Sweden during World War II

2255:. This was a choice made by individual Swedish citizens, contrary to Swedish government policy. Their number was small compared to occupied countries, in which officials encouraged enlisting for the Eastern Front (Norway 6,000; Denmark 6,000; France 11,000; Netherlands 20,000). Roughly 50 Swedish Waffen-SS men were killed or went missing in action. Most of the veterans were classified as security risks and spied on by Swedish intelligence for the rest of their lives. Security Police's archives showed that some of the men were implicated as direct participants in the killings of Jews. No Swedes stood trial for serving in the Waffen-SS, albeit some of them were prosecuted for espionage or desertion. 1672:("The Blood Track"), Espen Eidum detailed how, at the request of Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany sent three trains with 30 to 40 sealed carriages through Sweden to the battle of Narvik. These trains ostensibly transported medical personnel and food for the wounded German soldiers in Narvik. However, in reality there were 17 soldiers for every medical officer or orderly. Sweden knew that the trains were being used to transport troops because a Swedish representative in Berlin reported that he had watched them board. The trains also transported heavy artillery, anti-aircraft guns, ammunition, and communications and supply equipment. 1122: 1872: 1530:

into Sweden to capture the Swedish iron ore mines. However, if serious military resistance was encountered, they were not to press the issue. The plan was abandoned with the ending of the Winter War on 13 March. The Germans were partly aware of these Allied intentions, as they had intercepted radio traffic showing that Allied transport groups were being readied. A few days later, they also intercepted messages confirming that the Allies had abandoned their plan and were to redeploy their forces.

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of Germany. After August and September 1943, however, Sweden was increasingly able to resist German demands and to soften its stance to Allied pressure. However, despite Germany's new, defensive posture, Sweden's constant fear was that the unexpected would happen, an attitude that continued until the very end of the war. With Germany's weakening position came stronger demands from the Allies. They pushed for Sweden to abandon its trade with Germany and to stop all

1987:, a 100 kg bomb destroying a newly opened theatre, injuring two Swedish soldiers. Sweden concluded that this instance was by mistake, but the Soviet Union refused to acknowledge the involvement of its bombers in the raid when requested to clarify. Though the event remains unclear, a theory developed that it was a deliberate attack in response to Sweden rejecting Soviet appeals for Vasily Sidorenko, who had been arrested for espionage, to be released. 1775: 2398: 531: 831: 2218:, reaching ten million tons per year. As Germany's preparations for war became more apparent and the risk of another war became obvious, international interest in Swedish iron ore increased. At the time, British intelligence had estimated that German industry relied heavily on Swedish iron ore and a decrease or halt in Swedish ore exports could have a disastrous effect on Germany's military efforts. 2201:(the last four were organs of the Communist Party of Sweden). A ban on the transport of these newspapers was imposed, since the printing of newspapers was protected in the Swedish constitution. There were indications that the bans imposed on the communist newspapers had served their political purposes by impressing the Germans, whilst at the same time not really restricting the work of the media. 2002:

with regard to aiding the precariously situated European Jews, who up to that point had been refused refuge in Sweden. The first shift in Sweden's stance towards Jews occurred in 1942. When the Germans began their campaign of persecution against the Jews of Norway, the Swedish government accepted 900 Jewish refugees, slightly more than half of Norway's Jewish population.

881:. The distance between these two, at least at the ideological level, became so great that the communists often referred to the social democrats as "the social fascists". Apart from a period termed "the vacation government" (Sw: semesterregeringen) between 19 June and 28 September 1936, Per Albin Hansson was to be the Prime Minister of Sweden until his death in 1946. 1548:. Operation Wilfred was to take place on 5 April (it was in fact delayed until 8 April) when Norwegian territorial waters were to be mined, violating Norwegian neutrality. This would force the ships carrying ore to Germany to travel outside the protection of Norwegian territorial waters and thus become legitimate targets for the 2154:

the reports of one side at the expense of the other", or: "Headlines, whether on the billboards or in the newspapers, should be worded in such a way as to avoid favoring one side or the other", and: "Editorials and surveys as well as articles discussing military events or the military situation, should be strictly objective."

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It must be understood that an adequate supply of Swedish iron ore is vital to Germany...the effectual stoppage of the Norwegian ore supplies to Germany ranks as a major offensive operation of the war. No other measure is open to us for many months to come which gives so good a chance of abridging the

2001:

Before the war, thousands of European Jews sought temporary refuge in Sweden, and were denied. Sweden allowed Germans to pass freely to other countries, and sold iron ore that became vital to the Nazi campaign of war. As the war began to shift in favor of the Allies, the Swedes changed their strategy

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stated that no fortification was allowed along this border. One of Germany's demands on Sweden, as Germany's invasion progressed, was that Sweden was not to mobilize. However, Sweden re-organized its system of mobilization to allow for personal order by letter to be made possible as an alternative to

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from Scania. After Denmark had been liberated, Sweden was to assist the Allies in the invasion of Norway. This proved to be unnecessary, but US planes were allowed to use Swedish military bases during the liberation of Norway, from spring 1944 to 1945, and the Allies were also collaborating with the

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Given that Britain had been unable to prevent the successful invasion by Nazi Germany of both France and Norway, the Swedish government was not convinced that the British could protect them and opted to continue exports. The iron ore provided much needed gold bullion, food and coal from Germany. The

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The Swedish government was concerned that its neutrality might be compromised should the press become too vocal in its opinions. Both the Swedish Press Council and the Information Board issued advice such as: "As far as the received material permits, attempts should be made not to give prominence to

1636:

When Germany invaded both Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940, the 100,000 Swedish soldiers who had been deployed along the Finnish border in northern Sweden were in the process of being demobilized, owing to the end of the Winter War there. Before the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had had no plans

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and on a military basis. Sweden's interest in Finland lay in the fact that Finland had been an integrated part of Sweden for more than six hundred years, with Sweden losing control of its eastern provinces in 1809. Despite several pleas from the Finnish government, the Swedish government declined to

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In 1936, the Swedish government started to heighten its military preparedness as the international situation worsened. Military spending in Sweden went from US$ 37 million in 1936, to $ 50 million in 1937, to $ 58.6 million in 1938, and then increased over fivefold to $ 322.3 million in 1939. During

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served as a self-regulatory body, promoting "good relations between the press and the public authorities and to serve as an instrument of self-discipline for the press". The Swedish Press Council issued warnings, both public and confidential, to those whom it considered to be abusing the freedom of

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and elsewhere. Germany was forced into a more defensive position as the Allied forces achieved success on the battlefield. It was becoming increasingly apparent to Sweden that Germany was unlikely to win the war. Prior to 1943, Sweden's policy of neutrality had been largely under the close scrutiny

1529:

Scandinavian reluctance to allow Allied troops onto their territory had halted the original Allied plan for using aid to Finland as a pretext for moving in troops, but on 12 March 1940, the Allies decided to try a "semi-peaceful" invasion nonetheless. Troops were to be landed in Norway, and proceed

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straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark, the Swedish merchant navy found itself physically divided. The vessels that were inside the Baltic Sea traded goods with Germany during the war, whilst the greater number of vessels was leased to the Allies for convoy shipping. Approximately

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Without a defensive force we cannot follow any policy of our own, our declarations become merely empty words and we leave the country's fate to chance, or to the decisions of others. With a defense as strong as Swedish conditions allow, we secure for ourselves the basis of a continued independent

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The Swedish government granted this permission after two days of internal debate. In Sweden, the political deliberations surrounding this are known as the "Midsummer Crisis"; however, according to research by Carl-Gustaf Scott there never was a "crisis", he argues that "the crisis was created in

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The Soviet Union dropped more than a hundred bombs on Swedish cities and villages during World War II, though no one was killed in these strikes. The first time on 14 January 1940, when Soviet aircraft attacked Swedish airspace and dropped about 10 bombs in northern Sweden, close to the port of

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cypher machine that Germany used, which afforded the Swedes advance knowledge of Germany's military intentions. Although the British Plan R 4 had not been able to be carried out, Allied troops were swiftly sent to Norway and were able to fight alongside the Norwegians unsuccessfully against the

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Friendly with all other nations and strongly linked to our neighbors, we look on no one as our enemy. There is no place in the thoughts of our people for aggression against any other country, and we note with gratitude, the assurances from others that they have no wish to disturb our peace, our

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Sweden made efforts to help the Allied Forces. From May 1940, a large part of the Swedish merchant navy that found itself outside the Baltic Sea region, totalling about 8,000 seamen, was leased to Britain. 300 Swedes traveled to Norway to fight the German invasion. German telegraph traffic to

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had intended to use the Soviet attack on Finland in November 1939 as cover for seizing the important Swedish iron ore deposits in the north, in addition to the Norwegian harbours through which this ore was shipped to Germany. The plan was to get Norwegian and Swedish permission to send an

1280: 1032:, Germany and the Soviet Union; because these two powers needed to guard against each other, the hope was that they would only ever be able to deploy minor forces against Sweden or other non-aligned countries. It was this expectation which made the defence of a small country feasible. The 2379:, accused Sweden of ignoring the greater moral issues and playing both sides for profit during the conflict, including its supply of steel and machine parts to Nazi Germany throughout the war. Such claims, however, use a different definition of the word "neutral" from that defined in the 2226:, claimed that a cessation of Swedish iron ore exports would bring the war to an end within months. Winston Churchill himself said the following about the Swedish ore exports in an internal memo to the cabinet discussing the Norwegian trade route with shipments of Swedish iron ore. 1369:

War broke out between Finland and the Soviet Union in November 1939. In Sweden, the Liberal, Conservative and Agrarian parties were concerned about a perceived threat from the Soviet Union. The Social Democrats were in the main equally concerned. Leading social democrats like

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official proclamation, so that 320,000 men were able to be raised in a few weeks. This was called "The Organization" and was barely different from a full mobilization when completed. Sweden also started to build fortifications at the Norwegian border and along the coast of

802:

and public disorder. Appalling working conditions were no longer tolerated and the working class was rising against the state. In 1908 alone, there were about 300 strikes in Sweden. By 1917, Sweden's need for a new political system was apparent from these riots. Sweden had

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freedom, or our independence. The strengthening of our defense preparations serves merely to underline our fixed determination to keep our country outside the conflicts that may erupt amongst others and, during such conflicts, to safeguard the existence of our people.

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then asked for a second vote on how the Social Democrats would react to the right wing voting yes. The opinion was split, but the majority would rather accept the transfer than bring down the government. Since Sweden was not neutral in relation to Finland during the

838:

But even these reforms were seen as far too radical by some conservatives. Some wanted strong leadership and did not believe in democracy. In the 1920s and 1930s, confrontations between employers and employees in Sweden continued. In 1931, this culminated with the

1453:, were flown by volunteer Swedish pilots under Finnish insignia. These aircraft constituted one third of Sweden's fighter force at the time. In addition, Sweden received some 70,000 Finnish children who were sent to Sweden to find safety during the 1940s. 1918:

A captured German prisoner later explained to the British that the controller was an expert at steering glider bombs from aircraft, but that the spectacle of a rocket launch had caused him to incorrectly operate the control lever in his astonishment.

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Swedish neutrality remains a subject of debate. Proponents argue that during the war, Sweden softened its policy against accepting refugees, admitting thousands of Jews and political dissenters from Norway and Denmark. Conversely, opponents such as

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embarked on her voyage to attack the Atlantic convoys, Swedish intelligence informed the British of her departure from port. Swedish businessmen and diplomats were also actively spying for the Allies, in Berlin and in the occupied territories.

1301:, Swedish shipping came under attack. Sweden's trade with Britain was cut by a total of 70%. Within the North Sea blockade, trade with Germany increased, until 37% of Sweden's exports were shipped to Germany. For very important goods such as 2066:, a relative of the Swedish royal family, was able to communicate with the German government and relay information back to Sweden, as did other diplomats. He also contributed in saving 15,000 prisoners from concentration camps, as did 924:... Härför krävdes total nyanskaffning av deras viktigaste innehåll, stridsvagnarna. Redan på ett tidigt stadium fick vi dock klart för oss att om vi enbart valde kanonutrustade vagnar skulle de högst komma upp till ett antal av 15–20. 661:

maneuvering during an unpredictable course of events, and a dedicated military build-up after 1942, Sweden kept its official neutrality status throughout the war. At the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had held a neutral stance in

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Sweden's long-standing policy of neutrality was tested on many occasions during the 1930s. The challenges came from a strongly rejuvenated, nationalistic Germany. From 1919 until 1935, Sweden had been an active supporter of the

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During its invasion of Norway, Germany demanded access to the Swedish telephone and telegraph lines between Germany and Norway. Sweden allowed this, but tapped the lines. In the early summer of 1940, the Swedish mathematician

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explained that the excited operator applied a set of planned corrections (such as that for the Earth's rotation) in the opposite direction to the way he had been instructed. The rocket subsequently exploded in an air burst

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and at the end of the war, eight of these battalions, about 13,500 men, were ready for action. They entered Norway on 8 May 1945. The number of Danish refugees had been much lower than the 50,000 Norwegians, but a

1296:

At the beginning of the war, agreements had been signed between Sweden and the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany in order to sustain vital trade; but in spite of this, and the fact that Sweden had declared itself a

926:(This required the purchase of their main piece of military hardware, tanks. Already at an early stage, it was clear to us that if we simply chose the cannon-equipped tanks, we could have at most 15–20 of them.) 1515:. Realizing this danger, however, and the consequent possibility of Allied or German occupation and of the war being waged on their territory, both the Swedes and the Norwegians refused to allow this proposal. 2716:"MOSCOW REGRETS BOMBING SWEDEN; Says Attack on Pajala Feb. 21 Was Result of Mistake by Soviet Aviators RAID WAS DENIED AT FIRST Two Days After Attack Report of It Was Termed by Russia 'Malicious Fabrication'" 1624:

in Norway. This move had several far-reaching consequences for Sweden. Sweden was in effect cut off from trade with the western world and therefore more dependent on German goodwill, ultimately leading to

2009:(along with 9,000 Danish Christians who were seeking refuge from conditions of war). With the dissolution of the Danish government in the summer of 1943, the German authorities had decided to deport 2025:. Once in Sweden, the Danish Jews were granted asylum and taken in by Swedish families. Many stayed in Sweden after the war. Sweden also received refugees from Finland and Norway, including some of 1503:

to Finland across northern Norway and Sweden, ostensibly to help the Finns. But once in place, they were to proceed to take control of the harbours and the iron ore mines, occupying cities such as

1187:" in regard to this particular conflict, actively siding with Finland. This allowed Sweden to aid Finland economically, and with armaments. Sweden and Finland also jointly laid minefields in the 2141:

some areas of the press on a limited basis. In Sweden during this time, the press fell under the control of several authorities, despite contemporary claims that the Swedish press was free. The

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of Sweden attempted to use his diplomatic connections with German leaders to convince them to treat Jews more humanely, as evidenced through his correspondence, although to little effect. Count

2142: 1756:. Sweden accepted payments from the Allies to compensate for this loss of income through reduced trade with Germany, but continued to sell steel and machine parts to Nazi Germany at inflated 1951:

in Hampshire, England, began an attempt to reconstruct the missile. U.S. military scientists subsequently received some of the recovered parts from the British. The American rocket pioneer

827:

movement – the latter of which being the larger of the two. In 1917, the rules of democracy were changed in Sweden, the electorate's size grew and in 1921, women were also allowed to vote.

754:. Iron ore was sold to Germany throughout the war and Germany owned several mines in Sweden that had been bought by German companies before the outbreak of the war. These mines were called 791:

in 1809, a state of war had existed between these two countries for 67 out of those 286 years. Russia was seen as the historical hereditary enemy of Sweden. In the peace that followed the

452: 2797: 1479: 1698:, along with all its military equipment, through Swedish territory by train from Norway to the eastern front in Finland. Finland also insisted on the transfer of the division. 1533:

German plans for an invasion of Norway continued, since Hitler feared that the Allies were nonetheless intent upon launching their own invasion. 9 April was set as the date of

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but non-belligerent, it is debatable if the transfer constituted a violation of neutrality even if the transfer occurred after the Soviet Union attacked Finland starting the

877:, took control in 1932. A policy of cooperation and consensus was pursued, which led to a furthering of the divide between the two socialist factions: the communists and the 3140: 2543: 1972:

aircraft ran out of fuel and were forced to land in Finland, where they were captured by Finnish troops. On 21 February, seven Soviet bomber planes appeared in the village

1482:

Franco-British support was offered to Finland on the condition it was given free passage through neutral Norway and Sweden, instead of taking the road from Soviet-occupied

1244:, every shipment had to be negotiated with both British and German authorities, which drastically reduced the volume of trade. Between 1938 and 1944, the Swedish import of 1082:

While arming itself, Sweden felt that it was necessary to articulate and enforce its policy of neutrality. Per Albin Hansson's statement shortly before World War II began:

1413:

to fight. The Swedish government and public also sent food, clothing, medicine, weapons and ammunition to aid the Finns during this conflict. This military aid included:

2083: 1008:, whilst satisfying the vastly increased demand for armaments. Before the war, the annual production of armaments was typically measured in tens of millions of Swedish 5339: 1638: 1518:

Meanwhile, the Germans, having suspected an Allied threat, were making their own plans for an invasion of Norway in order to protect their strategic supply lines. The

2042:

Neutrality also allowed Sweden to have physical access to Germany, which was not only useful to Swedish intelligence but to Allied intelligence as well. Employees at

4907: 1340:. In 1940, however, the US administration halted these exports. Only about 60 aircraft had been delivered. Sweden succeeded subsequently in buying 200 aircraft from 161: 131: 1955:

examined those components as part of his work aiding the U.S. military, and Goddard is reported to have inferred that his brainchild had been turned into a weapon.

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crashed in Sweden after the rocket had flown into cumulus clouds which had strayed into the controller's line of sight. It was supposed to crash in the sea outside

3553: 5092: 2723: 1976:, 10 kilometres from the border to Finland. Pajala was hit by more than 130 bombs, causing damage to local buildings. A bomb hit the local school gym, where the 1473: 5117: 3291:

Sverige. Vissa tryck- och yttrandefrihetsrättsliga frågor: internationellt rättsligt bistånd, brottskatalogen, målhandläggningsfrågor m.m. : delbetänkande

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in the fog while carrying cargoes for Germany causing it to sink. In the meantime, other German merchant raiders would masquerade as Swedish merchant vessels.

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in northern Sweden. These shipments were subject to attacks from British aircraft and submarines in the Atlantic and North Sea and by Soviet submarines in the

1984: 2334:

In 1945, as the Allies were planning to liberate Denmark and Norway, the United States wanted Sweden to co-operate in this action. Sweden began preparing for

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in Norrbotten County. Six buildings caught fire and two people were injured. The event sparked further debate on whether Sweden should send aid to the Finns.

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Perhaps the most important aspect of Sweden's concessions to Germany during the Second World War was the extensive export of iron ore for use in the German

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and 2,364 German soldiers who had been interned in Swedish prison camps. At least seven of the internees committed suicide at their camp in the village of

39: 1552:. It was hoped that this would provoke a German military reaction. As soon as the Germans reacted, under "Plan R 4", 18,000 Allied troops were to land in 5414: 1753: 750: 141: 2346: 5394: 5359: 3200: 2367:. Toward the end of the war Swedish intelligence cooperated with US air transport in relief efforts directed toward areas liberated by the Red Army. 1076: 3020: 4751: 2453: 3495: 3102: 2173: 1325: 3465: 3171: 5424: 5230: 5200: 5183: 189: 1567:

The first ship carrying Allied troops was to start its journey a few hours after the mine-laying. On 8 April, a Royal Naval detachment led by

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in regard to this escalating situation. An example illustrating this situation may be the failed Allied attempt to release Polish submarines (

854:

the Russian Empire had become the Soviet Union and many Swedish communists were cooperating with this new Soviet regime, seeking to realize a

136: 5225: 2167: 1574:

mined Norwegian waters as a part of Operation Wilfred, but German troops were already on their way and "Plan R 4" was quickly made obsolete.

2998: 1409:. However, Sweden declared itself "non-belligerent" rather than neutral during the conflict and as many as 8,000 Swedes voluntarily went to 1004:

During World War II, Swedish industry had to supply an increased share of its own domestic goods owing to the British naval blockade of the

762:

and Norway, to be used in the liberation of their home countries. It also allowed the Allies to use Swedish airbases between 1944 and 1945.

5158: 5023: 2794: 3614: 5240: 4560: 2778: 559: 4887: 2043: 5419: 5399: 2320: 2055: 1212: 3239: 1583: 1052:

conscripts. On 6 May 1938, the government called up all those aged 15 for short periods of training. In addition to this, the Swedish

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waste and destruction of the conflict, or of perhaps preventing the vast slaughters which will attend the grapple of the main armies.

1915:

glide bomb. The ground controller appeared to have no trouble manoeuvring the rocket until it disappeared into the high cloud layer.

1637:

for defending Norway or any defence strategy against a German invasion from the direction of Norway. Moreover, an agreement from the

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When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in November 1939, many Swedes favored some sort of involvement in the conflict, both on a

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played a prominent role in mustering support for Finland. The Communists were openly loyal to the Soviet Union and supported its

1208: 798:

As the end of the 19th century approached, and the beginning of the 20th began, Sweden, like many other nations, became beset by

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after they reached Swedish ports (requiring repairs of battle damage, unable to break the German blockade and sail to Britain).

4779: 4685: 2392: 2363:) were trained at Swedish military bases. Sweden had also set up a series of training camps along the Norwegian border for the 1805:. From the summer of 1943 onward, the military training of Norwegian troops was carried out in Sweden, in cooperation with the 330: 206: 748:. Until 1943, German soldiers traveling on leave between Norway and Germany were allowed passage through Sweden—the so-called 5097: 4198: 4046: 4008: 3989: 3951: 3923: 3826: 3692: 3526: 3334: 3274: 2872: 1710:". Dick Harryson explains that there was a risk of the coalition government falling apart if the Social Democrats, for which 96: 3340: 2271:, too, would stop and capture or destroy Swedish vessels carrying cargoes for allies. For example, this was the fate of MVs 1511:

and denying German access to the Swedish iron ore. In this way, an unsuspecting Norway and Sweden would be presented with a

4744: 4272: 4215: 1028:

The Swedish non-aligned policy during this period was founded on the assumption that there were two opposing powers in the

678: 476: 3747: 3661:

Levine Paul A. "Swedish neutrality during the Second World War: tactical success or moral compromise?" in Wylie, Neville,

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convinced the Social Democrats to vote no with a large majority by stating that this was about choosing sides in the war.

5033: 4395: 4178: 1691: 737: 698: 427: 25: 3543: 3305: 5312: 5188: 4799: 4318: 3761: 2458: 2448: 1806: 674: 613: 2715: 2247:

Responding to German appeals for volunteers to fight the Soviet Union, approximately 270 Swedes enlisted in Germany's

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and most of Sweden's political energy in the international arena had been directed towards the League's preservation.

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for the British military to guide bombing of Germany. Additionally, from 1943 onward, Norwegian and Danish soldiers (

2030: 470: 464: 361: 342: 66: 2424: 843:, an incident where the military opened fire on a protest march. In the same year, a secret right-wing militia, the 5366: 5102: 5050: 5040: 4277: 4108: 1382:

with Germany. However, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they swung around to a pro-Allied view.

702: 694: 5300: 3110: 5445: 5055: 4737: 4173: 4168: 2693: 1703: 985: 847:, was exposed. It had recruited about 2000 men and had access to heavy weaponry. It was disbanded the next year. 552: 421: 411: 5235: 758:("German mines"). For the Allies, Sweden shared military intelligence and helped to train soldier refugees from 677:. Sweden was one of only nine of these nations to maintain this stance for the remainder of the war, along with 5389: 5344: 4927: 4917: 2010: 1743:

From late 1942 and into 1943, Germany began to meet with a series of military reverses after its losses at the

1936:, mainly over a farm with no injuries, and the valuable wreckage was exchanged with Britain by the Swedes for 5077: 5062: 4985: 4955: 4932: 4774: 4426: 4355: 2364: 2280: 495: 3431: 2017:

across the straits between Copenhagen and the Swedish mainland, across waters that were patrolled by German

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135,402 rifles, 347 machine guns, and 450 light machine guns with 50,013,300 rounds of small arms ammunition

5404: 5285: 5275: 5265: 5153: 5001: 4975: 4965: 4851: 4474: 2439:), about the Latvian soldiers who were given to the Soviets to be sentenced to hard labor in prison camps. 2252: 1944: 909: 2824: 2307:

went through Swedish-leased cables which the Swedes intercepted. The traffic was encrypted with Germany's

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in 1809, all of Finland had been ceded to Russia and Sweden was reduced to two thirds of its former size.

706: 5295: 5255: 5250: 4980: 4912: 4545: 4436: 4333: 4183: 4070: 3027: 1744: 1379: 1033: 521: 415: 60: 1980:

were stationed at the time, but did not detonate. There were two injuries during the bombing of Pajala.

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led to a British troop re-deployment and by 8 June 1940, British troops had been evacuated from Norway.

953:

The Swedish Army had been organized into four divisions since the 1890s, with the regiments of northern

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determined what military information could be released and what information should remain secret. The

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German invaders. However, the success of the German campaign against France and the occupation of the

647:. When the war began on 1 September 1939, the fate of Sweden was unclear. But by a combination of its 5307: 5072: 4892: 4846: 4670: 4370: 4257: 4188: 3457: 3294:. Statens offentliga utredningar, 2004:114. Stockholm: Fritzes offentliga publikationer, 2004. p. 305 3163: 2022: 2006: 1977: 1821:, this training was ostensibly for the Norwegian police. From the start, the recruits only had light 1469: 1391: 961:

standing as separate units. This was outdated, and in 1942, a new military organization was adopted.

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suggest that Sweden "ignored the greater moral issues of the war and played both sides for profit."

5322: 5107: 5082: 5011: 4882: 4287: 4247: 4237: 1996: 1125: 1036:, signed at the end of August 1939 between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, upset this balance. 874: 811:. Since the 1880s, the socialist movement in Sweden had been divided into two opposing groups: the 733: 682: 600: 194: 5349: 5270: 5220: 5215: 5205: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5148: 5138: 4839: 4819: 4760: 4449: 4262: 2988: 1789:

During the war, more than 50,000 Norwegians fled to Sweden. These refugees were sent to camps at

812: 663: 4729: 1629:. But it also lessened the immediate risk that Sweden would become a theater of war between the 1589: 1534: 1252:

decreased by 88% and 53% respectively, which led to severe shortages. Other critical items were

5006: 4960: 4877: 4829: 4665: 4618: 4603: 4570: 4540: 4525: 4459: 4338: 4323: 4148: 4063: 3611: 2464: 1686:

At the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the early summer of 1941, codenamed

1655: 1495: 1240:. When Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940, coupled with a German blockade of the 1056:

ordered that one quarter of those conscripted in 1938 should be retained for further training.

718: 652: 622: 500: 249: 3702:

Scott, Carl-Gustaf (2002). "The Swedish Midsummer Crisis of 1941: The Crisis that Never Was".

2775: 1121: 834:Ådalen shootings. This picture of the demonstration was taken before the military opened fire. 5112: 5087: 5045: 4814: 4784: 4550: 4535: 4421: 4343: 2540:

History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books | Modern International and American history

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in early summer 1940 and the results from this espionage were sent to the Allies through the

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that the Allies would not respect Norwegian neutrality, so he ordered plans for an invasion.

1500: 1071:, ammunition, medicine and uniforms. They had the option to buy additional materials such as 686: 1907:

Burgund), as a development of the same FuG 203/230 equipment pairing used to guide both the

5122: 4645: 4515: 4380: 4350: 3229: 2804:

The Scotsman, retrieved 6 June 2012, The hard copy paper has more details than the web page

2223: 2137:, causing many protests from the German government and prompting the Swedish government to 1948: 1937: 1814: 1778: 1748: 1687: 1053: 859: 784: 725: 2470: 1899:

joystick-equipped radio control transmitter set that had also been meant for use with the

8: 5455: 4555: 4530: 4479: 4360: 4328: 4282: 4225: 1929: 1810: 1483: 1317:, which could use winter darkness and high speed to penetrate the German blockade of the 1060: 1048:

Not only was the Swedish government buying material to strengthen its defences, it began

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made a few concessions, and sometimes breached the nation's neutrality in favor of both

4675: 4650: 4510: 4469: 4390: 4385: 4306: 4292: 4242: 4153: 4133: 4103: 3727: 2197: 2091:, a famous World War II poster reminding Swedes to be wary of spies asking questions. 1933: 1626: 1593: 894: 710: 640: 305: 2430: 1556:, closing the rail link to Sweden. Other cities that the Allies hoped to capture were 4834: 4704: 4598: 4590: 4575: 4484: 4409: 4252: 4095: 4042: 4023: 4004: 3985: 3981: 3957: 3947: 3919: 3900: 3841: 3822: 3803: 3767: 3757: 3731: 3719: 3688: 3580: 3522: 3375: 3330: 3270: 3234: 3052: 2901: 2868: 2827:[The Midsummer crisis 1941: One of Swedens greatest challenges] (in Swedish). 2688: 2663: 2376: 2341: 2185: 2035: 1952: 1830: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1695: 1568: 1541: 1457: 1456:

On 21 February 1940, seven Soviet bombers accidentally dropped around 150 bombs over

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between Finland and the Soviet Union in November 1939, Sweden declared itself to be "

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to concentration camps. However, the Danes successfully ferried all but 450 of the

1782: 1732: 1690:, the Germans asked Sweden to allow the transportation of armed German troops, the 1681: 1519: 1349: 1345: 1063:

was created. Its units were small groups of former soldiers who were equipped with

866: 855: 156: 2349:. Sweden allowed Allied spies to listen to German radio signals from a station on 1217:

Sweden was not directly attacked during World War II. It was, however, subject to

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The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era

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Sweden, the Swastika, and Stalin: The Swedish Experience in the Second World War

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was the leader, voted no to the transfer and the right wing parties voted yes.

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Codebreakers: Arne Beurling and the Swedish Crypto Program During World War II

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From indifference to activism: Swedish diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938–1944

3309: 2513: 2383:, which set out the rights and duties of belligerents and neutral countries. 2316: 2215: 2033:, was made possible by Sweden's neutrality. A daily newspaper in Sweden, the 1969: 1883:

rocket under test by the Germans (test rocket V-89, serial number 4089) from

1871: 1662: 1651: 1598: 1425: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1284: 1098: 1029: 1009: 893:

in the inter-war era. For a time, the entire armoured corps consisted of ten

799: 535: 392: 17: 3961: 1920: 1643: 239: 5195: 4628: 4454: 4163: 4143: 4113: 3771: 3646:

The Adaptable Nation: essays in Swedish economy during the Second World War

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1,500 Swedish sailors perished during the war, mostly victims of mines and

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iron ore was transported by sea from the Norwegian town of Narvik and from

1818: 1540:

Hitler was correct about Allied intentions. The Allied plan had two parts,

1436: 1397: 1302: 1289: 1222: 1049: 714: 644: 591: 336: 290: 2503:

Portugal offered to honor its treaty with Britain but was declined. P. 23.

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said that Sweden did more to assist and save Jews than any other country.

1445:

transport aircraft turned into a bomber, and three reconnaissance aircraft

1045:

World War II itself, military spending peaked at $ 527.6 million in 1942.

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of fuels and food in Sweden and substitutes were developed and produced.

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of about 3,600 Danish men was also trained and they were transferred to

1798: 1159: 973: 3308:[Interwar period and World War II] (in Swedish). Archived from 2241: 2138: 1900: 1728: 1549: 1432: 1406: 1344:, a fascist ally of Germany at the time; these aircraft were primarily 1273: 1180: 1173: 1012:, but during the war, output exceeded SEK 1 billion (US$ 240 million). 673:

At the outbreak of war in September 1939, twenty European nations were

311: 2683: 2420:, rather than allow themselves to be handed over to the Soviet Union. 1794: 1152: 5143: 5016: 3548: 2993: 2413: 2259: 2248: 1904: 1845: 1826: 1774: 1702:

historical hindsight in order to protect the political legacy of the

1557: 1318: 1269: 1261: 1245: 1241: 1192: 1005: 820: 816: 729: 2244:. About 70 vessels were sunk and 200 sailors killed during the war. 1895:

radio control receiver unit, normally commanded by a remote FuG 203

1790: 3133:"Why did the Soviet Union bomb neutral Sweden during World War II?" 2059: 1888: 1822: 1545: 1491: 1402: 1265: 1225: 1147:

and Britain declared war on Nazi Germany, Sweden declared itself a

954: 862:

were thought to stand in the way of a more equal and just society.

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European neutrals and non-belligerents during the Second World War

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Baltic and German soldiers being extradited from a prison camp in

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Leifland, Leif (1995). "...Secret Matters Not So Far Disclosed".

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did not want a government in crisis and recommended to vote yes.

1654:

succeeded in deciphering and discovering the source codes of the

1611: 1410: 1324:

Before the outbreak of the war, the Swedish Ministry of defence (

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Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War Against the V1 and V2

3756:. United States. Dept. of the Army. Office of Military History. 938:

To make sure training at the battalion level would be possible,

4565: 4086: 2264: 2179: 1973: 1615: 1561: 1553: 1523: 1288:, one of the high speed boats used as blockade runners for the 1144: 1140: 942:–equipped tanks were purchased as well. By 1939, Sweden had 48 788: 741: 636: 4022:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. 2375:

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II,

1844:

In all, around 15,000 men were trained and organized into ten

1610:, an operation with the objective of simultaneously occupying 1478: 901:

tank and had been secretly purchased by Sweden in the form of

3800:

The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Navy in the Baltic, 1921–1941

2133:

The Swedish public's sentiments were widely published in the

1841:

in spring 1945. 8,000 men took part in this latter exercise.

1341: 1257: 1064: 3326:

Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe During the Second World War

2304: 2082: 1442: 1249: 1237: 890: 3546:[They are Swedes who wanted to fight for Norway]. 2512:

Some Spanish troops fought in Russia but as the volunteer

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dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905

850:

At the other end of the political spectrum, following the

2825:"Midsommarkrisen 1941: En av Sveriges största utmaningar" 2386: 1880: 1449:

Twelve of Sweden's most modern fighter aircraft, British

1306: 3984:; Book sales club: Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. 3675:

Ludlow, Peter. "Britain and Northern Europe 1940–1945",

2340:(Operation Save Denmark), in which Sweden was to invade 1321:

straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark.

1309:

for the British aircraft industry, delivery was made by

2664:

F 19, the Swedish unit in Finland during the Winter War

2054:(Svenska Tändsticksfabriken) acted as couriers for the 1474:

Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War

3232:[New picture of Sweden during the war years]. 1735:

and Sweden was yet to take a stance in this conflict.

912:, it was decided to form two tank battalions. Captain 4041:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget. 3738:

Wahlbäck, Krister. "Sweden: Secrecy and Neutrality",

1770:

Norwegian police troops in Sweden during World War II

1236:), which led to problems with the supply of food and 3488:"Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser / Raider) – Widder" 946:-built tanks with machine gun armament and about 20 3884:

The Birth of the Missile: The Secrets of Peenemünde

3648:(Göteborg: Ekonomisk-historiska inst., Univ.: 1982) 3125: 2795:

Sweden’s role in Nazi defeat of Norway is laid bare

2358: 2335: 2074:, who may have saved up to 100,000 Hungarian Jews. 1577: 3892: 3748:"The German Decision To Invade Norway and Denmark" 3639:Swedish foreign policy during the Second World War 3458:"Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser / Raider) – Thor" 2867:] (in Swedish). Falun: Fisher & Co Rimbo. 2686:[Children Evacuated to Sweden 1941–1946]. 2347:Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service 2311:device, but the cypher code was broken by Swedish 5098:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 3857:An American in Exile: The Story of Arthur Rudolph 3396:"Svenskarna som lockades till Hitlers elitstyrka" 3155: 2836: 2834: 2770: 2768: 1490:German industry was heavily dependent on Swedish 5437: 2454:Military equipment of Sweden during World War II 1825:weapons, but later they were able to train with 1328:) had ordered some 300 combat aircraft from the 3260: 1785:during World War II (photograph taken in 2007). 1326:Royal Swedish Air Force Materiel Administration 3935:German Guided Missiles of the Second World War 2831: 2765: 2251:, and saw combat against Soviet troops on the 1891:in occupied Denmark. V-89 contained a FuG 230 1364: 1077:Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization 666:for more than a century, since the end of the 190:Internment camps in Sweden during World War II 47: 4761:History of World War II by region and country 4745: 4071: 3821:. Providence: American Mathematical Society. 3544:"De är svenskarna som ville strida för Norge" 3269:] (in Swedish). City: Regeringskansliet. 2536:"Was Sweden really neutral in World War Two?" 2428: 1441:17 fighter aircraft, five light bombers, one 553: 33: 3631: 3261:Bruchfeld, Stéphane; Levine, Paul A (1998). 3223: 3221: 1958: 3941: 3329:. Manchester University Press. p. 66. 3082:. New York: St Martin's Press. p. 133. 2865:The Forgotten Army: Norway Sweden 1939–1945 1985:Stockholm was bombed by four Soviet bombers 1911:gravity-propulsion guided ordnance and the 1463: 4752: 4738: 4078: 4064: 1268:was used as a fuel for motor vehicles and 1260:and food. This situation led to extensive 1213:Swedish overseas trade during World War II 1139:When, in September 1939, Germany attacked 1079:had already been in existence since 1924. 560: 546: 40: 26: 3975: 3863: 3859:. Huntsville: Christopher Kaylor Company. 3316: 3306:"Mellankrigstiden och andra världskriget" 3218: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2861:Den glömda armén: Norge Sverige 1939–1945 2858: 2353:. A radio beacon was also established in 2157:During World War II, six newspapers were 2125:. The tiger's stripes are in the Swedish 2029:. All this, as well as the protection of 3881: 3854: 3602:Per Olov Enquist. Delacorte Press, 1973. 3574: 3516: 3429: 3393: 3077: 3071: 2953: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2822: 2396: 2081: 1932:) about 1500 metres above the county of 1870: 1773: 1754:German troop movements over Swedish soil 1597: 1477: 1278: 1120: 950:tanks armed with a 20 mm main gun. 897:. This was a design based upon a German 829: 571: 179: 3890: 3835: 3816: 3797: 3541: 3161: 3086: 2989:"Hitlers hämndraket slog ned i Småland" 2944: 2111:giving the poster this double meaning: 2005:In 1943, Sweden received nearly all of 1764:Training of Norwegian and Danish troops 1584:Operation Weserübungs effects on Sweden 1209:Swedish iron mining during World War II 1039: 245:Swedish iron mining during World War II 152:Swedish Compulsory National Service Act 137:Operation Weserübungs effects on Sweden 5438: 4036: 4017: 3998: 3978:Bondeuppror och gatustrider: 1719–1932 3946:. Bedford, Penn.: The Aberjona Press. 3932: 3913: 3877:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 3745: 3685:Neutrality and International Sanctions 3600:The Legionnaires: A Documentary Novel. 3521:(in Swedish). Karlskrona. p. 16. 3227: 3103:"The Man Who Opened the Door to Space" 2986: 2971: 2923: 2393:Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers 2387:Forced refoulement to the Soviet Union 2107:could be read as either the animal or 1990: 625:and territories occupied by the allies 207:Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers 4733: 4059: 4039:Sveriges militära beredskap 1939–1945 3872: 3701: 3389: 3387: 3322: 2881: 2787: 1860: 1385: 807:but with a tendency to side with the 805:remained neutral during World War One 728:(June–July 1941), Sweden allowed the 228: 178: 115: 80: 21: 3937:. New York: Arco Publishing Company. 3838:The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944–45 3682: 3556:from the original on 25 January 2016 3498:from the original on 21 January 2022 3468:from the original on 21 January 2022 3394:Forsberg, Ingrid (22 October 2014). 3303: 3283: 3230:"Ny bild av Sverige under krigsåren" 3206:from the original on 6 February 2020 2914: 2684:"Sotalasten Tiet Ruotsiin 1941–1946" 2412:to the Soviet Union over 146 Baltic 2143:Swedish Government Information Board 1968:. On their return flight, the three 968: 670:in 1814 and the invasion of Norway. 116: 4085: 3886:. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. 3430:Westberg, Lennart (12 April 2018). 3242:from the original on 28 August 2009 3059:from the original on 1 January 2009 2290:also accidentally collided with HM 1675: 1602:Swedish soldier during World War II 1092:Per-Albin Hansson, 1 September 1939 1075:, sweaters and marching boots. The 1015: 726:German invasion of the Soviet Union 576:Sweden's location in Europe (1942) 13: 3999:Andrén, Nils Bertel Einar (1996). 3665:(Cambridge University Press, 2002) 3384: 3343:from the original on 19 April 2023 3174:from the original on 27 April 2023 3143:from the original on 14 March 2023 3001:from the original on 7 August 2011 2726:from the original on 19 April 2023 2708: 2696:from the original on 18 March 2007 2459:Neutral powers during World War II 2449:Diplomatic history of World War II 2209: 1606:On 9 April 1940, Germany launched 14: 5467: 4003:(in Swedish). Norstedts Juridik. 3882:Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1965) . 3791: 3164:"Dagen då Sovjet bombade Sverige" 3162:Nyheter, SVT (17 February 2014). 1228:and accidental bombings from the 3228:Neuman, Ricki (25 August 2009). 2987:Dahlin, Niklas (5 August 2011). 2546:from the original on 27 May 2021 2297: 2077: 1943:On 31 July 1944, experts at the 1578:Occupation of Denmark and Norway 1202: 972: 964: 529: 289: 3740:Journal of Contemporary History 3704:Journal of Contemporary History 3677:Scandinavian Journal of History 3605: 3593: 3568: 3535: 3510: 3480: 3450: 3423: 3414: 3364: 3355: 3297: 3254: 3194:"Yad Vashem – Request Rejected" 3186: 3095: 3045: 3013: 2980: 2962: 2895: 2852: 2843: 2816: 2807: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2676: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 1537:, the German attack on Norway. 916:, chief of "Army Procurement" ( 631: Other neutral territories 5451:Neutral states in World War II 4020:Andra Världskriget och Sverige 3304:Odén, Tomas Andersson (1999). 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2528: 2519: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2204: 2031:Sweden's own Jewish population 1738: 1522:of 16 February 1940 convinced 1097:Georg Homin, a captain on the 740:along with heavy weapons from 1: 3969: 2932:Pocock 1967, pp. 71,81,87,107 2476: 2365:Norwegian resistance movement 1359: 773: 601:Areas under German occupation 496:History of the Jews in Sweden 4001:Maktbalans och alliansfrihet 3899:. New York: The Free Press. 3891:Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). 3716:10.1177/00220094020370030301 3579:. Stockholm: PROBUS Förlag. 3542:Lapidus, Arne (7 May 2015). 3021:"The Air Torpedo of Bäckebo" 2481: 2370: 1945:Royal Aircraft Establishment 1923:guidance and control expert 778: 7: 3933:Pocock, Rowland F. (1967). 2442: 2011:Denmark's Jewish population 1817:. To prevent protests from 1745:Second Battle of El Alamein 1401:engage militarily with the 1365:Impact on domestic politics 884: 10: 5472: 4124:Rise to become Great Power 4037:Wangel, Carl-Axel (1982). 3942:Rikmenspoel, Marc (2004). 3914:Ordway, Frederick (2003). 3840:. Morley: Elmfield Press. 3517:Lundberg, Lennart (1999). 3109:. May 1959. Archived from 2859:Johansson, Anders (2005). 2793:Hall, Allan (6 June 2012) 2390: 2321:Polish resistance movement 2161:banned from distribution: 1994: 1864: 1767: 1679: 1587: 1581: 1467: 1405:as it advanced during the 1389: 1206: 783:Between 1523 and Sweden's 511:Economic history of Sweden 506:Military history of Sweden 92:Sweden during World War II 49:Sweden during World War II 5380: 5131: 4994: 4948: 4870: 4767: 4698: 4589: 4506: 4497: 4417: 4408: 4314: 4305: 4233: 4224: 4094: 3918:. Detroit: Apogee Books. 3873:Huzel, Dieter K. (1962). 3864:Garliński, Józef (1978). 3855:Franklin, Thomas (1987). 3632:General and cited sources 3323:Leitz, Christian (2000). 3078:Henshall, Philip (1985). 2645:Wangel 1982, pp. 338–351. 2636:Wangel 1982, pp. 444–465. 2281:German auxiliary cruiser 1978:Norrland Dragoon Regiment 1959:Soviet bombings of Sweden 1470:Allied campaign in Norway 1392:Sweden and the Winter War 865:A new cabinet led by the 693:, and the microstates of 235: 229: 224: 200:Rescue of the Danish Jews 185: 174: 127:Sweden and the Winter War 122: 111: 87: 76: 55: 3976:Adolfsson, Mats (2007). 3868:. New York: Times Books. 3798:Åselius, Gunnar (2005). 3746:Ziemke, Earl F. (1960). 3432:"Svenskarna i Waffen-SS" 2813:Scott 2002, pp. 371–394. 2669:12 November 2019 at the 2408:In January 1946, Sweden 2279:, both destroyed by the 2070:and the famous diplomat 1997:Sweden and the Holocaust 1930:a common V-2 malfunction 1837:in December 1944 and in 1464:Possible Allied invasion 918:Arméns utrustningsdetalj 813:revolutionary socialists 736:to transport the German 641:its policy of neutrality 195:Sweden and the Holocaust 81: 4319:Administrative division 3875:Peenemünde to Canaveral 3836:Collier, Basil (1976). 3817:Beckman, Bengt (2002). 3641:(London: E. Benn, 1977) 3519:Lejdtrafik och kvarstad 2941:Garlinski 1978, p. 166. 2849:Wangel 1982, p. 637–644 2823:Harryson, Dick (2020). 2573:Adolfsson 2007, p. 304. 2564:Adolfsson 2007, p. 249. 2423:In 1970, film director 2337:Operation Rädda Danmark 2258:With a blockade of the 2171:, the Nazi publication 1903:anti-aircraft missile ( 1704:Social Democratic Party 1694:, commanded by General 1692:163rd Infantry Division 1380:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1179:On the outbreak of the 1034:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 738:163rd Infantry Division 664:international relations 471:Second half of Cold War 162:February crisis of 1942 132:February crisis of 1940 5446:Sweden in World War II 4149:December Crisis (1768) 3944:Waffen-SS Encyclopedia 3672:(Uppsala: Univ.: 1996) 3617:1 October 2003 at the 3263:Om detta må ni berätta 2907:1 January 2009 at the 2465:Nordische Gesellschaft 2429: 2405: 2359: 2336: 2233: 2130: 2021:, in an unprecedented 1876: 1786: 1603: 1487: 1293: 1136: 1126:Swedish Prime Minister 1116: 1114: 1095: 936: 920:) in 1937, commented: 835: 653:Scandinavian Peninsula 633: 612:, co-belligerents and 501:LGBT history in Sweden 250:Nordische Gesellschaft 3687:. New York: Praeger. 3492:www.bismarck-class.dk 3462:www.bismarck-class.dk 3267:Tell Ye Your Children 3092:Collier 1976, p. 103. 3080:Hitler's Rocket Sites 2968:Churchill 1953, p. 45 2959:Franklin 1987, p. 91. 2950:Neufeld 1995, p. 235. 2781:19 April 2023 at the 2627:Åselius 2005, p. 166. 2400: 2391:Further information: 2381:1907 Hague convention 2228: 2147:Swedish Press Council 2122:Loose lips sink ships 2085: 2052:Swedish Match Factory 1938:Supermarine Spitfires 1874: 1777: 1601: 1481: 1282: 1232:on some cities (e.g. 1124: 1103: 1084: 922: 833: 575: 4686:World Heritage Sites 4018:Linder, Jan (2002). 3802:. Psychology Press. 2977:Ordway 2003, p. 167. 2654:Wangel 1982, p. 136. 2618:Wangel 1982, p. 126. 2542:. 18 December 2017. 2427:made a documentary, 2410:forcibly transferred 2224:Member of Parliament 2117:A Swede stays silent 2007:Denmark's 8,000 Jews 1749:Battle of Stalingrad 1688:Operation Barbarossa 1608:Operation Weserübung 1590:Operation Weserübung 1535:Operation Weserübung 1420:144 field guns, 100 1272:as a substitute for 1135:on 1 September 1939. 1040:Pre-war preparations 889:Sweden had very few 860:parliamentary system 362:Emerging Great Power 180:Humanitarian aspects 5210:Carpathian Ruthenia 4427:Automotive industry 4174:Famine of 1867–1869 4169:Sweden–Norway union 3778:on 30 December 2007 3683:Ross, John (1989). 3312:on 9 December 2006. 2892:Huzel 1962, p. 100. 2800:9 June 2012 at the 2753:Ziemke 1960, p. 68. 2744:Ziemke 1960, p. 67. 2609:Wangel 1982, p. 15. 2600:Linder 2006, p. 52. 2591:Linder 2006, p. 54. 2582:Linder 2006, p. 53. 2525:Linder 2002. P. 38. 2425:Johan Bergenstråhle 1991:Humanitarian effort 1879:On 13 June 1944, a 1875:A German V-2 rocket 1811:government-in-exile 1657:Geheimfernschreiber 1501:expeditionary force 1428:with 301,846 shells 910:Defence Act of 1936 858:. Compromise and a 4800:French West Africa 4780:British Somaliland 4475:Telecommunications 4460:Rehn–Meidner model 4273:Metropolitan areas 4154:Revolution of 1772 4134:Great Northern War 3982:Natur & Kultur 3372:Krigsmalmens offer 3053:"The Rocket and I" 2720:The New York Times 2494:Andrén 1996. P.34. 2406: 2360:den danske Brigade 2325:German battleship 2198:Sydsvenska Kuriren 2131: 1877: 1861:The Bäckebo rocket 1831:Military exercises 1809:and the Norwegian 1807:Swedish government 1787: 1604: 1594:Norwegian Campaign 1488: 1451:Gloster Gladiators 1422:anti-aircraft guns 1386:Defence of Finland 1294: 1195:from entering the 1137: 984:. You can help by 836: 819:movement; and the 711:Swedish Government 634: 5433: 5432: 5024:Dutch East Indies 4862:Southern Rhodesia 4795:French Somaliland 4727: 4726: 4694: 4693: 4546:Human trafficking 4493: 4492: 4437:Income inequality 4404: 4403: 4396:Political parties 4334:Foreign relations 4301: 4300: 4184:Industrialization 4048:978-91-85266-20-3 4010:978-91-39-00037-2 3991:978-91-27-02633-9 3953:978-0-9717650-8-5 3925:978-1-894959-00-1 3828:978-0-8218-2889-2 3753:Command Decisions 3694:978-0-275-93349-4 3528:978-91-85944-24-8 3370:Lennart Lundberg 3336:978-0-7190-5069-5 3276:978-91-630-6384-8 3235:Svenska Dagbladet 3113:on 5 October 2012 2920:Klee 1965, p. 68. 2874:978-91-85183-20-3 2689:Helsingin Sanomat 2673:Urban Fredriksson 2471:Skirmish at Sövde 2377:Winston Churchill 2277:Sir Ernest Cassel 2186:Arbetar-Tidningen 2056:Polish resistance 2036:Svenska Dagbladet 1953:Robert H. Goddard 1724:Per Albin Hansson 1716:Per Albin Hansson 1712:Per Albin Hansson 1708:Per Albin Hansson 1696:Erwin Engelbrecht 1618:, and to stage a 1542:Operation Wilfred 1350:Reggiane Re.2000s 1346:Fiat CR.42 Falcos 1129:Per Albin Hansson 1030:Baltic Sea region 1023:League of Nations 1002: 1001: 895:Stridsvagn mf/21s 871:Per Albin Hansson 852:Russian Civil War 825:social democratic 768:Winston Churchill 570: 569: 536:Sweden portal 428:Industrialization 393:Age of Absolutism 308:(12000 BC–800 AD) 262: 261: 258: 257: 220: 219: 170: 169: 142:Permitenttrafiken 107: 106: 64:History of Sweden 5463: 5184:Military history 4938:Native Americans 4754: 4747: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4707: 4504: 4503: 4445: 4415: 4414: 4312: 4311: 4231: 4230: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4033: 4014: 3995: 3965: 3938: 3929: 3910: 3898: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3832: 3813: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3774:. Archived from 3735: 3698: 3679:(1979) 4: 123–62 3668:Levine, Paul A. 3637:Carlgren, W. M. 3625: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3436:Populär Historia 3427: 3421: 3420:Rikmenspoel 2004 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3391: 3382: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3139:. 5 April 2021. 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3026:. Archived from 3025: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2902:The Rocket and I 2899: 2893: 2890: 2879: 2878: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2791: 2785: 2772: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2680: 2674: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2437:A Baltic Tragedy 2435:(English title: 2434: 2362: 2339: 2269:merchant raiders 2267:attacks. German 2216:weapons industry 2192:Norrskensflamman 2119:– comparable to 2072:Raoul Wallenberg 2068:Valdemar Langlet 2064:Folke Bernadotte 1983:On 22 February, 1783:Military academy 1781:was a Norwegian 1758:smugglers' rates 1733:Continuation War 1682:Midsummer crisis 1676:Midsummer Crisis 1633:and the Allies. 1627:permittenttrafik 1520:Altmark Incident 1313:, using rebuilt 1311:blockade runners 1191:to deter Soviet 1131:declared Sweden 1112: 1093: 1016:Military balance 997: 994: 976: 969: 934: 867:social democrats 856:world revolution 841:Ådalen shootings 751:permittenttrafik 734:Swedish railways 717:and, later, the 651:location in the 630: 620: 607: 598: 589: 580: 562: 555: 548: 534: 533: 532: 293: 283: 265: 264: 226: 225: 176: 175: 157:Midsummer crisis 147:Lejdbåtstrafiken 117:Political events 113: 112: 78: 77: 50: 42: 35: 28: 19: 18: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5425:Pacific Islands 5420:Solomon Islands 5400:Gilbert Islands 5382: 5376: 5355:Channel Islands 5127: 4990: 4944: 4866: 4763: 4758: 4728: 4723: 4710: 4703: 4690: 4671:Public holidays 4585: 4561:Life expectancy 4489: 4443: 4400: 4371:Law enforcement 4297: 4220: 4090: 4084: 4049: 4030: 4011: 3992: 3972: 3954: 3926: 3916:The Rocket Team 3907: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3794: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3695: 3651:Gilmour, John. 3644:Fritz, Martin. 3634: 3629: 3628: 3619:Wayback Machine 3612:Baltutlamningen 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3577:Vårstormar 1944 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3392: 3385: 3374:(Värnamo 1993) 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3226: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3107:Popular Science 3101: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3033:on 26 June 2008 3030: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2909:Wayback Machine 2900: 2896: 2891: 2882: 2875: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2802:Wayback Machine 2792: 2788: 2783:Wayback Machine 2773: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2671:Wayback Machine 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2445: 2431:Baltutlämningen 2395: 2389: 2373: 2309:Geheimschreiber 2300: 2212: 2210:To Nazi Germany 2207: 2127:national colors 2113:A Swedish tiger 2088:En svensk tiger 2080: 1999: 1993: 1961: 1925:Ernst Steinhoff 1913:Henschel Hs 293 1869: 1867:Project Big Ben 1863: 1857:on 5 May 1945. 1779:Mälsåker Castle 1772: 1766: 1741: 1706:and its leader 1684: 1678: 1596: 1586: 1580: 1476: 1466: 1394: 1388: 1376:Torsten Nilsson 1372:Rickard Sandler 1367: 1362: 1354:Caproni Ca.313s 1315:Motor Gun Boats 1299:neutral country 1226:naval blockades 1215: 1205: 1197:Gulf of Bothnia 1185:non-belligerent 1149:neutral country 1119: 1113: 1110: 1106:Swedish policy. 1094: 1091: 1042: 1018: 998: 992: 989: 982:needs expansion 967: 948:Stridsvagn L-60 944:Czechoslovakian 935: 930: 925: 905:assembly kits. 899:First World War 887: 781: 776: 668:Napoleonic Wars 632: 628: 626: 618: 616: 605: 603: 596: 594: 587: 585: 578: 566: 530: 528: 516: 515: 491: 483: 482: 453:Interwar period 448: 440: 439: 422:United Kingdoms 407: 399: 398: 382: 374: 373: 357: 349: 348: 326: 318: 317: 301: 281: 274: 263: 254: 231: 216: 181: 166: 118: 103: 83: 72: 51: 48: 46: 12: 11: 5: 5469: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5345:British Empire 5340:United Kingdom 5337: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5313:Basque Country 5305: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5189:Basque Country 5186: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5159:Czechoslovakia 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4465:Stock exchange 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4356:State agencies 4353: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4278:National parks 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4248:Extreme points 4245: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4139:Age of Liberty 4136: 4131: 4129:Swedish Empire 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: articles 4083: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4047: 4034: 4028: 4015: 4009: 3996: 3990: 3980:(in Swedish). 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3952: 3939: 3930: 3924: 3911: 3905: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3846: 3833: 3827: 3814: 3808: 3793: 3792:German rockets 3790: 3789: 3788: 3763:978-1519745088 3762: 3743: 3736: 3710:(3): 371–394. 3699: 3693: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3649: 3642: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622:New York Times 3604: 3592: 3585: 3567: 3552:(in Swedish). 3534: 3527: 3509: 3479: 3449: 3422: 3413: 3400:Sveriges Radio 3383: 3363: 3354: 3335: 3315: 3296: 3282: 3275: 3253: 3238:(in Swedish). 3217: 3185: 3170:(in Swedish). 3154: 3124: 3094: 3085: 3070: 3044: 3012: 2997:(in Swedish). 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2922: 2913: 2894: 2880: 2873: 2851: 2842: 2840:Churchill 2002 2830: 2815: 2806: 2786: 2774:Beckman 2002, 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2707: 2692:(in Finnish). 2675: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2527: 2518: 2505: 2496: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2388: 2385: 2372: 2369: 2299: 2296: 2220:Sir Ralph Glyn 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2095:can mean both 2079: 2076: 1992: 1989: 1960: 1957: 1862: 1859: 1768:Main article: 1765: 1762: 1740: 1737: 1720:Ernst Wigforss 1680:Main article: 1677: 1674: 1582:Main article: 1579: 1576: 1465: 1462: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1429: 1426:anti-tank guns 1418: 1390:Main article: 1387: 1384: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1338:P-66 Vanguards 1334:Seversky P-35s 1254:natural rubber 1204: 1201: 1118: 1115: 1108: 1089: 1041: 1038: 1017: 1014: 1000: 999: 979: 977: 966: 963: 932:Försvarsbeslut 928: 886: 883: 879:reformist left 875:Prime Minister 845:Munckska kåren 809:Central Powers 780: 777: 775: 772: 719:Western Allies 627: 617: 604: 595: 586: 577: 568: 567: 565: 564: 557: 550: 542: 539: 538: 525: 524: 518: 517: 514: 513: 508: 503: 498: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 479:(1991–present) 474: 468: 465:Postwar period 462: 456: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 431: 425: 419: 408: 406:Liberalization 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 390: 387:Age of Liberty 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368:Swedish Empire 365: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343:Early Vasa era 340: 334: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 309: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 286: 285: 276: 275: 268: 260: 259: 256: 255: 253: 252: 247: 242: 236: 233: 232: 222: 221: 218: 217: 215: 214: 209: 204: 203: 202: 192: 186: 183: 182: 172: 171: 168: 167: 165: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 123: 120: 119: 109: 108: 105: 104: 102: 101: 100: 99: 88: 85: 84: 74: 73: 71: 70: 56: 53: 52: 45: 44: 37: 30: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5468: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Liechtenstein 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971:Latin America 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949:South America 4947: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4908:United States 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871:North America 4869: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775:Belgian Congo 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450:Labour unions 4448: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4179:Modernization 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4159:Gustavian era 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4029:91-974056-3-9 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3906:0-02-922895-6 3902: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3847:0-7057-0070-4 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3809:0-7146-5540-6 3805: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3624:movie summary 3623: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3588: 3586:91-87184-37-0 3582: 3578: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3388: 3381: 3380:91-86748-10-6 3377: 3373: 3367: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2917: 2911:Linus Walleij 2910: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2835: 2826: 2819: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2522: 2515: 2514:Blue Division 2509: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2317:Arne Beurling 2314: 2310: 2306: 2298:To the Allies 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2253:Eastern Front 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2174:Sverige Fritt 2170: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135:Swedish press 2128: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2078:Press freedom 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:King Gustav V 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2027:Norway's Jews 2024: 2023:rescue effort 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1833:were held in 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1663:Low Countries 1659: 1658: 1653: 1652:Arne Beurling 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