256:
28:
46:
161:
this status was not inherited. In theory, any male child could study, pass the exams, and attain office. In practice, however, gentry families were more able to educate their sons and used their connections with local officials to protect their interests.
255:
237:
trials and the class as a whole was abolished. Former members were stigmatized and faced persecution which reached its heights during the
205:
262:
157:
above farmers, artisans, and merchants below them in descending order, but this ideal fell short of describing society. Unlike a
49:
The art of gentleman scholars tended to idealize retreat into the beauties of nature and contemplation, an idea parallel to the
285:
218:
led the way in attacking "bad gentry and local bullies" for collecting high rent and oppressing their tenants during the
189:
103:"local gentry", held a virtual monopoly on office holding, and overlapped with an unofficial elite of the wealthy. The
384:
219:
185:. Financially desperate gentry married into merchant families which led to a breakdown of the old class structure.
355:
389:
325:
17:
230:
394:
27:
223:
210:
The imperial government and scholar-official system ended but the landlord-tenant system did not.
242:
211:
174:
112:
31:
8:
238:
178:
127:
or their families and descendants. Owning land was often their way of preserving wealth.
321:
214:, radicals of the 1920s used the term "gentry" to criticize land owners as "feudal".
50:
280:
154:
150:
136:
124:
120:
116:
84:
379:
338:
The
Chinese Gentry: Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society
234:
170:
80:
39:
373:
246:
182:
181:, merchants used their wealth to educate their sons in hopes of entering the
71:
266:
193:
165:
Members of the gentry were expected to be an example to their community as
146:
108:
104:
62:
58:
169:. They often retired to landed estates, where they lived on the rent from
290:
79:" in China was the elite who held privileged status through passing the
215:
296:
45:
265:"Viewing the Pass List", attributed to Qiu Ying (c. 1494–1552),
83:, which made them eligible to hold office. These literati, or
54:
35:
222:. Many local landlords organized gangs to enforce their rule.
166:
158:
140:
196:
came the end of the scholar-official as a legal group.
199:
365:, Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, pp. 405–410
320:(Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 1991), p. 200
269:. Handscroll, ink and colors on silk, 34.4 × 638 cm
226:promised agrarian reform and land redistribution.
233:was established, many landlords were executed by
371:
340:(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955).
119:which favored hereditary and largely military
241:. This persecution ended with the advent of
206:Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong
293:, the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia
123:. As a social class they included retired
299:, Chinese game of 'fighting the landlord'
173:. The sons of gentry aspired to pass the
44:
26:
14:
372:
286:Society and culture of the Han dynasty
353:
130:
356:"Civil Service Examinations (Keju)"
318:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China
177:and continue the family legacy. By
65:artist Ma Yuan, c. 1200–1230.
24:
25:
406:
200:20th century attacks on landlords
363:Berkeshire Encyclopedia of China
254:
330:
310:
13:
1:
303:
190:abolition of the exam system
7:
354:Elman, Benjamin A. (2009),
274:
10:
411:
347:
231:People's Republic of China
203:
134:
192:and the overthrow of the
385:Social history of China
243:Chinese economic reform
99:"scholar gentry" or 鄉紳
66:
42:
390:Social class in China
204:Further information:
48:
30:
224:Communist organizers
95:縉紳), also called 士紳
239:Cultural Revolution
179:late imperial China
167:Confucian gentlemen
113:civil service exam
67:
43:
38:gentry family, in
395:Chinese landlords
336:Chang Chung-li ,
316:Brian Hook, ed.,
220:Republican period
131:Confucian classes
85:scholar-officials
51:travel literature
16:(Redirected from
402:
366:
360:
341:
334:
328:
314:
281:Chinese nobility
258:
155:scholar-official
151:four occupations
137:Scholar-official
117:nine-rank system
32:Wang family home
21:
410:
409:
405:
404:
403:
401:
400:
399:
370:
369:
358:
350:
345:
344:
335:
331:
315:
311:
306:
277:
272:
271:
270:
264:
259:
208:
202:
143:
133:
115:to replace the
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
408:
398:
397:
392:
387:
382:
368:
367:
349:
346:
343:
342:
329:
308:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
294:
288:
283:
276:
273:
261:
260:
253:
252:
251:
235:class struggle
201:
198:
175:imperial exams
171:tenant farmers
132:
129:
109:Song dynasties
81:Imperial exams
61:; painting by
40:Lingshi County
34:, a prominent
18:Scholar-gentry
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
407:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
375:
364:
357:
352:
351:
339:
333:
327:
323:
319:
313:
309:
298:
295:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
268:
263:
257:
250:
248:
247:Deng Xiaoping
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
197:
195:
191:
186:
184:
183:civil service
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
160:
156:
152:
149:ideal of the
148:
142:
138:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:expanded the
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:landed gentry
74:
73:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
362:
337:
332:
317:
312:
267:Ming dynasty
228:
209:
194:Qing dynasty
187:
164:
144:
100:
96:
92:
88:
76:
70:
68:
63:Song dynasty
59:Yuan Hongdao
291:Cabang Atas
212:New Culture
153:ranked the
121:aristocrats
374:Categories
326:052135594X
304:References
229:After the
216:Mao Zedong
135:See also:
297:Dou dizhu
188:With the
147:Confucian
125:mandarins
101:xiangshen
275:See also
348:Sources
97:shishen
93:jinshen
89:shenshi
75:", or "
380:Gentry
324:
245:under
91:紳士 or
72:gentry
55:Su Shi
36:Shanxi
359:(PDF)
159:caste
141:Junzi
107:and
69:The "
322:ISBN
145:The
139:and
105:Tang
57:and
87:, (
53:of
376::
361:,
249:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
