557:
147:
789:
732:
699:
25:
387:
831:, most of them simple structures on peripheral mountaintops designed as refuges at times of attack, became common toward the end of the Roman Period. War booty finds from western Denmark suggest that warriors from coastal areas of modern Sweden participated in large-scale seaborne raids upon that area and were sometimes soundly defeated.
821:. About this time, a major shift in the material culture of Scandinavia occurred, reflecting increased contact with the Romans. Imported goods, now largely bronze drinking gear, reappear in burials. The early third century sees a brief floruit of very richly equipped graves on a template from Zealand.
605:
group (see: Oxford
Journal Hensbacka Schmitt). During the late Preboreal period, colonization continued as people move towards the north-east as the ice receded. Archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that they arrived first from the south-west and, in time, also from the north-east
824:
Starting in the second century AD, much of southern Sweden's agricultural land was parcelled up with low stone walls. They divided the land into permanent infields and meadows for winter fodder on one side of the wall, and wooded outland where the cattle was grazed on the other side. This principle
804:
The climate took a turn for the worse, forcing farmers to keep cattle indoors over the winters, leading to an annual build-up of manure that could now for the first time be used systematically for soil improvement. Fields were however still largely impermanent, leading to the gradual coalescence of
750:
Rich individual burials attest to increased social stratification in the Early Bronze Age. A correlation between the amount of bronze in burials and the health status of the deceased's bones shows that status was inherited. Battle-worn weapons show that the period was warlike. The elite most likely
907:
Another feature of the
Migration Period that had far-reaching consequences was the development of the first Scandinavian animal art. Inspired by provincial Roman chip-carved belt mounts decorated with lions and dolphins along the edges, Scandinavian artisans of the Migration Period developed first
759:
Bronze Age religion as depicted in rock art centres upon the sun, nature, fertility and public ritual. Wetland sacrifices played an important role. The later part of the period after about 1,100 BC shows many changes: cremation replaced inhumation in burials, burial investment declined sharply and
662:
and the southern third of Sweden became neolithised and much of the area became dotted with megalithic tombs. Farmers were capable of rearing calves to collect milk from cows all year round. The people of the country's northern two thirds retained an essentially
Mesolithic lifestyle into the first
614:
An important consequence of de-glaciation was a continual land uplift as the Earth's crust rebounded from the pressure exerted by the ice. This process, which was originally very rapid, continues to this day. It has had the consequence that originally shore-bound sites along much of Sweden's coast
610:
show that the group from the south and another one from the northeast eventually mixed in
Scandinavia. Besides their cultural differences in e.g. tool making, the two groups also differed in appearance. The populations from the south had darker skin and blue eyes while the groups arriving from the
784:
The archaeological record for the fifth to third centuries BC is rich in rural settlements and remains of agriculture but very poor in artifacts. This is mainly due to extremely austere burial customs where few people received formal burial and those who did got little in the way of grave goods.
808:
From the second century BC onward, urn cremation cemeteries and weapon burials with various above-ground stone markers appear, beginning a monumental cemetery record that persists unbroken until the end of the Iron Age. Cemeteries of these roughly 13 centuries are by far the most common type of
755:
largely portray long rowing ships: these images appear to allude both to trade voyages and to mythological concepts. Areas with rich bronze finds and areas with rich rock art occur separately, suggesting that the latter may represent an affordable alternative to the former.
723:
production began locally toward the period's end, apparently as a kind of trade secret among bronze casters: iron was almost exclusively used for tools to make bronze objects. In approximately 800 BC, the coastal area of Middle-Sweden was inhabited by people speaking early
686:. The Battle Axe and Pitted Ware people then coexisted as distinct archaeological entities until c. 2,400 BC, when they merged into a fairly homogeneous Late Neolithic culture. This culture produced the finest flintwork in Scandinavian Prehistory and the last
852:
script was invented among the south
Scandinavian elite in the second century, but all that has come down to the present from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions on artefacts, mainly of male names, demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke
911:
The
Migration Period was long believed to have been a time of crisis and devastation in Scandinavia. In recent decades, however, scholarship has gravitated to the view that the period was in fact one of prosperity and glorious elite culture, but that it
776:, that is, there are written sources but most hold a very low source-critical quality. The scraps of written matter are either much later than the period in question, written in areas far away, or local and coeval but extremely brief.
746:
The Nordic Bronze Age was entirely pre-urban, with people living in hamlets and on farmsteads with single-story wooden long-houses. Geological and topographical conditions were similar to those of today, but the climate was milder.
718:
and then increasingly from central Europe. Copper mining was never tried locally during this period, and
Scandinavia has no tin deposits, so all metal had to be imported though it was largely cast into local designs on arrival.
615:
are sorted chronologically by elevation. Around the country's capital, for instance, the earliest seal-hunter sites are now on inland mountain tops, and they grow progressively later as one moves downhill toward the sea.
1020:
Günther, Torsten; Malmström, Helena; Svensson, Emma M.; Omrak, Ayça; Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Kılınç, Gülşah M.; Krzewińska, Maja; Eriksson, Gunilla; Fraser, Magdalena; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R. (2018-01-09).
960:
Günther, Torsten; Malmström, Helena; Svensson, Emma M.; Omrak, Ayça; Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Kılınç, Gülşah M.; Krzewińska, Maja; Eriksson, Gunilla; Fraser, Magdalena; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R. (2018-01-09).
881:(Byzantium) held the barbarians at bay only through enormous peace payments. As a consequence, the Scandinavian elite of the time was inundated with gold. It was used to produce some very fine goldsmith work including
809:
visible ancient monument in
Scandinavia. The reappearance of weapon burial after millennium's hiatus suggests a process of increased social stratification similar to the one at the beginning of the Bronze Age.
844:
in 98 AD. Whether any of the brief information he reports about this distant barbaric area was well-founded is uncertain, but he does mention tribal names that appear to correspond with the Swedes and
654:
Farming and animal husbandry, along with monumental burial, polished flint axes and decorated pottery, arrived from the
Continent with the Funnel-beaker Culture in c. 4,000 BC. The Neolithic
817:
A Roman attempt to move the
Imperial border forward from the Rhine to the Elbe was aborted in 9 AD when Germans under Roman-trained leadership defeated the legions of Varus by ambush in the
308:
2574:
1968:
2589:
2541:
2165:
2546:
2398:
2080:
2551:
658:
replaced the Ertebølle culture, which had maintained a Mesolithic lifestyle for about 1500 years after farming arrived in Central Europe. Within a century or two, all of
2210:
2040:
2468:
2215:
642:
flint technology. Where flint was not readily available, quartz and slate were used. In the later Ertebølle, semi-permanent fishing settlements with pottery and large
2599:
2531:
2110:
2050:
2045:
548:
2594:
2195:
2008:
597:
and were engaged in fishing and sealing along the coast of western Sweden during seasonal rounds from the Continent. Currently, we refer to this group as the
2060:
2013:
1938:
1918:
2065:
2035:
663:
millennium BC. Coastal south-eastern Sweden, likewise, reverted from neolithisation to a hunting and fishing economy after only a few centuries, with the
2055:
785:
There is little indication of any social stratification. Bronze importation ceased almost entirely and local iron production started in earnest.
772:
occupation, Sweden's Iron Age is reckoned up to the introduction of stone architecture and monastic orders about 1,100 AD. Much of the period is
593:), the west coast of Sweden (Bohuslän) was visited by hunter-gatherers from northern Germany. This cultural group is commonly referred to as the
533:
515:
script was developed in the second century, and the brief inscriptions that remain demonstrate that the people of south Scandinavia then spoke
1890:
1699:
415:
539:
537:
540:
1948:
1216:
89:
543:
534:
2248:
2120:
1824:
568:
glaciations scoured the landscape clean and covered much of it in deep quaternary sediments. Therefore, no undisputed Early or
186:
61:
1023:"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation"
963:"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation"
710:
Culture's area, most of it being peripheral to the culture's Danish centre. The period began in c. 1,700 BC with the start of
544:
2376:
2090:
1337:
2306:
1958:
1411:
1354:
455:
farming culture became established in the southern regions around 4000 BC, but much later further north. About 1700 BC the
332:
586:
at the edge of the ice in what is now the country's southernmost province. Shortly before the close of the Younger Dryas (
538:
68:
1534:
1317:
507:
about 1100 AD. The historical record up to then is sparse and unreliable; the first known Roman reports of Sweden are in
283:
42:
1101:
1457:
470:
artifacts increased. Agricultural practice spread northward, and permanent field boundaries were constructed in stone.
2140:
572:
sites or finds are known from Sweden. As far as it is currently known, the country's prehistory begins in the Allerød
1349:
1344:
1262:
1257:
1182:
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108:
1928:
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2513:
2326:
1883:
1416:
1247:
545:
2351:
1312:
1307:
504:
408:
277:
267:
2635:
818:
57:
46:
536:
535:
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2433:
1993:
1565:
1494:
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351:
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1083:
541:
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1575:
1472:
1322:
1209:
682:
phenomenon. The Battle Axe Culture appears to have emerged as a result of a migration of people from the
598:
377:
271:
2003:
1933:
2241:
2125:
1637:
1332:
917:
401:
366:
361:
314:
126:
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vast systems of sunken fields or clearance cairns where only small parts were tilled at any one time.
2498:
1809:
1509:
1396:
1327:
683:
289:
2428:
2408:
2388:
2291:
1426:
1386:
1376:
2150:
2100:
1998:
532:
2579:
2403:
1588:
1401:
474:
became common. A wide range of metalwork, including gold ornaments, are known from the following
35:
2105:
459:
began in the southern regions, based on imported metals; this was succeeded about 500 BC by the
82:
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2030:
1804:
1757:
1742:
1709:
1679:
1664:
1598:
1477:
1462:
1287:
1202:
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the Nydam Style, and then the highly abstract and sophisticated Style I from c. 450 AD onward.
655:
463:, for which local ore deposits were exploited. Cemeteries are known mainly from 200 BC onward.
356:
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2508:
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2423:
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2346:
2321:
2257:
2170:
1988:
1953:
1784:
1654:
1519:
1489:
1127:
874:
735:
671:
8:
2488:
2413:
2383:
2160:
2155:
2018:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1943:
1923:
1913:
1694:
1669:
1618:
1499:
1467:
1421:
1364:
664:
569:
448:
1131:
2205:
2200:
2145:
2130:
2115:
2095:
2085:
1963:
1899:
1814:
1789:
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1608:
1529:
1524:
1445:
1431:
1381:
1292:
1272:
1150:
1115:
1057:
1022:
997:
962:
675:
594:
2175:
2025:
1843:
1737:
1729:
1714:
1623:
1548:
1391:
1234:
1178:
1155:
1062:
1044:
1002:
984:
707:
456:
444:
135:
1752:
1603:
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1052:
1034:
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974:
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1852:
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1794:
1774:
1762:
1719:
1659:
1406:
1140:
1039:
979:
901:
836:
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1779:
1277:
1267:
583:
560:
Arrival directions of the first people moving to Sweden after the last glacial.
440:
242:
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2614:
1857:
1580:
1504:
1297:
1048:
988:
929:
773:
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248:
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Periods, was characterised by small bands of hunter-gatherer-fishers with a
1767:
1593:
1302:
1282:
1252:
1159:
1066:
1006:
873:
on the continental stage. A brief tumultuous phase ensued during which the
788:
769:
738:. The larger of the Spir Mountain Cairns during inventory by archaeologist
619:
573:
467:
192:
146:
1177:. Translated by Oittinen, Hannu. Finnish Literature Society. p. 337.
896:
reverberates through all the main early Germanic poetry cycles, including
635:
1747:
854:
845:
679:
639:
631:
627:
565:
516:
2226:
893:
731:
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Sweden's southern third was part of the stock-keeping and agricultural
643:
623:
500:
167:
1868:
886:
452:
1116:"Cattle Management for Dairying in Scandinavia's Earliest Neolithic"
825:
of landscape organisation survived into the nineteenth century AD.
698:
551:
24:
882:
828:
760:
jewellery replaced weaponry as the main type of sacrificial goods.
728:
with close relations with Southwest Finland and northern Estonia.
687:
471:
460:
1194:
1514:
1102:
First Scandinavian farmers were far more advanced than we thought
897:
889:
841:
715:
659:
508:
857:
at the time, a language ancestral to modern Swedish and others.
1704:
1225:
711:
499:
Sweden's Iron Age is considered to extend up to the end of the
429:
1114:
Gron, Kurt J.; Montgomery, Janet; Rowley-Conwy, Peter (2015).
751:
built its position on control of trade. The period's abundant
531:
1019:
959:
849:
512:
870:
720:
1113:
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of later centuries. As for literacy in Sweden itself, the
865:
The changes in material culture marking the start of the
16:
Time period in present-day Sweden before recorded history
503:, with the introduction of stone architecture and the
916:
with a severe crisis, possibly having to do with the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1175:Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria
552:Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, 12,000–4,000 BC
2612:
611:north had light skin and variance in eye color.
1084:"New study unearths our Scandinavian ancestors"
860:
779:
447:, spreading from the south at the close of the
763:
526:
2242:
1884:
1210:
409:
923:
678:, a regional version of the middle-European
649:
582:with Late Palaeolithic hunting camps of the
439:. The earliest known people belonged to the
869:appear to coincide with the arrival of the
812:
693:
626:in c. 9,600 BC. This age, divided into the
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2235:
1891:
1877:
1217:
1203:
416:
402:
1149:
1139:
1056:
1038:
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978:
702:Bronze Age collar, from Stockhult, Scania
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2256:
787:
730:
697:
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1076:
606:and met half-way. The genomes of early
2613:
1898:
466:During the 1st century AD, imports of
2230:
1872:
1198:
834:Sweden enters proto-history with the
1172:
1073:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1224:
622:gave way to the first phase of the
13:
14:
2647:
918:535‒536 AD atmospheric dust event
519:, a language ancestral to modern
428:Human habitation of present-day
385:
145:
23:
601:culture and, in Norway, as the
505:Christianization of Scandinavia
34:needs additional citations for
1166:
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1094:
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953:
819:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
1:
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608:Scandinavian hunter-gatherers
587:
576:
490:
479:
433:
352:History of the Jews in Sweden
1141:10.1371/journal.pone.0131267
1040:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703
980:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703
920:and the concomitant famine.
861:Migration Period, 400–550 AD
780:Pre-Roman Iron Age, 500–1 BC
7:
941:Prehistory of Sweden topics
934:
764:Iron Age, 500 BC – 1,100 AD
527:Timeline of Swedish history
10:
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1263:Rise to become Great Power
927:
367:Economic history of Sweden
362:Military history of Sweden
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1837:
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924:Vendel Period, 550–800 AD
650:Neolithic, 4,000–1,700 BC
1088:University of Gothenburg
813:Roman Iron Age, 1–400 AD
714:importation; first from
694:Bronze Age, 1,700–500 BC
2631:Prehistoric Scandinavia
1458:Administrative division
327:Second half of Cold War
2307:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1949:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1288:December Crisis (1768)
801:
768:In the absence of any
743:
703:
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357:LGBT history in Sweden
2636:Prehistory by country
2258:Prehistory of Europe
1173:Lang, Valter (2020).
892:. The memory of this
798:Eglinton Country Park
791:
734:
701:
684:Pontic–Caspian steppe
672:Funnel Beaker Culture
646:cemeteries appeared.
559:
2621:Prehistory of Sweden
1825:World Heritage Sites
879:Eastern Roman Empire
875:Western Roman Empire
736:Spir Mountain Cairns
656:Funnelbeaker farmers
218:Emerging Great Power
58:"Prehistoric Sweden"
43:improve this article
2523:States with limited
2187:States with limited
1566:Automotive industry
1313:Famine of 1867–1869
1308:Sweden–Norway union
1132:2015PLoSO..1031267G
1100:Kristian Sjøgren. "
670:In c. 2,800 BC the
665:Pitted Ware Culture
570:Middle Palaeolithic
449:Last Glacial Period
2626:Prehistoric Europe
1900:Prehistoric Europe
1614:Telecommunications
1599:Rehn–Meidner model
1412:Metropolitan areas
1293:Revolution of 1772
1273:Great Northern War
1090:. 10 January 2024.
877:collapsed and the
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676:Battle Axe Culture
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1576:Income inequality
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1535:Political parties
1473:Foreign relations
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1323:Industrialization
708:Nordic Bronze Age
494: 550–790 AD
483: 400–550 AD
457:Nordic Bronze Age
445:Late Palaeolithic
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392:Sweden portal
284:Industrialization
249:Age of Absolutism
164:(12000 BC–800 AD)
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740:Carl L. Thunberg
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674:gave way to the
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580: 12000 BC
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511:(98 AD). The
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333:Post-Cold War
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181:Consolidation
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2552:Transnistria
2216:Transnistria
2135:
1805:National Day
1758:Coat of arms
1743:Architecture
1710:Prostitution
1680:Homelessness
1665:Demographics
1594:Nordic model
1478:Human rights
1463:Constitution
1333:World War II
1303:Coup of 1809
1283:Coup of 1756
1253:Kalmar Union
1242:
1174:
1168:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1096:
1087:
1030:
1027:PLOS Biology
1026:
1015:
970:
967:PLOS Biology
966:
955:
913:
910:
906:
885:collars and
864:
835:
833:
827:
823:
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807:
803:
783:
767:
758:
749:
745:
705:
669:
653:
620:Palaeolithic
617:
613:
574:interstadial
563:
498:
465:
427:
315:World War II
268:Constitution
193:Kalmar Union
161:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2590:Isle of Man
2525:recognition
2499:Switzerland
2434:Netherlands
2189:recognition
2141:Switzerland
2076:Netherlands
1690:Immigration
1561:Agriculture
1515:Legislature
1483:LGBT rights
1328:World War I
855:Proto-Norse
800:in Scotland
680:Corded Ware
640:microlithic
632:Kongemosian
628:Maglemosian
566:Pleistocene
517:Proto-Norse
329:(1967–1991)
323:(1945–1967)
317:(1939–1945)
311:(1918–1939)
292:(1914–1918)
290:World War I
286:(1866–1914)
280:(1814–1905)
274:(1809–1866)
251:(1772–1809)
245:(1718–1772)
226:(1648–1718)
220:(1611–1648)
212:Great Power
201:(1521–1611)
195:(1397–1521)
189:(1050–1397)
187:Middle Ages
156:Prehistoric
136:History of
2615:Categories
2469:San Marino
2429:Montenegro
2409:Luxembourg
2389:Kazakhstan
2292:Azerbaijan
2111:San Marino
2071:Montenegro
2051:Luxembourg
2031:Kazakhstan
1934:Azerbaijan
1790:Literature
1785:Irreligion
1675:Healthcare
1655:Censorship
1583:(currency)
1530:Neutrality
1490:Government
1355:Since 1991
1243:Prehistory
947:References
894:Golden Age
792:A typical
688:megalithic
644:inhumation
624:Mesolithic
501:Viking Age
170:(800–1050)
168:Viking Age
162:Prehistory
69:newspapers
2580:Gibraltar
2404:Lithuania
2046:Lithuania
1695:Languages
1670:Education
1619:Transport
1500:Judiciary
1468:Elections
1422:Provinces
1365:Geography
1350:1967–1991
1345:1945–1967
1258:1523–1611
1049:1545-7885
989:1545-7885
887:bracteate
829:Hillforts
636:Ertebølle
618:The Late
599:Hensbacka
472:Hillforts
453:Neolithic
99:June 2016
2600:Svalbard
2585:Guernsey
2532:Abkhazia
2484:Slovenia
2479:Slovakia
2454:Portugal
2312:Bulgaria
2196:Abkhazia
2171:Scotland
2126:Slovenia
2121:Slovakia
2096:Portugal
1954:Bulgaria
1853:Category
1815:Religion
1650:Abortion
1609:Taxation
1525:Monarchy
1520:Military
1446:Politics
1432:Wildlife
1382:Counties
1338:timeline
1248:800–1521
1160:26146989
1120:PLOS ONE
1067:29315301
1007:29315301
935:See also
900:and the
890:pendants
883:filigree
837:Germania
461:Iron Age
378:Timeline
127:a series
125:Part of
2509:Ukraine
2459:Romania
2419:Moldova
2377:Ireland
2372:Iceland
2367:Hungary
2357:Germany
2352:Georgia
2342:Finland
2337:Estonia
2332:Denmark
2317:Croatia
2302:Belgium
2297:Belarus
2287:Austria
2282:Armenia
2277:Andorra
2272:Albania
2161:England
2151:Ukraine
2101:Romania
2061:Moldova
2019:Ireland
2014:Iceland
2009:Hungary
1999:Germany
1994:Georgia
1984:Finland
1979:Estonia
1974:Denmark
1959:Croatia
1944:Belgium
1939:Belarus
1929:Austria
1924:Armenia
1919:Andorra
1914:Albania
1844:Outline
1775:Fashion
1763:Cuisine
1730:Culture
1715:Welfare
1638:Society
1624:Tourism
1549:Economy
1397:Islands
1392:Forests
1235:History
1151:4492493
1128:Bibcode
1058:5760011
998:5760011
898:Beowulf
842:Tacitus
716:Ireland
690:tombs.
660:Denmark
521:Swedish
509:Tacitus
443:of the
346:Topical
83:scholar
2595:Jersey
2537:Kosovo
2504:Turkey
2494:Sweden
2474:Serbia
2464:Russia
2449:Poland
2444:Norway
2424:Monaco
2394:Latvia
2362:Greece
2347:France
2322:Cyprus
2201:Kosovo
2146:Turkey
2136:Sweden
2116:Serbia
2106:Russia
2091:Poland
2086:Norway
2066:Monaco
2036:Latvia
2004:Greece
1989:France
1964:Cyprus
1858:Portal
1753:Cinema
1738:Anthem
1705:People
1581:Krona
1571:Energy
1427:Rivers
1377:Cities
1226:Sweden
1181:
1158:
1148:
1065:
1055:
1047:
1005:
995:
987:
712:bronze
485:) and
432:began
430:Sweden
303:Modern
138:Sweden
129:on the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2570:Ă…land
2489:Spain
2414:Malta
2384:Italy
2176:Wales
2131:Spain
2056:Malta
2026:Italy
1820:Sport
1800:Music
1795:Media
1720:Women
1660:Crime
1407:Lands
1402:Lakes
914:ended
850:runic
796:from
770:Roman
742:2013.
513:runic
468:Roman
272:Union
90:JSTOR
76:books
1780:Flag
1768:Wine
1179:ISBN
1156:PMID
1063:PMID
1045:ISSN
1003:PMID
985:ISSN
871:Huns
846:Sami
721:Iron
634:and
564:The
270:and
62:news
1748:Art
1505:Law
1146:PMC
1136:doi
1053:PMC
1035:doi
993:PMC
975:doi
840:of
496:).
45:by
2617::
1154:.
1144:.
1134:.
1124:10
1122:.
1118:.
1086:.
1075:^
1061:.
1051:.
1043:.
1031:16
1029:.
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