152:. Sleep deprivation and sleep disorders are factors that contribute significantly to these errors. In the same article, the authors affirm that there is a high prevalence of sleepiness and symptoms of sleep disorders related to the circadian system in medical center nurses. In a study done with around 1100 nurses, almost half of them (49%) reported sleeping less than 7 hours per day, a significant increase compared to national figures, in which 28% of people claimed to sleep less than 7 hours per night. Having a lack of sleep can impact cognitive performance. For example, it might become difficult to stay focused and concentrate, and reaction times might also be slowed down. SWSD might interfere with making decisions quickly, driving, or flying safely. Sleep loss seen in shift workers greatly impairs cognitive performance, being awake for 24 hrs. straight results in a cognitive performance that is equal to a blood-alcohol of 0.10, which is over the legal limit in most states. All of these factors can affect work efficiency and cause accidents. Michael Lee et al. demonstrated that those working night shifts had a significantly higher risk of hazardous driving events when compared to those on a typical day shift schedule. Accidents in the workplace have been found to be 60% higher in shift workers. They can affect the individual's
169:
increased sleep deficit before morning shifts. Furthermore, the SWD group also exhibited decreased objective sleep efficiency, decrease in sleep compensation over the free days, increased sleep latency, and finally poorer sleep quality was recorded in the SWD group compared to the non-SWD group. Moreover, shift workers with SWD scored significantly higher on the
Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) when assessed at the beginning and the end of morning shifts and at the end of night shifts, while having more attentional lapses at the beginning of night shifts.
53:
513:
the circadian system about an hour per day) has been shown in a laboratory setting to maintain synchrony between sleep and the endogenous circadian rhythms, but this schedule is impractical for most real world settings. Some experts have advocated short runs (1 to 2 days) of night work with time for recovery; however, in the traditional heavy industries, longer (5 to 7 day) runs remain the rule. In the end, scheduling decisions usually involve maximizing leisure time, fairness in labor relations, etc. rather than
81:, or both affecting people whose work hours overlap with the typical sleep period. Insomnia can be the difficulty to fall asleep or to wake up before the individual has slept enough. About 20% of the working population participates in shift work. SWSD commonly goes undiagnosed, so it's estimated that 10–40% of shift workers have SWSD. The excessive sleepiness appears when the individual has to be productive, awake and alert. Both symptoms are predominant in SWSD. There are numerous
549:
light exposure should occur in the evening or first part of the night, and bright light should be avoided in the morning. Wearing dark goggles (avoiding bright light) or blue-blocking goggles during the morning commute home from work can improve circadian adaptation. For workers who want to use bright light therapy, appropriate fixtures of the type used to treat
369:, which found that their hypothesis of sleep deprivation and the cognitive impact it has on nurses was strongly supported in 69% of shift workers. The impairment in cognitive performance, such as general intellect, reaction time, and memory, was statistically significant among the staff nurses due to poor sleep quality and decreased alertness while awake.
443:
those who work night shifts compared to those who work day shifts. Sleepiness is manifested as a desire to nap, unintended dozing, impaired mental acuity, irritability, reduced performance, and accident proneness. Shift work is often combined with extended hours of duty, so fatigue can be a compounding factor. The symptoms coincide with the duration of
434:
lack entrainment to a night oriented schedule and stay on a daytime schedule. Melatonin continues to peak at night during a shift workers awake time and decreases during a shift workers sleep time. Cortisol levels are lower during a shift workers awake time and remain higher during shift workers sleep time.
512:
Experts agree that there is no such thing as an "ideal" night work schedule, but some schedules may be better than others. For example, rotating shifts every two weeks in a forward (delaying) direction was found to be easier than rotation in a backward (advancing) direction. Gradual delays ("nudging"
494:
There are different tools to assess shift work disorder. Patients can keep a diary. Some questionnaires could be useful as the
Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Actigraphy and polysomnography could indicate some interesting patterns. Further studies are needed to see if some phase markers as the
282:
SWSD can affect many occupations, but firefighters are at a greater risk because of their extended (24hr) shift and frequent sleep interruptions due to emergencies. Many firefighters have sleep disorders as a result of their extended shift and frequently disrupted sleep. In a study on firefighters by
85:
schedules, and they may be permanent, intermittent, or rotating; consequently, the manifestations of SWSD are quite variable. Most people with different schedules than the ordinary one (from 8 AM to 6 PM) might have these symptoms but the difference is that SWSD is continual, long-term, and starts to
580:
Melatonin has been shown to accelerate the adaptation of the circadian system to a nighttime work schedule. Melatonin may benefit daytime sleep in night workers by an additional direct sleep promoting mechanism. Melatonin treatment may increase sleep length during both daytime and nighttime sleep in
381:
analyzed the correlation between the clinical risk management and the occurrence of medication errors and the effects of the shift work on inpatient nurses. The researchers reviewed 19 out of 217 research articles and focused on the impact of workload, shifts and sleep deprivation on the probability
398:
in the brain, and synchronized with the day/night cycle. Gene-transcription feedback loops in individual SCN cells form the molecular basis of biological timekeeping. Circadian phase shifts are dependent on the schedule of light exposure, the intensity, and previous exposure to light. Variations in
592:
is the most widely used alerting drug in the world and has been shown to improve alertness in simulated night work. Caffeine and naps before a night shift reduces sleepiness during the shift. Night shift medical field workers report the highest activity, along with the least amount of sleep. These
433:
Circadian misalignment plays a major role in shift work sleep disorder. Circadian misalignment occurs when there is no complete adaptation to a night shift schedule. The hormones cortisol and melatonin are an important part of the circadian rhythm. In circadian misalignment, cortisol and melatonin
576:
Melatonin is also available as an oral supplement. In the US and Canada, the hormone melatonin is not classified as a drug; it is sold as a dietary supplement. In other countries, it requires a prescription or is unavailable. Although it is not licensed by the FDA as a treatment for any disorder,
548:
circadian rhythms of most species, including humans, and bright artificial light exposure has been developed as a method to improve circadian adaptation in night workers. The timing of bright light exposure is critical for its phase shifting effects. To maximize a delay of the body clock, bright
442:
The primary symptoms of shift work sleep disorder are insomnia and excessive sleepiness associated with working (and sleeping) at non-standard times. Shift work sleep disorder is also associated with falling asleep at work. Total daily sleep time is usually shortened and sleep quality is less in
168:
Although SWD affects many shift workers, its manifestation is still unclear within the general shift-working population. A field study investigating the nature of SWD in an experimental (with SWD) and control (non-SWD) group of
Finnish shift workers revealed decreased total sleep time (TST) and
342:
Some people are more affected by shift work and sleeplessness than others, and some will be impaired on some tasks while others will always perform well on the same tasks. Some people have a morning preference but others not. Genetic predisposition is an important predictor of which people are
364:
skills. The participants underwent the autobiographical memory test, as well as anxiety and depression inventories. The researchers found that a sleep-deprived group of individuals scored significantly higher in the depression score and remembered more negative than positive memories. The
338:
There are various risk factors, including age. Although SWSD can appear at any age, the highest prevalence is in the 50 years old and above age bracket and even more so in cases of irregular schedules. Gender is also a factor. It may be that female night workers sleep less than their male
524:
Many night workers take naps during their breaks, and in some industries, planned napping at work (with facilities provided) is beginning to be accepted. A nap before starting a night shift is a logical prophylactic measure. However, naps that are too long (over 30 minutes) may generate
147:
Sleep loss and decreased quality of sleep is another effect of shift work. To promote a healthy lifestyle, the
American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended that an adult have 7 or more hours of sleep per day. Each year, there are almost 100,000 deaths estimated in the U.S. because of
291:
for any sleep disorders. Those with sleep disorders were also at a higher risk for being in a motor vehicle crash (OR=2.0 95% CI 1.29–3.12, p=0.0021), near crash (OR=2.49 95% CI 2.13–2.91, p < 0.0001), and nodding off while driving (OR=2.41 95% CI 2.06–2.82, p < 0.0001).
326:
propensity for sleep and wake. In addition to circadian misalignment, attempted sleep at unusual times can be interrupted by noise, social obligations, and other factors. There is an inevitable degree of sleep deprivation associated with sudden transitions in sleep schedule.
330:
The prevalence of SWSD is unclear because it is not often formally diagnosed and its definitions vary in scientific literature. However, SWSD is estimated to affect 2–10% of general population and about 27% of night and rotating workers. The use of the third edition of the
130:
is increased in shift workers. Because the circadian system regulates the rate of chemical substances in the body, when it is impaired, several consequences are possible. Acute sleep loss has been shown to increase the levels of
425:. It is believed that the reduction in firing in the SCN stimulates sleep. While day-active individuals produce melatonin at night, night shift workers' production of melatonin is suppressed at night due to light exposure.
553:
are readily available but patients need to be educated regarding their appropriate use, especially the issue of timing. Bright light treatment is not recommended for patients with light sensitivity or ocular disease.
221:, that plays a role in tumor suppression. Chronic shift work has been associated with decreased immune function in nurses. In a study by Naigi, et al., over the course of a shift, nurses exhibited decreasing levels of
1630:
Taraz M, Khatami MR, Hajiseyedjavadi M, Farrokhian A, Amini M, Khalili H, et al. (July 2013). "Association between antiinflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and sleep quality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis".
1775:
3098:
3083:
529:, a groggy feeling after awakening that can impair performance. Therefore, brief naps (10 to 30 minutes) are preferred to longer naps (over 30 minutes). Also, long naps may interfere with the main sleep period.
188:
which are risk factors for SWSD, have also been associated with low productivity, absenteeism, and accidents. At a cognitive level, sleep deprivation has been shown to cause decreased attentiveness, increased
421:. Typically, the secretion of melatonin begins two hours before bedtime and ends two hours prior to waking up. A decline in neuronal firing in the SCN is caused by the binding of melatonin to the MT1 and MT2
253:
Decreased sleep quality and duration have also been associated with other chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease. Many studies have shown that prolonged sleeplessness and sleep disorders, such as
241:
after exposure compared to daytime workers. A poorly functioning immune system may leave workers vulnerable for developing occupational illnesses. Sleep loss is also associated with an increase in
382:
of making medication errors. They found that the main reason behind medication errors are stress, fatigue, increased workload, night shifts, nurse staffing ratio and workflow interruptions.
2083:
Vanttola P, Puttonen S, Karhula K, Oksanen T, Härmä M (June 2020). "Prevalence of shift work disorder among hospital personnel: A cross-sectional study using objective working hour data".
573:, in the hours before bedtime allows its production. Dark therapy does not require total darkness. Amber or orange colored goggles eliminate blue light to the eyes while allowing vision.
447:
and usually remit with the adoption of a conventional sleep-wake schedule. The boundary between a "normal response" to the rigors of shift work and a diagnosable disorder is not sharp.
1430:
AKERSTEDT T, FREDLUND P, GILLBERG M, JANSSON B (March 2002). "A prospective study of fatal occupational accidents - relationship to sleeping difficulties and occupational factors".
485:
These symptoms are not better explained by another sleep disorder, medical or neurologic disorder, mental disorder, medication use, poor sleep hygiene, or substance use disorder.
466:
There is an insomnia or/and an excessive sleepiness with a reduction of total sleep time, all combined with an overlap of work period occurring during the habitual sleep time.
365:
sleep-deprived group also scored significantly lower than the well-rested group in autobiographical memory and specific memories. This study is similar to the one done by the
2295:
339:
counterparts. A possible explanation is the social obligations that can increase their vulnerability to SWSD. Female night workers also seem to be more sleepy at work.
455:
917:
Sooriyaarachchi P, Jayawardena R, Pavey T, King N. Shift work and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva
Endocrinology. 2021 Jun
98:(BMD) and risk for fracture. Researchers have found that those who work long-term in night positions, like nurses, are at a great risk for wrist and hip
2786:"Regulation of L1 expression and retrotransposition by melatonin and its receptor: implications for cancer risk associated with light exposure at night"
569:
in darkness, normally at night. Its production is suppressed by light exposure, principally blue light around 460 to 480 nm. Light restriction, or
2586:
Czeisler CA, Moore-Ede MC, Coleman RH (July 1982). "Rotating shift work schedules that disrupt sleep are improved by applying circadian principles".
1484:
Jurado-Gámez B, Guglielmi O, Gude F, Buela-Casal G (May 2015). "Workplace
Accidents, Absenteeism and Productivity in Patients With Sleep Apnea".
459:
332:
180:, and more. In a study by Akkerstedt et al., those who had a hard time sleeping in the past two weeks were at a greater risk for having a fatal
2673:
495:
body temperature rhythm or the melatonin rhythm are efficient to assess shift work disorder. Decreased sleep quality may be assessed using the
390:
Brain arousal is stimulated by the circadian system during the day and sleep is usually stimulated at night. The rhythms are maintained in the
94:
There have been many studies suggesting health risks associated with shift work. Many studies have associated sleep disorders with decreased
2143:"Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review"
682:
322:
Insomnia and wake-time sleepiness are related to misalignment between the timing of a non-standard wake–sleep schedule and the endogenous
479:
monitoring (with sleep diaries) demonstrate for more than 14 days (work and free days included) circadian and sleep-time misalignment.
1214:"Prevalence and impacts of poor sleep on quality of life and associated factors of good sleepers in a sample of older Chinese adults"
156:
and cause a lack of well-being and happiness. Poor sleep quality has also been associated with decreased quality of life, based on a
601:
are non-amphetamine alerting drugs originally developed for the treatment of narcolepsy that have been approved by the FDA (the US
451:
617:
given in the morning can lengthen daytime sleep; however, some studies have shown that nighttime sleepiness may be unaffected.
230:
2012:
2629:
Gallo LC, Eastman CI (January 1993). "Circadian rhythms during gradually delaying and advancing sleep and light schedules".
2349:
Wright KP, Bogan RK, Wyatt JK (February 2013). "Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD)".
521:
practices related to sleep/wake scheduling. Symptoms typically only fully resolve once a normal sleep schedule is resumed.
233:
disease and tumor suppression. Other researchers have found that less sleep at night increased the risk of developing the
118:
were shown to be much higher in those who work night shift. SWSD can increase the risk of mental disorders. Specifically,
399:
exposure can advance or delay these rhythms. For example, the rhythms can be delayed due to light exposure at night.
2925:"Healthcare Shift Workers' Temporal Habits for Eating, Sleeping, and Light Exposure: A Multi-Instrument Pilot Study"
1327:
Kucharczyk ER, Morgan K, Hall AP (December 2012). "The occupational impact of sleep quality and insomnia symptoms".
2763:
714:
469:
The presence of these symptoms has lasted for at least 3 months and are associated with the shift work schedules.
335:(ICSD-3) criteria has decreased the prevalence estimates of SWSD compared to the old ICSD-2 criteria after 2014.
70:
356:
Shift work sleep disorder affects many individuals, especially those within the medical field. Research done by
496:
377:
Shift work sleep disorder affects patient care within all aspects of the medical field. Research published in
266:
to increase from the prolonged stimulation of the nervous system. The increase of inflammatory markers, like
1896:"Common sleep disorders increase risk of motor vehicle crashes and adverse health outcomes in firefighters"
602:
2029:
International
Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd Ed. Darien, IL USA: American Academy of Sleep Medicine
3129:
550:
545:
482:
Sleep disturbance is associated with impairment of social, occupational, and/or other waking functioning.
172:
Many studies have shown evidence of how partial and total sleep deprivation affects work productivity,
153:
1579:
Rohleder N, Aringer M, Boentert M (July 2012). "Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue".
3134:
3092:
2319:
2195:
Kecklund G, Axelsson J (November 2016). "Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep".
52:
3139:
1050:. American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers. 2019-06-07
410:
1952:
Liira J, Verbeek JH, Costa G, Driscoll TR, Sallinen M, Isotalo LK, Ruotsalainen JH (August 2014).
1538:
Meier-Ewert HK, Ridker PM, Rifai N, Regan MM, Price NJ, Dinges DF, Mullington JM (February 2004).
2141:
Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright KP, Vitiello MV, Zhdanova IV (November 2007).
391:
361:
255:
185:
2835:"Melatonin as a chronobiotic: treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind"
1674:
Nagai M, Morikawa Y, Kitaoka K, Nakamura K, Sakurai M, Nishijo M, et al. (September 2011).
2044:"Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers"
562:
360:
examine the difference in cognitive function using sleep-deprived and well-rested nurses using
267:
2405:
Boivin DB, Boudreau P (October 2014). "Impacts of shift work on sleep and circadian rhythms".
1894:
Barger LK, Rajaratnam SM, Wang W, O'Brien CS, Sullivan JP, Qadri S, et al. (March 2015).
983:"Effects of acute sleep loss on diurnal plasma dynamics of CNS health biomarkers in young men"
2982:
Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T, Hughes RJ, Wright KP, Kingsbury L, et al. (August 2005).
1070:"0630 Sleep Health of Nursing Staff in an Academic Medical Center: Results of a Survey Study"
462:(ICSD) – Second and Third Editions. The diagnosis requires the following assumptions :
402:
193:, delayed psychomotor response, performance deterioration, neglect of activities, decline in
1270:
Vanttola P, Härmä M, Viitasalo K, Hublin C, Virkkala J, Sallinen M, et al. (May 2019).
2595:
1588:
1540:"Effect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk"
1283:
1166:
1153:
Lee ML, Howard ME, Horrey WJ, Liang Y, Anderson C, Shreeve MS, et al. (January 2016).
1112:
Jehan S, Zizi F, Pandi-Perumal SR, Myers AK, Auguste E, Jean-Louis G, McFarlane SI (2017).
237:. A supporting study by Moher et al. showed that shift workers were more likely to develop
226:
127:
95:
2784:
deHaro D, Kines KJ, Sokolowski M, Dauchy RT, Streva VA, Hill SM, et al. (July 2014).
1954:"Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work"
8:
3102:
2004:
Shift Work
Disorder: Prevalence, Manifestation, and Recovery; Chapter: Definitions of SWD
238:
222:
3025:"Sleepiness/alertness on a simulated night shift following sleep at home with triazolam"
2599:
1978:
1953:
1592:
1287:
1170:
262:, a marker of cardiovascular disease. Many studies have shown that lack of sleep causes
3107:
2959:
2924:
2864:
2810:
2785:
2724:"Dark goggles and bright light improve circadian rhythm adaptation to night-shift work"
2704:
2654:
2563:
2538:
2519:
2471:
2446:
2277:
2220:
2167:
2142:
2108:
1920:
1895:
1868:
1835:
1811:
1751:
1726:
1656:
1612:
1517:
1463:
1407:
1374:
1304:
1271:
1240:
1213:
1189:
1154:
1130:
1113:
1047:
1017:
982:
958:
931:
895:
870:
837:
812:
768:
741:
422:
271:
259:
111:
1774:
Mohren DC, Jansen NW, Kant I, Galama JM, van den Brandt PA, Swaen GM (November 2002).
3046:
3023:
Walsh JK, Schweitzer PK, Anch AM, Muehlbach MJ, Jenkins NA, Dickins QS (April 1991).
3005:
2964:
2946:
2905:
2856:
2815:
2745:
2696:
2646:
2642:
2611:
2568:
2523:
2511:
2476:
2422:
2366:
2281:
2269:
2261:
2224:
2212:
2172:
2112:
2100:
2065:
2008:
1983:
1925:
1873:
1855:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1756:
1707:
1648:
1604:
1600:
1561:
1509:
1501:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1412:
1394:
1352:
1344:
1309:
1245:
1194:
1135:
1091:
1022:
1004:
963:
900:
842:
773:
645:
288:
214:
119:
37:
2884:"The effects of caffeine on simulated night-shift work and subsequent daytime sleep"
2868:
2708:
2658:
2240:"Sleep-deprivation and autobiographical memory: evidence from sleep-deprived nurses"
1815:
1660:
1616:
1521:
1467:
871:"Shift Work and Shift Work Sleep Disorder: Clinical and Organizational Perspectives"
3036:
2995:
2954:
2936:
2895:
2846:
2805:
2797:
2735:
2688:
2638:
2603:
2558:
2550:
2503:
2466:
2458:
2414:
2358:
2251:
2204:
2162:
2154:
2092:
2055:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1915:
1907:
1863:
1847:
1787:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1697:
1687:
1640:
1596:
1551:
1493:
1439:
1402:
1386:
1336:
1299:
1291:
1235:
1225:
1184:
1174:
1125:
1081:
1012:
994:
953:
943:
890:
882:
832:
824:
763:
753:
533:
323:
206:
123:
2418:
999:
918:
613:
Obtaining enough sleep during the day is a major problem for many night workers.
99:
2554:
886:
2851:
2834:
2362:
2158:
1851:
1556:
1539:
1497:
1340:
1159:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1086:
1069:
284:
263:
218:
194:
136:
2984:"Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder"
2674:"Jet lag and shift work sleep disorders: how to help reset the internal clock"
2507:
2462:
2060:
2043:
1836:"Cardiovascular, Inflammatory and Metabolic Consequences of Sleep Deprivation"
1295:
828:
758:
3123:
3041:
3024:
2950:
2740:
2723:
2265:
1859:
1799:
1776:"Prevalence of Common Infections Among Employees in Different Work Schedules"
1505:
1451:
1398:
1348:
1095:
1008:
640:
526:
518:
514:
210:
181:
177:
149:
2900:
2883:
2607:
1230:
1179:
3009:
2968:
2819:
2700:
2692:
2572:
2515:
2480:
2426:
2370:
2320:"Can nurses' shift work jeopardize the patient safety? A systematic review"
2273:
2216:
2176:
2104:
2069:
2002:
1987:
1929:
1877:
1807:
1760:
1711:
1692:
1675:
1652:
1608:
1565:
1513:
1459:
1416:
1390:
1356:
1313:
1249:
1198:
1139:
1026:
967:
904:
846:
777:
577:
there have been no serious side effects or complications reported to date.
570:
566:
414:
395:
283:
Barger, et al., over a third of study participants screened positive for a
115:
3050:
2909:
2860:
2749:
2650:
2615:
1725:
Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Alper CM, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB (January 2009).
948:
742:"Prevalence of Shift Work Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3000:
2983:
2801:
598:
472:
234:
173:
132:
3075:
532:
In the transportation industry, safety is a major concern, and mandated
2923:
Chen C, ValizadehAslani T, Rosen GL, Anderson LM, Jungquist CR (2020).
1676:"Effects of fatigue on immune function in nurses performing shift work"
1272:"Sleep and alertness in shift work disorder: findings of a field study"
630:
621:
has been shown to be ineffective in increasing sleep in shift workers.
476:
444:
190:
82:
78:
46:
2256:
2239:
2208:
2096:
1911:
1702:
1644:
544:
The light-dark cycle is the most important environmental time cue for
205:
Partial and total sleep deprivation has been linked to an increase of
2722:
Eastman CI, Stewart KT, Mahoney MP, Liu L, Fogg LF (September 1994).
2447:"Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers"
1629:
1068:
Christian F, Muppavarapu K, Aston C, Bauer CY, Doshi V (2019-04-13).
618:
614:
594:
593:
individuals require medication/power naps to function at their best.
418:
242:
106:
and issues during pregnancy are increased in shift workers. Obesity,
103:
42:
2941:
2042:
Drake CL, Roehrs T, Richardson G, Walsh JK, Roth T (December 2004).
1483:
1155:"High risk of near-crash driving events following night-shift work"
589:
107:
74:
1834:
Mullington JM, Haack M, Toth M, Serrador J, Meier-Ewert H (2009).
1048:"Nurses have increased risk of sleep disorders, sleep deprivation"
980:
409:
of the eye send information about environmental light through the
740:
Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B, Waage S, Harris A, Sagoe D (March 2021).
635:
2922:
2445:
Ker K, Edwards PJ, Felix LM, Blackhall K, Roberts I (May 2010).
2237:
1429:
795:
3087:
1893:
1276:
International
Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
981:
Benedict C, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Cedernaes J (2020-03-17).
868:
406:
2082:
1724:
1067:
810:
798:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®)
2764:"Seasonal affective disorder treatment: Choosing a light box"
869:
Wickwire EM, Geiger-Brown J, Scharf SM, Drake CL (May 2017).
813:"Nightshift work and fracture risk: the Nurses' Health Study"
157:
3022:
1673:
1269:
2783:
1833:
1537:
1114:"Shift Work and Sleep: Medical Implications and Management"
1111:
739:
517:
considerations. Shift workers can benefit from adhering to
2238:
Khormizi HZ, Salehinejad MA, Nitsche MA, Nejati V (2019).
2041:
2140:
1951:
929:
811:
Feskanich D, Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES (April 2009).
608:
184:(RR=1.89, 95% CI 1.22–2.94). Other sleep disorders, like
2721:
2585:
2444:
2327:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
379:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
2981:
2494:
Cheng P, Drake C (August 2019). "Shift Work Disorder".
1578:
1773:
2296:"JCDR - Circadian rhythm, Night shift, Sleep quality"
1994:
584:
456:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3065:
1727:"Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold"
1373:
Goel N, Rao H, Durmer J, Dinges D (September 2009).
1326:
1152:
930:
UlhĂ´a MA, Marqueze EC, Burgos LG, Moreno CR (2015).
1372:
507:
1780:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1375:"Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation"
605:) for excessive sleepiness associated with SWSD.
3121:
2348:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2186:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
2536:
2400:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
735:
733:
731:
460:International Classification of Sleep Disorders
333:International Classification of Sleep Disorders
2881:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
1486:Archivos de BronconeumologĂa (English Edition)
1061:
919:https://doi.org/10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03534-x
2539:"Sleep, immunity and shift workers: A review"
2183:
2076:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1544:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1256:
1107:
1105:
367:National Center for Biotechnology Information
2777:
2665:
2628:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
853:
728:
685:. National Sleep Foundation. 16 October 2018
2451:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2440:
2438:
2436:
2377:
2333:
1958:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
245:, a marker of systemic immune functioning.
2671:
2493:
1936:
1581:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1102:
51:
3040:
2999:
2958:
2940:
2899:
2850:
2809:
2739:
2562:
2470:
2255:
2166:
2119:
2059:
1977:
1919:
1867:
1750:
1701:
1691:
1555:
1406:
1303:
1239:
1229:
1188:
1178:
1129:
1085:
1016:
998:
957:
947:
894:
836:
796:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
767:
757:
539:
428:
248:
2832:
2433:
2000:
452:International Classification of Diseases
2882:Muehlbach MJ, Walsh JK (January 1995).
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
317:
287:, but most had not received a previous
277:
135:in blood plasma, which may explain the
3122:
2021:
936:International Journal of Endocrinology
791:
789:
787:
609:Medications that promote daytime sleep
557:
163:
86:interfere with the individual's life.
1889:
1887:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1533:
1531:
1479:
1477:
1368:
1366:
1211:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
536:rules attempt to enforce rest times.
200:
2681:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
1033:
932:"Shift work and endocrine disorders"
800:. American Psychiatric Publications.
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
2988:The New England Journal of Medicine
2672:Kolla BP, Auger RR (October 2011).
1840:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
1218:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
784:
351:
13:
2833:Sack RL, Lewy AJ (December 1997).
1900:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
1884:
1822:
1528:
1474:
1363:
715:"Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD)"
658:
585:Medications that promote alertness
450:There are criteria of SWSD in the
413:to the SCN. The SCN regulates the
14:
3151:
3061:
696:
89:
1792:10.1097/00043764-200211000-00005
1601:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x
1444:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00287.x
508:Prescribed sleep/wake scheduling
346:
270:, up-regulate the production of
142:
3016:
2975:
2916:
2875:
2826:
2756:
2715:
2622:
2579:
2537:Almeida CM, Malheiro A (2016).
2530:
2487:
2312:
2288:
2231:
2035:
1767:
1718:
1667:
1623:
1572:
1423:
1320:
1205:
1146:
394:(SCN), located in the anterior
372:
258:, increases systemic levels of
114:, elevated body fat levels and
71:circadian rhythm sleep disorder
1970:10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2
1743:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505
1680:Journal of Occupational Health
974:
923:
911:
804:
683:"Shift Work Disorder Symptoms"
489:
1:
2839:Journal of Biological Rhythms
2007:. Unigrafia. pp. 28–33.
1731:Archives of Internal Medicine
651:
565:is a hormone secreted by the
497:Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index
417:, which secretes the hormone
358:The Journal Of Sleep Research
2929:Journal of Circadian Rhythms
2643:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90019-C
2419:10.1016/j.patbio.2014.08.001
1118:Sleep Medicine and Disorders
1000:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008866
603:Food and Drug Administration
502:
437:
385:
7:
2555:10.1016/j.slsci.2016.10.007
1212:Lo CM, Lee PH (June 2012).
887:10.1016/j.chest.2016.12.007
624:
295:
10:
3156:
2852:10.1177/074873049701200615
2363:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.02.002
1852:10.1016/j.pcad.2008.10.003
1633:Hemodialysis International
1557:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.050
1498:10.1016/j.arbr.2014.12.002
1341:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.01.005
817:Osteoporosis International
3069:
2631:Physiology & Behavior
2508:10.1016/j.ncl.2019.03.003
2463:10.1002/14651858.CD008508
2244:Journal of Sleep Research
2085:Journal of Sleep Research
1432:Journal of Sleep Research
1296:10.1007/s00420-018-1386-4
829:10.1007/s00198-008-0729-5
759:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638252
63:Shift work sleep disorder
36:
28:
24:Shift work sleep disorder
23:
2159:10.1093/sleep/30.11.1460
1087:10.1093/sleep/zsz067.628
411:retinohypothalamic tract
307:Difficulty concentrating
32:shift work disorder; SWD
2608:10.1126/science.7089576
2061:10.1093/sleep/27.8.1453
1231:10.1186/1477-7525-10-72
1180:10.1073/pnas.1510383112
746:Frontiers in Psychology
392:suprachiasmatic nucleus
362:autobiographical memory
139:effects of sleep loss.
3042:10.1093/sleep/14.2.140
2790:Nucleic Acids Research
2741:10.1093/sleep/17.6.535
2693:10.3949/ccjm.78a.10083
2351:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1693:10.1539/joh.10-0072-oa
1391:10.1055/s-0029-1237117
1329:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1080:(Supplement_1): A251.
540:Bright light treatment
429:Circadian misalignment
249:Cardiovascular disease
227:innate immune response
2901:10.1093/sleep/18.1.22
1379:Seminars in Neurology
581:night shift workers.
229:that plays a role in
3001:10.1056/NEJMoa041292
458:(DSM-5), and in the
343:vulnerable to SWSD.
318:Cause and prevalence
301:Excessive sleepiness
278:SWSD in firefighters
213:, and a decrease in
128:alcohol use disorder
96:bone mineral density
2600:1982Sci...217..460C
2407:Pathologie-Biologie
2001:Vanttola P (2021).
1593:2012NYASA1261...88R
1288:2019IAOEH..92..523V
1171:2016PNAS..113..176L
993:(11): e1181–e1189.
949:10.1155/2015/826249
558:Melatonin treatment
423:melatonin receptors
304:Difficulty sleeping
239:infectious diseases
178:workplace accidents
164:Sleep and alertness
3130:Working conditions
2802:10.1093/nar/gku503
2496:Neurologic Clinics
2091:(e12906): e12906.
752:(638252): 638252.
717:. Cleveland Clinic
201:Immune functioning
182:workplace accident
112:insulin resistance
3117:
3116:
2257:10.1111/jsr.12683
2209:10.1136/bmj.i5210
2097:10.1111/jsr.12906
2014:978-951-51-6959-4
1912:10.5664/jcsm.4534
1786:(11): 1003–1011.
1645:10.1111/hdi.12035
646:Human reliability
551:winter depression
454:(ICD-10), in the
289:medical diagnosis
217:markers, such as
215:anti-inflammatory
209:markers, such as
73:characterized by
60:
59:
18:Medical condition
3147:
3135:Circadian rhythm
3067:
3066:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2944:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2854:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2796:(12): 7694–707.
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:. MayoClinic.com
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2402:
2375:
2374:
2346:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2259:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2138:
2117:
2116:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1002:
978:
972:
971:
961:
951:
927:
921:
915:
909:
908:
898:
881:(5): 1156–1172.
866:
851:
850:
840:
808:
802:
801:
793:
782:
781:
771:
761:
737:
726:
725:
723:
722:
711:
694:
693:
691:
690:
679:
534:hours of service
515:chronobiological
352:Cognitive impact
207:pro-inflammatory
56:
55:
21:
20:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3140:Sleep disorders
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3078:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3021:
3017:
2980:
2976:
2942:10.5334/jcr.199
2921:
2917:
2880:
2876:
2831:
2827:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2720:
2716:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2627:
2623:
2594:(4558): 460–3.
2584:
2580:
2535:
2531:
2492:
2488:
2457:(5): CD008508.
2443:
2434:
2403:
2378:
2347:
2334:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2236:
2232:
2193:
2184:
2153:(11): 1460–83.
2139:
2120:
2081:
2077:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1964:(8): CD009776.
1950:
1937:
1892:
1885:
1832:
1823:
1772:
1768:
1723:
1719:
1672:
1668:
1628:
1624:
1577:
1573:
1536:
1529:
1482:
1475:
1428:
1424:
1371:
1364:
1325:
1321:
1268:
1257:
1210:
1206:
1151:
1147:
1110:
1103:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1034:
979:
975:
928:
924:
916:
912:
867:
854:
809:
805:
794:
785:
738:
729:
720:
718:
713:
712:
697:
688:
686:
681:
680:
659:
654:
627:
611:
587:
560:
542:
510:
505:
492:
440:
431:
405:located in the
388:
375:
354:
349:
320:
298:
280:
251:
203:
166:
145:
102:(RR=1.37). Low
92:
50:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3095:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:Classification
3063:
3062:External links
3060:
3057:
3056:
3015:
2974:
2915:
2874:
2845:(6): 595–603.
2825:
2776:
2755:
2714:
2687:(10): 675–84.
2664:
2621:
2578:
2549:(3): 164–168.
2529:
2502:(3): 563–577.
2486:
2432:
2413:(5): 292–301.
2376:
2332:
2311:
2287:
2230:
2182:
2118:
2075:
2054:(8): 1453–62.
2034:
2020:
2013:
1993:
1935:
1883:
1846:(4): 294–302.
1821:
1766:
1717:
1666:
1622:
1571:
1527:
1492:(5): 213–218.
1473:
1422:
1385:(4): 320–339.
1362:
1335:(6): 547–559.
1319:
1282:(4): 523–533.
1255:
1204:
1145:
1101:
1060:
1032:
973:
922:
910:
852:
803:
783:
727:
695:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
643:
638:
633:
626:
623:
610:
607:
586:
583:
559:
556:
541:
538:
509:
506:
504:
501:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
480:
470:
467:
439:
436:
430:
427:
403:Photoreceptors
387:
384:
374:
371:
353:
350:
348:
345:
319:
316:
315:
314:
313:Lack of energy
311:
308:
305:
302:
297:
294:
285:sleep disorder
279:
276:
264:blood pressure
250:
247:
223:Natural Killer
202:
199:
195:working memory
165:
162:
150:medical errors
144:
141:
137:neurocognitive
91:
90:Health effects
88:
58:
57:
40:
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3152:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2994:(5): 476–86.
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2734:(6): 535–43.
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2637:(1): 119–26.
2636:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:Sleep Science
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2250:(1): e12683.
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:(3): 233–40.
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:(3): 382–90.
1638:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1550:(4): 678–83.
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:(1): 176–81.
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
969:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
920:
914:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
823:(4): 537–42.
822:
818:
814:
807:
799:
792:
790:
788:
779:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
734:
732:
716:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
684:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
657:
647:
644:
642:
641:Human factors
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
622:
620:
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
582:
578:
574:
572:
568:
564:
555:
552:
547:
537:
535:
530:
528:
527:sleep inertia
522:
520:
519:sleep hygiene
516:
500:
498:
484:
481:
478:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
435:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
383:
380:
370:
368:
363:
359:
347:Medical field
344:
340:
336:
334:
328:
325:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
299:
293:
290:
286:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
198:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
161:
159:
155:
151:
143:Sleep quality
140:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:dyslipidemias
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
54:
48:
44:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
16:
3097:
3082:
3035:(2): 140–6.
3032:
3028:
3018:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2768:. Retrieved
2758:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2684:
2680:
2667:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2454:
2450:
2410:
2406:
2357:(1): 41–54.
2354:
2350:
2326:
2314:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2200:
2196:
2150:
2146:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2028:
2023:
2003:
1996:
1961:
1957:
1903:
1899:
1843:
1839:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1686:(5): 312–9.
1683:
1679:
1669:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1587:(1): 88–96.
1584:
1580:
1574:
1547:
1543:
1489:
1485:
1438:(1): 69–71.
1435:
1431:
1425:
1382:
1378:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1279:
1275:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1121:
1117:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
990:
986:
976:
939:
935:
925:
913:
878:
874:
820:
816:
806:
797:
749:
745:
719:. Retrieved
687:. Retrieved
612:
588:
579:
575:
571:dark therapy
567:pineal gland
561:
543:
531:
523:
511:
493:
449:
441:
432:
415:pineal gland
401:
396:hypothalamus
389:
378:
376:
373:Patient care
366:
357:
355:
341:
337:
329:
321:
281:
252:
204:
197:, and more.
191:micro-sleeps
171:
167:
160:assessment.
146:
93:
77:, excessive
66:
62:
61:
15:
2894:(1): 22–9.
1737:(1): 62–7.
599:armodafinil
490:Assessments
235:common cold
174:absenteeism
154:social life
29:Other names
3124:Categories
2770:2010-12-30
2305:2021-09-28
1703:2297/37568
1054:2019-06-22
942:: 826249.
721:2020-04-12
689:2019-06-20
652:References
631:Shift work
546:entraining
477:actigraphy
445:shift work
231:infectious
225:cells, an
120:depression
83:shift work
79:sleepiness
47:psychology
2951:1740-3391
2524:164490979
2282:206156921
2266:1365-2869
2225:206912413
2203:: i5210.
2113:199574164
1860:0033-0620
1800:1076-2752
1506:1579-2129
1452:0962-1105
1399:0271-8235
1349:1087-0792
1224:(1): 72.
1096:0161-8105
1009:0028-3878
987:Neurology
619:Zopiclone
615:Hypnotics
595:Modafinil
563:Melatonin
503:Treatment
473:Sleep log
438:Diagnosis
419:melatonin
386:Mechanism
324:circadian
310:Headaches
104:fertility
100:fractures
43:Neurology
38:Specialty
3010:16079371
2969:33133210
2869:34215295
2820:24914052
2709:33565476
2701:21968474
2659:32361866
2573:28123655
2516:31256790
2481:20464765
2427:25246026
2371:22560640
2300:jcdr.net
2274:29624749
2217:27803010
2177:18041480
2105:31410909
2070:15683134
1988:25113164
1979:10025070
1930:25580602
1878:19110131
1816:17166254
1808:12449906
1761:19139325
1712:21778660
1661:21036731
1653:23490309
1617:31209474
1609:22823398
1566:14975482
1522:25047796
1514:25129165
1468:23727344
1460:11869429
1417:19742409
1357:22401983
1314:30511341
1250:22709334
1199:26699470
1140:29517053
1027:31915189
968:25892993
905:28012806
847:18766292
778:33833721
625:See also
590:Caffeine
499:(PQSI).
296:Symptoms
176:, fatal
108:diabetes
75:insomnia
3051:1866527
2960:7583716
2910:7761739
2861:9406035
2811:4081101
2750:7809567
2651:8434051
2616:7089576
2596:Bibcode
2588:Science
2564:5241621
2472:4160007
2168:2082105
2031:. 2014.
1921:4346644
1869:3403737
1752:2629403
1589:Bibcode
1408:3564638
1305:6435614
1284:Bibcode
1241:3445836
1190:4711869
1167:Bibcode
1131:5836745
1018:7220231
959:4393906
896:6859247
838:2651998
769:8021760
636:Jet lag
475:and/or
124:anxiety
69:) is a
3108:307.45
3093:G47.26
3049:
3008:
2967:
2957:
2949:
2908:
2867:
2859:
2818:
2808:
2748:
2707:
2699:
2657:
2649:
2614:
2571:
2561:
2522:
2514:
2479:
2469:
2425:
2369:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2223:
2215:
2175:
2165:
2111:
2103:
2068:
2011:
1986:
1976:
1928:
1918:
1876:
1866:
1858:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1759:
1749:
1710:
1659:
1651:
1615:
1607:
1564:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1415:
1405:
1397:
1355:
1347:
1312:
1302:
1248:
1238:
1197:
1187:
1138:
1128:
1094:
1025:
1015:
1007:
966:
956:
903:
893:
845:
835:
776:
766:
407:retina
126:, and
49:
3029:Sleep
2935:: 6.
2888:Sleep
2865:S2CID
2728:Sleep
2705:S2CID
2677:(PDF)
2655:S2CID
2520:S2CID
2323:(PDF)
2278:S2CID
2221:S2CID
2147:Sleep
2109:S2CID
2048:Sleep
1812:S2CID
1657:S2CID
1613:S2CID
1518:S2CID
1464:S2CID
1124:(2).
1074:Sleep
875:Chest
219:IL-10
158:SF-36
133:t-tau
3103:9-CM
3047:PMID
3006:PMID
2965:PMID
2947:ISSN
2906:PMID
2857:PMID
2816:PMID
2746:PMID
2697:PMID
2647:PMID
2612:PMID
2569:PMID
2512:PMID
2477:PMID
2455:2010
2423:PMID
2367:PMID
2270:PMID
2262:ISSN
2213:PMID
2173:PMID
2101:PMID
2066:PMID
2009:ISBN
1984:PMID
1962:2014
1926:PMID
1874:PMID
1856:ISSN
1804:PMID
1796:ISSN
1757:PMID
1708:PMID
1649:PMID
1605:PMID
1585:1261
1562:PMID
1510:PMID
1502:ISSN
1456:PMID
1448:ISSN
1413:PMID
1395:ISSN
1353:PMID
1345:ISSN
1310:PMID
1246:PMID
1195:PMID
1136:PMID
1092:ISSN
1023:PMID
1005:ISSN
964:PMID
940:2015
901:PMID
843:PMID
774:PMID
597:and
268:IL-6
211:IL-6
67:SWSD
3099:ICD
3084:ICD
3037:doi
2996:doi
2992:353
2955:PMC
2937:doi
2896:doi
2847:doi
2806:PMC
2798:doi
2736:doi
2689:doi
2639:doi
2604:doi
2592:217
2559:PMC
2551:doi
2504:doi
2467:PMC
2459:doi
2415:doi
2359:doi
2252:doi
2205:doi
2201:355
2197:BMJ
2163:PMC
2155:doi
2093:doi
2056:doi
1974:PMC
1966:doi
1916:PMC
1908:doi
1864:PMC
1848:doi
1788:doi
1747:PMC
1739:doi
1735:169
1698:hdl
1688:doi
1641:doi
1597:doi
1552:doi
1494:doi
1440:doi
1403:PMC
1387:doi
1337:doi
1300:PMC
1292:doi
1236:PMC
1226:doi
1185:PMC
1175:doi
1163:113
1126:PMC
1082:doi
1013:PMC
995:doi
954:PMC
944:doi
891:PMC
883:doi
879:151
833:PMC
825:doi
764:PMC
754:doi
272:CRP
260:CRP
256:OSA
243:TNF
186:OSA
3126::
3106::
3091::
3088:10
3045:.
3033:14
3031:.
3027:.
3004:.
2990:.
2986:.
2963:.
2953:.
2945:.
2933:18
2931:.
2927:.
2904:.
2892:18
2890:.
2886:.
2863:.
2855:.
2843:12
2841:.
2837:.
2814:.
2804:.
2794:42
2792:.
2788:.
2744:.
2732:17
2730:.
2726:.
2703:.
2695:.
2685:78
2683:.
2679:.
2653:.
2645:.
2635:53
2633:.
2610:.
2602:.
2590:.
2567:.
2557:.
2545:.
2541:.
2518:.
2510:.
2500:37
2498:.
2475:.
2465:.
2453:.
2449:.
2435:^
2421:.
2411:62
2409:.
2379:^
2365:.
2355:17
2353:.
2335:^
2325:.
2298:.
2276:.
2268:.
2260:.
2248:28
2246:.
2242:.
2219:.
2211:.
2199:.
2185:^
2171:.
2161:.
2151:30
2149:.
2145:.
2121:^
2107:.
2099:.
2089:29
2087:.
2064:.
2052:27
2050:.
2046:.
1982:.
1972:.
1960:.
1956:.
1938:^
1924:.
1914:.
1904:11
1902:.
1898:.
1886:^
1872:.
1862:.
1854:.
1844:51
1842:.
1838:.
1824:^
1810:.
1802:.
1794:.
1784:44
1782:.
1778:.
1755:.
1745:.
1733:.
1729:.
1706:.
1696:.
1684:53
1682:.
1678:.
1655:.
1647:.
1637:17
1635:.
1611:.
1603:.
1595:.
1583:.
1560:.
1548:43
1546:.
1542:.
1530:^
1516:.
1508:.
1500:.
1490:51
1488:.
1476:^
1462:.
1454:.
1446:.
1436:11
1434:.
1411:.
1401:.
1393:.
1383:29
1381:.
1377:.
1365:^
1351:.
1343:.
1333:16
1331:.
1308:.
1298:.
1290:.
1280:92
1278:.
1274:.
1258:^
1244:.
1234:.
1222:10
1220:.
1216:.
1193:.
1183:.
1173:.
1161:.
1157:.
1134:.
1120:.
1116:.
1104:^
1090:.
1078:42
1076:.
1072:.
1035:^
1021:.
1011:.
1003:.
991:94
989:.
985:.
962:.
952:.
938:.
934:.
899:.
889:.
877:.
873:.
855:^
841:.
831:.
821:20
819:.
815:.
786:^
772:.
762:.
750:12
748:.
744:.
730:^
698:^
660:^
274:.
122:,
110:,
45:,
3101:-
3086:-
3076:D
3053:.
3039::
3012:.
2998::
2971:.
2939::
2912:.
2898::
2871:.
2849::
2822:.
2800::
2773:.
2752:.
2738::
2711:.
2691::
2661:.
2641::
2618:.
2606::
2598::
2575:.
2553::
2547:9
2526:.
2506::
2483:.
2461::
2429:.
2417::
2373:.
2361::
2329:.
2308:.
2284:.
2254::
2227:.
2207::
2179:.
2157::
2115:.
2095::
2072:.
2058::
2017:.
1990:.
1968::
1932:.
1910::
1880:.
1850::
1818:.
1790::
1763:.
1741::
1714:.
1700::
1690::
1663:.
1643::
1619:.
1599::
1591::
1568:.
1554::
1524:.
1496::
1470:.
1442::
1419:.
1389::
1359:.
1339::
1316:.
1294::
1286::
1252:.
1228::
1201:.
1177::
1169::
1142:.
1122:1
1098:.
1084::
1057:.
1029:.
997::
970:.
946::
907:.
885::
849:.
827::
780:.
756::
724:.
692:.
65:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.