2257:. This was a choice made by individual Swedish citizens, contrary to Swedish government policy. Their number was small compared to occupied countries, in which officials encouraged enlisting for the Eastern Front (Norway 6,000; Denmark 6,000; France 11,000; Netherlands 20,000). Roughly 50 Swedish Waffen-SS men were killed or went missing in action. Most of the veterans were classified as security risks and spied on by Swedish intelligence for the rest of their lives. Security Police's archives showed that some of the men were implicated as direct participants in the killings of Jews. No Swedes stood trial for serving in the Waffen-SS, albeit some of them were prosecuted for espionage or desertion.
1674:("The Blood Track"), Espen Eidum detailed how, at the request of Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany sent three trains with 30 to 40 sealed carriages through Sweden to the battle of Narvik. These trains ostensibly transported medical personnel and food for the wounded German soldiers in Narvik. However, in reality there were 17 soldiers for every medical officer or orderly. Sweden knew that the trains were being used to transport troops because a Swedish representative in Berlin reported that he had watched them board. The trains also transported heavy artillery, anti-aircraft guns, ammunition, and communications and supply equipment.
1124:
1874:
1532:
into Sweden to capture the
Swedish iron ore mines. However, if serious military resistance was encountered, they were not to press the issue. The plan was abandoned with the ending of the Winter War on 13 March. The Germans were partly aware of these Allied intentions, as they had intercepted radio traffic showing that Allied transport groups were being readied. A few days later, they also intercepted messages confirming that the Allies had abandoned their plan and were to redeploy their forces.
1601:
291:
573:
976:
1754:
of
Germany. After August and September 1943, however, Sweden was increasingly able to resist German demands and to soften its stance to Allied pressure. However, despite Germany's new, defensive posture, Sweden's constant fear was that the unexpected would happen, an attitude that continued until the very end of the war. With Germany's weakening position came stronger demands from the Allies. They pushed for Sweden to abandon its trade with Germany and to stop all
1989:, a 100 kg bomb destroying a newly opened theatre, injuring two Swedish soldiers. Sweden concluded that this instance was by mistake, but the Soviet Union refused to acknowledge the involvement of its bombers in the raid when requested to clarify. Though the event remains unclear, a theory developed that it was a deliberate attack in response to Sweden rejecting Soviet appeals for Vasily Sidorenko, who had been arrested for espionage, to be released.
1777:
2400:
531:
831:
2220:, reaching ten million tons per year. As Germany's preparations for war became more apparent and the risk of another war became obvious, international interest in Swedish iron ore increased. At the time, British intelligence had estimated that German industry relied heavily on Swedish iron ore and a decrease or halt in Swedish ore exports could have a disastrous effect on Germany's military efforts.
2203:(the last four were organs of the Communist Party of Sweden). A ban on the transport of these newspapers was imposed, since the printing of newspapers was protected in the Swedish constitution. There were indications that the bans imposed on the communist newspapers had served their political purposes by impressing the Germans, whilst at the same time not really restricting the work of the media.
2004:
with regard to aiding the precariously situated
European Jews, who up to that point had been refused refuge in Sweden. The first shift in Sweden's stance towards Jews occurred in 1942. When the Germans began their campaign of persecution against the Jews of Norway, the Swedish government accepted 900 Jewish refugees, slightly more than half of Norway's Jewish population.
881:. The distance between these two, at least at the ideological level, became so great that the communists often referred to the social democrats as "the social fascists". Apart from a period termed "the vacation government" (Sw: semesterregeringen) between 19 June and 28 September 1936, Per Albin Hansson was to be the Prime Minister of Sweden until his death in 1946.
1550:. Operation Wilfred was to take place on 5 April (it was in fact delayed until 8 April) when Norwegian territorial waters were to be mined, violating Norwegian neutrality. This would force the ships carrying ore to Germany to travel outside the protection of Norwegian territorial waters and thus become legitimate targets for the
2156:
the reports of one side at the expense of the other", or: "Headlines, whether on the billboards or in the newspapers, should be worded in such a way as to avoid favoring one side or the other", and: "Editorials and surveys as well as articles discussing military events or the military situation, should be strictly objective."
2232:
It must be understood that an adequate supply of
Swedish iron ore is vital to Germany...the effectual stoppage of the Norwegian ore supplies to Germany ranks as a major offensive operation of the war. No other measure is open to us for many months to come which gives so good a chance of abridging the
2003:
Before the war, thousands of
European Jews sought temporary refuge in Sweden, and were denied. Sweden allowed Germans to pass freely to other countries, and sold iron ore that became vital to the Nazi campaign of war. As the war began to shift in favor of the Allies, the Swedes changed their strategy
1643:
stated that no fortification was allowed along this border. One of
Germany's demands on Sweden, as Germany's invasion progressed, was that Sweden was not to mobilize. However, Sweden re-organized its system of mobilization to allow for personal order by letter to be made possible as an alternative to
2346:
from Scania. After
Denmark had been liberated, Sweden was to assist the Allies in the invasion of Norway. This proved to be unnecessary, but US planes were allowed to use Swedish military bases during the liberation of Norway, from spring 1944 to 1945, and the Allies were also collaborating with the
2237:
Given that
Britain had been unable to prevent the successful invasion by Nazi Germany of both France and Norway, the Swedish government was not convinced that the British could protect them and opted to continue exports. The iron ore provided much needed gold bullion, food and coal from Germany. The
2155:
The
Swedish government was concerned that its neutrality might be compromised should the press become too vocal in its opinions. Both the Swedish Press Council and the Information Board issued advice such as: "As far as the received material permits, attempts should be made not to give prominence to
1638:
When
Germany invaded both Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940, the 100,000 Swedish soldiers who had been deployed along the Finnish border in northern Sweden were in the process of being demobilized, owing to the end of the Winter War there. Before the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had had no plans
1402:
and on a military basis. Sweden's interest in Finland lay in the fact that Finland had been an integrated part of Sweden for more than six hundred years, with Sweden losing control of its eastern provinces in 1809. Despite several pleas from the Finnish government, the Swedish government declined to
1046:
In 1936, the Swedish government started to heighten its military preparedness as the international situation worsened. Military spending in Sweden went from US$ 37 million in 1936, to $ 50 million in 1937, to $ 58.6 million in 1938, and then increased over fivefold to $ 322.3 million in 1939. During
2151:
served as a self-regulatory body, promoting "good relations between the press and the public authorities and to serve as an instrument of self-discipline for the press". The Swedish Press Council issued warnings, both public and confidential, to those whom it considered to be abusing the freedom of
1753:
and elsewhere. Germany was forced into a more defensive position as the Allied forces achieved success on the battlefield. It was becoming increasingly apparent to Sweden that Germany was unlikely to win the war. Prior to 1943, Sweden's policy of neutrality had been largely under the close scrutiny
1531:
Scandinavian reluctance to allow Allied troops onto their territory had halted the original Allied plan for using aid to Finland as a pretext for moving in troops, but on 12 March 1940, the Allies decided to try a "semi-peaceful" invasion nonetheless. Troops were to be landed in Norway, and proceed
2264:
straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark, the Swedish merchant navy found itself physically divided. The vessels that were inside the Baltic Sea traded goods with Germany during the war, whilst the greater number of vessels was leased to the Allies for convoy shipping. Approximately
1107:
Without a defensive force we cannot follow any policy of our own, our declarations become merely empty words and we leave the country's fate to chance, or to the decisions of others. With a defense as strong as Swedish conditions allow, we secure for ourselves the basis of a continued independent
1703:
The Swedish government granted this permission after two days of internal debate. In Sweden, the political deliberations surrounding this are known as the "Midsummer Crisis"; however, according to research by Carl-Gustaf Scott there never was a "crisis", he argues that "the crisis was created in
1965:
The Soviet Union dropped more than a hundred bombs on Swedish cities and villages during World War II, though no one was killed in these strikes. The first time on 14 January 1940, when Soviet aircraft attacked Swedish airspace and dropped about 10 bombs in northern Sweden, close to the port of
1662:
cypher machine that Germany used, which afforded the Swedes advance knowledge of Germany's military intentions. Although the British Plan R 4 had not been able to be carried out, Allied troops were swiftly sent to Norway and were able to fight alongside the Norwegians unsuccessfully against the
1088:
Friendly with all other nations and strongly linked to our neighbors, we look on no one as our enemy. There is no place in the thoughts of our people for aggression against any other country, and we note with gratitude, the assurances from others that they have no wish to disturb our peace, our
2304:
Sweden made efforts to help the Allied Forces. From May 1940, a large part of the Swedish merchant navy that found itself outside the Baltic Sea region, totalling about 8,000 seamen, was leased to Britain. 300 Swedes traveled to Norway to fight the German invasion. German telegraph traffic to
1500:
had intended to use the Soviet attack on Finland in November 1939 as cover for seizing the important Swedish iron ore deposits in the north, in addition to the Norwegian harbours through which this ore was shipped to Germany. The plan was to get Norwegian and Swedish permission to send an
1282:
1034:, Germany and the Soviet Union; because these two powers needed to guard against each other, the hope was that they would only ever be able to deploy minor forces against Sweden or other non-aligned countries. It was this expectation which made the defence of a small country feasible. The
2381:, accused Sweden of ignoring the greater moral issues and playing both sides for profit during the conflict, including its supply of steel and machine parts to Nazi Germany throughout the war. Such claims, however, use a different definition of the word "neutral" from that defined in the
2228:, claimed that a cessation of Swedish iron ore exports would bring the war to an end within months. Winston Churchill himself said the following about the Swedish ore exports in an internal memo to the cabinet discussing the Norwegian trade route with shipments of Swedish iron ore.
1371:
War broke out between Finland and the Soviet Union in November 1939. In Sweden, the Liberal, Conservative and Agrarian parties were concerned about a perceived threat from the Soviet Union. The Social Democrats were in the main equally concerned. Leading social democrats like
1644:
official proclamation, so that 320,000 men were able to be raised in a few weeks. This was called "The Organization" and was barely different from a full mobilization when completed. Sweden also started to build fortifications at the Norwegian border and along the coast of
802:
and public disorder. Appalling working conditions were no longer tolerated and the working class was rising against the state. In 1908 alone, there were about 300 strikes in Sweden. By 1917, Sweden's need for a new political system was apparent from these riots. Sweden had
1089:
freedom, or our independence. The strengthening of our defense preparations serves merely to underline our fixed determination to keep our country outside the conflicts that may erupt amongst others and, during such conflicts, to safeguard the existence of our people.
1728:
then asked for a second vote on how the Social Democrats would react to the right wing voting yes. The opinion was split, but the majority would rather accept the transfer than bring down the government. Since Sweden was not neutral in relation to Finland during the
838:
But even these reforms were seen as far too radical by some conservatives. Some wanted strong leadership and did not believe in democracy. In the 1920s and 1930s, confrontations between employers and employees in Sweden continued. In 1931, this culminated with the
1455:, were flown by volunteer Swedish pilots under Finnish insignia. These aircraft constituted one third of Sweden's fighter force at the time. In addition, Sweden received some 70,000 Finnish children who were sent to Sweden to find safety during the 1940s.
1920:
A captured German prisoner later explained to the British that the controller was an expert at steering glider bombs from aircraft, but that the spectacle of a rocket launch had caused him to incorrectly operate the control lever in his astonishment.
765:
Swedish neutrality remains a subject of debate. Proponents argue that during the war, Sweden softened its policy against accepting refugees, admitting thousands of Jews and political dissenters from Norway and Denmark. Conversely, opponents such as
2332:
embarked on her voyage to attack the Atlantic convoys, Swedish intelligence informed the British of her departure from port. Swedish businessmen and diplomats were also actively spying for the Allies, in Berlin and in the occupied territories.
1303:, Swedish shipping came under attack. Sweden's trade with Britain was cut by a total of 70%. Within the North Sea blockade, trade with Germany increased, until 37% of Sweden's exports were shipped to Germany. For very important goods such as
2068:, a relative of the Swedish royal family, was able to communicate with the German government and relay information back to Sweden, as did other diplomats. He also contributed in saving 15,000 prisoners from concentration camps, as did
924:... HĂ€rför krĂ€vdes total nyanskaffning av deras viktigaste innehĂ„ll, stridsvagnarna. Redan pĂ„ ett tidigt stadium fick vi dock klart för oss att om vi enbart valde kanonutrustade vagnar skulle de högst komma upp till ett antal av 15â20.
661:
maneuvering during an unpredictable course of events, and a dedicated military build-up after 1942, Sweden kept its official neutrality status throughout the war. At the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had held a neutral stance in
1022:
Sweden's long-standing policy of neutrality was tested on many occasions during the 1930s. The challenges came from a strongly rejuvenated, nationalistic Germany. From 1919 until 1935, Sweden had been an active supporter of the
1651:
During its invasion of Norway, Germany demanded access to the Swedish telephone and telegraph lines between Germany and Norway. Sweden allowed this, but tapped the lines. In the early summer of 1940, the Swedish mathematician
1929:
explained that the excited operator applied a set of planned corrections (such as that for the Earth's rotation) in the opposite direction to the way he had been instructed. The rocket subsequently exploded in an air burst
1850:
and at the end of the war, eight of these battalions, about 13,500 men, were ready for action. They entered Norway on 8 May 1945. The number of Danish refugees had been much lower than the 50,000 Norwegians, but a
1298:
At the beginning of the war, agreements had been signed between Sweden and the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany in order to sustain vital trade; but in spite of this, and the fact that Sweden had declared itself a
928:(This required the purchase of their main piece of military hardware, tanks. Already at an early stage, it was clear to us that if we simply chose the cannon-equipped tanks, we could have at most 15â20 of them.)
1517:. Realizing this danger, however, and the consequent possibility of Allied or German occupation and of the war being waged on their territory, both the Swedes and the Norwegians refused to allow this proposal.
2718:"MOSCOW REGRETS BOMBING SWEDEN; Says Attack on Pajala Feb. 21 Was Result of Mistake by Soviet Aviators RAID WAS DENIED AT FIRST Two Days After Attack Report of It Was Termed by Russia 'Malicious Fabrication'"
1626:
in Norway. This move had several far-reaching consequences for Sweden. Sweden was in effect cut off from trade with the western world and therefore more dependent on German goodwill, ultimately leading to
2011:(along with 9,000 Danish Christians who were seeking refuge from conditions of war). With the dissolution of the Danish government in the summer of 1943, the German authorities had decided to deport
2027:. Once in Sweden, the Danish Jews were granted asylum and taken in by Swedish families. Many stayed in Sweden after the war. Sweden also received refugees from Finland and Norway, including some of
1505:
to Finland across northern Norway and Sweden, ostensibly to help the Finns. But once in place, they were to proceed to take control of the harbours and the iron ore mines, occupying cities such as
1189:" in regard to this particular conflict, actively siding with Finland. This allowed Sweden to aid Finland economically, and with armaments. Sweden and Finland also jointly laid minefields in the
2143:
some areas of the press on a limited basis. In Sweden during this time, the press fell under the control of several authorities, despite contemporary claims that the Swedish press was free. The
2064:
of Sweden attempted to use his diplomatic connections with German leaders to convince them to treat Jews more humanely, as evidenced through his correspondence, although to little effect. Count
2144:
1758:. Sweden accepted payments from the Allies to compensate for this loss of income through reduced trade with Germany, but continued to sell steel and machine parts to Nazi Germany at inflated
1953:
in Hampshire, England, began an attempt to reconstruct the missile. U.S. military scientists subsequently received some of the recovered parts from the British. The American rocket pioneer
827:
movement â the latter of which being the larger of the two. In 1917, the rules of democracy were changed in Sweden, the electorate's size grew and in 1921, women were also allowed to vote.
754:. Iron ore was sold to Germany throughout the war and Germany owned several mines in Sweden that had been bought by German companies before the outbreak of the war. These mines were called
791:
in 1809, a state of war had existed between these two countries for 67 out of those 286 years. Russia was seen as the historical hereditary enemy of Sweden. In the peace that followed the
452:
2799:
1481:
1700:, along with all its military equipment, through Swedish territory by train from Norway to the eastern front in Finland. Finland also insisted on the transfer of the division.
1535:
German plans for an invasion of Norway continued, since Hitler feared that the Allies were nonetheless intent upon launching their own invasion. 9 April was set as the date of
1733:
but non-belligerent, it is debatable if the transfer constituted a violation of neutrality even if the transfer occurred after the Soviet Union attacked Finland starting the
877:, took control in 1932. A policy of cooperation and consensus was pursued, which led to a furthering of the divide between the two socialist factions: the communists and the
3142:
2545:
1974:
aircraft ran out of fuel and were forced to land in Finland, where they were captured by Finnish troops. On 21 February, seven Soviet bomber planes appeared in the village
1484:
Franco-British support was offered to Finland on the condition it was given free passage through neutral Norway and Sweden, instead of taking the road from Soviet-occupied
1246:, every shipment had to be negotiated with both British and German authorities, which drastically reduced the volume of trade. Between 1938 and 1944, the Swedish import of
1084:
While arming itself, Sweden felt that it was necessary to articulate and enforce its policy of neutrality. Per Albin Hansson's statement shortly before World War II began:
1415:
to fight. The Swedish government and public also sent food, clothing, medicine, weapons and ammunition to aid the Finns during this conflict. This military aid included:
2085:
1010:, whilst satisfying the vastly increased demand for armaments. Before the war, the annual production of armaments was typically measured in tens of millions of Swedish
5341:
1640:
1520:
Meanwhile, the Germans, having suspected an Allied threat, were making their own plans for an invasion of Norway in order to protect their strategic supply lines. The
2044:
Neutrality also allowed Sweden to have physical access to Germany, which was not only useful to Swedish intelligence but to Allied intelligence as well. Employees at
4909:
1342:. In 1940, however, the US administration halted these exports. Only about 60 aircraft had been delivered. Sweden succeeded subsequently in buying 200 aircraft from
161:
131:
1957:
examined those components as part of his work aiding the U.S. military, and Goddard is reported to have inferred that his brainchild had been turned into a weapon.
1889:
crashed in Sweden after the rocket had flown into cumulus clouds which had strayed into the controller's line of sight. It was supposed to crash in the sea outside
3555:
5094:
2725:
1978:, 10 kilometres from the border to Finland. Pajala was hit by more than 130 bombs, causing damage to local buildings. A bomb hit the local school gym, where the
1475:
5119:
3293:
Sverige. Vissa tryck- och yttrandefrihetsrÀttsliga frÄgor: internationellt rÀttsligt bistÄnd, brottskatalogen, mÄlhandlÀggningsfrÄgor m.m. : delbetÀnkande
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in the fog while carrying cargoes for Germany causing it to sink. In the meantime, other German merchant raiders would masquerade as Swedish merchant vessels.
2242:
in northern Sweden. These shipments were subject to attacks from British aircraft and submarines in the Atlantic and North Sea and by Soviet submarines in the
1986:
2336:
In 1945, as the Allies were planning to liberate Denmark and Norway, the United States wanted Sweden to co-operate in this action. Sweden began preparing for
1462:
in Norrbotten County. Six buildings caught fire and two people were injured. The event sparked further debate on whether Sweden should send aid to the Finns.
1771:
2216:
Perhaps the most important aspect of Sweden's concessions to Germany during the Second World War was the extensive export of iron ore for use in the German
146:
4904:
4858:
2418:
and 2,364 German soldiers who had been interned in Swedish prison camps. At least seven of the internees committed suicide at their camp in the village of
39:
1554:. It was hoped that this would provoke a German military reaction. As soon as the Germans reacted, under "Plan R 4", 18,000 Allied troops were to land in
5416:
1755:
750:
141:
2348:
5396:
5361:
3202:
2369:. Toward the end of the war Swedish intelligence cooperated with US air transport in relief efforts directed toward areas liberated by the Red Army.
1078:
3022:
4753:
2455:
3497:
3104:
2175:
1327:
3467:
3173:
5426:
5232:
5202:
5185:
189:
1569:
The first ship carrying Allied troops was to start its journey a few hours after the mine-laying. On 8 April, a Royal Naval detachment led by
1153:
in regard to this escalating situation. An example illustrating this situation may be the failed Allied attempt to release Polish submarines (
854:
the Russian Empire had become the Soviet Union and many Swedish communists were cooperating with this new Soviet regime, seeking to realize a
136:
5227:
2169:
1576:
mined Norwegian waters as a part of Operation Wilfred, but German troops were already on their way and "Plan R 4" was quickly made obsolete.
3000:
1411:. However, Sweden declared itself "non-belligerent" rather than neutral during the conflict and as many as 8,000 Swedes voluntarily went to
1006:
During World War II, Swedish industry had to supply an increased share of its own domestic goods owing to the British naval blockade of the
762:
and Norway, to be used in the liberation of their home countries. It also allowed the Allies to use Swedish airbases between 1944 and 1945.
5160:
5025:
2796:
3616:
5242:
4562:
2780:
559:
4889:
2045:
5421:
5401:
2322:
2057:
1214:
3241:
1585:
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conscripts. On 6 May 1938, the government called up all those aged 15 for short periods of training. In addition to this, the Swedish
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waste and destruction of the conflict, or of perhaps preventing the vast slaughters which will attend the grapple of the main armies.
1917:
glide bomb. The ground controller appeared to have no trouble manoeuvring the rocket until it disappeared into the high cloud layer.
1639:
for defending Norway or any defence strategy against a German invasion from the direction of Norway. Moreover, an agreement from the
5356:
32:
3658:
3058:
2906:
690:
5452:
5211:
4079:
3134:
2537:
1398:
When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in November 1939, many Swedes favored some sort of involvement in the conflict, both on a
1380:
played a prominent role in mustering support for Finland. The Communists were openly loyal to the Soviet Union and supported its
1210:
798:
As the end of the 19th century approached, and the beginning of the 20th began, Sweden, like many other nations, became beset by
244:
151:
2668:
1178:
after they reached Swedish ports (requiring repairs of battle damage, unable to break the German blockade and sail to Britain).
4781:
4687:
2394:
2365:) were trained at Swedish military bases. Sweden had also set up a series of training camps along the Norwegian border for the
1807:. From the summer of 1943 onward, the military training of Norwegian troops was carried out in Sweden, in cooperation with the
330:
206:
748:. Until 1943, German soldiers traveling on leave between Norway and Germany were allowed passage through Swedenâthe so-called
5099:
4200:
4048:
4010:
3991:
3953:
3925:
3828:
3694:
3528:
3336:
3276:
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1712:". Dick Harryson explains that there was a risk of the coalition government falling apart if the Social Democrats, for which
96:
3342:
2273:, too, would stop and capture or destroy Swedish vessels carrying cargoes for allies. For example, this was the fate of MVs
1513:
and denying German access to the Swedish iron ore. In this way, an unsuspecting Norway and Sweden would be presented with a
4746:
4274:
4217:
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The Swedish non-aligned policy during this period was founded on the assumption that there were two opposing powers in the
678:
476:
3749:
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Levine Paul A. "Swedish neutrality during the Second World War: tactical success or moral compromise?" in Wylie, Neville,
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convinced the Social Democrats to vote no with a large majority by stating that this was about choosing sides in the war.
5035:
4397:
4180:
1693:
737:
698:
427:
25:
3545:
3307:
5314:
5190:
4801:
4320:
3763:
2460:
2450:
1808:
674:
613:
2717:
2249:
Responding to German appeals for volunteers to fight the Soviet Union, approximately 270 Swedes enlisted in Germany's
1027:
and most of Sweden's political energy in the international arena had been directed towards the League's preservation.
5411:
5336:
5282:
5262:
5030:
4972:
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for the British military to guide bombing of Germany. Additionally, from 1943 onward, Norwegian and Danish soldiers (
2032:
470:
464:
361:
342:
66:
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843:, an incident where the military opened fire on a protest march. In the same year, a secret right-wing militia, the
5368:
5104:
5052:
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with Germany. However, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they swung around to a pro-Allied view.
702:
694:
5302:
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5447:
5057:
4739:
4175:
4170:
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1705:
987:
847:, was exposed. It had recruited about 2000 men and had access to heavy weaponry. It was disbanded the next year.
552:
421:
411:
5237:
758:("German mines"). For the Allies, Sweden shared military intelligence and helped to train soldier refugees from
677:. Sweden was one of only nine of these nations to maintain this stance for the remainder of the war, along with
5391:
5346:
4929:
4919:
2012:
1745:
From late 1942 and into 1943, Germany began to meet with a series of military reverses after its losses at the
1938:, mainly over a farm with no injuries, and the valuable wreckage was exchanged with Britain by the Swedes for
5079:
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4987:
4957:
4934:
4776:
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4357:
2366:
2282:
495:
3433:
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across the straits between Copenhagen and the Swedish mainland, across waters that were patrolled by German
1419:
135,402 rifles, 347 machine guns, and 450 light machine guns with 50,013,300 rounds of small arms ammunition
5406:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5155:
5003:
4977:
4967:
4853:
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2441:), about the Latvian soldiers who were given to the Soviets to be sentenced to hard labor in prison camps.
2254:
1946:
909:
2826:
2309:
went through Swedish-leased cables which the Swedes intercepted. The traffic was encrypted with Germany's
795:
in 1809, all of Finland had been ceded to Russia and Sweden was reduced to two thirds of its former size.
706:
5297:
5257:
5252:
4982:
4914:
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4335:
4185:
4072:
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1035:
521:
415:
60:
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were stationed at the time, but did not detonate. There were two injuries during the bombing of Pajala.
1667:
led to a British troop re-deployment and by 8 June 1940, British troops had been evacuated from Norway.
955:
The Swedish Army had been organized into four divisions since the 1890s, with the regiments of northern
5373:
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5292:
5247:
5180:
4924:
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510:
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determined what military information could be released and what information should remain secret. The
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German invaders. However, the success of the German campaign against France and the occupation of the
647:. When the war began on 1 September 1939, the fate of Sweden was unclear. But by a combination of its
5309:
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3296:. Statens offentliga utredningar, 2004:114. Stockholm: Fritzes offentliga publikationer, 2004. p. 305
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1823:, this training was ostensibly for the Norwegian police. From the start, the recruits only had light
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standing as separate units. This was outdated, and in 1942, a new military organization was adopted.
804:
433:
199:
126:
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suggest that Sweden "ignored the greater moral issues of the war and played both sides for profit."
5324:
5109:
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1998:
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1038:, signed at the end of August 1939 between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, upset this balance.
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811:. Since the 1880s, the socialist movement in Sweden had been divided into two opposing groups: the
733:
682:
600:
194:
5351:
5272:
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5207:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5150:
5140:
4841:
4821:
4762:
4451:
4264:
2990:
1791:
During the war, more than 50,000 Norwegians fled to Sweden. These refugees were sent to camps at
812:
663:
4731:
1631:. But it also lessened the immediate risk that Sweden would become a theater of war between the
1591:
1536:
1254:
decreased by 88% and 53% respectively, which led to severe shortages. Other critical items were
5008:
4962:
4879:
4831:
4667:
4620:
4605:
4572:
4542:
4527:
4461:
4340:
4325:
4150:
4065:
3613:
2466:
1688:
At the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the early summer of 1941, codenamed
1657:
1497:
1242:. When Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940, coupled with a German blockade of the
1058:
ordered that one quarter of those conscripted in 1938 should be retained for further training.
718:
652:
622:
500:
249:
3704:
Scott, Carl-Gustaf (2002). "The Swedish Midsummer Crisis of 1941: The Crisis that Never Was".
2777:
1123:
834:Ă
dalen shootings. This picture of the demonstration was taken before the military opened fire.
5114:
5089:
5047:
4816:
4786:
4552:
4537:
4423:
4345:
2542:
History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books | Modern International and American history
2321:
in early summer 1940 and the results from this espionage were sent to the Allies through the
2148:
2123:
2053:
1528:
that the Allies would not respect Norwegian neutrality, so he ordered plans for an invasion.
1502:
1073:, ammunition, medicine and uniforms. They had the option to buy additional materials such as
686:
1909:
Burgund), as a development of the same FuG 203/230 equipment pairing used to guide both the
5124:
4647:
4517:
4382:
4352:
3231:
2806:
The Scotsman, retrieved 6 June 2012, The hard copy paper has more details than the web page
2225:
2139:, causing many protests from the German government and prompting the Swedish government to
1950:
1939:
1816:
1780:
1750:
1689:
1055:
859:
784:
725:
2472:
1901:
joystick-equipped radio control transmitter set that had also been meant for use with the
8:
5457:
4557:
4532:
4481:
4362:
4330:
4284:
4227:
1931:
1812:
1485:
1319:, which could use winter darkness and high speed to penetrate the German blockade of the
1062:
1050:
Not only was the Swedish government buying material to strengthen its defences, it began
840:
713:
made a few concessions, and sometimes breached the nation's neutrality in favor of both
4677:
4652:
4512:
4471:
4392:
4387:
4308:
4294:
4244:
4155:
4135:
4105:
3729:
2199:
2093:, a famous World War II poster reminding Swedes to be wary of spies asking questions.
1935:
1628:
1595:
894:
710:
640:
305:
2432:
1558:, closing the rail link to Sweden. Other cities that the Allies hoped to capture were
4836:
4706:
4600:
4592:
4577:
4486:
4411:
4254:
4097:
4044:
4025:
4006:
3987:
3983:
3959:
3949:
3921:
3902:
3843:
3824:
3805:
3769:
3759:
3733:
3721:
3690:
3582:
3524:
3377:
3332:
3272:
3236:
3054:
2903:
2870:
2829:[The Midsummer crisis 1941: One of Swedens greatest challenges] (in Swedish).
2690:
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2378:
2343:
2187:
2037:
1954:
1832:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1570:
1543:
1459:
1458:
On 21 February 1940, seven Soviet bombers accidentally dropped around 150 bombs over
1452:
1423:
1185:
between Finland and the Soviet Union in November 1939, Sweden declared itself to be "
1130:
1024:
870:
851:
824:
767:
279:
63:
1622:
1168:
844:
4791:
4615:
4466:
4433:
3713:
2193:
2073:
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2028:
2015:
to concentration camps. However, the Danes successfully ferried all but 450 of the
1784:
1734:
1692:, the Germans asked Sweden to allow the transportation of armed German troops, the
1683:
1521:
1351:
1347:
1065:
was created. Its units were small groups of former soldiers who were equipped with
866:
855:
156:
2351:. Sweden allowed Allied spies to listen to German radio signals from a station on
1219:
Sweden was not directly attacked during World War II. It was, however, subject to
5069:
4715:
4682:
4662:
4657:
4637:
4625:
4582:
4522:
4269:
3895:
3717:
3620:
3326:
3292:
2910:
2803:
2784:
2672:
2411:
2310:
2270:
2136:
2128:
2089:
1926:
1914:
1868:
1377:
1373:
1312:
1300:
1198:
1186:
1150:
1134:
949:
898:
667:
3897:
The Rocket and the Reich: PeenemĂŒnde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
3777:
3655:
Sweden, the Swastika, and Stalin: The Swedish Experience in the Second World War
1804:
1190:
4642:
4140:
4130:
3753:
1886:
1721:
1716:
was the leader, voted no to the transfer and the right wing parties voted yes.
1355:
1316:
1255:
1235:
1220:
945:
878:
808:
386:
367:
3821:
Codebreakers: Arne Beurling and the Swedish Crypto Program During World War II
1840:
5441:
4720:
4443:
4367:
4160:
3725:
3672:
From indifference to activism: Swedish diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938â1944
3311:
2515:
2385:, which set out the rights and duties of belligerents and neutral countries.
2318:
2217:
2035:, was made possible by Sweden's neutrality. A daily newspaper in Sweden, the
1971:
1885:
rocket under test by the Germans (test rocket V-89, serial number 4089) from
1873:
1664:
1653:
1600:
1427:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1286:
1100:
1031:
1011:
893:
in the inter-war era. For a time, the entire armoured corps consisted of ten
799:
535:
392:
17:
3963:
1922:
1645:
239:
5197:
4630:
4456:
4165:
4145:
4115:
3773:
3648:
The Adaptable Nation: essays in Swedish economy during the Second World War
3397:
2265:
1,500 Swedish sailors perished during the war, mostly victims of mines and
2238:
iron ore was transported by sea from the Norwegian town of Narvik and from
1820:
1542:
Hitler was correct about Allied intentions. The Allied plan had two parts,
1438:
1399:
1304:
1291:
1224:
1051:
714:
644:
591:
336:
290:
2505:
Portugal offered to honor its treaty with Britain but was declined. P. 23.
2399:
2041:
said that Sweden did more to assist and save Jews than any other country.
1447:
transport aircraft turned into a bomber, and three reconnaissance aircraft
1047:
World War II itself, military spending peaked at $ 527.6 million in 1942.
572:
4610:
2314:
2164:
2049:
2020:
2016:
1632:
1266:
of fuels and food in Sweden and substitutes were developed and produced.
1074:
1070:
941:
913:
792:
657:
648:
609:
211:
1855:
of about 3,600 Danish men was also trained and they were transferred to
1800:
1161:
975:
3310:[Interwar period and World War II] (in Swedish). Archived from
2243:
2140:
1902:
1730:
1551:
1434:
1408:
1346:, a fascist ally of Germany at the time; these aircraft were primarily
1275:
1182:
1175:
1014:, but during the war, output exceeded SEK 1 billion (US$ 240 million).
673:
At the outbreak of war in September 1939, twenty European nations were
311:
2685:
2422:, rather than allow themselves to be handed over to the Soviet Union.
1796:
1154:
5145:
5018:
3550:
2995:
2415:
2261:
2250:
1906:
1847:
1828:
1776:
1704:
historical hindsight in order to protect the political legacy of the
1559:
1320:
1271:
1263:
1247:
1243:
1194:
1007:
820:
816:
729:
2246:. About 70 vessels were sunk and 200 sailors killed during the war.
1897:
radio control receiver unit, normally commanded by a remote FuG 203
1792:
3135:"Why did the Soviet Union bomb neutral Sweden during World War II?"
2061:
1890:
1824:
1547:
1493:
1404:
1267:
1227:
1149:
and Britain declared war on Nazi Germany, Sweden declared itself a
956:
862:
were thought to stand in the way of a more equal and just society.
4057:
3665:
European neutrals and non-belligerents during the Second World War
2404:
2403:
Baltic and German soldiers being extradited from a prison camp in
2356:
2352:
2239:
1967:
1510:
1506:
4761:
4377:
3577:
Leifland, Leif (1995). "...Secret Matters Not So Far Disclosed".
2419:
1910:
1856:
1852:
1836:
1720:
did not want a government in crisis and recommended to vote yes.
1656:
succeeded in deciphering and discovering the source codes of the
1613:
1412:
1326:
Before the outbreak of the war, the Swedish Ministry of defence (
1281:
1231:
960:
902:
830:
759:
745:
3868:
Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War Against the V1 and V2
3758:. United States. Dept. of the Army. Office of Military History.
940:
To make sure training at the battalion level would be possible,
4567:
4088:
2266:
2181:
1975:
1617:
1563:
1555:
1525:
1290:, one of the high speed boats used as blockade runners for the
1146:
1142:
944:âequipped tanks were purchased as well. By 1939, Sweden had 48
788:
741:
636:
4024:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Svenskt militÀrhistoriskt bibliotek.
2377:
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II,
1846:
In all, around 15,000 men were trained and organized into ten
1612:, an operation with the objective of simultaneously occupying
1480:
901:
tank and had been secretly purchased by Sweden in the form of
3802:
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Navy in the Baltic, 1921â1941
2135:
The Swedish public's sentiments were widely published in the
1843:
in spring 1945. 8,000 men took part in this latter exercise.
1343:
1259:
1066:
3328:
Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe During the Second World War
2306:
2084:
1444:
1251:
1239:
890:
3548:[They are Swedes who wanted to fight for Norway].
2514:
Some Spanish troops fought in Russia but as the volunteer
1765:
1641:
dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905
850:
At the other end of the political spectrum, following the
2827:"Midsommarkrisen 1941: En av Sveriges största utmaningar"
2388:
1882:
1451:
Twelve of Sweden's most modern fighter aircraft, British
1308:
3986:; Book sales club: Svenskt militÀrhistoriskt bibliotek.
3677:
Ludlow, Peter. "Britain and Northern Europe 1940â1945",
2342:(Operation Save Denmark), in which Sweden was to invade
1323:
straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark.
1311:
for the British aircraft industry, delivery was made by
2666:
F 19, the Swedish unit in Finland during the Winter War
2056:(Svenska TĂ€ndsticksfabriken) acted as couriers for the
1476:
Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War
3234:[New picture of Sweden during the war years].
1737:
and Sweden was yet to take a stance in this conflict.
912:, it was decided to form two tank battalions. Captain
4043:(in Swedish). Stockholm: MilitÀrhistoriska Förlaget.
3740:
WahlbÀck, Krister. "Sweden: Secrecy and Neutrality",
1772:
Norwegian police troops in Sweden during World War II
1238:), which led to problems with the supply of food and
3490:"Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser / Raider) â Widder"
948:-built tanks with machine gun armament and about 20
3886:
The Birth of the Missile: The Secrets of PeenemĂŒnde
3650:(Göteborg: Ekonomisk-historiska inst., Univ.: 1982)
3127:
2797:
Swedenâs role in Nazi defeat of Norway is laid bare
2360:
2337:
2076:, who may have saved up to 100,000 Hungarian Jews.
1579:
3894:
3750:"The German Decision To Invade Norway and Denmark"
3641:Swedish foreign policy during the Second World War
3460:"Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser / Raider) â Thor"
2869:] (in Swedish). Falun: Fisher & Co Rimbo.
2688:[Children Evacuated to Sweden 1941â1946].
2349:Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service
2313:device, but the cypher code was broken by Swedish
5100:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
3859:An American in Exile: The Story of Arthur Rudolph
3398:"Svenskarna som lockades till Hitlers elitstyrka"
3157:
2838:
2836:
2772:
2770:
1492:German industry was heavily dependent on Swedish
5439:
2456:Military equipment of Sweden during World War II
1827:weapons, but later they were able to train with
1330:) had ordered some 300 combat aircraft from the
3262:
1787:during World War II (photograph taken in 2007).
1328:Royal Swedish Air Force Materiel Administration
3937:German Guided Missiles of the Second World War
2833:
2767:
2253:, and saw combat against Soviet troops on the
1893:in occupied Denmark. V-89 contained a FuG 230
1366:
1079:Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization
666:for more than a century, since the end of the
190:Internment camps in Sweden during World War II
47:
4763:History of World War II by region and country
4747:
4073:
3823:. Providence: American Mathematical Society.
3546:"De Àr svenskarna som ville strida för Norge"
3271:] (in Swedish). City: Regeringskansliet.
2538:"Was Sweden really neutral in World War Two?"
2430:
1443:17 fighter aircraft, five light bombers, one
553:
33:
3633:
3263:Bruchfeld, Stéphane; Levine, Paul A (1998).
3225:
3223:
1960:
3943:
3331:. Manchester University Press. p. 66.
3084:. New York: St Martin's Press. p. 133.
2867:The Forgotten Army: Norway Sweden 1939â1945
1987:Stockholm was bombed by four Soviet bombers
1913:gravity-propulsion guided ordnance and the
1465:
4754:
4740:
4080:
4066:
1270:was used as a fuel for motor vehicles and
1262:and food. This situation led to extensive
1215:Swedish overseas trade during World War II
1141:When, in September 1939, Germany attacked
1081:had already been in existence since 1924.
560:
546:
40:
26:
3977:
3865:
3861:. Huntsville: Christopher Kaylor Company.
3318:
3308:"Mellankrigstiden och andra vÀrldskriget"
3220:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2863:Den glömda armĂ©n: Norge Sverige 1939â1945
2860:
2355:. A radio beacon was also established in
2159:During World War II, six newspapers were
2127:. The tiger's stripes are in the Swedish
2031:. All this, as well as the protection of
3883:
3856:
3604:Per Olov Enquist. Delacorte Press, 1973.
3576:
3518:
3431:
3395:
3079:
3073:
2955:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2824:
2398:
2083:
1934:) about 1500 metres above the county of
1872:
1775:
1756:German troop movements over Swedish soil
1599:
1479:
1280:
1122:
952:tanks armed with a 20 mm main gun.
897:. This was a design based upon a German
829:
571:
179:
3892:
3837:
3818:
3799:
3543:
3163:
3088:
2991:"Hitlers hÀmndraket slog ned i SmÄland"
2946:
2113:giving the poster this double meaning:
2007:In 1943, Sweden received nearly all of
1766:Training of Norwegian and Danish troops
1586:Operation WeserĂŒbungs effects on Sweden
1211:Swedish iron mining during World War II
1041:
245:Swedish iron mining during World War II
152:Swedish Compulsory National Service Act
137:Operation WeserĂŒbungs effects on Sweden
5440:
4038:
4019:
4000:
3980:Bondeuppror och gatustrider: 1719â1932
3948:. Bedford, Penn.: The Aberjona Press.
3934:
3915:
3879:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3747:
3687:Neutrality and International Sanctions
3602:The Legionnaires: A Documentary Novel.
3523:(in Swedish). Karlskrona. p. 16.
3229:
3105:"The Man Who Opened the Door to Space"
2988:
2973:
2925:
2395:Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers
2389:Forced refoulement to the Soviet Union
2109:could be read as either the animal or
1992:
625:and territories occupied by the allies
207:Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers
4735:
4061:
4041:Sveriges militĂ€ra beredskap 1939â1945
3874:
3703:
3391:
3389:
3324:
2883:
2789:
1862:
1387:
807:but with a tendency to side with the
805:remained neutral during World War One
728:(JuneâJuly 1941), Sweden allowed the
228:
178:
115:
80:
21:
3939:. New York: Arco Publishing Company.
3840:The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944â45
3684:
3558:from the original on 25 January 2016
3500:from the original on 21 January 2022
3470:from the original on 21 January 2022
3396:Forsberg, Ingrid (22 October 2014).
3305:
3285:
3232:"Ny bild av Sverige under krigsÄren"
3208:from the original on 6 February 2020
2916:
2686:"Sotalasten Tiet Ruotsiin 1941â1946"
2414:to the Soviet Union over 146 Baltic
2145:Swedish Government Information Board
1970:. On their return flight, the three
970:
670:in 1814 and the invasion of Norway.
116:
4087:
3888:. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag.
3432:Westberg, Lennart (12 April 2018).
3244:from the original on 28 August 2009
3061:from the original on 1 January 2009
2292:also accidentally collided with HM
1677:
1604:Swedish soldier during World War II
1094:Per-Albin Hansson, 1 September 1939
1077:, sweaters and marching boots. The
1017:
726:German invasion of the Soviet Union
576:Sweden's location in Europe (1942)
13:
4001:Andrén, Nils Bertel Einar (1996).
3667:(Cambridge University Press, 2002)
3386:
3345:from the original on 19 April 2023
3176:from the original on 27 April 2023
3145:from the original on 14 March 2023
3003:from the original on 7 August 2011
2728:from the original on 19 April 2023
2710:
2698:from the original on 18 March 2007
2461:Neutral powers during World War II
2451:Diplomatic history of World War II
2211:
1608:On 9 April 1940, Germany launched
14:
5469:
4005:(in Swedish). Norstedts Juridik.
3884:Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1965) .
3793:
3166:"Dagen dÄ Sovjet bombade Sverige"
3164:Nyheter, SVT (17 February 2014).
1230:and accidental bombings from the
3230:Neuman, Ricki (25 August 2009).
2989:Dahlin, Niklas (5 August 2011).
2548:from the original on 27 May 2021
2299:
2079:
1945:On 31 July 1944, experts at the
1580:Occupation of Denmark and Norway
1204:
974:
966:
529:
289:
3742:Journal of Contemporary History
3706:Journal of Contemporary History
3679:Scandinavian Journal of History
3607:
3595:
3570:
3537:
3512:
3482:
3452:
3425:
3416:
3366:
3357:
3299:
3256:
3196:"Yad Vashem â Request Rejected"
3188:
3097:
3047:
3015:
2982:
2964:
2897:
2854:
2845:
2818:
2809:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2678:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
1539:, the German attack on Norway.
916:, chief of "Army Procurement" (
631: Other neutral territories
5453:Neutral states in World War II
4022:Andra VĂ€rldskriget och Sverige
3306:Odén, Tomas Andersson (1999).
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2530:
2521:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2206:
2033:Sweden's own Jewish population
1740:
1524:of 16 February 1940 convinced
1099:Georg Homin, a captain on the
740:along with heavy weapons from
1:
3971:
2934:Pocock 1967, pp. 71,81,87,107
2478:
2367:Norwegian resistance movement
1361:
773:
601:Areas under German occupation
496:History of the Jews in Sweden
4003:Maktbalans och alliansfrihet
3901:. New York: The Free Press.
3893:Neufeld, Michael J. (1995).
3718:10.1177/00220094020370030301
3581:. Stockholm: PROBUS Förlag.
3544:Lapidus, Arne (7 May 2015).
3023:"The Air Torpedo of BĂ€ckebo"
2483:
2372:
1947:Royal Aircraft Establishment
1925:guidance and control expert
778:
7:
3935:Pocock, Rowland F. (1967).
2444:
2013:Denmark's Jewish population
1819:. To prevent protests from
1747:Second Battle of El Alamein
1403:engage militarily with the
1367:Impact on domestic politics
884:
10:
5474:
4126:Rise to become Great Power
4039:Wangel, Carl-Axel (1982).
3944:Rikmenspoel, Marc (2004).
3916:Ordway, Frederick (2003).
3842:. Morley: Elmfield Press.
3519:Lundberg, Lennart (1999).
3111:. May 1959. Archived from
2861:Johansson, Anders (2005).
2795:Hall, Allan (6 June 2012)
2392:
2323:Polish resistance movement
2163:banned from distribution:
1996:
1866:
1769:
1681:
1589:
1583:
1469:
1407:as it advanced during the
1391:
1208:
783:Between 1523 and Sweden's
511:Economic history of Sweden
506:Military history of Sweden
92:Sweden during World War II
49:Sweden during World War II
5382:
5133:
4996:
4950:
4872:
4769:
4700:
4591:
4508:
4499:
4419:
4410:
4316:
4307:
4235:
4226:
4096:
3920:. Detroit: Apogee Books.
3875:Huzel, Dieter K. (1962).
3866:GarliĆski, JĂłzef (1978).
3857:Franklin, Thomas (1987).
3634:General and cited sources
3325:Leitz, Christian (2000).
3080:Henshall, Philip (1985).
2647:Wangel 1982, pp. 338â351.
2638:Wangel 1982, pp. 444â465.
2283:German auxiliary cruiser
1980:Norrland Dragoon Regiment
1961:Soviet bombings of Sweden
1472:Allied campaign in Norway
1394:Sweden and the Winter War
865:A new cabinet led by the
693:, and the microstates of
235:
229:
224:
200:Rescue of the Danish Jews
185:
174:
127:Sweden and the Winter War
122:
111:
87:
76:
55:
3978:Adolfsson, Mats (2007).
3870:. New York: Times Books.
3800:Ă
selius, Gunnar (2005).
3748:Ziemke, Earl F. (1960).
3434:"Svenskarna i Waffen-SS"
2815:Scott 2002, pp. 371â394.
2671:12 November 2019 at the
2410:In January 1946, Sweden
2281:, both destroyed by the
2072:and the famous diplomat
1999:Sweden and the Holocaust
1932:a common V-2 malfunction
1839:in December 1944 and in
1466:Possible Allied invasion
918:Arméns utrustningsdetalj
813:revolutionary socialists
736:to transport the German
641:its policy of neutrality
195:Sweden and the Holocaust
81:
4321:Administrative division
3877:PeenemĂŒnde to Canaveral
3838:Collier, Basil (1976).
3819:Beckman, Bengt (2002).
3643:(London: E. Benn, 1977)
3521:Lejdtrafik och kvarstad
2943:Garlinski 1978, p. 166.
2851:Wangel 1982, p. 637â644
2825:Harryson, Dick (2020).
2575:Adolfsson 2007, p. 304.
2566:Adolfsson 2007, p. 249.
2425:In 1970, film director
2339:Operation RĂ€dda Danmark
2260:With a blockade of the
2173:, the Nazi publication
1905:anti-aircraft missile (
1706:Social Democratic Party
1696:, commanded by General
1694:163rd Infantry Division
1382:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
1181:On the outbreak of the
1036:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
738:163rd Infantry Division
664:international relations
471:Second half of Cold War
162:February crisis of 1942
132:February crisis of 1940
5448:Sweden in World War II
4151:December Crisis (1768)
3946:Waffen-SS Encyclopedia
3674:(Uppsala: Univ.: 1996)
3619:1 October 2003 at the
3265:Om detta mÄ ni berÀtta
2909:1 January 2009 at the
2467:Nordische Gesellschaft
2431:
2407:
2361:
2338:
2235:
2132:
2023:, in an unprecedented
1878:
1788:
1605:
1489:
1295:
1138:
1128:Swedish Prime Minister
1118:
1116:
1097:
938:
920:) in 1937, commented:
835:
653:Scandinavian Peninsula
633:
612:, co-belligerents and
501:LGBT history in Sweden
250:Nordische Gesellschaft
3689:. New York: Praeger.
3494:www.bismarck-class.dk
3464:www.bismarck-class.dk
3269:Tell Ye Your Children
3094:Collier 1976, p. 103.
3082:Hitler's Rocket Sites
2970:Churchill 1953, p. 45
2961:Franklin 1987, p. 91.
2952:Neufeld 1995, p. 235.
2783:19 April 2023 at the
2629:Ă
selius 2005, p. 166.
2402:
2393:Further information:
2383:1907 Hague convention
2230:
2149:Swedish Press Council
2124:Loose lips sink ships
2087:
2054:Swedish Match Factory
1940:Supermarine Spitfires
1876:
1779:
1603:
1483:
1284:
1234:on some cities (e.g.
1126:
1105:
1086:
922:
833:
575:
4688:World Heritage Sites
4020:Linder, Jan (2002).
3804:. Psychology Press.
2979:Ordway 2003, p. 167.
2656:Wangel 1982, p. 136.
2620:Wangel 1982, p. 126.
2544:. 18 December 2017.
2429:made a documentary,
2412:forcibly transferred
2226:Member of Parliament
2119:A Swede stays silent
2009:Denmark's 8,000 Jews
1751:Battle of Stalingrad
1690:Operation Barbarossa
1610:Operation WeserĂŒbung
1592:Operation WeserĂŒbung
1537:Operation WeserĂŒbung
1422:144 field guns, 100
1274:as a substitute for
1137:on 1 September 1939.
1042:Pre-war preparations
889:Sweden had very few
860:parliamentary system
362:Emerging Great Power
180:Humanitarian aspects
5212:Carpathian Ruthenia
4429:Automotive industry
4176:Famine of 1867â1869
4171:SwedenâNorway union
3780:on 30 December 2007
3685:Ross, John (1989).
3314:on 9 December 2006.
2894:Huzel 1962, p. 100.
2802:9 June 2012 at the
2755:Ziemke 1960, p. 68.
2746:Ziemke 1960, p. 67.
2611:Wangel 1982, p. 15.
2602:Linder 2006, p. 52.
2593:Linder 2006, p. 54.
2584:Linder 2006, p. 53.
2527:Linder 2002. P. 38.
2427:Johan BergenstrÄhle
1993:Humanitarian effort
1881:On 13 June 1944, a
1877:A German V-2 rocket
1813:government-in-exile
1659:Geheimfernschreiber
1503:expeditionary force
1430:with 301,846 shells
910:Defence Act of 1936
858:. Compromise and a
4802:French West Africa
4782:British Somaliland
4477:Telecommunications
4462:RehnâMeidner model
4275:Metropolitan areas
4156:Revolution of 1772
4136:Great Northern War
3984:Natur & Kultur
3374:Krigsmalmens offer
3055:"The Rocket and I"
2722:The New York Times
2496:Andrén 1996. P.34.
2408:
2362:den danske Brigade
2327:German battleship
2200:Sydsvenska Kuriren
2133:
1879:
1863:The BĂ€ckebo rocket
1833:Military exercises
1811:and the Norwegian
1809:Swedish government
1789:
1606:
1596:Norwegian Campaign
1490:
1453:Gloster Gladiators
1424:anti-aircraft guns
1388:Defence of Finland
1296:
1197:from entering the
1139:
986:. You can help by
836:
819:movement; and the
711:Swedish Government
634:
5435:
5434:
5026:Dutch East Indies
4864:Southern Rhodesia
4797:French Somaliland
4729:
4728:
4696:
4695:
4548:Human trafficking
4495:
4494:
4439:Income inequality
4406:
4405:
4398:Political parties
4336:Foreign relations
4303:
4302:
4186:Industrialization
4050:978-91-85266-20-3
4012:978-91-39-00037-2
3993:978-91-27-02633-9
3955:978-0-9717650-8-5
3927:978-1-894959-00-1
3830:978-0-8218-2889-2
3755:Command Decisions
3696:978-0-275-93349-4
3530:978-91-85944-24-8
3372:Lennart Lundberg
3338:978-0-7190-5069-5
3278:978-91-630-6384-8
3237:Svenska Dagbladet
3115:on 5 October 2012
2922:Klee 1965, p. 68.
2876:978-91-85183-20-3
2691:Helsingin Sanomat
2675:Urban Fredriksson
2473:Skirmish at Sövde
2379:Winston Churchill
2279:Sir Ernest Cassel
2188:Arbetar-Tidningen
2058:Polish resistance
2038:Svenska Dagbladet
1955:Robert H. Goddard
1726:Per Albin Hansson
1718:Per Albin Hansson
1714:Per Albin Hansson
1710:Per Albin Hansson
1698:Erwin Engelbrecht
1620:, and to stage a
1544:Operation Wilfred
1352:Reggiane Re.2000s
1348:Fiat CR.42 Falcos
1131:Per Albin Hansson
1032:Baltic Sea region
1025:League of Nations
1004:
1003:
895:Stridsvagn mf/21s
871:Per Albin Hansson
852:Russian Civil War
825:social democratic
768:Winston Churchill
570:
569:
536:Sweden portal
428:Industrialization
393:Age of Absolutism
308:(12000 BCâ800 AD)
262:
261:
258:
257:
220:
219:
170:
169:
142:Permitenttrafiken
107:
106:
64:History of Sweden
5465:
5186:Military history
4940:Native Americans
4756:
4749:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4709:
4506:
4505:
4447:
4417:
4416:
4314:
4313:
4233:
4232:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4035:
4016:
3997:
3967:
3940:
3931:
3912:
3900:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3834:
3815:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3776:. Archived from
3737:
3700:
3681:(1979) 4: 123â62
3670:Levine, Paul A.
3639:Carlgren, W. M.
3627:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3438:PopulÀr Historia
3429:
3423:
3422:Rikmenspoel 2004
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3393:
3384:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3141:. 5 April 2021.
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3028:. Archived from
3027:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2904:The Rocket and I
2901:
2895:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2774:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2682:
2676:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2439:A Baltic Tragedy
2437:(English title:
2436:
2364:
2341:
2271:merchant raiders
2269:attacks. German
2218:weapons industry
2194:Norrskensflamman
2121:â comparable to
2074:Raoul Wallenberg
2070:Valdemar Langlet
2066:Folke Bernadotte
1985:On 22 February,
1785:Military academy
1783:was a Norwegian
1760:smugglers' rates
1735:Continuation War
1684:Midsummer crisis
1678:Midsummer Crisis
1635:and the Allies.
1629:permittenttrafik
1522:Altmark Incident
1315:, using rebuilt
1313:blockade runners
1193:to deter Soviet
1133:declared Sweden
1114:
1095:
1018:Military balance
999:
996:
978:
971:
936:
867:social democrats
856:world revolution
841:Ă
dalen shootings
751:permittenttrafik
734:Swedish railways
717:and, later, the
651:location in the
630:
620:
607:
598:
589:
580:
562:
555:
548:
534:
533:
532:
293:
283:
265:
264:
226:
225:
176:
175:
157:Midsummer crisis
147:LejdbÄtstrafiken
117:Political events
113:
112:
78:
77:
50:
42:
35:
28:
19:
18:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5427:Pacific Islands
5422:Solomon Islands
5402:Gilbert Islands
5384:
5378:
5357:Channel Islands
5129:
4992:
4946:
4868:
4765:
4760:
4730:
4725:
4712:
4705:
4692:
4673:Public holidays
4587:
4563:Life expectancy
4491:
4445:
4402:
4373:Law enforcement
4299:
4222:
4092:
4086:
4051:
4032:
4013:
3994:
3974:
3956:
3928:
3918:The Rocket Team
3909:
3850:
3831:
3812:
3796:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3697:
3653:Gilmour, John.
3646:Fritz, Martin.
3636:
3631:
3630:
3621:Wayback Machine
3614:Baltutlamningen
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3579:VĂ„rstormar 1944
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3394:
3387:
3376:(VĂ€rnamo 1993)
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3339:
3323:
3319:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3228:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3109:Popular Science
3103:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3035:on 26 June 2008
3032:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2911:Wayback Machine
2902:
2898:
2893:
2884:
2877:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2804:Wayback Machine
2794:
2790:
2785:Wayback Machine
2775:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2673:Wayback Machine
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2447:
2433:BaltutlÀmningen
2397:
2391:
2375:
2311:Geheimschreiber
2302:
2214:
2212:To Nazi Germany
2209:
2129:national colors
2115:A Swedish tiger
2090:En svensk tiger
2082:
2001:
1995:
1963:
1927:Ernst Steinhoff
1915:Henschel Hs 293
1871:
1869:Project Big Ben
1865:
1859:on 5 May 1945.
1781:MÀlsÄker Castle
1774:
1768:
1743:
1708:and its leader
1686:
1680:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1478:
1468:
1396:
1390:
1378:Torsten Nilsson
1374:Rickard Sandler
1369:
1364:
1356:Caproni Ca.313s
1317:Motor Gun Boats
1301:neutral country
1228:naval blockades
1217:
1207:
1199:Gulf of Bothnia
1187:non-belligerent
1151:neutral country
1121:
1115:
1112:
1108:Swedish policy.
1096:
1093:
1044:
1020:
1000:
994:
991:
984:needs expansion
969:
950:Stridsvagn L-60
946:Czechoslovakian
937:
932:
926:
905:assembly kits.
899:First World War
887:
781:
776:
668:Napoleonic Wars
632:
628:
626:
618:
616:
605:
603:
596:
594:
587:
585:
578:
566:
530:
528:
516:
515:
491:
483:
482:
453:Interwar period
448:
440:
439:
422:United Kingdoms
407:
399:
398:
382:
374:
373:
357:
349:
348:
326:
318:
317:
301:
281:
274:
263:
254:
231:
216:
181:
166:
118:
103:
83:
72:
51:
48:
46:
12:
11:
5:
5471:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5347:British Empire
5342:United Kingdom
5339:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5315:Basque Country
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5191:Basque Country
5188:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:Czechoslovakia
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4736:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Stock exchange
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:State agencies
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:National parks
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:Extreme points
4247:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:Age of Liberty
4138:
4133:
4131:Swedish Empire
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091: articles
4085:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4036:
4030:
4017:
4011:
3998:
3992:
3982:(in Swedish).
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3954:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3913:
3907:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3835:
3829:
3816:
3810:
3795:
3794:German rockets
3792:
3791:
3790:
3765:978-1519745088
3764:
3745:
3738:
3712:(3): 371â394.
3701:
3695:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3651:
3644:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:New York Times
3606:
3594:
3587:
3569:
3554:(in Swedish).
3536:
3529:
3511:
3481:
3451:
3424:
3415:
3402:Sveriges Radio
3385:
3365:
3356:
3337:
3317:
3298:
3284:
3277:
3255:
3240:(in Swedish).
3219:
3187:
3172:(in Swedish).
3156:
3126:
3096:
3087:
3072:
3046:
3014:
2999:(in Swedish).
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2924:
2915:
2896:
2882:
2875:
2853:
2844:
2842:Churchill 2002
2832:
2817:
2808:
2788:
2776:Beckman 2002,
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2709:
2694:(in Finnish).
2677:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2529:
2520:
2507:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2390:
2387:
2374:
2371:
2301:
2298:
2222:Sir Ralph Glyn
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2097:can mean both
2081:
2078:
1994:
1991:
1962:
1959:
1864:
1861:
1770:Main article:
1767:
1764:
1742:
1739:
1722:Ernst Wigforss
1682:Main article:
1679:
1676:
1584:Main article:
1581:
1578:
1467:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1431:
1428:anti-tank guns
1420:
1392:Main article:
1389:
1386:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1340:P-66 Vanguards
1336:Seversky P-35s
1256:natural rubber
1206:
1203:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1091:
1043:
1040:
1019:
1016:
1002:
1001:
981:
979:
968:
965:
934:Försvarsbeslut
930:
886:
883:
879:reformist left
875:Prime Minister
845:Munckska kÄren
809:Central Powers
780:
777:
775:
772:
719:Western Allies
627:
617:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
539:
538:
525:
524:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
479:(1991âpresent)
474:
468:
465:Postwar period
462:
456:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
431:
425:
419:
408:
406:Liberalization
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
390:
387:Age of Liberty
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:Swedish Empire
365:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:Early Vasa era
340:
334:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
309:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
286:
285:
276:
275:
268:
260:
259:
256:
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253:
252:
247:
242:
236:
233:
232:
222:
221:
218:
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215:
214:
209:
204:
203:
202:
192:
186:
183:
182:
172:
171:
168:
167:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
109:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
99:
88:
85:
84:
74:
73:
71:
70:
56:
53:
52:
45:
44:
37:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5470:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:Liechtenstein
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
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5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
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5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
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5049:
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5037:
5034:
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5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Latin America
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:South America
4949:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4910:United States
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:North America
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Belgian Congo
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
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4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Labour unions
4450:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Modernization
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Gustavian era
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4031:91-974056-3-9
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3908:0-02-922895-6
3904:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3849:0-7057-0070-4
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3811:0-7146-5540-6
3807:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3626:movie summary
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3588:91-87184-37-0
3584:
3580:
3573:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3383:
3382:91-86748-10-6
3379:
3375:
3369:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3091:
3083:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2913:Linus Walleij
2912:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2517:
2516:Blue Division
2511:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2319:Arne Beurling
2316:
2312:
2308:
2300:To the Allies
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2255:Eastern Front
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:Sverige Fritt
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:Swedish press
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2080:Press freedom
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:King Gustav V
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2029:Norway's Jews
2026:
2025:rescue effort
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:were held in
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1665:Low Countries
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:Arne Beurling
1649:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1515:fait accompli
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:depth charges
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:United States
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:ball bearings
1302:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:products and
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1205:Foreign trade
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1174:) which were
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1101:General Staff
1090:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:In 1940, the
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1015:
1013:
1009:
998:
989:
985:
982:This section
980:
977:
973:
972:
967:Pre-war trade
964:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
935:
929:
927:
921:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
771:
769:
763:
761:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:Liechtenstein
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
660:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
624:
615:
614:puppet states
611:
610:German allies
602:
593:
584:
574:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
541:
540:
537:
527:
526:
523:
520:
519:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
478:
477:Post-Cold War
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
444:
443:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
409:
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5036:West Sumatra
4905:Newfoundland
4859:South Africa
4854:Sierra Leone
4832:North Africa
4668:National Day
4621:Coat of arms
4606:Architecture
4573:Prostitution
4543:Homelessness
4528:Demographics
4457:Nordic model
4341:Human rights
4326:Constitution
4196:World War II
4195:
4166:Coup of 1809
4146:Coup of 1756
4116:Kalmar Union
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3782:. Retrieved
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3404:(in Swedish)
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3113:the original
3108:
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3065:16 September
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2111:stays silent
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2021:Schnellboots
2006:
2002:
1984:
1964:
1944:
1919:
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1880:
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1821:Nazi Germany
1805:Södermanland
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1670:In his book
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1400:humanitarian
1397:
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1325:
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1292:ball bearing
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1260:alloy metals
1218:
1191:Sea of Ă
land
1180:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1140:
1106:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1071:machine guns
1060:
1049:
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1005:
995:October 2023
992:
988:adding to it
983:
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939:
933:
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782:
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756:Tyskgruvorna
755:
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723:
703:Vatican City
672:
656:
649:geopolitical
645:World War II
635:
592:German Reich
582:
459:World War II
458:
412:Constitution
337:Kalmar Union
91:
59:
15:
5417:New Zealand
5383:Oceania and
5337:Switzerland
5298:Byelorussia
5253:Netherlands
5095:Philippines
4935:Puerto Rico
4890:El Salvador
4553:Immigration
4424:Agriculture
4378:Legislature
4346:LGBT rights
4191:World War I
3170:SVT Nyheter
2764:Wangel 1982
2325:. When the
2315:mathematics
2288:; the same
2207:Concessions
2170:Trots Allt!
2165:Ture Nerman
2152:the press.
2050:LM Ericsson
2017:Danish Jews
1951:Farnborough
1841:HĂ€lsingland
1741:1943 onward
1623:coup d'Ă©tat
1435:naval mines
1113:Georg Homin
942:machine gun
914:Fale Burman
793:Finnish War
724:During the
691:Switzerland
658:realpolitik
639:maintained
473:(1967â1991)
467:(1945â1967)
461:(1939â1945)
455:(1918â1939)
436:(1914â1918)
434:World War I
430:(1866â1914)
424:(1814â1905)
418:(1809â1866)
395:(1772â1809)
389:(1718â1772)
370:(1648â1718)
364:(1611â1648)
356:Great Power
345:(1521â1611)
339:(1397â1521)
333:(1050â1397)
331:Middle Ages
300:Prehistoric
280:History of
212:White buses
5458:Winter War
5442:Categories
5412:New Guinea
5392:Antarctica
5385:Antarctica
5374:Yugoslavia
5293:Azerbaijan
5248:Luxembourg
5031:New Guinea
4930:New Mexico
4920:California
4827:Madagascar
4812:Gold Coast
4807:The Gambia
4653:Literature
4648:Irreligion
4538:Healthcare
4518:Censorship
4446:(currency)
4393:Neutrality
4353:Government
4218:Since 1991
4106:Prehistory
3972:In Swedish
3744:(1967) 2#1
3444:1 February
3408:1 February
3349:29 October
3212:6 February
2732:28 October
2702:16 January
2479:References
2317:professor
2275:Trolleholm
2244:Baltic Sea
1997:See also:
1923:PeenemĂŒnde
1907:code named
1903:Wasserfall
1887:PeenemĂŒnde
1867:See also:
1848:battalions
1731:Winter War
1672:Blodsporet
1590:See also:
1552:Royal Navy
1470:See also:
1409:Winter War
1362:Winter War
1287:Gay Viking
1276:bunker oil
1209:See also:
1195:submarines
1183:Winter War
1103:, stated:
1063:Home Guard
821:reformists
774:Background
707:San Marino
314:(800â1050)
312:Viking Age
306:Prehistory
240:SkÄne Line
5397:Australia
5362:Gibraltar
5320:Catalonia
5243:Lithuania
5105:Singapore
5053:Indochina
5043:Hong Kong
5019:Manchuria
4988:Venezuela
4958:Argentina
4895:Greenland
4849:Nyasaland
4558:Languages
4533:Education
4482:Transport
4363:Judiciary
4331:Elections
4285:Provinces
4228:Geography
4213:1967â1991
4208:1945â1967
4121:1523â1611
3734:159896889
3726:196909719
3551:Expressen
3363:Ross 1989
3248:25 August
3139:Nord News
3007:12 August
2996:Ny Teknik
2484:Citations
2416:Waffen-SS
2373:Aftermath
2305:occupied
2262:Skagerrak
2251:Waffen-SS
1895:StraĂburg
1829:artillery
1571:HMS
1560:Trondheim
1321:Skagerrak
1272:shale oil
1264:rationing
1248:petroleum
1244:North Sea
1236:StrÀngnÀs
1145:and both
1008:North Sea
817:communist
785:final war
779:Political
730:Wehrmacht
5283:Slovenia
5278:Slovakia
5268:Portugal
5156:Bulgaria
5110:Thailand
5085:Mongolia
5058:Cambodia
4978:Suriname
4968:Colombia
4792:Ethiopia
4716:Category
4678:Religion
4513:Abortion
4472:Taxation
4388:Monarchy
4383:Military
4309:Politics
4295:Wildlife
4245:Counties
4201:timeline
4111:800â1521
3964:61124729
3617:Archived
3556:Archived
3498:Archived
3468:Archived
3343:Archived
3242:Archived
3203:Archived
3174:Archived
3143:Archived
3059:Archived
3001:Archived
2907:Archived
2800:Archived
2781:Archived
2726:Archived
2696:Archived
2669:Archived
2546:Archived
2518:. P. 45.
2445:See also
2329:Bismarck
2161:de facto
2052:and the
1891:Bornholm
1825:infantry
1801:KjesÀter
1548:Plan R 4
1494:iron ore
1437:and 500
1405:Red Army
1268:Wood gas
1176:interned
1111:â
1092:â
1052:drafting
957:Norrland
931:â
885:Military
683:Portugal
522:Timeline
271:a series
269:Part of
97:Timeline
5325:Galicia
5303:Ukraine
5273:Romania
5223:Ireland
5218:Iceland
5208:Hungary
5198:Germany
5176:Finland
5171:Estonia
5166:Denmark
5151:Belgium
5146:Austria
5141:Albania
4983:Uruguay
4915:Arizona
4842:Morocco
4837:Tunisia
4822:Liberia
4707:Outline
4638:Fashion
4626:Cuisine
4593:Culture
4578:Welfare
4501:Society
4487:Tourism
4412:Economy
4260:Islands
4255:Forests
4098:History
3784:20 June
3774:1518217
3657:(2011)
3562:24 July
3119:12 June
2778:p. 105.
2420:Rinkaby
2344:Zealand
2294:Bothnia
2099:Swedish
1936:BĂ€ckebo
1911:Fritz X
1857:Denmark
1853:brigade
1837:Dalarna
1797:SmÄland
1614:Denmark
1486:Petsamo
1426:and 92
1413:Finland
1232:Soviets
1221:British
1135:neutral
1056:Cabinet
961:Gotland
908:In the
903:tractor
800:strikes
760:Denmark
746:Finland
732:to use
715:Germany
695:Andorra
679:Ireland
675:neutral
643:during
490:Topical
61:â
5332:Sweden
5263:Poland
5258:Norway
5233:Latvia
5203:Greece
5181:France
5134:Europe
5120:Turkey
5080:Malaya
5009:Ceylon
4963:Brazil
4925:Nevada
4900:Mexico
4880:Canada
4770:Africa
4721:Portal
4616:Cinema
4601:Anthem
4568:People
4444:Krona
4434:Energy
4290:Rivers
4240:Cities
4089:Sweden
4047:
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4009:
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3962:
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3846:
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3504:3 July
3474:3 July
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2552:27 May
2267:U-boat
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2141:censor
2105:while
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1976:Pajala
1817:London
1793:Ăreryd
1749:, the
1646:Scania
1618:Norway
1573:Renown
1564:Bergen
1556:Narvik
1526:Hitler
1498:Allies
1496:. The
1460:Pajala
1354:, and
1225:German
1147:France
1143:Poland
1067:rifles
1012:kronor
789:Russia
742:Norway
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705:, and
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629:
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583:Sweden
581:
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282:Sweden
273:on the
5407:Nauru
5352:Wales
5310:Spain
5228:Italy
5115:Tibet
5090:Nepal
5075:Japan
5048:India
5014:China
5004:Burma
4817:Kenya
4787:Egypt
4683:Sport
4663:Music
4658:Media
4583:Women
4523:Crime
4270:Lands
4265:Lakes
3730:S2CID
3267:[
3206:(PDF)
3199:(PDF)
3033:(PDF)
3026:(PDF)
2865:[
2405:Eksjö
2357:Malmö
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2240:LuleÄ
2107:tiger
2103:Swede
1968:LuleÄ
1511:LuleÄ
1507:GĂ€vle
1344:Italy
1307:from
1294:trade
1240:fuels
891:tanks
869:with
787:with
687:Spain
416:Union
230:Other
5125:Tuva
5070:Iraq
5065:Iran
4997:Asia
4885:Cuba
4643:Flag
4631:Wine
4045:ISBN
4026:ISBN
4007:ISBN
3988:ISBN
3960:OCLC
3950:ISBN
3922:ISBN
3903:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3825:ISBN
3806:ISBN
3786:2009
3770:OCLC
3760:ISBN
3722:OCLC
3691:ISBN
3583:ISBN
3564:2016
3525:ISBN
3506:2022
3476:2022
3446:2024
3410:2024
3378:ISBN
3351:2015
3333:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3250:2009
3214:2020
3182:2023
3151:2023
3121:2013
3067:2008
3041:2008
3009:2011
2871:ISBN
2734:2022
2704:2006
2554:2021
2307:Oslo
2290:Thor
2285:Thor
2277:and
2197:and
2179:and
2117:and
2101:and
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1972:DB-3
1899:Kehl
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