42:
367:
54:
417:
and
Lutheran princes. This treaty gave Roman Catholic and Lutheran princes the freedom to decide the religion which their respective state would be under, but gave no such protection to Calvinist princes. In 1608, Protestant princes formed the alliance known as Protestant Union. The next year, the
400:
The union shall not affect our disagreement on several points of religion, but that notwithstanding these, we have agreed to support each other. No member is to allow an attack on any other in books or through the pulpit, nor give cause for any breach of the peace, while at the same time leaving
345:
in
February and formally protested Ferdinand's actions. He ignored this complaint and ordered the Protestant Union to disband its army. The members of the union complied with Ferdinand's demand under the Mainz accord in May, and on 14 May 1621 it was formally dissolved.
396:
The wish of the union in matters concerning the liberties and high jurisdictions of the German
Electors and Estates should be presented and pressed at subsequent Imperial and Imperial Circle assemblies, and not merely left to secret correspondence with each
389:
Each member of the union should keep a secret correspondence effectively to inform each other of all dangerous and offensive affairs which may threaten each other's heirs, land and people, and to this purpose each will keep in good contact with one
430:. Frederick V, Elector Palatine, accepted the crown of Bohemia the following year. The Union declared its neutrality in the conflict between Frederick and the Catholic League in the 1620 Treaty of Ulm. The Union dissolved the next year.
358:. It allied some Protestant states in western, central and southern Germany, and fought against the Holy Roman Emperor under the guidance of Sweden and France, which were at the same time parties to that league.
393:
Whenever important matters arise that concern the well-being of the union, the members of the union will help each other with faithful advice in order to uphold each and every one as much as possible.
322:
75:
710:
OdloĹľilĂk, Otakar. Church
History, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Dec., 1939), pp. 342–355. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History. Article Stable URL:
731:
726:
404:
If one of the members of the union is attacked, the remaining members of the union shall immediately come to his aid with all the resources of the union.
741:
296:
However, the
Protestant Union was weakened from the start by the non-participation of several powerful German Protestant rulers, notably the
781:
736:
619:
Antichrist, Weltheilsgeschehen und Gottes
Werkzeug. Römische Kirche, Reformation, und Luther im Spiegel des Reformationsjubiläums 1617
791:
386:
Each member shall keep in good faith with the order and their heirs, land and people, and no one shall enter into any other alliance.
771:
751:
786:
776:
682:
586:
766:
17:
746:
31:
35:
661:
627:
156:
should be conditional upon the restoration of all church land appropriated since 1552. The
Protestant princes met in
149:
57:
Many
Protestant rulers were not members of the Union, most notably the Elector of Saxony. Religious fragmentation in
160:, and formed a coalition of Protestant states under the leadership of Frederick IV on 14 May 1608. In response, the
317:
137:
229:
419:
107:
756:
41:
761:
414:
382:, Protestants formed the union in 1608. Its leaders created guidelines and agreements to live by as follows:
309:
130:
704:
Helfferich, Tryntje. The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary
History. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2009. Print.
337:
upon
Frederick V and moved his right to elect an emperor to Maximilian. Electoral Palatinate also lost the
209:
461:(1633-1648), a league of western and southern Protestant German states under Swedish and French guidance
333:), declaring neutrality and declining to support Frederick V. In January 1621, Ferdinand II imposed an
213:
221:
233:
193:
161:
597:
189:
245:
201:
181:
578:
On the Verge of War: International Relations and the Jülich-Kleve Succession Crises (1609–1614)
370:
Document establishing the Protestant Union signed 14 May 1608, now in Bavarian State Archive (
699:
423:
173:
62:
300:. The Union was also beset by internal strife between its Lutheran and Calvinist members.
8:
452:
205:
217:
177:
127:
253:
678:
657:
623:
582:
379:
297:
153:
46:
354:
A new separate union without connection to this one emerged twelve years later, the
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446:
442:
355:
338:
134:
672:
651:
638:
617:
576:
427:
326:
197:
141:
79:
366:
110:
in order to defend the rights, land and safety of each member. It included both
641:. In Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Stanley (eds.).
273:
58:
720:
237:
185:
445:(1526-1531), the earliest league of Protestant princes against the Catholic
249:
145:
401:
untouched the theologian's rights of disputation to affirm the word of God.
334:
455:(1531-1546), a league of Protestant princes against the Holy Roman Emperor
241:
711:
225:
103:
53:
342:
261:
257:
111:
157:
115:
418:
Catholic League was created. In 1610, the Union intervened in the
313:
285:
265:
517:
320:. On 3 July 1620 the Protestant Union signed the Treaty of Ulm (
277:
269:
643:
The Cambridge Modern History, Volume III: The Wars of Religion
698:
Rickard, J. (17 November 2000), Thirty Years' War (1618–48),
281:
505:
700:
http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_thirtyyears.html
291:
529:
164:
organized the following year, headed by Duke Maximilian.
126:
The union was formed following two events. Firstly, the
303:
349:
553:
378:
Intending to strengthen the security provided by the
361:
45:
Member states of the Protestant Union (blue) in the
541:
718:
707:Bohemian Protestants and the Calvinist Churches.
732:1621 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
106:German states. It was formed on 14 May 1608 by
148:in 1607. Secondly, by 1608, a majority of the
413:In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was signed by
172:Members of the Protestant Union included the
727:1608 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
27:Alliance in the Holy Roman Empire (1608–21)
615:
499:
152:had decided that the renewal of the 1555
649:
574:
559:
535:
523:
511:
479:
365:
341:to Bavaria. The Protestant Union met in
312:of the Palatinate accepted the crown of
52:
40:
595:
547:
292:Strife between Lutherans and Calvinists
14:
719:
670:
483:
449:, succeeded by the Schmalkaldic League
742:Organizations disestablished in 1621
712:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160169
636:
495:
316:in opposition to Holy Roman Emperor
304:Disbandment by order of Ferdinand II
782:History of Protestantism in Germany
677:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
350:Replacement by the Heilbronn League
32:Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij
30:For the Dutch political party, see
24:
692:
674:The Thirty Years War: A Sourcebook
650:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1938).
362:Guidelines of the Protestant Union
25:
803:
737:Organizations established in 1608
645:. New York and London: Macmillan.
622:(in German). Wiesbaden: Steiner.
792:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
616:Schönstädt, Hans-Jürgen (1978).
772:Early modern history of Germany
752:17th-century military alliances
637:Ward, Adolphus William (1905).
426:began with the outbreak of the
118:states, and dissolved in 1621.
489:
473:
108:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine
13:
1:
787:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
777:Frederick V of the Palatinate
568:
167:
639:"The Empire Under Rudolf II"
598:"The Protestant Union, 1608"
581:. Boston: Humanities Press.
575:Anderson, Alison D. (1999).
420:War of the JĂĽlich Succession
372:Bayerische Hauptstaatsarchiv
121:
7:
767:Anti-Catholicism in Germany
433:
408:
10:
808:
747:17th-century Protestantism
439:Other Protestant leagues:
29:
671:Wilson, Peter H. (2010).
656:. London: Jonathan Cape.
602:The Crown & The Cross
526:, pp. 98–99, 110–11.
467:
100:Protestant Action Party
596:Hofmann, H.H. (n.d.).
375:
330:
83:
66:
50:
34:. For other uses, see
369:
102:, was a coalition of
86:), also known as the
84:Protestantische Union
56:
44:
762:Electoral Palatinate
653:The Thirty Years War
514:, pp. 135, 215.
18:Treaty of Ulm (1620)
453:Schmalkaldic League
538:, pp. 133–34.
482:, pp. 14–15;
376:
128:Holy Roman Emperor
67:
61:on the eve of the
51:
757:Thirty Years' War
684:978-0-230-24205-0
588:978-0-391-04092-2
424:Thirty Years' War
380:Peace of Augsburg
298:Elector of Saxony
154:Peace of Augsburg
92:Union of Auhausen
88:Evangelical Union
63:Thirty Years' War
47:Holy Roman Empire
36:Protestant League
16:(Redirected from
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459:Heilbronn League
447:League of Dessau
443:League of Torgau
356:Heilbronn League
339:Upper Palatinate
325:
78:
71:Protestant Union
21:
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693:Further reading
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500:Schönstädt 1978
498:, p. 725;
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436:
428:Bohemian Revolt
422:. In 1618, the
411:
364:
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321:
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254:Schwäbisch Hall
170:
162:Catholic League
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39:
28:
23:
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502:, p. 305.
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305:
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293:
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169:
166:
140:reestablished
123:
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59:Central Europe
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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663:9781590171462
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629:9783515027472
625:
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614:
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594:
590:
584:
580:
579:
573:
572:
562:, p. 82.
561:
560:Anderson 1999
556:
549:
544:
537:
536:Wedgwood 1938
532:
525:
524:Wedgwood 1938
520:
513:
512:Anderson 1999
508:
501:
497:
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486:, p. 12.
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186:Baden-Durlach
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150:Imperial Diet
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135:Bavarian Duke
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48:
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37:
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19:
673:
652:
642:
618:
605:. Retrieved
601:
577:
555:
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531:
519:
507:
491:
475:
412:
377:
371:
353:
335:imperial ban
318:Ferdinand II
307:
295:
210:Hesse-Kassel
171:
138:Maximilian I
125:
99:
96:German Union
95:
91:
87:
70:
68:
548:Hofmann n.d
484:Wilson 2010
310:Frederick V
246:Weissenburg
242:Schweinfurt
218:free cities
214:Brandenburg
202:ZweibrĂĽcken
182:WĂĽrttemberg
142:Catholicism
721:Categories
607:25 October
569:References
250:Nördlingen
234:Rothenburg
226:Strasbourg
216:, and the
174:Palatinate
168:Membership
146:Donauwörth
104:Protestant
496:Ward 1905
415:Charles V
343:Heilbronn
323:‹See Tfd›
308:In 1619,
262:Memmingen
258:Heilbronn
238:Windsheim
230:Nuremberg
206:Oettingen
131:Rudolf II
122:Formation
112:Calvinist
76:‹See Tfd›
49:, c. 1610
434:See also
409:Timeline
390:another.
194:Bayreuth
158:Auhausen
116:Lutheran
65:in 1618.
314:Bohemia
286:Giengen
266:Kempten
190:Ansbach
178:Neuburg
98:or the
681:
660:
626:
585:
397:other.
327:German
278:Speyer
270:Landau
198:Anhalt
80:German
468:Notes
282:Aalen
274:Worms
679:ISBN
658:ISBN
624:ISBN
609:2012
583:ISBN
284:and
133:and
114:and
69:The
222:Ulm
220:of
144:in
723::
600:.
329::
288:.
280:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
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176:,
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90:,
82::
687:.
666:.
632:.
611:.
591:.
550:.
374:)
73:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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