1583:. In democratic countries, middle and upper class white urban males with high education are more likely to identify as secularist than any other demographic group. In societies where secularism is more common, such as in Western Europe, demographics of secularists are closer to even. How a society considers what is secular may also change, where nominally spiritual beliefs become part of public or private life without being recognized as religious. As secularists are a minority in most communities, secularism is often stigmatized. Proponents of religious society challenge secular society on the basis of morality, saying that secularism lacks a meaningful way to incentivize moral behaviour among its members.
1101:, where the emphasis is more on equality before law and state neutrality and equidistance from all religions rather than a complete blanket separation. The latter in the case of India, is termed as interventionist secularism, wherein the state intervenes to abolish practices of religion which it considers against constitutional principles, although this equidistance has been constitutionally understood to not exclude the concept of a God. The purposes and arguments in support of secularism vary widely, ranging from assertions that it is a crucial element of
1402:, and eliminating discrimination on the basis of religion. This is said to add to democracy by protecting the rights of religious minorities. Separation of church and state is one possible strategy to be deployed by secular governments. From the democratic to the authoritarian, such governments share a concern to limit the religious side in the relationship. Each state may find its own unique policy prescriptions. These may include separation, careful monitoring and regulation of organized religion such as in France, Turkey, India and others.
1430:. Religious fundamentalists often oppose a secular form of government, arguing that it contradicts the character of historically religious nations, or infringes on their rights to express themselves in the public sphere. In the United States, for example, the word "secularism" became equivalent to "anti-religion" due to such efforts. Religious minorities, however, often support secularism as a means of defending their rights against the majority.
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1289:" too aggravating, he sought a term that would describe a stance advocating to conduct life based on naturalistic (secular) considerations only, but without necessarily rejecting religion, thus enabling cooperation with believers. Holyoake's definition of secularism differs from its usage by later writers. As the Humanist Heritage website notes, Holyoake provides a definition of secularism "much akin to modern definitions of
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1441:. Some of the most well known examples for states considered "constitutionally secular" are the United States, France, Turkey, India, Mexico, and South Korea, though none of these nations have identical forms of governance with respect to religion. For example, in India, secularism does not completely separate state and religion, while in France, secularism precludes such mutual involvement.
1599:. As a philosophy, secularism is closely associated with naturalism and materialism, rejecting consideration of immaterial or supernatural substances, such as a soul, in favour of a material universe. This secular materialism and rationalism forms the basis of most modern empirical science. During the Age of Enlightenment, liberal European philosophers such as
2145:: Although they had public temples and their festivals were important civic occasions, in the city states of classical Greece gods and goddesses were not involved in 'politics'...This is a sort of secularism, in which the aims of the state are separate from religious aims, but it is not secularism in the full modern sense.
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is a system of actively supporting religion in general without favouring a specific religious sect. Under this system, the state applies few restrictions to religion and often provides religious organizations with financial support. India uses this system, incorporating
Western ideas of secularism in
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Separationist secularism enforces the separation of church and state. Under this system, the state does not support any religious group and does not enforce religious laws. Challenges facing separationist secularism include how the government should regulate secular activities of religious groups and
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in the UK. This is a common understanding of what secularism stands for among many of its activists throughout the world. However, many scholars of
Christianity and conservative politicians seem to interpret secularism more often than not, as an antithesis of religion and an attempt to push religion
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There are many principles that are associated with all forms of political secularism. It typically promotes legal equality between people of different religions, opposing a legal hierarchy on the basis of religious belief or lack of religious belief. It is also associated with a separation of church
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over religious diktat or canon law, while internal constraint is a secular principle that opposes governmental control over one's personal life. Under political secularism, the government can enforce how people act but not what they believe. Similarly, freedom of thought is supported by secularism.
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is a total ban on religion. Under this system, the state enforces laws that do not allow religious practice or the expression of religious beliefs in society. Unlike other secularist frameworks, state atheism does not permit freedom of thought or the separation of government from personal belief.
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But what is a secular argument? Some think of any argument that is reflective and critical, publicly intelligible and rational, as a secular argument; , Nevertheless, a central feature of political liberalism is that it views all such arguments the same way it views religious ones, and therefore
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in secularised societies and with secularisation as a sociological or historical process. Contemporary ethical debate in the West is often described as "secular", as it is detached from religious considerations. Twentieth-century scholars, whose work has contributed to the understanding of these
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are generally recognized as secular. This is due to the near-complete freedom of religion (religious beliefs generally are not subject to legal or social sanctions), and the lack of authority of religious leaders over political decisions. Nevertheless, it has been claimed that surveys done by
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combination with the Indian tradition of religious and ethnic pluralism. One source of disagreement regarding accommodationism in India is the right of
Muslims to live under both the civil code and Sharia simultaneously and the complications that result from this. Accommodationism also has a
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Secularism takes different forms with varying stances on where and how religion should be separate from other aspects of society. People of any religious denomination can support a secular society, or adopt the principles of secularism, although secularist identity is often associated with
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and may be broadened to a similar position seeking to remove or to minimize the role of religion in any public sphere. The term "secularism" has a broad range of meanings, and in the most schematic, may encapsulate any stance that promotes the secular in any given context. It may connote
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is developed in response to this issue. Under secular ethics, good is typically defined as that which contributes to "human flourishing and justice" rather than an abstract or idealized conception of good. Secular ethics are often considered within the frame of humanism.
1118:. Religious minorities and non-religious citizens in a country tend to support political secularism while members of the majority religion tend to oppose it. Secular nationalists are people that support political secularism within their own state.
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groups alike. Rawl's idea it that it is in everybody's own interest to endorse "a reasonable constitutional democracy" with "principles of toleration". His work has been highly influential on scholars in political philosophy and his term,
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In accord with the belief in the separation of church and state, secularists tend to prefer that politicians make decisions for secular rather than religious reasons. In this respect, policy decisions pertaining to topics like
1154:. In these countries, secular humanist organizations typically receive state funding according to the same funding formulas used to provide state funding to religious groups. In Indian political discourse, the pejorative term
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supported pluralist secularism as a means to curb tensions in the religiously diverse nation. The Indian model of secularism stressed equality of citizens regardless of faith before the law, along with some separation. The
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during the 20th century, with levels of belief and practice declining. Sociologists disagree as to whether this represents a periodic fluctuation or a larger trend toward long-term adoption of secularism. The principle of
1145:" form of secularism holds that governments may in some instances express sympathy to, provide funding to, licence state services to, or otherwise allow unique special treatment of religions (common in German-speaking and
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As a philosophy, secularism seeks to interpret life based on principles derived solely from the material world, without recourse to religion. It shifts the focus from religion towards "temporal" and material concerns.
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is also used to highlight instances where it is believed that while the state purports to be secular, indifferent, or impartial towards religions, its policies in reality favour a particular religion over others.
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secular states), so long as states nevertheless treat these convictions equally, and are neither hostile nor preferential towards any particular set of religious or non-religious philosophical convictions such as
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is a secularist framework developed and used in France. Under this system, the state has legal supremacy over religion and enforces the restriction of religion in the public sphere. It was established by a
1676:. This dual aspect (as noted above in "Secular ethics") has created difficulties in political discourse on the subject. It seems that most political theorists in philosophy following the landmark work of
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In political terms, secularism is a movement towards the separation of religion and government, often termed the separation of church and state. This can refer to reducing ties between a government and a
2458:
1744:, the term secularism is not even indexed and in the former it can be seen only in one footnote. However, there is no shortage of discussion and coverage of the topic it involves. It is just called
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and a focus on human needs and welfare, entailing non-discrimination between peoples of differing religions and non-religious philosophical convictions throughout society. A third "liberal" or "
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1333:. Turkey remains virtually the only Muslim-majority nation with an effective secular government, though secularism remains a controversial ideology in Turkey, and the country's ruling party
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There is not one singular secular culture, as different people identify as secularists for different reasons and under different belief systems. Secularism is typically associated with
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show
Americans as generally being more comfortable with religion playing a major role in public life, while in Europe the impact of the church on public life is declining.
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into the government of the United States, including his secularism, though a true secular state was not achieved until the 20th century. French secularism in the
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and state, considering these to be two distinct entities that should be treated separately. State supremacy is a secular principle that supports obedience to the
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non-religious individuals such as atheists. Political secularism encompasses the schools of thought in secularism that consider the regulation of religion by a
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1926:"Interventionist Secularism: A Comparative Analysis of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (1923–1928) and the Indian Constituent Assembly (1946–1949) Debates"
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Feldman, Noah (2005). p. 14. " claim that separating religion from the public, governmental sphere is necessary to ensure the full inclusion of all citizens."
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is supported both for people of other religions and for a lack of piety demonstrated by members of one's own religion. Political secularism also supports
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1329:'s secular tradition prior to Atatürk's reforms was limited, and 20th century Turkish secularism was initially modelled after French
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There are distinct traditions of secularism in the West, like the French, Benelux-German, Turkish, and
American models, and beyond,
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Teehan, John (2017). "Ethics, Secular and
Religious: An Evolved-Cognitive Analysis". In Zuckerman, Phil; Shook, John R. (eds.).
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groups, religious or atheistic, to thrive in a society that honours freedom of speech and conscience. An example of that is the
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Because of this distinction, state atheism may or may not be considered a form of secularism. It is typically associated with
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Yaniv Roznai citing
Domenic Marbaniang in "Negotiating the Eternal: The Paradox of Entrenching Secularism in Constitutions",
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these secular philosophical doctrines do not provide public reasons. Secular concepts and reasoning of this kind belong to
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Order is supported by secularists, specifically in that one's beliefs should not be permitted to disturb the civil peace.
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describe systems of right and wrong that do not depend on religious or supernatural concepts. Much of the philosophy of
1270:. Revolutionary France opposed Catholic influence in the country, and it briefly replaced Christianity with the deistic
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Scholars identify several variations of political secularism in society. The strictest form, associated with the French
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Gorski, Philip S. (2003). "Historicizing the
Secularization Debate: An Agenda for Research". In Dillon, Michele (ed.).
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rather than secularism. In the latter Rawls holds the idea of an overlapping consensus as one of three main ideas of
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1765:. It covers secularism in a global context, and starts with this sentence: "Secularism is a beleaguered doctrine."
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1635:, and even the whole field of contemporary bioethics, have been described as explicitly secular or non-religious.
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is more anti-Kemalist than anti-secularist. India became a secular state after it achieved independence in 1947;
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Smith, Jesse M. (2017). "Secular Living: Many Paths, Many
Meanings". In Zuckerman, Phil; Shook, John R. (eds.).
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all proposed various forms of separation of church and state. The work of well known moral philosophers such as
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as supporting this system during the 20th century, based on the ideas of John Locke and Thomas
Jefferson.
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how to govern separately from religion when citizens, including government employees, are religious. The
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Sevinc, Kenan; Hood, Ralph W.; Coleman, Thomas (2017-01-10). Zuckerman, Phil; Shook, John R. (eds.).
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1311:, the French notion of strict separation, was enshrined into law in 1905. After the rise to power of
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as a virtue. Secularists also support freedom from religion as an extension to freedom of religion.
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Solomon, D. (2005). "Christian Bioethics, Secular Bioethics, and the Claim to Cultural Authority".
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1090:. Secularism can be also defined as treating every religion equally and providing equal facility.
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A major issue considered by secular philosophy is the nature of morality in a material universe.
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1293:... broader than just atheism." More modern definitions of secularism are likely to pertain to
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2836:"When Religion Steps on Science's Turf: The Alleged Separation Between the Two Is Not So Tidy"
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It can be seen by many of the organizations (NGOs) for secularism that they prefer to define
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Most societies become increasingly secular as the result of social, economic development and
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model, advocates a state that is both firmly and officially distanced from all religions and
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Still, Rawl's theory is akin to Holyoake's vision of a tolerant democracy that treats all
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The first to use the already-extant word "secularism" in a modern sense, was the British
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1880:"Negotiating the Eternal: The Paradox of Entrenching Secularism in Constitutions"
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2617:"Secular Europe and Religious America: Implications for Transatlantic Relations"
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among them. In textbooks on modern political philosophy, like Colin Farrelly's,
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in all of its manifestations and official dealings, without exception. A more "
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are prominently focused upon by American secularist organizations such as the
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was proclaimed in 1948, protecting freedom of religion in international law.
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Secularism in practice has existed since ancient times. In societies such as
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but also advocates for the states to operate on purely a rational basis of
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1531:, rather than through the actions of a dedicated secular movement. Modern
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that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established in Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s.
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1230:. Secular ideas were strongly challenged by religious leaders and the
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1516:
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Modernity, Islam, and Secularism in Turkey: Bodies, Places, and Time
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Position that religion should not influence civic and state affairs
3170:
Secularism and Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives
3109:
The Secular Outlook: In Defense of Moral and Political Secularism.
2154:
Bizeul, Yves (2013)."Secularism in Europe", European Liberal Forum
1364:
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4255:
4117:
3995:
3224:(2012) "How to be Secular: A Call to Arms for Religious Freedom"
1853:
Hashemi, Nader (2009). "Secularism". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
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1317:
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3172:. Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture.
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out of society and replace it with atheism or a void of values,
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1996:
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as a settlement with total freedom of religion, in present-day
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2013:
2011:
1960:
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is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on
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2549:
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2084:
43:
3158:. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1984:
1810:
The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies
1184:
2585:
2008:
2698:, Max Weber, London, Routledge Classics, 2001, pp. 123–25.
1972:
1948:
1822:
Bullivant, Stephen; Lee, Lois, eds. (2016). "Secularism".
3142:
Formations Of The Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity
1761:, there is one chapter called "Political secularism", by
2740:"Speculative Matter: Secular Bodies, Minds, and Persons"
2645:
2528:"Laïcité: a Model or a Threat for Freedom of Religion?"
1063:
separation of religion from civil affairs and the state
3257:
International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society
2648:"The rise of secularism and its economic consequences"
4600:
2810:"Is "Secular Moral Theory" Really Relatively Young?"
1655:
Secularism in late 20th century political philosophy
3913:
Relations between the Catholic Church and the state
3188:
On Secularization: Towards a Revised General Theory
1433:State secularism is most often associated with the
1300:Many Christian countries began to undergo societal
1196:(1817–1906) employed the term "secularism" in 1851.
2985:Contemporary political philosophy: an introduction
2393:"Declaration in Defense of Science and Secularism"
2031:
2029:
2696:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
2274:
4624:
2646:Pomona College, US; Lozano, Fernando A. (2017).
2254:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–122.
1738:An Introduction to Contemporary Political Theory
2026:
2022:. Allahabad: Abhivyakti Prakashan. p. 431.
1848:
1846:
1719:, and fall outside the domain of the political.
1692:(1993), would rather use the conjoined concept
1262:, which emphasised state supremacy, as well as
3125:Freethinkers: a History of American Secularism
1061:Secularism is most commonly thought of as the
3644:
3340:
3016:Dryzek, John S.; Honig, Bonnie (2009-01-01).
1539:, often been preoccupied with the problem of
1380:, replacing laws based on scripture (such as
1028:
3052:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2459:"Secularism and Religious Freedom in France"
2416:
2194:
2182:
2102:
2090:
2052:"Humanism becoming the mainstream in Norway"
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1930:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
1855:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1843:
1821:
3267:, Vol. 21, (1–4), December. pp. 17–37.
3168:Kosmin, Barry A. and Ariela Keysar (2007).
3015:
2491:
3347:
3333:
2921:. Columbia University Press. p. 457.
2410:
2120:English Secularism: A Confession of Belief
2040:(MPhil). ACTS Academy of Higher Education.
2038:Secularism in India: A Historical Analysis
2035:
1035:
1021:
4428:
4298:
3209:Recognizing Religion in a Secular Society
2669:
2659:
2349:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. xvi.
1812:. Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 22-23
792:Female genital mutilation laws by country
4149:
3354:
3020:. Oxford University Press. p. 636.
2982:
2949:
2341:
2281:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
2114:
2108:
1892:. Social Science Research Network: 324.
1732:, seems to have for many parts replaced
1363:
1183:
1133:" form is indifferent towards religions
3018:The Oxford handbook of political theory
2952:Contemporary political theory: a reader
2860:
2492:Das Acevedo, Veena (27 December 2018).
2368:
1852:
1757:or expressed in some other way. In The
1437:in Europe and it plays a major role in
1127:non-religious philosophical convictions
4625:
3973:
3074:
2950:Farrelly, Colin Patrick (2004-01-01).
2919:Political Liberalism: Expanded Edition
2895:
2804:
2768:
2737:
2320:
2249:
2170:
2142:
2017:
1877:
1840:. Oxford University Press, 2017. p. 10
1452:federal judiciary of the United States
4518:
4427:
4297:
4148:
3972:
3643:
3366:
3328:
3080:Secularism: A Very Short Introduction
2913:
2909:
2907:
2707:
2287:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.10
2252:Handbook of the Sociology of Religion
1923:
1586:
1344:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1207:In Europe, secularism emerged in the
3556:Religious views on same-sex marriage
3367:
2508:from the original on 2 November 2020
2417:Berlinerblau, Jacques (2012-07-28).
1904:from the original on August 22, 2022
2830:
2369:Kaufman, Marc (November 15, 2006).
2231:from the original on 8 October 2021
2217:"George Jacob Holyoake (1817–1906)"
1857:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1759:Oxford Handbook of Political Theory
1349:
1325:, aiming to modernise the country.
1234:in particular, causing a religious
13:
3097:
2904:
2716:
2494:"Secularism in the Indian Context"
2371:"Think Tank Will Promote Thinking"
2173:, Secularism in Western Societies.
1815:
1510:
14:
4659:
3321:, Oxford Research Encyclopedias.
3272:
3238:. University of Minnesota Press.
2898:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
2814:Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog
2710:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
2482:Schmitt (1962); Blancarte (2006).
1838:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
1742:Contemporary Political Philosophy
797:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter
115:Catholic priests in public office
4610:
3421:Constitutional references to God
3384:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry
3127:. New York: Metropolitan Books.
2072:from the original on 22 May 2023
1686:in 1971 and its following book,
1321:, became a state ideology under
1315:in 1923, Turkish secularism, or
1054:considerations, uninvolved with
3536:Religious rejection of politics
3046:
3009:
2976:
2943:
2889:
2854:
2824:
2798:
2762:
2731:
2701:
2689:
2678:from the original on 2022-05-22
2639:
2627:from the original on 2018-07-04
2609:
2538:from the original on 2020-08-07
2520:
2485:
2476:
2465:from the original on 2020-10-30
2451:
2442:
2431:from the original on 2017-10-18
2385:
2362:
2353:
2335:
2326:
2303:from the original on 2021-11-29
2268:
2243:
2209:
2200:
2148:
2136:
2044:
1515:In studies of religion, modern
1503:, in which it is described as "
4479:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3599:Separation of church and state
3253:The circulation of secularism.
1917:
1878:Roznai, Yaniv (June 7, 2017).
1871:
1830:
1802:
1360:Separation of church and state
1297:rather than personal beliefs.
1295:separation of church and state
982:Christian countercult movement
891:Oriental Orthodox Christianity
100:Separation of church and state
1:
3144:. Stanford University Press.
2359:Feldman Noah (2005). pp. 6–8.
1795:
1663:as the common ground for all
1444:
1108:
886:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
827:Traditional African religions
3731:German Christians (movement)
3717:Evangelical environmentalism
3298:Resources in other libraries
2776:. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
2448:Feldman, Noah (2005). p. 13.
2036:Marbaniang, Domenic (2005).
1591:Secularism is considered in
1486:history in the United States
782:Apostasy in Islam by country
7:
4569:Religious aspects of Nazism
3822:Christian reconstructionism
3082:. Oxford University Press.
3060:(1st ed.). Routledge.
2987:. Oxford University Press.
2532:Religious Freedom Institute
2419:"Secularism Is Not Atheism"
2395:. Cfidc.org. Archived from
2020:Dharma Darshan Ki Rooprekha
2018:Sharma, Laxminidhi (2000).
1914:, citing Domenic Marbaniang
1768:
802:Religious male circumcision
10:
4664:
4235:Jewish political movements
3711:Christian environmentalism
3523:Religion and peacebuilding
3207:in Farrows, Douglas(ed.).
2900:. Oxford University Press.
2712:. Oxford University Press.
2206:Shook, Zuckerman, pp. 3–4.
1826:. Oxford University Press.
1702:. He argues that the term
1456:United States Constitution
1353:
1250:incorporated the ideas of
1213:functional differentiation
1179:
1086:on topics of religion, or
33:
18:
4525:
4519:
4514:
4434:
4423:
4306:
4293:
4157:
4144:
3981:
3968:
3652:
3646:Christianity and politics
3639:
3373:
3362:
3293:Resources in your library
2875:10.1080/13803600500501571
2725:Michigan State Law Review
2323:, Secularism diversifies.
2122:. Library of Alexandria.
1885:Michigan State Law Review
787:Blasphemy laws by country
4535:Disestablishmentarianism
3798:Christian libertarianism
3706:Christian egalitarianism
3667:Christian anti-communism
3311:"Considering Secularism"
3154:Taylor, Charles (2007).
2498:Law & Social Inquiry
1669:National Secular Society
222:Central African Republic
75:Religious discrimination
34:Not to be confused with
19:Not to be confused with
4530:American civil religion
4439:Buddhist anti-communism
3752:Protestant Reich Church
3318:Secularism and Religion
2983:Kymlicka, Will (2002).
1824:A Dictionary of Atheism
1746:overlapping consensus,
1740:, and Will Kymlicka's,
977:New religious movements
723:Palestinian territories
4381:Hindu environmentalism
4207:Revisionist Maximalism
3686:Christian anti-Zionism
3672:Christian anti-Masonry
3492:Religious anti-Zionism
3487:Religious anti-Masonry
3205:Considering Secularism
3190:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
3186:Martin, David (2005).
3058:Secularism: The Basics
2059:Understanding Humanism
1721:
1597:philosophy of religion
1473:, is an adaptation of
1372:
1224:Providence Plantations
1197:
970:Religious antisemitism
4643:Religion and politics
4574:Creativity (religion)
4429:Buddhism and politics
4300:Hinduism and politics
3991:Human Rights in Islam
3908:Political Catholicism
3814:Christian peacemaking
3803:Christian nationalism
3745:Positive Christianity
3696:Christian corporatism
3541:Religious segregation
3512:Religious nationalism
3222:Berlinerblau, Jacques
3211:McGill-Queens Press.
3054:Berlinerblau, Jacques
2744:Cultural Anthropology
2738:Farman, Abou (2013).
2343:Berlinerblau, Jacques
1924:Madra, Aysel (2015).
1730:overlapping consensus
1708:
1695:overlapping consensus
1625:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1367:
1313:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1187:
1139:evidence-based policy
819:Religious persecution
4638:Political philosophy
4564:Neopaganist feminism
4459:Buddhist nationalism
4281:World Agudath Israel
4151:Judaism and politics
4011:Islamic anti-Zionism
4006:Islamic anti-Masonry
3738:National Catholicism
3546:Religious separatism
3472:Organized secularism
3431:Engaged Spirituality
3356:Religion in politics
3234:Cinar, Alev (2006).
2278:Secularism in Turkey
1700:political liberalism
1689:Political Liberalism
1593:political philosophy
1435:Age of Enlightenment
1285:, in 1851. Finding "
1256:Age of Enlightenment
80:Religious censorship
4497:Humanistic Buddhism
4172:Jewish anti-Zionism
3986:Hui pan-nationalism
3881:Liberation theology
3837:Christian socialism
3701:Christian democracy
3691:Christian communism
3662:Christian anarchism
3551:Religious socialism
3497:Religious communism
3482:Religious anarchism
3457:Freedom of religion
2863:Christian Bioethics
2846:(2). Archived from
2774:Reasons and persons
2661:10.15185/izawol.384
2621:Pew Research Center
2582:, pp. 112–116.
2424:The Huffington Post
2375:The Washington Post
2105:, pp. 163–164.
2005:, pp. 159–161.
1969:, pp. 153–157.
1683:A Theory of Justice
1648:Friedrich Nietzsche
1522:Pew Research Center
1416:embryonic stem cell
1240:American Revolution
1209:early modern period
1170:Religious tolerance
90:Religious pluralism
55:Freedom of religion
4559:Khalistan movement
4487:Buddhist socialism
4454:Buddhist modernism
4411:Uniform civil code
4113:Political quietism
3975:Islam and politics
3953:Neo-ultramontanism
3927:Sphere sovereignty
3827:Christian republic
3808:Christian pacifism
3774:Christian humanism
3760:Christian feminism
3566:Secular liberalism
3517:Religious pacifism
3502:Religious humanism
3477:Political religion
3263:2020-11-02 at the
2756:10.1111/cuan.12035
2652:IZA World of Labor
2606:, pp. 99–110.
1942:10.1111/jssr.12192
1790:Secular liberalism
1587:Secular philosophy
1505:scientific atheism
1428:Center for Inquiry
1373:
1198:
145:Confessional state
4617:Political science
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4548:
4510:
4509:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4444:Buddhist feminism
4419:
4418:
4391:Indigenous Aryans
4386:Integral humanism
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4336:Hindu nationalism
4289:
4288:
4258:
4245:Jewish secularism
4209:
4202:
4186:Jewish Autonomism
4180:
4140:
4139:
4132:Two-nation theory
4126:
4092:
4069:Islamic socialism
4053:
4046:
4039:
4016:Islamic democracy
4001:Islamic anarchism
3964:
3963:
3955:
3921:
3886:Maronite politics
3866:Dominion Theology
3856:Christian Zionism
3845:
3816:
3792:
3768:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3725:Christian fascism
3719:
3680:
3635:
3634:
3601:
3594:
3525:
3467:Identity politics
3451:
3449:Womanist theology
3444:
3436:Feminist theology
3410:
3386:
3279:Library resources
3230:978-0-547-47334-5
3178:978-0-9794816-0-4
3164:978-0-674-02676-6
3116:978-1-4443-3521-7
3027:978-0-19-927003-3
2994:978-0-19-878274-2
2961:978-0-7619-4908-4
2928:978-0-231-52753-8
2808:(June 28, 2009).
2783:978-0-19-824615-2
2728:253, 2017, p. 324
2604:Berlinerblau 2021
2592:Berlinerblau 2021
2580:Berlinerblau 2021
2570:, pp. 64–65.
2568:Berlinerblau 2021
2558:, pp. 53–62.
2556:Berlinerblau 2021
2347:How to be Secular
2296:978-0-19-998845-7
2221:Humanist Heritage
2197:, pp. 65–66.
2195:Berlinerblau 2021
2185:, pp. 51–54.
2183:Berlinerblau 2021
2129:978-1-4655-1332-8
2103:Berlinerblau 2021
2093:, pp. 16–48.
2091:Berlinerblau 2021
2003:Berlinerblau 2021
1991:Berlinerblau 2021
1979:Berlinerblau 2021
1967:Berlinerblau 2021
1955:Berlinerblau 2021
1785:Pseudo-secularism
1581:social liberalism
1544:matters, include
1420:same-sex marriage
1368:Countries with a
1156:pseudo-secularism
1045:
1044:
881:Jehovah's Witness
857:post–Cold War era
809:
808:
164:Status by country
85:Religious liberty
4655:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4581:Personality cult
4544:
4516:
4515:
4502:Secular Buddhism
4492:Engaged Buddhism
4477:
4470:
4463:
4425:
4424:
4376:Hindu revivalism
4371:Hindu revolution
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4295:
4294:
4254:
4250:Jewish socialism
4205:
4198:
4191:Jewish democracy
4176:
4167:Jewish anarchism
4146:
4145:
4122:
4088:
4064:Islamic republic
4059:Islamic pacifism
4049:
4042:
4035:
4026:Islamic feminism
3970:
3969:
3951:
3917:
3841:
3812:
3790:Evangelical left
3788:
3764:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3715:
3676:
3657:Blaine Amendment
3641:
3640:
3597:
3592:Secular religion
3590:
3561:Secular humanism
3531:Religious police
3521:
3447:
3440:
3408:Clerical fascism
3406:
3382:
3378:Anti-clericalism
3368:General concepts
3364:
3363:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3315:Steven Kettell,
3093:
3071:
3040:
3039:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2832:Dawkins, Richard
2828:
2822:
2821:
2816:. Archived from
2802:
2796:
2795:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2377:. Archived from
2366:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2065:. October 2021.
2056:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1993:, pp. 9–10.
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1775:Desecularization
1754:multiculturalism
1713:first philosophy
1644:secular morality
1572:, among others.
1501:Communist states
1481:Accommodationism
1454:interpreted the
1350:State secularism
1264:anti-clericalism
1244:Thomas Jefferson
1080:non-sectarianism
1068:anti-clericalism
1037:
1030:
1023:
169:
168:
105:Anti-clericalism
51:
50:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4633:1851 neologisms
4623:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4601:
4599:
4590:
4521:
4506:
4430:
4415:
4331:Hindu modernism
4302:
4285:
4230:Jewish pacifism
4215:Jewish feminism
4195:Jewish fascism
4153:
4136:
4079:Islamic Zionism
4021:Islamic fascism
3977:
3960:
3851:Christian state
3832:Christian right
3766:Mormon feminism
3648:
3631:
3416:Confessionalism
3369:
3358:
3353:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3265:Wayback Machine
3100:
3098:Further reading
3090:
3068:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3028:
3014:
3010:
2995:
2981:
2977:
2962:
2948:
2944:
2929:
2912:
2905:
2894:
2890:
2859:
2855:
2829:
2825:
2803:
2799:
2784:
2767:
2763:
2736:
2732:
2721:
2717:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2594:, pp. 76–.
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2534:. 24 May 2019.
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
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2447:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2116:Holyoake, G. J.
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2027:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:, pp. 5–6.
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:, pp. 1–4.
1953:
1949:
1922:
1918:
1907:
1905:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1851:
1844:
1836:John R. Shook,
1835:
1831:
1820:
1816:
1808:Luke W. Galen.
1807:
1803:
1798:
1771:
1763:Rajeev Bhargava
1657:
1589:
1562:Peter L. Berger
1554:Hans Blumenberg
1513:
1511:Secular society
1447:
1439:Western society
1362:
1354:Main articles:
1352:
1283:George Holyoake
1232:Catholic Church
1194:George Holyoake
1182:
1111:
1041:
1011:Religion portal
1005:
1004:
1003:
869:Catholic Church
821:
811:
810:
615:North Macedonia
580:Northern Cyprus
387:Northern Cyprus
166:
156:
155:
154:
130:
129:
120:Confessionalism
64:
47:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4651:
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4435:
4432:
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4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:Saffronisation
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4333:
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4316:Hindu feminism
4313:
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4162:Halachic state
4158:
4155:
4154:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:Talibanization
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4081:
4076:
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3993:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3947:Ultramontanism
3944:
3939:
3937:Temporal power
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3784:Christian left
3781:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3682:
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3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:State religion
3614:
3609:
3607:Spiritual left
3604:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3586:Secularization
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
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3454:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3399:
3397:Civil religion
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3323:
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3313:
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3300:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:External links
3271:
3269:
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3246:
3232:
3219:
3198:
3184:
3166:
3152:
3135:
3118:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3076:Copson, Andrew
3072:
3066:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3026:
3008:
2993:
2975:
2960:
2942:
2927:
2917:(2011-01-01).
2903:
2888:
2853:
2850:on 2006-12-25.
2823:
2820:on 2018-04-05.
2797:
2782:
2761:
2750:(4): 737–759.
2730:
2715:
2700:
2688:
2638:
2623:. 2005-04-21.
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2519:
2484:
2475:
2450:
2441:
2409:
2384:
2381:on 2017-10-29.
2361:
2352:
2334:
2325:
2313:
2295:
2267:
2260:
2242:
2208:
2199:
2187:
2175:
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2147:
2135:
2128:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2043:
2025:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1936:(2): 222–241.
1916:
1870:
1863:
1842:
1829:
1814:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Postsecularism
1777:
1770:
1767:
1717:moral doctrine
1706:cannot apply;
1656:
1653:
1640:Secular ethics
1601:Baruch Spinoza
1588:
1585:
1546:Carl L. Becker
1512:
1509:
1446:
1443:
1378:state religion
1370:state religion
1351:
1348:
1339:Mahatma Gandhi
1302:secularisation
1272:Cult of Reason
1220:Roger Williams
1202:Ancient Greece
1181:
1178:
1110:
1107:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:Zoroastrianism
996:
991:
986:
985:
984:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
952:
951:
950:
945:
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740:
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730:
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720:
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700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
672:
671:
665:
664:
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660:United Kingdom
657:
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617:
612:
607:
602:
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364:
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349:
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336:
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329:
328:
327:
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321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
283:
282:
272:
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269:
264:
259:
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209:
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199:
194:
189:
184:
176:
175:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
135:State religion
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
29:Secularization
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4660:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
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4628:
4618:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:Imperial cult
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
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4490:
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4485:
4480:
4476:
4473:
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4462:
4461:
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4457:
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4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4426:
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4412:
4409:
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4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:Panun Kashmir
4353:
4350:
4349:Hindu Rashtra
4346:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Akhand Bharat
4309:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4246:
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4213:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4196:
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4192:
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4187:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Islamic state
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4051:In South Asia
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Theodemocracy
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Pillarisation
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3891:Phoenicianism
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Christian law
3777:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:State atheism
3610:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Secular state
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Religious law
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Caesaropapism
3390:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:0-8166-4411-X
3241:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:0-7735-2812-1
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:0-7546-5322-6
3193:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:0-9794816-0-0
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:A Secular Age
3153:
3151:
3150:0-8047-4768-7
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:0-8050-7442-2
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:Jacoby, Susan
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:Cliteur, Paul
3103:
3102:
3091:
3089:9780198747222
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3067:9780367691578
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:(3): 349–59.
2868:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:Leiter, Brian
2801:
2794:. 0198246153.
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:Parfit, Derek
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2576:
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2557:
2552:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2507:
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2495:
2488:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2399:on 2009-01-17
2398:
2394:
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2376:
2372:
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2329:
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2271:
2263:
2261:9780521000789
2257:
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2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1864:9780195305135
1860:
1856:
1849:
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1839:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1811:
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1801:
1791:
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1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
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1750:
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1739:
1735:
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1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:progressivism
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:Paul Bénichou
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1492:State atheism
1489:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:sex education
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:contraception
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1356:Secular state
1347:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:was based on
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:James Madison
1245:
1241:
1238:. During the
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1116:secular state
1106:
1104:
1103:modernization
1100:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
913:
909:
906:
904:
901:
897:
896:Protestantism
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:Christophobia
850:
849:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
815:
814:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
777:
773:
772:
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
758:
755:
754:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
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965:Anti-Judaism
960:Antisemitism
948:Islamophobia
847:Christianity
837:Baháʼí Faith
733:Saudi Arabia
502:Turkmenistan
257:South Africa
202:Burkina Faso
94:
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4554:Gottgläubig
4472:Nichirenism
4225:Jewish left
4108:Petro-Islam
4044:In Pakistan
3898:Papal state
3876:Gallicanism
3861:Cisalpinism
3426:Divine rule
3402:Clericalism
3308:Iain Benson
3249:Urban, Greg
3138:Asad, Talal
2915:Rawls, John
2321:Copson 2019
2171:Copson 2019
2143:Copson 2019
1725:life stance
1665:life stance
1609:Montesquieu
1570:D. L. Munby
1550:Karl Löwith
1535:has, since
1517:democracies
1268:materialism
1260:Gallicanism
1236:culture war
1165:rule of law
1099:as in India
989:Neopaganism
912:Hinduphobia
864:Catholicism
669:Middle East
472:South Korea
457:Philippines
447:North Korea
342:Afghanistan
40:Laicization
4648:Secularism
4627:Categories
4396:Rama Rajya
4363:Bangabhumi
4264:Poale Zion
4220:Jewish law
4037:by country
4031:Sharia law
3581:Secularity
3576:Secularism
3284:Secularism
2682:2022-06-27
2542:2020-05-15
2469:2020-10-26
2435:2013-05-27
2403:2011-03-24
2307:2022-08-01
1908:August 22,
1796:References
1734:secularism
1704:secularism
1678:John Rawls
1661:secularism
1621:Adam Smith
1617:David Hume
1605:John Locke
1445:Frameworks
1418:research,
1400:civil laws
1252:John Locke
1143:pillarized
1131:humanistic
1109:Variations
1084:neutrality
1076:naturalism
1048:Secularism
903:Falun Gong
610:Montenegro
550:Azerbaijan
507:Uzbekistan
487:Tajikistan
412:Kazakhstan
357:Bangladesh
352:Azerbaijan
247:Mauritania
217:Cape Verde
95:Secularism
25:Secularity
21:Irreligion
4326:Hindu law
4274:Religious
4090:Criticism
3678:Papal ban
3622:Theocracy
3036:474737332
3003:611694157
2970:290530058
2937:948824118
2235:8 October
1748:pluralism
1541:authority
1537:Max Weber
1533:sociology
1218:In 1636,
1211:. Due to
1152:humanists
994:Rastafari
933:Ahmadiyya
876:Mormonism
766:Australia
640:Slovakia
477:Sri Lanka
467:Singapore
402:Indonesia
125:Theocracy
4342:Hindutva
4321:Gandhism
4200:Kahanism
4103:Khilafat
4084:Islamism
3627:Theonomy
3462:Humanism
3442:Thealogy
3261:Archived
3251:(2008).
3203:(2004).
3140:(2003).
3123:(2004).
3107:(2010).
3078:(2019).
3056:(2021).
2954:. Sage.
2883:16423736
2792:3172889M
2772:(1984).
2676:Archived
2625:Archived
2536:Archived
2506:Archived
2463:Archived
2429:Archived
2301:Archived
2229:Archived
2118:(1896).
2067:Archived
1902:Archived
1769:See also
1674:nihilism
1613:Voltaire
1529:progress
1467:1905 law
1408:abortion
1323:Kemalism
1291:humanism
1279:agnostic
1056:religion
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842:Buddhism
645:Slovenia
565:Bulgaria
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432:Mongolia
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319:Paraguay
299:Colombia
267:Tanzania
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212:Cameroon
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1072:atheism
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570:Croatia
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555:Belarus
545:Austria
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530:Albania
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