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723:. The lengthy fighting in Norway resulted in increased German requests for indirect assistance from Sweden, demands that Swedish diplomats were able to fend off by reminding the Germans of the Swedes' feeling of closeness to their Norwegian brethren. With the conclusion of hostilities in Norway this argument became untenable, forcing the Cabinet to give in to German pressure and allow continuous (unarmed) troop transports, via Swedish railroads, between Germany and Norway.
1257:
In 1943, as
Germany's prospects began to wane, Swedish public opinion turned against the agreement, and pressure from Britain and the USA mounted, the Swedish Cabinet declared on 29 June 1943 that the transits had to stop before October 1943. On 5 August it was officially announced that the transits
443:
to trade similar transit rights through
Finland in return for weaponry lacked by the Finns. This was the first significant proof of a changed, more favorable, German policy vis-Ă -vis Finland, that ultimately would put Finland in a position of co-belligerence with Nazi Germany in the Continuation War
1136:
The king declared "he would not be a party of giving a negative answer to
Finland's and Germany's request", which was tactically cited by the prime minister in terms of a threat of abdication. It has not been decisively shown whether the prime minister's interpretation was purely tactical, or if he
763:
In Sweden the political deliberations surrounding this decision have been called the "midsummer crisis". Research by Carl-Gustaf Scott argues however that there never was a "crisis", and that "the crisis was created in historical hindsight in order to protect the political legacy of the Social
916:
As the war in Norway concluded, German demands for transit were repeated with greater emphasis. The
Swedish parliament did formally modify the neutrality policy according to the German demands. (The United Kingdom and France were informed before the parliament
756:, the Germans on 22 June 1941 asked Sweden for some military concessions. The Swedish government granted these requests for logistical support. The most controversial concession was the decision to allow the railway-transfer of the fully armed and combat-ready
851:, but the Finns greeted the agreement as a balance against the increasing pressure from the Soviet Union. The transit road through northern Finland had a significant symbolic value, but in transit volume it was of lesser significance until the run up to
1132:
The
Cabinet discuss the requested transit of one armed division (Division Engelbrecht) from northern Norway to northern Finland. Agrarians, Liberals and the Right supported acceding to the combined Finnish-German request. Some Social Democrats opposed
828:, when Germany had sided with the Soviet Union, and on 18 August an agreement was reached that allowed Germany to set up supporting bases along the long Arctic truck road. The negotiations were carried out between the Finnish military leadership and
893:
The 40 "red-cross soldiers" were accepted for transit together with a train loaded with sanitary material. However, when this turned out to contain 90% food, according to the
Swedish customs, further requests for transit of "sanitary material" were
1093:
As the German plans for an attack on Russia were taken seriously by the
Swedish government, it was discussed between the Cabinet and the Commander-in-chief how Sweden could react in case of a war between Germany, Finland and Russia.
823:
countries of Sweden and
Finland. The most convenient route to northernmost Norway was a rough truck road that passed through Finland. Diplomatic relations between Finland and the Third Reich improved after the
109:
792:. The treaty didn't contain any provisions for troop and material transfer rights, and Finland's leadership was left with the impression that the Soviet Union would supply the base by sea.
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The
Commander-in-chief warned of the danger of a continued policy of neutrality, which could provoke German anger and occupation. Plans for cooperation with Germany and Finland were made.
1423:
UeberschÀr, Gerd R. (1998). "Strategy and Policy in
Northern Europe". In Boog, Horst; Förster, JĂŒrgen; Hoffmann, Joachim; Klink, Ernst; MĂŒller, Rolf-Dieter; UeberschĂ€r, Gerd R. (eds.).
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From the abstract of: Carl-Gustaf Scott, "The Swedish Midsummer Crisis of 1941: The Crisis that Never Was" Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 37, No. 3, 371â394 (2002) (
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had transported 1,004,158 military personnel on leave to Germany and 1,037,158 to Norway through Sweden by the time the transit agreement was disbanded on 15 August 1943.
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in fact had perceived an honest intention to consider abdication on the part of the king, but the prime minister's record and personality speak for the tactical-theory.
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803:. In the ensuing negotiations the Finns were able to limit the number of Soviet trains simultaneously in Finland to three. An agreement was signed on 6 September.
1145:
The Social Democratic parliament group decides, with the votes 72-59, to try to convince the other parties for a rejection, but to agree in case they insisted.
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Wounded soldiers were transported through Sweden, and 20 further "red-cross soldiers" and a physician were allowed to pass together with five wagons with food.
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Food and oil supplies permitted transport to northern Norway to "save the population from starvation" after the war had emptied the reserves.
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Individual Cabinet members considered cooperation with the Soviet Union, however this was fiercely rejected by a large cabinet majority.
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On 9 July, two days after Sweden had officially admitted to having granted transfer rights to Germany, Soviet Foreign Minister
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song "Den ökÀnda hÀsten frÄn Troja" (The Infamous Trojan Horse) in 1940 and it was later banned. The song used the tune by
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policies that were held in high regard in many smaller European nations. After they were publicly acknowledged, the
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In connection with Germany's attack on Russia on Midsummer's Day 1941, Sweden had its most serious cabinet crisis:
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Sweden accepts German demands for import and export of products to/from Norway as beforeâi.e., no war material.
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Several requests for neutrality-violating exports and transits are rejected during the following autumn.
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Norway protests that Sweden is taking the neutrality too seriously, expecting more support for Norway.
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The extent of these transports was kept secret, although spreading rumors soon forced prime minister
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brought to the fore the need to transfer troops and munitions not only by sea, but also through the
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where they drill a hole in the bottom of a freight car to get to the large barrel of cognac there.
1279:. In the book a group of Swedish communists blow up a German train passing through Sweden, killing
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to admit their existence. Officially the trains transported wounded soldiers and soldiers on leave
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The German transfer rights were in breach of the spirit, if not the letter, of the Russo-Finnish
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immediately requested a similar but more far-reaching concession from Finland, which invited the
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who is on board. Hitler is infuriated and invades Sweden, which surrenders on 12 May 1941.
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Public attitudes in Sweden to Finland's and Germany's demands grew less and less favorable.
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Troop transit is proposed in Swedish waters along the Swedish coast with Swedish escort.
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1365:] (in Swedish). Kungl. MilitÀrhögskolan MilitÀrhistoriska avd. 1982. p. 498.
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836:. The agreement was kept secret until the first German troops arrived in the port of
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Soviet Union stages a major air assault with 460 planes against Finnish targets.
1427:. Vol. IV. Translated by McMurry, Dean S.; Osers, Ewald; Willmot, Louise.
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Finnish government issues a statement that Finland is at war, later called the
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The troop transfer treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union is signed:
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A German envoy agree on troop transfer rights with Finland's leadership:
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New demands on transit of an armed division from Trelleborg to Tornio.
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in AprilâJune 1940 is often viewed as a significant breach with prior
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concession to German demands during and after the German invasion of
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The Soviet Union can use rail lines from the Soviet border to Hanko.
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The Swedish government accepts the transit of Division Engelbrecht.
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Sweden's Prime Minister admits the transit in a public speech in
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The Soviet Union demands troop transfer rights through Finland.
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Only three trains are allowed to be simultaneously in Finland.
986:'s government, against Swedish concessions for German demands.
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Troops, including 40 "red-cross soldiers" were denied transit.
719:, then on friendly terms with each other as formalized in the
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http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/t/t3.html#transittering
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German civil sailors were given individual transit visas.
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767:
1286:"Konjak & nazister" ("Cognac and Nazis"), a song by
1065:
The agreement was later expanded to include the port of
1316:
was brought onto the stage, but instead of legs it had
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The other parties seemed prepared to split the Cabinet.
1290:, tells the story of a sabotage on a German train in
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demanded free transfer rights through Finland, using
764:
Democratic Party and its leader Per Albin Hansson."
400:
was one of the more controversial aspects of modern
951:
1 weekly train (500 man) back and forth Trelleborgâ
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1117:the German invasion of the Soviet Union starts.
937:Swedish agreement with Nazi Germany formalized:
707:on 9 April 1940, Sweden and the other remaining
394:German troop transfer through Finland and Sweden
1479:Military history of Finland during World War II
451:
388:, 1940, German transit traffic, alpine riflemen
1434:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 941â1020.
1225:'s Order of the Day of 10 July, the so-called
962:The agreement with Germany was later expanded.
628:Internment camps in Sweden during World War II
485:
1398:"Transiting" (in Norwegian). NorgesLexi.com.
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1221:become known abroad with the publication of
1120:Germany demanded to transit the fully armed
780:in March 1940 required Finland to allow the
107:
1432:Military History Research Office (Germany)
1422:
1339:Swedish overseas trade during World War II
1324:that opened and Karl Gerhard stepped out.
1060:, and to establish depots along the roads.
478:
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100:
86:
855:, when the route was used to deploy five
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
1312:. When the song was performed, a large
617:
376:
361:
29:This article includes a list of general
1363:Swedish Military Preparedness 1939â1945
1124:(163. Inf. Div) from Norway to Finland.
940:1 daily train (500 man) back and forth
683:Swedish iron mining during World War II
590:Swedish Compulsory National Service Act
575:Operation WeserĂŒbungs effects on Sweden
1471:
1056:roads from Ylitornio and Rovaniemi to
807:German troop transfers through Finland
768:Soviet troop transfers through Finland
645:Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers
1359:Sveriges militĂ€ra beredskap 1939â1945
1261:
666:
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1429:MilitÀrgeschichtliches Forschungsamt
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418:Swedish iron ore during World War II
15:
1217:Finland's official ambitions for a
1205:in Swedish waters outside southern
448:(25 June 1941 â 4 September 1944).
13:
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871:Germany invades Denmark and Norway
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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784:to establish a naval base on the
748:After the German invasion of the
20:
859:divisions in northern Finland.
705:Denmark and Norway were invaded
1425:The Attack on the Soviet Union
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1379:
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847:, as well as the Russo-German
373:, 1940, German transit traffic
1:
1514:Political scandals in Finland
1344:
1308:with new words in Swedish by
1237:following weeks of July 1941
1045:rail lines from the ports to
1509:Political scandals in Sweden
1183:The German troop transports
452:German troops through Sweden
7:
1327:
862:
10:
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1227:Sword Scabbard Declaration
530:Sweden during World War II
487:Sweden during World War II
1519:FinlandâGermany relations
1021:is granted rights to use
788:, at the entrance to the
752:in early summer of 1941,
741:In all, close to 100,000
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638:Rescue of the Danish Jews
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612:
565:Sweden and the Winter War
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119:
1494:Politics of World War II
1268:Attentatet i PÄlsjö skog
760:from Norway to Finland.
633:Sweden and the Holocaust
519:
111:Nordic states, 1939â1945
1409:. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
1006:beside the Third Reich.
978:Protests from Norway's
849:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
811:In the summer of 1940,
758:163rd Infantry Division
721:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
600:February crisis of 1942
570:February crisis of 1940
50:more precise citations.
1489:Sweden in World War II
1209:. 200 Germans drowned.
688:Nordische Gesellschaft
389:
374:
1310:Lille Bror Söderlundh
832:'s personal emissary
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1387:SAGE JOURNALS ONLINE
1201:are sunk by Swedish
1122:Division Engelbrecht
1115:Operation Barbarossa
853:Operation Barbarossa
817:occupation of Norway
754:Operation Barbarossa
709:Baltic Sea countries
618:Humanitarian aspects
416:, and the export of
291:Kirkenes and Petsamo
279:Heavy water sabotage
1113:22 June 1941, with
899:April to June 1940
845:Moscow Peace Treaty
774:Moscow Peace Treaty
711:became enclosed by
1405:2010-01-05 at the
1262:In popular culture
390:
375:
1320:. It also had a
1314:Dalecarlian horse
1306:Isaak Dunajevskij
1273:alternate history
1198:Hansestadt Danzig
1074:6 September 1940
994:After the Soviet
840:on 21 September.
728:Per Albin Hansson
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580:Permitenttrafiken
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502:History of Sweden
404:beside Finland's
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1334:Midsummer crisis
1173:Continuation War
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368:
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352:
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329:
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263:
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257:
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203:
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187:
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181:
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178:
171:
168:
164:
161:
160:
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158:
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150:
146:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
127:
126:
125:
124:
118:
113:
103:
98:
96:
91:
89:
84:
83:
80:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
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38:
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27:
18:
17:
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1322:fifth column
1298:Karl Gerhard
1296:
1285:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1180:9 July 1941
991:August 1940
967:9 July 1940
934:8 July 1940
922:7 July 1940
842:
813:Nazi Germany
810:
794:
771:
762:
750:Soviet Union
747:
740:
731:
725:
717:Soviet Union
713:Nazi Germany
702:
579:
497:
446:Soviet Union
444:against the
437:Soviet Union
422:
410:Nazi Germany
398:World War II
393:
391:
339:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
284:
272:
253:
245:
236:
235:
229:
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194:
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174:
156:
148:
129:
121:
62:
53:
34:
1458:|work=
1288:Euskefeurat
1090:April 1941
782:Soviet Navy
650:White buses
441:Third Reich
338:Attacks on
208:Lapland War
56:August 2021
48:introducing
1473:Categories
1345:References
1271:is a 1996
1223:Mannerheim
1186:Tannenberg
1004:Baltic Sea
996:occupation
942:Trelleborg
826:Winter War
778:Winter War
736:neutrality
678:SkÄne Line
433:neutrality
332:Zitronella
318:Gearbox II
254:WeserĂŒbung
195:Silver Fox
184:Winter War
130:WeserĂŒbung
31:references
1460:ignored (
1450:cite book
1281:Eva Braun
1275:novel by
1051:Rovaniemi
1047:Ylitornio
1019:Wehrmacht
894:rejected.
857:Wehrmacht
214:Tanne Ost
149:Valentine
1403:Archived
1328:See also
1192:Preussen
917:debate.)
863:Timeline
715:and the
535:Timeline
382:Storlien
367:Storlien
351:Finnmark
297:Gauntlet
285:Claymore
273:Alphabet
248:incident
170:Bornholm
163:Isefjord
1318:columns
998:of the
946:KornsjĂž
927:Ludvika
821:neutral
797:Molotov
499:â
425:Swedish
412:in the
396:during
340:Tirpitz
311:Gearbox
304:Fritham
260:Denmark
246:Altmark
222:Iceland
177:Finland
136:Denmark
123:Denmark
44:improve
1438:
1369:
1292:Abisko
1195:, and
1038:Tornio
1036:, and
953:Narvik
703:After
429:Norway
386:Sweden
371:Sweden
325:Leader
265:Norway
238:Norway
202:Orator
157:Safari
141:Norway
33:, but
1361:[
1302:revue
1207:Ăland
1203:mines
1067:Turku
1026:Vaasa
838:Vaasa
668:Other
408:with
1462:help
1436:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1049:and
1034:Kemi
1030:Oulu
1017:The
772:The
520:Main
423:The
230:Fork
1133:it.
815:'s
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1452:}}
1448:{{
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