169:
5710:
5952:
securing the increased engagement of all relevant humanitarian partners. At the field level, the cluster approach strengthens the coordination and response capacity by mobilizing clusters of humanitarian agencies (UN/Red Cross-Red
Crescent/IOs/NGOs) to respond in particular sectors or areas of activity, each cluster having a clearly designated and accountable lead, as agreed by the HC and the Country Team. Designated lead agencies at the global level both participate directly in operations, but also coordinate with and oversee other organizations within their specific spheres, reporting the results up through a designated chain of command to the ERC at the summit. However, lead agencies are responsible as "providers of last resort", which represents the commitment of cluster leads to do their utmost to ensure an adequate and appropriate response in their respective areas of responsibility. The cluster approach was part of a package of reforms accepted by the IASC in December 2005 and subsequently applied in eight chronic humanitarian crises and six sudden-onset emergencies. However, the reform was originally rolled out and evaluated in four countries: DRC, Liberia, Somalia and Uganda.
304:
way, the document "intentionally steers toward flexibility rather than legal precision" as the words "in particular" indicate that the list of reasons for displacement is not exhaustive. However, as Erin Mooney has pointed out, "global statistics on internal displacement generally count only IDPs uprooted by conflict and human rights violations. Moreover, a recent study has recommended that the IDP concept should be defined even more narrowly, to be limited to persons displaced by violence." This outlook has become outdated, however, as natural disasters and slow-onset climate degradation have become the primary driving force behind internal displacement in recent years, although conflict remains the primary reason for pre-existing IDPs overall. Climate displaced IDPs are therefore being given more attention overall through being recorded in statistics. Thus, despite the non-exhaustive reasons for internal displacement, many consider IDPs as those who would be defined as refugees if they were to cross an international border, hence, the term refugees in all but the name is often applied to IDPs.
3508:
1327:
3872:
1078:
5755:
authority of the central state is in doubt, there is no local authority willing to provide assistance and protection. It has been estimated that some 5 million IDPs in 11 countries are "without any significant humanitarian assistance from their governments." Under these circumstances rehabilitation policies on humanitarian grounds should be aimed at reducing inequality of opportunity among these vulnerable groups by integrating them into local social services and allowing them access to jobs, education, and healthcare opportunities; otherwise new conflicts might break out.
4265:
992:
562:
3956:
1136:
1409:
760:
4013:
2637:
964:
1217:
5734:
3645:
4182:
648:
1165:
3253:
1634:
4350:
3312:
3089:
4378:
2918:
454:
4124:
3703:
3591:
847:
3846:
3759:
3063:
2946:
1465:
370:
313:
those in Darfur, western Sudan, are relatively well-reported, it is very difficult to assess those IDPs who flee to larger towns and cities. It is necessary for many instances to supplement official figures with additional information obtained from operational humanitarian organizations on the ground. Thus, the 24.5 million figure must be treated as an estimate. Additionally, most official figures only include those displaced by conflict or natural disasters.
3731:
3370:
184:
4432:
4039:
2665:
2360:
2246:
1191:
618:
590:
2830:
2498:
1660:
3817:
3198:
2974:
4484:
2693:
2050:
1968:
1826:
508:
4597:
3619:
2776:
2553:
1938:
1522:
906:
819:
4095:
4067:
3930:
3342:
3168:
2581:
1494:
1383:
1106:
934:
1580:
4321:
4210:
3033:
2860:
2138:
1994:
1437:
1245:
876:
732:
534:
4512:
4458:
4406:
3674:
3534:
3398:
2804:
2444:
1689:
1357:
426:
400:
5887:
4236:
3563:
2418:
2334:
2164:
1882:
1299:
674:
4569:
4291:
3454:
3227:
3116:
2746:
2527:
2306:
1856:
1772:
482:
3900:
3482:
1908:
4540:
4154:
3984:
3003:
2890:
2470:
2276:
1744:
1050:
702:
158:
1718:
3142:
1552:
1273:
3283:
2607:
2390:
2108:
2080:
1021:
789:
3424:
2719:
1800:
1606:
2190:
3789:
2218:
2020:
338:(IDMC), the internal displacement figures refer to the number of forced movements of people within the borders of their country recorded during the year, and may include individuals who have been displaced more than once. The total number of IDPs is a snapshot of all the people living in internal displacements at the end of the year, and is the sum of the number of conflict IDPs and disaster IDPs.
5802:
consideration the action of other humanitarian organizations. On the basis of its long experience in different parts of the world, the ICRC has defined an operational approach towards the civilian population as a whole that is designed to meet the most urgent humanitarian needs of both displaced persons and local and host communities.
5948:
in Darfur in 2004 and 2005, and the critical findings of the
Humanitarian Response Review (HRR) commissioned by the then ERC, Jan Egeland. Egeland called for strengthening the leadership of the sectors, and introduced the concept of "clusters" at different levels (headquarters, regional, country and operational)'.
321:
governance as historically they had focused on rural cam displacement responses. The study argues that this protracted urban displacement needs a fundamental change in the approach to those who are displaced and their host societies. They note that re-framing responses to urban displacement will also involve
168:
6106:
to develop greater expertise in these issues, using experts who have knowledge in both humanitarian and land and property issues and so provide better advice to state actors seeking to resolve these issues. The ODI calls on humanitarian agencies to develop an awareness of sustainable reintegration as
6074:
rights are of key importance to IDPs and refugees around the world, and important to try preventing aggressors benefiting from conflict. However, without a clear understanding of each local context, full restitution rights can be unworkable and fail to protect the people it is designed to protect for
312:
It is very difficult to get accurate figures for internally displaced persons because populations are not constant. IDPs may be returning home while others are fleeing, and others may periodically return to IDP camps to take advantage of humanitarian aid. While the case of IDPs in large camps such as
303:
While the above stresses two important elements of internal displacement (coercion and the domestic/internal movement), rather than a strict definition the
Guiding Principles offer "a descriptive identification of the category of persons whose needs are the concern of the Guiding Principles". In this
5947:
The cluster approach designates individual agencies as 'sector leaders' to coordinate operations in specific areas to try to plug those newly identified gaps. The cluster approach was conceived amid concerns about coordination and capacity that arose from the weak operational response to the crisis
5859:
Nearly every UN and independent evaluation has found the collaborative approach deficient when it comes to IDPs. To begin with, there is no real focus of responsibility in the field for assisting and protecting... There is also no predictability of action, as the different agencies are free to pick
5801:
The ICRC's overall objective is to alleviate the suffering of people who are caught up in armed conflict and other situations of violence. To that end, the organization strives to provide effective and efficient assistance and protection for such persons, be they displaced or not, while taking into
5779:
In 2005, the UNHCR signed an agreement with other humanitarian agencies. "Under this agreement, UNHCR will assume the lead responsibility for protection, emergency shelter and camp management for internally displaced people." In 2019, UNHCR issued an updated IDP policy that reaffirms its commitment
5754:
The problem of protecting and assisting IDPs is not a new issue. In international law it is the responsibility of the government concerned to provide assistance and protection for the IDPs in their country. However, as many of the displaced are a result of civil conflict and violence or where the
6069:
to ensure displaced people are able to return to their areas of origin and the same property. The UN Principles for
Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and IDPs, otherwise known as the Pinheiro Principles, provides guidance on the management of the technical and legal aspects of housing,
6020:
in 1992 as his representative for internally displaced persons. Besides acting as an advocate for IDPs, Deng set out in 1994, at the request of the UN General
Assembly to examine and bring together existing international laws which relate to the protection of IDPs. The result of this work was the
5951:
The cluster approach operates on the global and local levels. At the global level, the approach is meant to build up capacity in eleven key 'gap' areas by developing better surge capacity, ensuring consistent access to appropriately trained technical expertise and enhanced material stockpiles, and
5775:
and its 1967 Protocol." The UNHCR has traditionally argued that it does not have an exclusive mandate for IDPs even though at least since 1972 it had relief and rehabilitation programs for those displaced within a country. Until the mid-2000s, it conditioned involvement to cases where there is a
6028:
The
Guiding Principles lay out the responsibilities of states before displacement – that is, to prevent displacement – during and after displacement. They have been endorsed by the UN General Assembly, the African Commission on Human and People's Rights (ACHPR) and by the signatories to the 2006
6049:
In so-called "post-conflict" situations, there has traditionally been an emphasis in the international community to seek to return to the pre-war status quo. However, opinions are gradually changing, because violent conflict destroys political, economic and social structures and new structures
298:
persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made
320:
50% of internally displaced people and refugees were thought to be in urban areas in 2010, many of them in protracted displacement with little likelihood of ever returning home. A 2013 study found that these protracted urban displacements had not been given due weight by international aid and
325:
actors and local and national governments. They call for a change in the narrative around the issue is needed to reflect ingenuity and fortitude displayed by displaced populations, the opportunities for self-sufficiency and safety represented by urban areas, and that the displaced can make a
6036:
The
Guiding Principles, however, are non-binding. As Bahame Tom Nyanduga, Special Rapporteur on Refugees, IDPs and Asylum Seekers in Africa for the ACHPR has stated, "the absence of a binding international legal regime on internal displacement is a grave lacuna in international law."
5758:
Unlike the case of refugees, there is no international humanitarian institution which has the overall responsibility of protecting and assisting the refugees as well as the internally displaced. A number of organizations have stepped into the breach in specific circumstances.
5776:
specific request by the UN Secretary-General and with the consent of the State concerned it has been willing to respond by assisting IDPs in a given instance. In 2005 it was helping some 5.6 million IDPs (out of over 25 million), but only about 1.1 million in Africa.
6040:
In
September 2004 the Secretary-General of the UN showed the continuing concern of his office by appointing Walter Kälin as his Representative on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons. Part of his mandate includes the promoting of the Guiding Principles.
5864:
In 2005 there was an attempt to fix the problem by giving sectoral responsibilities to different humanitarian agencies, most notably with the UNHCR taking on the responsibility for the protection and the management of camps and emergency shelters. The
5771:(UNHCR) was mandated by General Assembly Resolution 428 (V) of 14 December 1950 to "lead and coordinate international action for the worldwide protection of refugees and the resolution of refugee problems.... guided by the 1951 United Nations
6016:). Some other countries have advocated re-thinking the definitions and protections for refugees to apply to IDPs, but so far no solid actions have come to fruition. Recognizing the gap, the UN Secretary-General, Boutros-Ghali appointed
5860:
and choose the situations in which they wish to become involved on the basis of their respective mandates, resources, and interests. In every new emergency, no one knows for sure which agency or combination thereof will become involved.
6000:
IASC Principles deemed it unnecessary to apply the cluster approach to four sectors where no significant gaps were detected: a) food, led by WFP; b) refugees, led by UNHCR; c) education, led by UNICEF; and d) agriculture, led by FAO.
6050:
develop as a result, quite often irreversibly. Furthermore, returning to the pre-war status-quo may actually be undesirable if pre-war structures led to the conflict in the first place, or prevented its early resolution. IDPs' and
5796:
as it affects civilians in the midst of armed conflict. They have traditionally not distinguished between civilians who are internally displaced and those who remain in their homes. In a 2006 policy statement, the ICRC stated:
5869:
stated that the "abnegation of responsibility is possible because there is no formal responsibility apportioned to agencies under the
Collaborative Response, and thus no accountability when agencies renege on their promises."
6436:
KALIN, G. "Guiding
Principles on Internal Displacement. Annotations." The American Society of International Law & The Brookings Institution Project on Internal Displacement. Studies in Transnational Legal Policy, No. 32,
198:
In 2022, it was estimated there were 70.5 million IDPs worldwide. The first year for which global statistics on IDPs are available was in 1989. As of 3 May 2022, the countries with the largest IDP populations were
5815:
The previous system set up internationally to address the needs of IDPs was referred to as the collaborative approach as the responsibility for protecting and assisting IDPs was shared among the UN agencies, i.e. UNHCR,
5806:
However, its Director of Operations has earlier recognized that IDPs "deprived of shelter and their habitual sources of food, water, medicine and money, they have different, and often more urgent, material needs."
6996:
5968:
5709:
5962:
6934:
6030:
6405:: "At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based IDMC runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries."
6107:
part of their emphasis on returning IDPs and refugees home. Legal advice needs to be provided to all parties involved even if a framework is created in which to resolve these issues.
5849:
6012:
Unlike the case of refugees, there is no international universal treaty which applies specifically to IDPs. Only a regional treaty for African countries has been established (see
6513:
6475:
6783:
6551:
7005:
6455:
MOONEY, E. "The Concept of Internal Displacement and the Case for Internally Displaced Persons as a Category of Concern." Refugee Survey Quarterly. (24) 3, 2005, p. 12.
7344:
Ilaria Bottigliero, "Displaced Persons Caught between War and Peace in Asia", 2 ISIL Yearbook of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law (2002), pp. 117–133.
5726:
6913:
6252:
6641:
6941:
7486:
7078:
DAVIES, A. and MURRAY, M.W., "Implementation of the Collaborative Response in Liberia", Forced Migration Review. IDP Supplement. October 2005, p. 17.
6693:
6094:
have competing claims with others, including the state and its foreign or local business partners (as in Aceh, Angola, Colombia, Liberia and Sudan)
5829:
6304:
5772:
5768:
283:
263:
6464:
IMDC (2022) "Global Report on Internal Displacement 2022." Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council. P. 12
5908:
7051:
6860:
6522:
6484:
5848:
in the country concerned. They are assisted by the Inter-Agency Displacement Division, which was created in 2004 and is housed in the
5717:'s photo exhibition organized in the framework of the 70th anniversary of the United Nations. In the photo are the Head of MONUSCO,
5833:
5789:
6966:
286:, there is no universal legal definition of internally displaced persons (IDP); only a regional treaty for African countries (see
7270:
7231:
6559:
335:
267:
7455:
7380:
6383:"As Israel's Aerial Bombardments Intensify, 'There Is No Safe Place in Gaza', Humanitarian Affairs Chief Warns Security Council"
7391:
7468:
317:
IDPs often are not included in assessments. It has been estimated that between 70 and 80% of all IDPs are women and children.
7501:
7213:
6842:
6742:
334:
The following table is a list of countries and territories by the number of Internally Displaced People (IDPs). According to
7135:
Celik, Ayse Betul (August 2005). "Transnationalization of Human Rights Norms and Its Impact on Internally Displaced Kurds".
6126:
6398:
6091:
people settled on the land know it is not theirs but have nowhere else to go (as in Colombia, Rwanda and Timor-Leste); and
7314:
6619:
6914:"UNHCR and internally displaced persons: UNHCR's role in support of an enhanced humanitarian response to IDP situations"
5873:
Similarly, research on refugees has suggested a cross-sector collaboration as a key means to assist displaced people.
7359:
6813:
6716:
6670:
6266:
5934:
7396:
7022:
5916:
6662:
4981:
3877:
1332:
314:
212:
7404:
provides access to information resources, including a searchable digital library consisting of full-text documents
6099:
5912:
5793:
7450:
7434:
7401:
5996:
Protection (UNHCR for conflict-generated IDPs, UNHCR, UNICEF, and OHCHR for natural disaster-generated IDPs).
6658:
Shaping South East Europe's Security Community for the Twenty-First Century: Trust, Partnership, Integration
3513:
5841:
322:
7511:
7203:
6832:
177:
7480:
7456:"New Rights, Old Wrongs: Colombia has eased some abortion restrictions—but displaced women still suffer"
6595:
7386:
7413:
7521:
7506:
6103:
6066:
6214:
5897:
5845:
4805:
4647:
UNHCR registered IDPs and people in IDP-like situations by country/territory between 2007 and 2014
4270:
997:
326:
contribution to their host societies. An updated country by country breakdown can be found online.
6085:
ownership is unclear as families have expanded or split and division of the land becomes an issue;
7474:
6062:
5901:
5855:
The original collaborative approach has come under increasing criticism. Roberta Cohen reports:
6784:"Refugees Magazine Issue 103 (IDPs) - Interview: Dr. Francis M. Deng, advocate for the uprooted"
6552:"Sanctuary in the city? Reframing responses to protracted urban displacement, HPG Policy Briefs"
6253:"UNHCR: Ukraine, other conflicts push forcibly displaced total over 100 million for first time"
4743:
765:
7349:
7187:
7089:
6174:
4898:
1141:
6656:
6521:. Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council. Archived from
6483:. Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council. Archived from
7516:
7180:
The New Refugees and the Old Treaty: Persecutors and Persecuted in the Twenty-First Century
6121:
5544:
81:
6280:
8:
7392:
Website of the UN Representative of the Secretary-General on internally displaced persons
6197:
4187:
2143:
173:
139:
61:
6419:
4922:
7160:
7152:
7117:
6974:
6687:
6238:
6151:
6141:
6131:
6013:
5365:
3203:
1414:
287:
162:
7471: : Malcolm Trevena's account of visiting the IDP camps in Kitgum, Northern Uganda
7419:
7274:
7246:
6581:
7355:
7209:
7183:
7164:
7121:
7109:
6838:
6809:
6738:
6712:
6666:
6136:
6004:
The original nine clusters were later expanded to include agriculture and education.
5012:
1694:
6082:
cannot access what property they have (Colombia, Guatemala, South Africa and Sudan);
7144:
7101:
6888:
6446:
VINCENT, M, "IDPs: rights and status", Forced Migration Review, August 2000, p. 30.
6354:
3258:
2642:
1639:
7465:
about how the conflict in Colombia is affecting the health and rights of IDP women
6305:"Response to Internal Displacement in Ethiopia Fact Sheet – January to March 2022"
7438:
7424:
7341:
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Refugees by Numbers.
7205:
Fear of Persecution: Global Human Rights, International Law, and Human Well-Being
6834:
Fear of Persecution: Global Human Rights, International Law, and Human Well-Being
6733:
Das, Tuhin K.; Haldar, Sushil K.; Das Gupta, Ivy; Kundu, Sangeeta (August 2016).
6637:
6402:
6055:
5974:
5733:
3650:
3094:
71:
161:
Villagers fleeing gunfire in a camp for internally displaced persons during the
6758:
6654:
6382:
5971:(UNHCR for conflict-generated IDPs and IOM for natural disaster-generated IDPs)
5780:
to engaging decisively and predictably in situations of internal displacement.
4355:
459:
299:
disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.
259:
95:
57:
6998:
Implementing the Collaborative Response to Situations of Internal Displacement
6395:
146:
but who remains within their country's borders. They are often referred to as
7495:
7113:
7090:"Refugee employment support: The HRM–CSR nexus and stakeholder co-dependency"
6580:
Council, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) - Norwegian Refugee.
6116:
5722:
5718:
4383:
2923:
151:
7105:
6017:
3708:
3596:
1170:
852:
266:
support monitoring and analysis of worldwide IDPs through the Geneva-based
109:
7148:
7026:
6088:
death of the owner may leave dependents without a clear claim to the land;
7376:
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Norwegian Refugee Council
7375:
6071:
5569:
5455:
5338:
4681:
3961:
3851:
3764:
3736:
3375:
3317:
3068:
2951:
1470:
1222:
375:
236:
224:
105:
91:
53:
7156:
6515:
INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2006
6477:
INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2006
183:
5738:
5203:
5102:
4712:
4437:
4044:
2835:
2670:
2503:
2365:
2251:
1805:
1665:
1196:
623:
595:
252:
6322:
6031:
Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region
5482:
4489:
3822:
2979:
2698:
2055:
1973:
1831:
567:
513:
191:
7444:
6340:
5886:
6051:
5725:(middle), and the Director of MONUSCO Public Information Division,
5653:
5308:
4867:
4602:
4100:
4072:
3935:
3624:
3347:
3173:
2781:
2586:
2558:
1943:
1527:
1499:
1388:
1111:
939:
911:
824:
240:
216:
208:
119:
7431:
6735:
Deprivation of Internally Displaced Persons: Case Studies in India
6368:
6267:"Needs Growing for over 8 Million Internally Displaced in Ukraine"
157:
16:
Person forced to leave their home who remains within their country
7407:
6146:
5729:, commenting on a picture showing an internally displaced person.
5714:
5424:
5284:
5228:
5127:
4953:
4774:
4517:
4463:
4411:
4326:
4215:
3679:
3539:
3403:
3038:
2865:
2809:
2724:
2449:
1999:
1723:
1585:
1442:
1362:
1250:
881:
737:
653:
539:
431:
405:
279:
248:
244:
200:
147:
6424:
E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.l, February 11. New York, NY: United Nations
5817:
5742:
5595:
5393:
4574:
4296:
4241:
4018:
3568:
3459:
3429:
3232:
3121:
2751:
2532:
2423:
2339:
2311:
2169:
1887:
1861:
1777:
1611:
1304:
969:
794:
679:
487:
43:
6655:
S. Cross, S. Kentera, R. Vukadinovic, R. Nation (7 May 2013).
6620:"Serbia home to highest number of refugees and IDPs in Europe"
6596:"UNHCR Statistical Yearbook Data - Humanitarian Data Exchange"
7459:
7315:"Uncharted territory: land, conflict and humanitarian action"
6058:
can represent one of the most complex aspects of this issue.
5623:
5513:
5259:
5152:
5074:
4545:
4159:
3989:
3905:
3794:
3487:
3008:
2895:
2475:
2281:
2223:
2195:
2025:
1913:
1749:
1083:
1055:
707:
232:
220:
204:
6507:
6505:
6371:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. 18 June 2015.
6343:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. 1 April 2022.
255:(1.9 million) were internally displaced as of January 2024.
7410:
Online documentation platform on IDPs living in urban areas
6967:"We Should Have Humanitarian Access to Displaced Civilians"
5978:
5837:
5825:
5769:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
5178:
5043:
4836:
4129:
3288:
3147:
2612:
2395:
2113:
2085:
1557:
1278:
1026:
228:
187:
143:
7354:. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 180–184.
5955:
The clusters were originally concentrated in nine areas:
6623:
6502:
5821:
5745:
is home to highest number of refugees and IDPs in Europe.
6737:(First ed.). India: Power Publishers. p. 130.
6638:"Serbia: Europe's largest proctracted refugee situation"
7483:
Natural Disaster – IDP situation and updates from Haiti
6732:
5850:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
342:
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) (2022)
5981:
for natural disasters; UNHCR for conflict situations)
7347:
7201:
6830:
6803:
6706:
6369:"UNHCR – Global Trends –Forced Displacement in 2014"
6357:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. 2022.
7263:
7232:"The challenge of internal displacement in Africa"
6273:
6079:may never have had property (e.g. in Afghanistan);
7451:Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children
7348:Brav, Laura; Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise (2002).
7052:"Strengthening Protection of IDPs: The UN's Role"
6861:"Strengthening Protection of IDPs: The UN's Role"
6420:"The guiding principles on internal displacement"
5990:Water, sanitation, and hygiene promotion (UNICEF)
190:mother and children, internally displaced by the
7493:
6912:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
6782:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
5830:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
251:(1.1 million). More than 85% of Palestinians in
7397:Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement
7381:The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
6935:"ICRC Position on Internally Displaced Persons"
5840:. Coordination is the responsibility of the UN
5737:Serbian and other non-Albanian refugees during
7477:IDP camps and latest IDP updates from Pakistan
7088:Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-04-14).
6881:
6751:
6219:IDMC - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
7087:
7045:
7043:
6916:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees
6894:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees
6786:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees
6764:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees
6545:
6543:
6177:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees
5792:has a mandate of ensuring the application of
5773:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
4641:
7223:
6692:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6413:
6411:
5749:
282:' has an authoritative definition under the
176:with internally displaced people during the
7487:The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
7469:"Visiting the IDP camps in Northern Uganda"
7177:
7059:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
6868:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
6361:
6023:Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
5915:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
292:Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
7040:
7004:. New York: United Nations. Archived from
6540:
6195:
6075:the following reasons, refugees and IDPs:
7475:"Emergency Response Unit – IDPs Pakistan"
6988:
6467:
6408:
5935:Learn how and when to remove this message
5810:
7447:, Ugandan organisation working with IDPs
7229:
6341:"Needs mount as conflict in Yemen rages"
5834:International Organization for Migration
5790:International Committee of the Red Cross
5732:
5708:
329:
182:
167:
156:
7351:The practical guide to humanitarian law
7230:Nyanduga, Bahame Tom (September 2004).
7178:Schoenholtz, Andrew I. (11 June 2015).
6215:"Global Internal Displacement Database"
6033:, which include Sudan, DRC and Uganda.
336:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
268:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
150:, although they do not fall within the
7494:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7134:
7050:Cohen, Roberta (Winter–Spring 2006).
7049:
6964:
6889:"Internally Displaced People Q&A"
6859:Cohen, Roberta (Winter–Spring 2006).
6858:
6070:land and property (HLP) restitution.
6061:Normally, pressure is applied by the
5969:Camp Coordination and Camp Management
290:). However, a United Nations report,
7208:. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
6994:
6911:
6837:. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
6781:
6511:
6473:
6209:
6207:
6169:
6167:
6127:Internally displaced persons in Iraq
6007:
5963:Emergency Telecommunications Cluster
5913:adding citations to reliable sources
5880:
38:Regions with significant populations
7288:
6579:
5876:
13:
6549:
6385:. United Nations. 12 January 2024.
6323:"Global displacement figures 2021"
6044:
5836:(IOM), the ICRC and international
307:
194:in the United States in the 1930s.
14:
7533:
7441:– Images of displacement in Sudan
7420:World 'forgets' internal refugees
7369:
7094:Human Resource Management Journal
6965:Tauxe, Jean-Daniel (2000-03-01).
6204:
6164:
7481:"the CCCM Haiti Cluster website"
6806:The refugee in international law
6709:The refugee in international law
6417:
5885:
4595:
4567:
4538:
4510:
4482:
4456:
4430:
4404:
4376:
4348:
4319:
4289:
4263:
4234:
4208:
4180:
4152:
4122:
4093:
4065:
4037:
4011:
3982:
3954:
3928:
3898:
3870:
3844:
3815:
3787:
3757:
3729:
3701:
3672:
3643:
3617:
3589:
3561:
3532:
3506:
3480:
3452:
3422:
3396:
3368:
3340:
3310:
3281:
3251:
3225:
3196:
3166:
3140:
3114:
3087:
3061:
3031:
3001:
2972:
2944:
2916:
2888:
2858:
2828:
2802:
2774:
2744:
2717:
2691:
2663:
2635:
2605:
2579:
2551:
2525:
2496:
2468:
2442:
2416:
2388:
2358:
2332:
2304:
2274:
2244:
2216:
2188:
2162:
2136:
2106:
2078:
2048:
2018:
1992:
1966:
1936:
1906:
1880:
1854:
1824:
1798:
1770:
1742:
1716:
1687:
1658:
1632:
1604:
1578:
1550:
1520:
1492:
1463:
1435:
1407:
1381:
1355:
1325:
1297:
1271:
1243:
1215:
1189:
1163:
1134:
1104:
1076:
1048:
1019:
990:
962:
932:
904:
874:
845:
817:
787:
758:
730:
700:
672:
646:
616:
588:
560:
532:
506:
480:
452:
424:
398:
368:
213:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7194:
7171:
7128:
7081:
7072:
7015:
6958:
6927:
6905:
6852:
6823:
6797:
6775:
6726:
6700:
6648:
6630:
6612:
6588:
6573:
6458:
6449:
6440:
6430:
6389:
6375:
6347:
6333:
356:Disaster Internal Displacement
350:Conflict Internal Displacement
7416:magazine with regular IDP news
6315:
6297:
6259:
6245:
6231:
6196:IJR Center (10 October 2012).
6189:
6175:"Internally Displaced Persons"
6100:Overseas Development Institute
5794:international humanitarian law
3878:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1:
7335:
7202:Marsella, Anthony J. (2007).
6831:Marsella, Anthony J. (2007).
6804:Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. (1996).
6707:Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. (1996).
273:
7502:Internally displaced persons
6971:International Herald Tribune
6582:"IDMC » Global Figures"
5842:Emergency Relief Coordinator
323:human rights and development
7:
6808:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6711:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6426:. New York: United Nations.
6110:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
178:Russian invasion of Ukraine
132:internally displaced person
23:Internally displaced people
10:
7538:
5993:Early recovery (UNDP); and
4642:Historical IDP populations
7432:Photojournalist's Account
7023:"OCHA IDP Unit Home Page"
6396:IDMC at the UNHCR website
6327:Norwegian Refugee Council
6104:humanitarian organization
6067:humanitarian organization
5750:Protection and assistance
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
294:uses the definition of:
118:
104:
90:
80:
70:
52:
42:
37:
32:
27:
7273:. UNHCHR. Archived from
6157:
5846:Humanitarian Coordinator
5762:
4271:Turks and Caicos Islands
998:Central African Republic
7458:Winter 2007 article in
7414:Forced Migration Review
7402:Forced Migration Online
7239:Forced Migration Review
7106:10.1111/1748-8583.12352
6995:IASC (September 2004).
6355:"Afghanistan situation"
6063:international community
5867:Forced Migration Review
5783:
5727:Charles Antoine Bambara
284:1951 Refugee Convention
7137:Human Rights Quarterly
7100:(4): 1748–8583.12352.
5862:
5811:Collaborative approach
5804:
5746:
5730:
4744:Bosnia and Herzegovina
766:Bosnia and Herzegovina
301:
195:
180:
165:
7149:10.1353/hrq.2005.0032
5857:
5799:
5736:
5712:
3514:São Tomé and Principe
330:Latest IDP population
296:
186:
171:
160:
6977:on November 25, 2006
6122:Internal colonialism
6102:stress the need for
5909:improve this section
5713:Official opening of
347:Country / Territory
172:Ukrainian President
138:) is someone who is
82:Asia and the Pacific
7445:Refugee Law Project
6759:"Mission Statement"
6512:IDMC (April 2006).
6474:IDMC (April 2006).
6098:Researchers at the
4648:
4188:Trinidad and Tobago
343:
315:Development-induced
211:(5.5 million), the
174:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
62:African Great Lakes
33:70.5 million (2022)
24:
7512:Internal migration
7437:2021-01-21 at the
6401:2023-03-20 at the
6198:"Who is a Refugee"
6152:Refugee employment
6142:Kampala Convention
6132:Internal migration
6014:Kampala Convention
5987:Nutrition (UNICEF)
5747:
5731:
5679:Country/territory
4652:Country/territory
4646:
2893:
1415:Dominican Republic
341:
288:Kampala Convention
247:(1.2 million) and
196:
181:
166:
163:2008 Nord-Kivu war
22:
7428:, 5 November 2005
7319:ODI: Think change
7215:978-0-7391-1566-4
7200:Roberta Cohen in
6844:978-0-7391-1566-4
6829:Roberta Cohen in
6744:978-93-85892-71-4
6239:"Мировые новости"
6137:Internal passport
6008:International law
5945:
5944:
5937:
5707:
5706:
4639:
4638:
152:legal definitions
128:
127:
7529:
7522:Refugees by type
7507:Forced migration
7365:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7311:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7251:
7245:. Archived from
7236:
7227:
7221:
7219:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7085:
7079:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7056:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7025:. Archived from
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7003:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6973:. Archived from
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6946:
6940:. Archived from
6939:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6893:
6885:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6865:
6856:
6850:
6848:
6827:
6821:
6819:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6763:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6691:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6600:data.humdata.org
6592:
6586:
6585:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6558:. Archived from
6550:Haysom, Simone.
6547:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6527:
6520:
6509:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6489:
6482:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6415:
6406:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6211:
6202:
6201:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6171:
5940:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5920:
5889:
5881:
5877:Cluster approach
4649:
4645:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4017:
4015:
4014:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3259:Papua New Guinea
3257:
3255:
3254:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2643:Marshall Islands
2641:
2639:
2638:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1640:French Polynesia
1638:
1636:
1635:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1025:
1023:
1022:
996:
994:
993:
968:
966:
965:
938:
936:
935:
910:
908:
907:
880:
878:
877:
851:
849:
848:
823:
821:
820:
793:
791:
790:
764:
762:
761:
736:
734:
733:
706:
704:
703:
678:
676:
675:
652:
650:
649:
622:
620:
619:
594:
592:
591:
566:
564:
563:
538:
536:
535:
512:
510:
509:
486:
484:
483:
458:
456:
455:
430:
428:
427:
404:
402:
401:
374:
372:
371:
344:
340:
28:Total population
25:
21:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7492:
7491:
7439:Wayback Machine
7425:BBC News Online
7372:
7362:
7338:
7333:
7332:
7323:
7321:
7313:
7312:
7289:
7280:
7278:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7234:
7228:
7224:
7216:
7199:
7195:
7176:
7172:
7133:
7129:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7054:
7048:
7041:
7032:
7030:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7008:
7001:
6993:
6989:
6980:
6978:
6963:
6959:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6919:
6917:
6910:
6906:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6853:
6845:
6828:
6824:
6816:
6802:
6798:
6789:
6787:
6780:
6776:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6745:
6731:
6727:
6719:
6705:
6701:
6685:
6684:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6665:. p. 169.
6653:
6649:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6626:. 20 June 2010.
6618:
6617:
6613:
6604:
6602:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6578:
6574:
6565:
6563:
6548:
6541:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6510:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6418:Deng, Francis.
6416:
6409:
6403:Wayback Machine
6394:
6390:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6289:
6287:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6223:
6221:
6213:
6212:
6205:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6165:
6160:
6113:
6056:right of return
6047:
6045:Right of return
6010:
5959:Logistics (WFP)
5941:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5906:
5890:
5879:
5813:
5786:
5765:
5752:
4644:
4596:
4594:
4568:
4566:
4539:
4537:
4511:
4509:
4483:
4481:
4457:
4455:
4431:
4429:
4405:
4403:
4377:
4375:
4349:
4347:
4320:
4318:
4290:
4288:
4264:
4262:
4235:
4233:
4209:
4207:
4181:
4179:
4153:
4151:
4123:
4121:
4094:
4092:
4066:
4064:
4038:
4036:
4012:
4010:
3983:
3981:
3955:
3953:
3929:
3927:
3899:
3897:
3871:
3869:
3845:
3843:
3816:
3814:
3788:
3786:
3758:
3756:
3730:
3728:
3702:
3700:
3673:
3671:
3651:Solomon Islands
3644:
3642:
3618:
3616:
3590:
3588:
3562:
3560:
3533:
3531:
3507:
3505:
3481:
3479:
3453:
3451:
3423:
3421:
3397:
3395:
3369:
3367:
3341:
3339:
3311:
3309:
3282:
3280:
3252:
3250:
3226:
3224:
3197:
3195:
3167:
3165:
3141:
3139:
3115:
3113:
3095:North Macedonia
3088:
3086:
3062:
3060:
3032:
3030:
3002:
3000:
2973:
2971:
2945:
2943:
2917:
2915:
2889:
2887:
2859:
2857:
2829:
2827:
2803:
2801:
2775:
2773:
2745:
2743:
2718:
2716:
2692:
2690:
2664:
2662:
2636:
2634:
2606:
2604:
2580:
2578:
2552:
2550:
2526:
2524:
2497:
2495:
2469:
2467:
2443:
2441:
2417:
2415:
2389:
2387:
2359:
2357:
2333:
2331:
2305:
2303:
2275:
2273:
2245:
2243:
2217:
2215:
2189:
2187:
2163:
2161:
2137:
2135:
2107:
2105:
2079:
2077:
2049:
2047:
2019:
2017:
1993:
1991:
1967:
1965:
1937:
1935:
1907:
1905:
1881:
1879:
1855:
1853:
1825:
1823:
1799:
1797:
1771:
1769:
1743:
1741:
1717:
1715:
1688:
1686:
1659:
1657:
1633:
1631:
1605:
1603:
1579:
1577:
1551:
1549:
1521:
1519:
1493:
1491:
1464:
1462:
1436:
1434:
1408:
1406:
1382:
1380:
1356:
1354:
1326:
1324:
1298:
1296:
1272:
1270:
1244:
1242:
1216:
1214:
1190:
1188:
1164:
1162:
1135:
1133:
1105:
1103:
1077:
1075:
1049:
1047:
1020:
1018:
991:
989:
963:
961:
933:
931:
905:
903:
875:
873:
846:
844:
818:
816:
788:
786:
759:
757:
731:
729:
701:
699:
673:
671:
647:
645:
617:
615:
589:
587:
561:
559:
533:
531:
507:
505:
481:
479:
453:
451:
425:
423:
399:
397:
369:
367:
332:
310:
308:IDP populations
276:
243:(1.4 million),
239:(1.9 million),
235:(2.2 million),
231:(3.6 million),
227:(3.8 million),
223:(4.3 million),
219:(4.9 million),
215:(5.2 million),
207:(7.6 million),
140:forced to leave
72:Southern Africa
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7535:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7429:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7378:
7371:
7370:External links
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7287:
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7222:
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7143:(3): 969–997.
7127:
7080:
7071:
7039:
7014:
7011:on 2007-10-29.
6987:
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6311:. 19 May 2022.
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6117:Asylum seekers
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4356:United Kingdom
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4089:
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3978:
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2014:
2013:
2011:
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1988:
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1199:
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986:
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476:
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460:American Samoa
448:
447:
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441:
438:
436:
434:
420:
419:
417:
415:
412:
410:
408:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
364:
363:
360:
359:Disaster IDPs
357:
354:
353:Conflict IDPs
351:
348:
331:
328:
309:
306:
275:
272:
260:United Nations
154:of a refugee.
126:
125:
122:
116:
115:
112:
102:
101:
98:
96:Central Africa
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
64:
58:Horn of Africa
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7534:
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7361:0-7425-1062-X
7357:
7353:
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7346:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7277:on 2007-08-07
7276:
7272:
7266:
7252:on 2007-10-29
7248:
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7226:
7217:
7211:
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7099:
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7091:
7084:
7075:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7044:
7029:on 2003-04-15
7028:
7024:
7018:
7007:
7000:
6999:
6991:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6947:on 2006-07-29
6943:
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6908:
6890:
6884:
6869:
6862:
6855:
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6815:0-19-826019-9
6811:
6807:
6800:
6785:
6778:
6760:
6754:
6746:
6740:
6736:
6729:
6720:
6718:0-19-826019-9
6714:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6689:
6674:
6672:9781137010209
6668:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6583:
6576:
6562:on 2013-12-03
6561:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6544:
6528:on 2014-05-06
6524:
6517:
6516:
6508:
6506:
6490:on 2014-05-06
6486:
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5903:
5899:
5894:This section
5892:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5843:
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5808:
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5791:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5760:
5756:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5728:
5724:
5723:Lambert Mende
5720:
5719:Martin Kobler
5716:
5711:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5663:
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4951:
4947:
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4941:
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4932:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Côte d'Ivoire
4921:
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4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
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4902:
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4394:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4384:United States
4374:
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2925:
2924:New Caledonia
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2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1223:Côte d'Ivoire
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
988:
987:
983:
980:
977:
975:
973:
971:
960:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
941:
930:
929:
925:
922:
919:
917:
915:
913:
902:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
883:
872:
871:
867:
865:
862:
859:
856:
854:
843:
842:
838:
835:
832:
830:
828:
826:
815:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
796:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
771:
769:
767:
756:
755:
751:
748:
745:
743:
741:
739:
728:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
709:
698:
697:
693:
690:
687:
685:
683:
681:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
657:
655:
644:
643:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
625:
614:
613:
609:
607:
604:
601:
599:
597:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
573:
571:
569:
558:
557:
553:
551:
549:
546:
543:
541:
530:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
517:
515:
504:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
491:
489:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
465:
463:
461:
450:
449:
445:
442:
439:
437:
435:
433:
422:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
409:
407:
396:
395:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
377:
366:
365:
346:
345:
339:
337:
327:
324:
318:
316:
305:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:(8 million),
202:
193:
189:
185:
179:
175:
170:
164:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
123:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
7460:
7423:
7350:
7322:. Retrieved
7318:
7279:. Retrieved
7275:the original
7265:
7254:. Retrieved
7247:the original
7242:
7238:
7225:
7204:
7196:
7179:
7173:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7097:
7093:
7083:
7074:
7062:. Retrieved
7058:
7031:. Retrieved
7027:the original
7017:
7006:the original
6997:
6990:
6979:. Retrieved
6975:the original
6970:
6960:
6949:. Retrieved
6942:the original
6929:
6918:. Retrieved
6907:
6896:. Retrieved
6883:
6871:. Retrieved
6867:
6854:
6833:
6825:
6805:
6799:
6788:. Retrieved
6777:
6766:. Retrieved
6753:
6734:
6728:
6708:
6702:
6676:. Retrieved
6657:
6650:
6632:
6614:
6603:. Retrieved
6599:
6590:
6575:
6564:. Retrieved
6560:the original
6555:
6530:. Retrieved
6523:the original
6514:
6492:. Retrieved
6485:the original
6476:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6432:
6423:
6391:
6377:
6363:
6349:
6335:
6326:
6317:
6308:
6299:
6288:. Retrieved
6284:
6275:
6261:
6247:
6233:
6222:. Retrieved
6218:
6191:
6179:. Retrieved
6097:
6060:
6048:
6039:
6035:
6027:
6022:
6018:Francis Deng
6011:
6003:
5999:
5984:Health (WHO)
5954:
5950:
5946:
5931:
5925:October 2016
5922:
5907:Please help
5895:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5814:
5805:
5800:
5787:
5778:
5766:
5757:
5753:
5721:(1st left),
3959:
3709:South Africa
3597:Sierra Leone
1171:Cook Islands
853:Burkina Faso
333:
319:
311:
302:
297:
291:
277:
257:
197:
135:
131:
129:
110:North Africa
19:Ethnic group
7517:Persecution
6072:Restitution
5456:South Sudan
5339:Philippines
4682:Afghanistan
4635:70,454,734
4629:32,541,165
4626:61,476,565
4623:28,270,385
4331:16,870,000
3962:Switzerland
3765:South Sudan
3737:South Korea
3376:Puerto Rico
3318:Philippines
3069:North Korea
2952:New Zealand
1471:El Salvador
376:Afghanistan
362:Total IDPs
237:South Sudan
225:Afghanistan
124:0.2 million
114:0.4 million
106:Middle East
100:1.3 million
86:1.4 million
76:2.6 million
66:2.6 million
48:7.2 million
7496:Categories
7408:Urban IDPs
7387:IDP Action
7336:References
7324:2022-10-27
7281:2007-10-24
7256:2007-10-24
7064:2007-10-24
7033:2007-10-28
6981:2007-10-24
6951:2007-10-23
6920:2020-11-05
6898:2007-10-24
6873:2007-10-23
6790:2020-11-22
6768:2007-10-24
6678:31 January
6605:2022-10-27
6566:2013-12-02
6556:odi.org.uk
6532:2014-05-06
6494:2014-05-06
6290:2022-05-24
6224:2024-02-03
6021:document,
5739:Kosovo War
5570:East Timor
5564:6,520,800
5539:1,873,300
5450:1,133,000
5204:Montenegro
5103:Kyrgyzstan
5007:2,963,800
4893:5,368,100
4713:Azerbaijan
4632:8,978,169
4561:4,523,000
4553:4,523,000
4438:Uzbekistan
4342:5,914,000
4334:5,914,000
4257:1,099,052
4248:1,099,000
4045:Tajikistan
4005:6,865,000
3997:6,865,000
3922:3,780,000
3913:3,553,000
3781:2,140,000
3772:1,475,000
3695:3,864,000
3690:1,152,000
3687:3,864,000
3328:5,453,000
3190:1,046,000
3187:1,025,000
3184:8,168,000
3055:4,500,000
3049:2,437,000
3046:3,646,000
2882:1,501,000
2873:1,498,000
2870:1,006,000
2852:1,157,000
2843:1,030,000
2836:Mozambique
2671:Mauritania
2504:Madagascar
2366:Kyrgyzstan
2252:Kazakhstan
2130:1,238,000
2121:1,169,000
2036:2,507,000
1806:Guadeloupe
1544:4,569,000
1535:3,852,000
1532:2,032,000
1349:5,969,000
1340:5,686,000
1337:4,004,000
1197:Costa Rica
1128:4,807,000
1119:4,766,000
1092:3,632,000
956:1,010,000
868:1,882,000
860:1,882,000
634:1,524,000
624:Bangladesh
596:Azerbaijan
392:5,926,000
389:2,482,000
383:3,444,000
274:Definition
7271:"Mandate"
7165:144402185
7122:234855263
7114:0954-5395
6688:cite book
6309:ReliefWeb
6281:"Ukraine"
5896:does not
5603:1,236,000
5600:1,814,900
5561:2,016,500
5536:1,873,300
5533:2,033,100
5530:1,602,200
5527:1,079,100
5524:1,201,000
5521:1,225,000
5518:1,325,200
5483:Sri Lanka
5447:1,133,000
5444:1,356,800
5441:1,463,800
5438:1,392,300
5435:1,277,200
5432:1,000,000
5321:1,894,600
5066:1,131,800
5063:1,332,400
5060:1,343,600
5057:1,552,000
5054:2,647,300
5051:2,481,000
5048:1,834,400
5004:2,669,100
5001:1,709,300
4998:1,721,400
4995:2,050,700
4992:1,460,100
4989:1,317,900
4986:1,075,300
4890:3,943,500
4887:3,888,300
4884:3,672,100
4881:3,304,000
4878:3,000,000
4875:3,000,000
4872:3,000,000
4490:Venezuela
3852:St. Lucia
3823:Sri Lanka
3204:Palestine
2980:Nicaragua
2699:Mauritius
2056:Indonesia
1974:Hong Kong
1832:Guatemala
568:Australia
514:Argentina
278:Whereas '
192:Dust Bowl
7463:magazine
7435:Archived
7157:20069817
6663:Springer
6399:Archived
6147:Refugees
6111:See also
6052:refugees
5852:(OCHA).
5844:and the
5654:Zimbabwe
5648:306,600
5477:331,100
5419:227,500
5360:117,400
5333:747,500
5309:Pakistan
5303:360,000
5254:372,000
5198:254,800
5069:954,100
5038:257,600
4868:Colombia
4831:894,400
4738:609,000
4707:631,300
4603:Zimbabwe
4556:171,000
4550:276,000
4526:353,000
4398:543,000
4395:543,000
4392:675,000
4101:Thailand
4073:Tanzania
3994:171,000
3936:Suriname
3919:227,000
3916:105,000
3910:314,000
3778:665,000
3775:596,000
3769:337,000
3684:621,000
3625:Slovenia
3583:195,000
3575:195,000
3348:Portugal
3334:635,000
3331:533,000
3325:102,000
3322:123,000
3304:102,000
3174:Pakistan
3052:854,000
3043:148,000
3025:377,100
3019:248,000
3016:372,000
3013:101,000
2849:127,000
2846:113,000
2840:283,000
2782:Mongolia
2768:389,600
2759:386,000
2629:412,000
2620:380,000
2617:154,000
2587:Maldives
2567:156,000
2559:Malaysia
2541:297,000
2513:291,000
2490:135,000
2483:135,000
2370:166,000
2298:403,000
2295:373,000
2292:318,000
2072:140,000
2066:308,000
2042:663,000
2033:631,000
1960:250,900
1951:247,000
1944:Honduras
1930:195,000
1921:171,000
1918:106,000
1848:249,900
1839:242,000
1710:339,000
1701:308,000
1541:717,000
1538:873,000
1528:Ethiopia
1500:Eswatini
1389:Djibouti
1346:283,000
1343:423,000
1333:DR Congo
1319:246,000
1311:246,000
1237:302,000
1229:302,000
1157:228,000
1154:201,000
1122:281,000
1116:339,000
1112:Colombia
1098:146,000
1095:146,000
1042:300,000
1037:158,000
1034:300,000
1013:516,000
1005:516,000
1002:290,000
947:987,000
944:139,000
940:Cameroon
912:Cambodia
857:438,000
825:Bulgaria
805:708,000
640:435,600
631:427,000
610:659,000
602:659,000
386:220,000
262:and the
241:Pakistan
217:Colombia
209:Ethiopia
148:refugees
120:Americas
7383:, UNHCR
7188:2617336
6644:. 2008.
6181:10 July
5975:Shelter
5917:removed
5902:sources
5715:MONUSCO
5674:60,100
5645:385,300
5642:347,300
5639:193,700
5636:250,000
5633:100,000
5612:125,600
5609:428,600
5606:853,000
5574:155,200
5508:42,200
5502:138,400
5499:273,800
5496:434,900
5493:504,800
5490:459,600
5487:469,000
5474:345,700
5471:209,700
5468:223,700
5429:400,000
5425:Somalia
5416:227,800
5413:228,200
5410:228,400
5407:224,900
5404:225,900
5401:226,400
5398:227,600
5373:263,700
5370:158,900
5354:159,500
5351:139,500
5330:758,000
5327:452,900
5324:952,000
5318:155,800
5315:155,800
5285:Nigeria
5264:100,000
5251:430,400
5248:339,200
5245:239,200
5229:Myanmar
5195:227,900
5173:53,600
5132:200,000
5128:Lebanon
5118:163,900
5093:300,000
5090:300,000
5087:399,000
5084:404,000
5081:250,000
5035:279,800
5032:274,000
5029:360,000
5026:352,600
5023:329,800
5020:271,300
5017:246,000
5013:Georgia
4954:Croatia
4948:24,000
4942:126,700
4939:517,100
4936:519,100
4933:686,000
4930:709,000
4927:709,200
4862:19,800
4856:124,000
4853:231,000
4850:170,500
4847:166,700
4844:178,900
4841:112,700
4825:106,200
4822:192,500
4819:197,000
4816:197,000
4813:197,000
4810:147,000
4800:78,900
4791:157,200
4788:100,000
4785:100,000
4782:100,000
4775:Burundi
4769:84,500
4766:103,400
4763:113,000
4760:113,400
4757:113,600
4754:124,500
4751:131,000
4748:135,500
4735:600,300
4732:599,200
4729:592,900
4726:586,000
4723:603,300
4720:686,600
4717:686,600
4704:486,300
4701:447,500
4698:351,900
4695:297,100
4692:230,700
4689:153,700
4686:129,300
4518:Vietnam
4498:13,000
4464:Vanuatu
4412:Uruguay
4327:Ukraine
4313:42,800
4310:38,000
4307:34,000
4216:Tunisia
4140:16,000
4116:41,680
4110:22,000
4107:41,000
4000:21,000
3838:12,023
3832:11,000
3829:12,000
3803:31,000
3745:30,000
3717:62,000
3680:Somalia
3549:12,000
3540:Senegal
3404:Romania
3384:49,000
3301:29,000
3298:24,000
3295:73,000
3275:94,190
3266:94,000
3263:64,000
3219:12,000
3211:12,000
3181:21,000
3039:Nigeria
2989:16,000
2910:58,000
2907:58,000
2904:93,000
2876:13,000
2866:Myanmar
2810:Morocco
2762:11,000
2725:Mayotte
2685:23,000
2682:23,000
2679:23,000
2626:32,000
2623:24,000
2519:70,800
2516:68,000
2450:Lebanon
2326:16,000
2318:16,000
2289:30,000
2286:15,000
2235:45,000
2232:51,000
2144:Ireland
2127:69,000
2124:51,000
2118:32,000
2094:42,000
2069:68,000
2063:72,000
2039:32,000
2000:Iceland
1954:46,000
1927:24,000
1924:15,000
1842:74,000
1724:Germany
1707:31,000
1695:Georgia
1620:45,000
1586:Finland
1486:52,000
1478:52,000
1475:73,000
1443:Ecuador
1423:54,000
1363:Denmark
1287:90,000
1251:Croatia
1151:42,000
1148:27,000
1125:41,000
1031:80,000
1008:77,000
978:15,000
953:23,000
950:66,000
920:28,000
898:75,500
895:67,000
892:13,000
882:Burundi
811:49,600
808:44,000
781:91,058
772:91,000
738:Bolivia
654:Belgium
576:17,000
540:Armenia
432:Algeria
406:Albania
380:32,000
280:refugee
249:Somalia
245:Nigeria
201:Ukraine
7358:
7212:
7186:
7163:
7155:
7120:
7112:
7069:p. 105
6878:p. 106
6841:
6820:p. 266
6812:
6741:
6723:p. 264
6715:
6669:
5832:, the
5818:Unicef
5743:Serbia
5671:57,900
5668:54,300
5630:77,000
5596:Uganda
5580:15,900
5577:62,600
5505:93,500
5394:Serbia
5382:75,400
5379:79,900
5376:91,500
5366:Russia
5267:50,000
5242:62,000
5239:67,300
5236:67,300
5233:58,500
5211:16,200
5208:16,200
5170:59,400
5167:93,600
5135:70,000
5115:80,000
4945:45,000
4859:90,000
4828:51,700
4797:78,900
4794:78,800
4779:13,900
4620:Total
4611:1,300
4600:
4589:3,600
4586:3,600
4583:3,600
4575:Zambia
4572:
4543:
4532:2,200
4529:2,200
4515:
4504:9,900
4501:9,900
4487:
4461:
4435:
4409:
4381:
4364:1,900
4353:
4324:
4304:4,800
4301:2,000
4297:Uganda
4294:
4268:
4251:6,900
4242:Turkey
4239:
4224:2,000
4213:
4185:
4168:2,400
4157:
4146:7,000
4143:4,700
4137:2,300
4134:2,300
4127:
4098:
4087:2,200
4084:2,200
4081:4,200
4070:
4042:
4027:1,700
4019:Taiwan
4016:
3987:
3944:1,500
3933:
3903:
3875:
3849:
3820:
3792:
3762:
3751:5,100
3748:5,100
3734:
3706:
3677:
3666:1,011
3657:1,000
3648:
3622:
3611:3,000
3603:3,000
3594:
3569:Serbia
3566:
3555:8,860
3546:8,400
3537:
3511:
3485:
3474:3,600
3471:3,600
3468:7,800
3460:Rwanda
3457:
3446:7,528
3440:2,700
3437:7,500
3434:7,100
3430:Russia
3427:
3401:
3373:
3356:4,500
3345:
3315:
3286:
3269:9,600
3256:
3233:Panama
3230:
3208:1,800
3201:
3171:
3145:
3122:Norway
3119:
3092:
3066:
3036:
3022:5,100
3006:
2977:
2960:2,800
2949:
2921:
2879:3,000
2863:
2833:
2818:9,500
2807:
2779:
2765:3,600
2756:9,200
2752:Mexico
2749:
2722:
2696:
2668:
2640:
2610:
2584:
2556:
2533:Malawi
2530:
2510:2,800
2501:
2473:
2447:
2424:Latvia
2421:
2393:
2382:4,004
2376:1,700
2373:4,000
2363:
2340:Kuwait
2337:
2312:Kosovo
2309:
2279:
2262:4,000
2249:
2238:6,000
2221:
2204:4,100
2193:
2174:1,100
2170:Israel
2167:
2141:
2111:
2083:
2060:7,100
2053:
2030:1,000
2023:
1997:
1971:
1957:3,900
1941:
1911:
1888:Guyana
1885:
1862:Guinea
1859:
1845:7,900
1829:
1803:
1778:Greece
1775:
1764:5,900
1761:5,900
1758:2,700
1747:
1721:
1692:
1681:5,600
1676:7,000
1673:5,600
1670:7,800
1666:Gambia
1663:
1637:
1612:France
1609:
1583:
1566:4,800
1555:
1525:
1497:
1481:4,600
1468:
1457:2,200
1454:2,200
1451:6,400
1440:
1429:7,900
1426:7,900
1412:
1397:6,100
1386:
1360:
1330:
1305:Cyprus
1302:
1276:
1248:
1232:2,500
1220:
1205:1,600
1194:
1168:
1139:
1109:
1081:
1070:1,500
1067:1,500
1064:1,500
1053:
1024:
995:
970:Canada
967:
937:
926:3,900
923:3,900
909:
889:8,500
879:
863:2,400
850:
822:
802:5,600
799:5,600
795:Brazil
792:
763:
746:3,000
735:
724:8,100
721:6,900
718:6,900
715:1,200
712:1,200
705:
688:5,100
680:Belize
677:
651:
637:8,600
621:
593:
582:9,900
579:9,900
565:
554:8,400
547:8,400
544:7,600
537:
511:
496:1,800
488:Angola
485:
457:
446:1,500
443:1,500
440:2,000
429:
403:
373:
142:their
60:, and
44:Europe
7250:(PDF)
7235:(PDF)
7220:p. 20
7161:S2CID
7153:JSTOR
7118:S2CID
7055:(PDF)
7009:(PDF)
7002:(PDF)
6945:(PDF)
6938:(PDF)
6892:(PDF)
6864:(PDF)
6849:p. 15
6762:(PDF)
6526:(PDF)
6519:(PDF)
6499:p. 13
6488:(PDF)
6481:(PDF)
6437:2000.
6158:Notes
5965:(WFP)
5763:UNHCR
5703:2014
5700:2013
5697:2012
5694:2011
5691:2010
5688:2009
5685:2008
5682:2007
5624:Yemen
5545:Syria
5514:Sudan
5357:1,200
5260:Nepal
5153:Libya
5075:Kenya
4970:2,100
4967:2,300
4964:2,500
4961:2,900
4958:4,000
4903:3,500
4899:Congo
4676:2014
4673:2013
4670:2012
4667:2011
4664:2010
4661:2009
4658:2008
4655:2007
4546:Yemen
4160:Tonga
3990:Syria
3906:Sudan
3795:Spain
3488:Samoa
3009:Niger
2896:Nepal
2476:Libya
2282:Kenya
2224:Japan
2196:Italy
2026:India
1914:Haiti
1750:Ghana
1142:Congo
1084:China
1056:Chile
708:Benin
264:UNHCR
233:Sudan
221:Yemen
205:Syria
7356:ISBN
7210:ISBN
7184:SSRN
7110:ISSN
6839:ISBN
6810:ISBN
6739:ISBN
6713:ISBN
6694:link
6680:2017
6667:ISBN
6642:OSCE
6537:p. 6
6285:IDMC
6183:2017
6065:and
5979:IFRC
5900:any
5898:cite
5838:NGOs
5826:UNDP
5788:The
5784:ICRC
5767:The
5179:Mali
5044:Iraq
4837:Chad
4472:390
4446:170
4420:800
4279:160
4174:260
4171:260
4130:Togo
4113:680
4053:260
3860:560
3723:220
3720:220
3633:500
3606:800
3552:460
3522:240
3412:160
3289:Peru
3272:190
3241:460
3214:250
3178:680
3148:Oman
3130:170
3108:110
3101:110
3077:200
2966:150
2963:150
2938:150
2933:170
2930:150
2707:140
2613:Mali
2595:370
2573:680
2570:680
2480:360
2410:560
2407:560
2404:560
2396:Laos
2321:120
2268:134
2259:120
2256:120
2210:300
2207:300
2114:Iraq
2100:390
2097:390
2086:Iran
1982:330
1948:260
1896:120
1870:340
1814:140
1786:710
1732:630
1704:430
1572:400
1569:400
1558:Fiji
1514:360
1511:360
1508:360
1279:Cuba
1259:100
1027:Chad
984:280
981:280
886:600
833:900
752:650
749:650
694:820
691:820
662:100
628:560
605:190
522:730
414:320
258:The
253:Gaza
229:Iraq
188:Okie
144:home
108:and
94:and
92:West
56:and
54:East
7461:Ms.
7145:doi
7102:doi
6624:B92
5911:by
5822:WFP
4982:DRC
4806:CAR
4370:80
4367:80
4254:52
4196:40
4059:18
4056:18
3970:66
3835:23
3809:10
3806:10
3663:11
3660:11
3496:14
3443:28
3390:58
3387:58
3156:45
2995:88
2992:11
2986:77
2796:75
2793:75
2790:75
2657:28
2654:28
2651:28
2458:35
2432:27
2348:14
2265:14
2152:26
2008:56
1792:60
1789:60
1648:17
1626:44
1623:44
1371:20
1314:54
1265:38
1262:38
839:14
836:14
778:58
775:78
474:26
471:26
468:59
136:IDP
130:An
7498::
7422:,
7317:.
7290:^
7243:21
7241:.
7237:.
7182:.
7159:.
7151:.
7141:27
7139:.
7116:.
7108:.
7098:31
7096:.
7092:.
7057:.
7042:^
6969:.
6866:.
6690:}}
6686:{{
6661:.
6640:.
6622:.
6598:.
6554:.
6542:^
6504:^
6422:.
6410:^
6325:.
6307:.
6283:.
6217:.
6206:^
6166:^
6054:'
6025:.
5828:,
5824:,
5820:,
5741:.
4337:1
4202:7
4199:7
3976:4
3973:4
3892:3
3889:3
3886:3
3578:1
3362:3
3359:3
2738:8
2731:8
2379:4
1836:5
1594:8
1179:7
270:.
7364:.
7327:.
7284:.
7259:.
7218:.
7190:.
7167:.
7147::
7124:.
7104::
7067:.
7036:.
6984:.
6954:.
6923:.
6901:.
6876:.
6847:.
6818:.
6793:.
6771:.
6747:.
6721:.
6696:)
6682:.
6608:.
6584:.
6569:.
6535:.
6497:.
6329:.
6293:.
6269:.
6255:.
6241:.
6227:.
6200:.
6185:.
5977:(
5938:)
5932:(
5927:)
5923:(
5919:.
5905:.
134:(
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