cyprus
5251:
5245:
5166:North Macedonia
4987:
4974:
4946:
4914:
4905:
4886:Northern Cyprus
4872:
4865:
4607:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4571:
4558:
4549:
4530:
4528:
4521:
4505:
4503:
4496:
4215:
4202:
4187:
4186:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4141:
4134:
4112:
4100:
4081:
4072:
4064:
4059:
4041:
4022:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3984:
3965:
3957:
3950:
3906:
3889:
3843:
3762:Active learning
3757:Teaching method
3732:Learning theory
3673:
3639:Autodidacticism
3634:Adult education
3620:
3561:Performing arts
3442:
3349:Teacher quality
3339:Standards-based
3295:
3267:
3256:
3251:
3221:
3209:
3201:
3192:
3177:
2981:
2979:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2857:
2825:10.1.1.554.9743
2808:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2711:
2707:
2674:
2670:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2596:
2592:
2587:. January 2014.
2584:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2131:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1439:Lambton College
1432:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1255:
1254:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1192:
1188:
1141:
1137:
1096:
1092:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1005:
968:
955:
898:
873:
826:
824:Success factors
814:
797:
784:
768:
739:
715:
698:
689:
676:
664:
655:
646:
617:
558:
556:Course delivery
512:
502:
499:
456:
443:
425:institution, a
414:
397:
384:
362:
339:
318:
301:
246:(also known as
237:
226:
225:
224:
219:
208:
202:
199:
184:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6011:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5949:
5939:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5768:Norfolk Island
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5728:American Samoa
5724:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5698:of New Zealand
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5580:Sint Eustatius
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5525:Cayman Islands
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5343:European Union
5339:
5337:
5336:Other entities
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5290:other entities
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5241:United Kingdom
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5054:Czech Republic
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4574:
4561:
4552:
4538:Canary Islands
4534:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4126:
4119:
4118:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3994:
3987:
3986:
3982:Primary school
3976:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Cognitive load
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Evidence-based
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3300:By perspective
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3175:External links
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:, 10, 127–136.
3164:
3163:, 38, 187–200.
3157:
3156:, 25, 403–416.
3150:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3124:, 28, 559–582.
3118:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3067:
3066:, 35, 181–207.
3060:
3053:
3046:
3045:, 28, 435–453.
3039:
3032:
3031:, 40, 261–284.
3025:
3024:, 24, 823–838.
3018:
3017:, 75, 249–268.
3011:
3004:
3003:, 25, 767–782.
2997:
2994:
2987:
2971:
2964:
2953:
2952:, 48, 695–725.
2946:
2945:, 77, 886–924.
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2903:(4): 301–309.
2880:
2855:
2818:(5): 327–336.
2802:
2778:
2769:
2750:(2): 170–185.
2732:
2720:
2705:
2686:(3): 201–220.
2668:
2641:(4): 269–275.
2622:
2616:
2590:
2570:
2550:
2533:
2513:
2474:
2452:
2431:
2409:
2384:
2360:
2338:
2316:
2313:on 2013-12-12.
2288:
2285:on 2012-01-28.
2266:
2244:
2220:
2209:Understood.org
2196:
2176:
2152:
2141:(2): 255–270.
2118:
2094:
2068:
2042:
2010:
1970:
1944:
1920:
1908:Education Week
1894:
1868:
1843:
1818:
1790:
1775:Lu, Adrienne.
1767:
1741:
1715:
1704:www.acenet.edu
1691:
1666:
1637:
1613:
1588:
1563:
1539:
1516:
1497:(2): 118–136.
1481:
1452:
1425:
1416:
1403:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1342:
1329:
1303:
1282:
1269:
1234:
1214:
1202:
1186:
1151:(2): 625–638.
1135:
1090:
1063:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1001:
967:
964:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
935:
932:
929:
922:
921:
918:
911:
908:
905:
897:
894:
872:
869:
864:
863:
860:
853:
850:
847:
844:adult learning
840:
837:
825:
822:
813:
810:
796:
793:
783:
780:
767:
764:
738:
735:
714:
711:
697:
694:
688:
685:
675:
672:
663:
660:
654:
651:
645:
642:
616:
613:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
557:
554:
538:North Carolina
511:
508:
497:
488:in 2012 found:
455:
452:
442:
439:
413:
410:
396:
393:
383:
380:
361:
358:
338:
335:
317:
314:
300:
297:
289:civil disorder
239:
238:
221:
220:
181:of the subject
179:worldwide view
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6010:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5958:
5950:
5948:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5908:
5903:
5901:
5900:French Guiana
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5763:New Caledonia
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Easter Island
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5480:United States
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:Faroe Islands
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:South Ossetia
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Liechtenstein
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:South Ossetia
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Guinea-Bissau
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4194:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4132:Undergraduate
4130:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4057:Middle school
4055:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4009:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Project-based
3820:
3818:
3817:Problem-based
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Demonstration
3775:
3773:
3772:Contemplative
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Homeschooling
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Environmental
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:Instructional
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Psychometrics
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3110:, 117, 35–44.
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3083:, 27, 93–105.
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3059:, 100, 53–62.
3058:
3054:
3052:, 29, 83–101.
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:, 129, 17–26.
2992:
2988:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2788:
2782:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2617:9781402087462
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2543:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:(2): 99–107.
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2462:
2456:
2441:
2435:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2370:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2326:
2320:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2254:
2248:
2234:
2233:www.gadoe.org
2230:
2224:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2186:
2180:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2079:
2072:
2053:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1981:
1974:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1934:
1933:ecs.force.com
1930:
1924:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1879:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1828:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1778:
1771:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1726:
1719:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1079:(2): 99–107.
1078:
1074:
1067:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
963:
960:
959:effectiveness
947:
944:
940:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
925:
919:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
901:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
868:
861:
858:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:Orientation,
831:
830:
829:
821:
819:
809:
805:
801:
792:
790:
782:Effectiveness
779:
777:
774:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
710:
708:
704:
693:
684:
680:
671:
669:
659:
650:
641:
637:
632:
627:
626:
623:
612:
608:
604:
601:
595:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
553:
549:
546:
543:The state of
541:
539:
535:
531:
525:
522:
519:students and
518:
507:
496:
491:
490:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
461:
451:
448:
438:
436:
432:
428:
423:
419:
409:
405:
401:
392:
389:
379:
375:
372:
366:
357:
355:
350:
347:
342:
334:
332:
328:
322:
313:
311:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:special needs
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
245:
235:
232:
217:
214:
206:
196:
192:
188:
182:
180:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5927:
5883:Dependencies
5719:Dependencies
5705:Cook Islands
5585:Sint Maarten
5565:Saint Martin
5279:Transnistria
4911:Dependencies
4841:Turkmenistan
4806:Saudi Arabia
4577:Saint Helena
4548:
4452:South Africa
4442:Sierra Leone
4247:Burkina Faso
4139:Postgraduate
3955:Kindergarten
3807:Personalized
3787:Experiential
3747:Teacher look
3456:Agricultural
3312:Anthropology
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3131:, 45, 19–42.
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3090:, 24, 67–85.
3087:
3080:
3073:, 26, 19–39.
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3038:, 27, 51–73.
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2990:
2980:. Retrieved
2967:
2960:
2949:
2942:
2900:
2896:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2868:
2858:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2794:. Retrieved
2781:
2772:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2714:
2708:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2638:
2634:
2599:
2593:
2562:. Retrieved
2553:
2536:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2377:November 29,
2375:. Retrieved
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2319:
2308:the original
2303:
2291:
2283:the original
2278:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2223:
2212:. Retrieved
2208:
2199:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2138:
2134:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2025:
2013:
1987:. Retrieved
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1923:
1913:November 29,
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1821:
1811:November 29,
1809:. Retrieved
1783:November 29,
1781:. Retrieved
1770:
1760:November 16,
1758:. Retrieved
1732:. Retrieved
1718:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:
1659:November 16,
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1603:. 2016-11-22
1600:
1591:
1580:. Retrieved
1578:. 2016-11-28
1575:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1519:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1474:September 9,
1472:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1419:
1412:SART Program
1411:
1406:
1396:– via
1392:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1337:
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1296:– via
1292:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1189:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1113:10.1.1.580.2
1103:
1099:
1093:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1056:September 9,
1054:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
969:
956:
923:
899:
874:
865:
855:Counseling,
827:
815:
806:
802:
798:
785:
769:
740:
731:
727:
721:
717:
716:
706:
702:
699:
690:
681:
677:
665:
656:
647:
638:
634:
629:
625:
618:
609:
605:
596:
592:
563:
559:
550:
542:
526:
513:
504:
493:
489:
481:
475:
468:
457:
444:
427:school board
415:
406:
402:
398:
385:
376:
370:
367:
363:
351:
343:
340:
323:
319:
309:
304:
302:
299:In Australia
281:intelligence
270:
265:
261:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:
227:
209:
203:January 2012
200:
176:
146:
140:October 2013
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
5957:WikiProject
5652:New Zealand
5555:Puerto Rico
5465:Saint Lucia
5415:El Salvador
5317:Isle of Man
5252:recognition
5226:Switzerland
5161:Netherlands
4970:Asia portal
4871:States with
4791:Philippines
4731:South Korea
4726:North Korea
4621:Afghanistan
4504:recognition
4457:South Sudan
4347:Ivory Coast
4063:High school
3860:Definitions
3737:Lesson plan
3626:Alternative
3531:Mathematics
3501:Engineering
3010:, 23, 1–18.
2467:December 2,
2445:December 2,
2424:December 2,
2420:. June 2009
2402:December 2,
2353:December 5,
2331:December 5,
2259:December 2,
2087:December 5,
2061:December 5,
2035:December 5,
1989:December 3,
1887:December 5,
1861:December 5,
1836:December 5,
1734:December 5,
1532:October 22,
1461:"Upgrading"
1398:Archive.org
1298:Archive.org
1280:, Melbourne
1250:Archive.org
943:interaction
913:Electronic
346:Norman Lacy
5972:Categories
5550:Montserrat
5545:Martinique
5540:Guadeloupe
5395:Costa Rica
5196:San Marino
5156:Montenegro
5136:Luxembourg
5116:Kazakhstan
5019:Azerbaijan
4851:Uzbekistan
4826:Tajikistan
4741:Kyrgyzstan
4721:Kazakhstan
4641:Bangladesh
4631:Azerbaijan
4559:(Portugal)
4517:Somaliland
4437:Seychelles
4402:Mozambique
4387:Mauritania
4372:Madagascar
4327:The Gambia
4262:Cape Verde
4115:Continuing
4105:Vocational
3710:Curriculum
3644:Democratic
3616:Vocational
3606:Technology
3566:Philosophy
3448:By subject
3426:Technology
3406:Psychology
3391:Philosophy
3381:Leadership
3322:Evaluation
3317:Assessment
3149:, 25, 2–8.
2982:2012-06-19
2959:students.
2874:2023-03-22
2796:2010-08-09
2564:2023-03-22
2463:. MDC, Inc
2238:2018-07-05
2214:2018-07-05
2190:2018-07-05
2170:2018-07-05
2112:2018-07-05
1938:2018-07-05
1709:2018-07-05
1685:2018-07-05
1631:2018-07-05
1622:"Overview"
1607:2018-07-05
1582:2018-07-05
1557:2018-07-05
1323:2024-09-06
1030:References
993:technology
985:technology
834:assessment
808:programs.
776:technology
536:to 31% in
110:newspapers
39:improve it
5872:Venezuela
5817:Argentina
5622:Australia
5535:Greenland
5450:Nicaragua
5425:Guatemala
5307:Gibraltar
5131:Lithuania
4937:Hong Kong
4891:Palestine
4816:Sri Lanka
4811:Singapore
4691:Indonesia
4392:Mauritius
3948:Preschool
3848:Wikimedia
3586:Religious
3511:Euthenics
3496:Economics
3476:Chemistry
3466:Bilingual
3421:Sociology
3376:Inclusion
3356:Economics
3254:Education
3217:Education
3135:EdSource.
2917:0950-4222
2842:0950-4222
2820:CiteSeerX
2764:123440758
2700:144942150
2663:153632050
2655:0950-4222
2500:1046-3364
1511:146216645
1258:cite book
1165:0009-3920
1130:1935-990X
1108:CiteSeerX
882:knowledge
737:In Europe
534:Tennessee
433:, or via
412:In Canada
191:talk page
45:talk page
5947:Category
5862:Suriname
5852:Paraguay
5837:Colombia
5637:Kiribati
5500:Anguilla
5435:Honduras
5405:Dominica
5380:Barbados
5327:Svalbard
5312:Guernsey
5259:Abkhazia
5211:Slovenia
5206:Slovakia
5181:Portugal
5039:Bulgaria
4960:Category
4881:Abkhazia
4831:Thailand
4786:Pakistan
4766:Mongolia
4761:Maldives
4756:Malaysia
4656:Cambodia
4583: /
4579: /
4572:(France)
4566: /
4544: /
4540: /
4492:Zimbabwe
4467:Tanzania
4317:Ethiopia
4312:Eswatini
4292:Djibouti
4257:Cameroon
4242:Botswana
3832:Socratic
3792:Feedback
3678:Concepts
3571:Physical
3541:Military
3521:Language
3471:Business
3411:Research
3401:Politics
3386:Pedagogy
3281:Glossary
3266:Overview
3103:170–185.
2850:54820895
2508:42801906
1999:cite web
1181:29386189
1173:11333089
1085:42801906
1003:See also
989:computer
915:research
890:internet
857:tutoring
756:bachelor
631:algebra.
603:course.
545:Colorado
521:Hispanic
498:—
495:classes.
271:Whereas
185:You may
5867:Uruguay
5842:Ecuador
5822:Bolivia
5783:Tokelau
5687:Vanuatu
5530:Curaçao
5515:Bonaire
5510:Bermuda
5440:Jamaica
5420:Grenada
5375:Bahamas
5236:Ukraine
5186:Romania
5146:Moldova
5104:Ireland
5099:Iceland
5094:Hungary
5084:Germany
5079:Georgia
5069:Finland
5064:Estonia
5059:Denmark
5044:Croatia
5029:Belgium
5024:Belarus
5014:Austria
5009:Armenia
5004:Andorra
4999:Albania
4856:Vietnam
4771:Myanmar
4751:Lebanon
4681:Georgia
4636:Bahrain
4626:Armenia
4568:Réunion
4564:Mayotte
4555:Madeira
4550:(Spain)
4546:Melilla
4477:Tunisia
4447:Somalia
4432:Senegal
4417:Nigeria
4407:Namibia
4397:Morocco
4362:Liberia
4357:Lesotho
4307:Eritrea
4277:Comoros
4252:Burundi
4227:Algeria
4135:→
4110:Further
4065:→
4060:→
4042:→
4006:→
4001:→
3985:→
3958:→
3951:→
3797:Passive
3720:Studies
3601:Teacher
3591:Science
3581:Reading
3576:Physics
3551:Nursing
3536:Medical
3371:History
3291:Outline
3273:General
2936:Sources
2925:9928838
1963:July 5,
1469:Alberta
1445:July 5,
1197:Schools
795:Metrics
287:during
124:scholar
5847:Guyana
5827:Brazil
5758:Hawaii
5682:Tuvalu
5455:Panama
5445:Mexico
5390:Canada
5385:Belize
5322:Jersey
5264:Kosovo
5231:Turkey
5221:Sweden
5201:Serbia
5191:Russia
5176:Poland
5171:Norway
5151:Monaco
5121:Latvia
5089:Greece
5074:France
5049:Cyprus
4901:Taiwan
4836:Turkey
4801:Russia
4736:Kuwait
4716:Jordan
4706:Israel
4666:Cyprus
4651:Brunei
4646:Bhutan
4587:
4570:
4557:
4487:Zambia
4482:Uganda
4422:Rwanda
4377:Malawi
4337:Guinea
4232:Angola
4182:Portal
4142:
4101:
4004:Junior
3999:Infant
3904:Stages
3880:Quotes
3865:Images
3725:Theory
3715:Hidden
3611:Values
3516:Health
3491:Design
3416:Rights
3396:Policy
3203:Portal
2923:
2915:
2848:
2840:
2822:
2762:
2698:
2661:
2653:
2614:
2506:
2498:
1985:. MDRC
1548:"Home"
1509:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1128:
1110:
1083:
886:skills
480:(GPA)
418:Canada
264:, and
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
5832:Chile
5677:Tonga
5667:Samoa
5657:Palau
5647:Nauru
5505:Aruba
5430:Haiti
5297:Åland
5216:Spain
5141:Malta
5111:Italy
4942:Macau
4861:Yemen
4821:Syria
4796:Qatar
4776:Nepal
4711:Japan
4686:India
4676:Egypt
4661:China
4542:Ceuta
4462:Sudan
4412:Niger
4367:Libya
4352:Kenya
4332:Ghana
4322:Gabon
4297:Egypt
4237:Benin
3885:Texts
3855:Books
3556:Peace
3546:Music
3526:Legal
3486:Death
3286:Index
2921:S2CID
2893:(PDF)
2846:S2CID
2790:(PDF)
2760:S2CID
2696:S2CID
2659:S2CID
2585:(PDF)
2545:(PDF)
2528:(PDF)
2504:JSTOR
2372:(PDF)
2311:(PDF)
2300:(PDF)
2081:(PDF)
2055:(PDF)
2022:(PDF)
1983:(PDF)
1881:(PDF)
1855:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1572:"SAT"
1507:S2CID
1177:S2CID
1081:JSTOR
973:Skype
291:or a
193:, or
131:JSTOR
117:books
5857:Peru
5753:Guam
5710:Niue
5632:Fiji
5575:Saba
5400:Cuba
4781:Oman
4746:Laos
4701:Iraq
4696:Iran
4472:Togo
4382:Mali
4272:Chad
3875:News
2913:ISSN
2838:ISSN
2651:ISSN
2612:ISBN
2496:ISSN
2469:2013
2447:2013
2426:2013
2404:2013
2379:2013
2355:2013
2333:2013
2261:2013
2089:2013
2063:2013
2037:2013
2005:link
1991:2013
1965:2018
1915:2013
1889:2013
1863:2013
1838:2013
1813:2013
1785:2013
1762:2013
1736:2013
1661:2013
1534:2013
1476:2018
1447:2018
1264:link
1169:PMID
1161:ISSN
1126:ISSN
1058:2018
979:and
941:and
884:and
842:The
773:wiki
720:and
103:news
5885:and
4913:and
3596:Sex
3461:Art
2905:doi
2830:doi
2752:doi
2688:doi
2643:doi
2604:doi
2143:doi
1552:ACT
1499:doi
1153:doi
1118:doi
758:or
482:and
464:SAT
460:ACT
416:In
293:war
86:by
5974::
2919:.
2911:.
2901:23
2899:.
2895:.
2867:.
2844:.
2836:.
2828:.
2816:20
2814:.
2758:.
2748:36
2746:.
2723:^
2694:.
2684:42
2682:.
2657:.
2649:.
2639:23
2637:.
2625:^
2610:,
2573:^
2516:^
2502:.
2490:.
2486:.
2387:^
2302:.
2277:.
2231:.
2207:.
2163:.
2139:29
2137:.
2121:^
2105:.
2028:.
2024:.
2001:}}
1997:{{
1956:.
1931:.
1906:.
1793:^
1744:^
1702:.
1678:.
1652:.
1640:^
1624:.
1599:.
1574:.
1550:.
1505:.
1495:41
1493:.
1463:.
1436:.
1345:^
1314:.
1260:}}
1256:{{
1217:^
1175:.
1167:.
1159:.
1149:72
1147:.
1124:.
1116:.
1104:52
1102:.
1075:.
1046:.
975:,
892:.
462:,
437:.
295:.
260:,
254:,
250:,
48:.
4117:)
4113:(
3246:e
3239:t
3232:v
3205::
2985:.
2927:.
2907::
2877:.
2852:.
2832::
2799:.
2766:.
2754::
2702:.
2690::
2665:.
2645::
2606::
2567:.
2547:.
2530:.
2510:.
2492:9
2471:.
2449:.
2428:.
2406:.
2381:.
2357:.
2335:.
2263:.
2241:.
2217:.
2193:.
2173:.
2149:.
2145::
2115:.
2091:.
2065:.
2039:.
2007:)
1993:.
1967:.
1941:.
1917:.
1891:.
1865:.
1840:.
1815:.
1787:.
1764:.
1738:.
1712:.
1688:.
1663:.
1634:.
1610:.
1585:.
1560:.
1536:.
1513:.
1501::
1478:.
1449:.
1400:.
1326:.
1300:.
1266:)
1252:.
1183:.
1155::
1132:.
1120::
1087:.
1077:9
1060:.
234:)
228:(
216:)
210:(
205:)
201:(
183:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.