1215:
1035:
1490:(sometimes called the "Constitutions of Oxford") took effect. These prohibited new literal translations of any scripture, including individual texts, without authorization from the bishop on penalty of excommunication, including possessing or reading them in public. The Constitutions also specifically forbade the public reading (i.e., aloud, in schools, halls, hospices, etc.) of "any tract of John Wycliffe, or any other tract made in his time" that was not explicitly approved by the university. The ban did not apply to translations as poetry (particularly the Psalms) or paraphrase: such as the
1523:. Plain English scripture manuscripts without illegal Wycliffite/Lollard prefaces or glosses (especially if explicitly marked as dating before 1409) could not be distinguished as Wycliffite texts, and were, on the face of it, legal. These circulated freely and were widely used by clergy and laity. Historian Peter Marshall commented "It seems implausible that so many manuscripts of the Wycliffite bible could have survived…if bishops had really been determined to suppress it in all circumstances." Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries such as
4300:
4012:
195:
42:
598:, making it unlikely that they were merely different scribes performing dictation. The finished first translation contains a noticeable change in style after Baruch 3:20. Two surviving manuscripts mark this verse with notes: one reads "Explicit translacionem Nicholay de herford" and another "Here endith the translacioun of N, and now bigynneth the translacioun of J and of othere men". Hereford fled England for Rome in 1382, returning in 1391, and the
338:
4173:
829:
without having a grasp of what is being read. Third, the translator must consult grammar, diction, and reference works to understand rare and unfamiliar words. Fourth, once the translator understands the text, translation begins by not giving a literal interpretation but expressing the meaning of the text in the receptor language (English), not just translating the word but the sentence as well.
1865:"Changes to the layout, such as the removal of Wycliffite paratextual material (the Great Prologue and marginal glosses particularly), the addition of the Old Testament readings from the Mass to New Testament manuscripts, and a table of contents facilitating the retrieval of the liturgical readings made the copies also acceptable to an orthodox—both clerical and lay—readership."
1695:"Sixteen years ago I wrote a book that attempted to document and index the contents of all Middle English poetry and prose that consisted largely of biblical material. These contents are idiosyncratic and eclectic, but when taken as a whole nearly all of the Old and New Testaments exist in Middle English before the Wycliffites began their project in the 1380s." James H. Morey,
277:, the Latin Bible that was the standard Biblical text of Western Christianity. The terms "Wycliffite Bibles" (i.e., bibles produced by and for followers of Wycliffe) or "Wycliffian Bibles" (i.e. bibles in some way influenced by Wycliffe, but not necessarily produced by and for followers of Wycliffe) are used by scholars, as is the neutral "Middle English Bibles".
966:'s statement that he had seen older English translations in aristocratic libraries that were not Wycliffite (i.e., were the EV or LV without the GP.) Historian Henry Kelly has suggested the evidence for a direct involvement by Wycliffe even as instigator is so slight, that the weaker "Wycliffian bible" rather than "Wycliffite bible" should be the preferred term.
583:" in 1 Samuel 2:10 was translated as "The Lord shulen drede the aduersaries of him" in the first version, then revised to "Aduersaries of the Lord schulen drede him" in the second version. John Stacey points out that "The scribe's desire to keep the words in their original order was stronger at this point than his regard for the rules of grammar."
1597:) also used the original Greek and Hebrew. Tyndale does not credit Wycliffe as a source, but he was almost certainly familiar with Wycliffian Bibles, and his translation sometimes seems to overlap with them. He may have been influenced by hearing the Wycliffian versions read aloud, but the degree of influence is unclear and actively debated.
1050:. These glosses translated individual words and were used to help student monks to understand the primary Latin, but the word-for-word Old English annotations were not intended to necessarily form coherent sentences and sometimes could not be meaningfully read aloud or understood independently of the Latin.
1546:
Manuscripts of Middle
English vernacular scriptures had thus been effectively suppressed though not, for private use without Wycliffite paratexts by orthodox readers, actually prohibited, though this was primarily enforced against heretical members of the lower classes, not the aristocracy. According
328:
Catholic Church in
England to undertake a drastic campaign to suppress it, although the reality of this suppression of the Middle English Bible translation has been disputed. The term "Lollard Bible" is sometimes used for a Wycliffean Bible with inflamatory Wycliffite texts. At the Oxford Convocation
1612:
However, surviving manuscripts of
Wycliffian Bibles without Lollard/Wycliffite additions were commonly accepted as works of an unknown Catholic translator; so these manuscripts continued to circulate among 16th-century English Catholics, and many of its renderings of the Vulgate into English were or
1253:
Wycliffe advocated a doctrine known as "Dominion by Grace", under which everyone has a direct responsibility to God and his law. Priests and bishops who did not live in evangelical poverty were committing a mortal sin; bishops, kings, priests and magistrates who were in mortal sin had no legitimate
961:
More recent scholars have provided several alternative creation sequences, that would also fit the evidence: for example that there was a previous existing
Catholic EV that was glossed at Oxford University by e.g. scholars influenced by Wycliffe's biblicism, and retranslated as the LV (and the Paues
843:
The GP also contains polemical anti-clerical material that seems to relate to the restrictions of a later period: " for though greedy clerks (clergy) are wooden by simony, heresy, and many other sins, and despise and stop holy writ, as much as they can, yet the commoners cry after holy writ, to know
839:
This method does not mention the
Earlier Version (EV) at all, nor does it mention other translators, leading to scholarly doubts about either the connection of the LV with the EV, or the connection of the GP and the LV: "Simple Creature, far from being a major participant in the translation project,
957:
Gasquet found no convincing material that connected the EV and the LV to
Wycliffe and his circle; for example that the manuscript mention of Purvey was not in the oldest copy and its presence in a later manuscript could refer to Purvey's ownership. Wycliffe had never mentioned a translation effort,
357:
The number of LV manuscripts is much larger than the number of EV manuscripts. Some manuscripts mix books of the Bible from the earlier version with other books of the later version; some scholars speculate that the earlier version may have been meant as a rough draft that was gradually improved by
1905:
Further, "But
Lollards were not prosecuted for being lower middle class; nor for the mere fact of possessing English books. What mattered was how they chose to interpret them. For those already believed to hold heretical opinions, the ownership of vernacular scriptures might indeed clinch the case
1558:
This strict enforcement of religious orthodoxy may have constrained the development of Middle
English literature and religious thought over the next century. David Daniell suggests that "had he written after 1409, his anti-clericalism would have led Chaucer himself to be investigated as a heretic"
1338:
He believed that the requirements for salvation could be directly understood by everyone, provided they had access to the words of
Scripture in a language they understood. On the subject of Bible translation he wrote "Christ and his apostles taught the people in that tongue that was best known to
1195:
An analysis of London wills from before
Wycliffe's time suggests that only 1% of the laity owned and bequeathed a single book, and only five laypeople in England are known to have owned a complete Vulgate Bible between 1348 and 1368. Even after the Wycliffian translations, the illiterate and poor
885:
Margaret Joyce Powell (1916) edited the non-Wycliffean Middle English commentary and translation of the Gospels of Mark and Luke, and the Pauline epistles, in Northern Midland Middle English dating them to the late 1300s. According to scholar of English Andrew Kraebel "Nothing about these works
828:
Firstly, the translator must be sure of the text he is translating. This he has done by comparing many old copies of the Latin bible to assure authenticity of the text. Secondly, the translator must study the text in order to understand the meaning. Purvey explains that one cannot translate a text
346:
towards all literates and for public reading. Both versions are characterized by a close regard to the word order and syntax of the Latin base text: the word order being traditionally suspected of being divinely inspired; the later versions give some indication of being revised in the direction of
2483:
Front cover image for The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal books, in the earliest English versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal books, in the earliest
1759:
noted this transition and regionality: "Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country
1600:
Despite being written more than a century later, Tyndale's translation came to overshadow Wycliffe's. According to the Cambridge History of the Bible, "The Bible which permeated the minds of later generations shows no direct descent from the Wycliffite versions... Tyndale's return to the original
280:
A 15th Century Catholic source said Wycliffe "devised a plan of translation of the Holy Scriptures into the mother tongue". Wycliffe is said to have supported vernacular translations, purportedly saying "it helpeth Christian men to study the Gospel in that tongue in which they know best Christ's
1134:
oral translations at church: the general level of literacy was low, and Bibles were costly (before the printing press). It is certain though that the Bible itself was familiar even to laymen in the fourteenth century and that the whole of the New Testament at least could be read in translations.
345:
Surviving copies of the Wycliffian Bibles fall into two broad textual families, the early version(s) (EV) and the later version (LV). The EV was likely aimed towards the less-learned clergymen or laymen seeking to understand the Vulgate, while the later, more coherent version may have been aimed
3508:"The mirrour of the blessed lyf of Jesu Christ : a translation of the Latin work entitled Meditationes vitae Christi /cattributed to Cardinal Bonaventura : Made before the year 1410 by Nicholas Love, Prior of the Carthusian monastery of Mount Grace ; edited by Lawrence F. Powell"
1567:
attempted to rebut Lollardy on Wycliffe's own terms, writing in the vernacular and relying on scripture and reason instead of church authority. Stephen Lahey argues that these responses "may be the first genuine philosophical literature in the English language." Despite arguing in favor of the
1351:
This pestilent and wretched John Wyclif, of cursed memory, that son of the old serpent.. .endeavoured by every means to attack the very faith and sacred doctrine of Holy Church, devising—to fill up' the measure of his malice—the expedient of a new translation of the Scriptures into the mother
953:
attached to a few of the manuscripts (and treated in later decades as a General Prologue (GP)) did have some unorthodox content, however that content did not seem to contain the specific errors that were later (1458) deemed heretical, suggesting that the GP had been added later and evolved.
671:
Wycliffe later wrote several long exegetical commentaries on Revelation and the four Gospels which included Middle English translations of the passages being discussed. To these were added translations of most of the Catholic Epistles. As well, some of his English tracts or works included
281:
sentence". However, it has since become generally accepted that Wycliffe showed little interest in vernacular use until the end of his life and that quotations attributed to him strongly advocating such a position are from English writings no longer accepted as his authentic work.
1632:
In 1850, Forshall and Madden published a four-volume critical edition of the Wycliffian Bibles containing the text of the earlier and later versions in parallel columns. Forshall and Madden's edition retains the letter yogh (Ę’) but replaces the thorn (Ăľ) with the digraph
1527:
believed these manuscript Middle English English Bibles to represented an anonymous earlier orthodox translation: subsequent scholars pointed out a lack of evidence for such a tradition, until the re-discovery of various non-Wycliffean scripture manuscripts, such as the
771:
The preface to the King James Version of 1611 mentions that "even in our King Richard the second's days, John Trevisa translated them into English, and many English Bibles in written hand are yet to be seen that divers translated, as it is very probable, in that age."
284:
From the 16th century, it was generally believed that Wycliffe himself made the translation. Starting in the 19th century, scholars generally believed them to be the work of several hands, all of whom were also priests, with Wycliffe having an increasingly small role.
577:. It typically kept the order of individual words unchanged from the Latin, which could lead to confusion or meaninglessness in English. It has been described as unintelligible without reference to the original Latin Vulgate. For example, the phrase "
945:
challenged the conventional attribution of the Middle English Bible to Wycliffe and his circle. He had reviewed the EV and LV from a Catholic doctrinal perspective and found no translation errors that could have made the scriptural parts heretical.
696:, consisted of more than 90% commentary. Following medieval idiom, the glosses characterize "multiple, often figurative meanings as integral to the text": "It asserts that scripture is always more than what the basic text immediately communicates."
683:
After the Early Version was completed, John Purvey (attrib.) supplemented its translation of the Gospels with extensive commentary. Some of this commentary was original, but most was translated from earlier commentaries, especially
1188:: lay biblical material was designed for devotional and liturgical purposes, not theological disputation; similarly, few manuscripts of the Wycliffian translations are complete bibles. A complete vernacular Bible did exist in
1499:
Although he did not authorize any fresh translations of the Bible itself—it is not known whether Arundel was ever presented with any applications to make new translations—Arundel did authorize a Middle English translation of
3582:
Lavinsky, David (April 2019). "Henry Ansgar Kelly, The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment . (The Middle Ages Series.) Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. xiv, 349. $ 69.95. ISBN: 978-0-8122-4834-0".
120:
In Ăľe bigynnyng God made of nouČťt heuene and erĂľe. ForsoĂľe Ăľe erĂľe was idel and voide, and derknessis weren on the face of depĂľe; and the Spiryt of Ăľe Lord was borun on the watris. And God seide, LiČťt be maad, and liČťt was
1444:
Deansley noted the early "episcopal policy to try to win over the scholarly Lollards by argument and benignancy" which won over Nicholas Hereford. John Purvey himself recanted his heresies in February 1401.
1158:; the linguistic upheaval from the Anglo-Norman injection being enough that the writer of the so-called General Prologue noted that now no-one could understand the old translations (i.e., the Old English.)
1482:
laws in Europe at that time. Even twenty years after Wycliffe's death, at the Oxford Convocation of 1407, it was solemnly voted that no new translation of the Bible should be made without prior approval.
3176:
2804:
779:
However, no such Gospels or Scriptures now exist; it may be a mistake, they may have been lost to time, or be the texts now known as the Wycliffian Early Version. Trevisa also translated Scriptures into
1381:, who was sympathetic to Wycliffe, but likely not connected with him directly. Nonetheless, many in the church blamed Wycliffe and his Lollard followers for galvanizing the public against the church.
1169:
system created a duty for laypeople to ensure that their godchildren had been taught and explained the Latin of the common prayers and meaning of the liturgy, independent of the clergy or schooling.
1601:
languages meant that translations based on the intermediate Latin of the Vulgate would soon be out of date." Consequently, it was generally ignored in later English Protestant biblical scholarship.
397:
The later version, though somewhat improved, still retained a number of infelicities of style, some of which may reflect the contemporary transitions in Middle English grammar, as in its version of
975:
The precise nature of Wyclif’s connection with the production of the first English bible is shrouded in mystery... To begin with, there is an almost total absence of reliable contemporary evidence.
1830:
Latin words and knowing and understanding memorized liturgical texts was common in the population, however the ability to understand the words and meaning of non-liturgical Latin texts was rarer.
962:
Middle English New Testament) though not as a mammoth project; one of those involved later added the GP, as the project was hijacked by Wycliffite/Lollard radicals. This would make more credible
1161:
Recent medieval scholarship disputes a sharp divide between a fully literate elite who understood Latin, and a completely illiterate, monolingual populace with no understanding of letters and
273:
Two different translations have been identified, a word-for-word translation known as the Early Version (EV) and the more sense-by-sense Later Version (LV). The translators worked from the
840:
was a wannabe." One suggested resolution is that the GP relates to a now lost revision between the EV and LV. Another is that it was an introduction to the Old Testament translation only.
1843:, sixteen shillings and eightpence. The UK National Archives online calculator estimates this as at around ÂŁ1,736 in 2017 terms, or 4 cows or 141 days of wages of a skilled tradesman.
602:
who took over may have been John Trevisa or John Purvey. These notes suggest that Wycliffe did not personally produce this entire translation, and may not have written any of it.
923:"The plain text of all four gospels survives in twenty full Bibles, ninety-three complete New Testaments, and at least twenty-six manuscripts with only parts of the New Testament.
1347:
Lollard Bibles, Wycliffean versions of the Bible where a Wycliffite/Luddite preface had been added to the otherwise orthodox translation, were condemned by the Catholic Church .
3774:
The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal books, in the earliest English versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers
748:
A scholar has suggested the translation represents an intermediate translation project between the literalisms of the EV and the modernisms of the LV. In most manuscripts, the
1311:, conceiving of "the church" as the collection of elect Christians rather than the ecclesiastical hierarchy overseen by the Pope, and argued that the Pope had no authority to
5260:
4134:
4698:
5383:
1083:, but they were often abridged and summarized. By modern standards, they were more akin to adaptations or paraphrases than translations. A primary Anglo-Saxon genre
1146:, the older language of record; and with the general and rural population usually speaking dialects that were still transitioning from the four major dialects of
5377:
1491:
1109:
5756:
3722:
1200:
and forty pence. As with the Vulgate Latin scriptures, most Middle English Bible manuscripts contain selected books of the bible only, and decoration varied.
824:
The writer of the prologue also explains the purported methodology of translating holy scriptures. He describes four rules all translators should acknowledge:
586:
The manuscript often taken as the original was written by five different people and ends at Baruch 3:20. These authors used different forms of words, such as
4840:
1516:. This translation, which became "the orthodox reading-book of the devout laity," included newly written passages that explicitly denounced Lollard beliefs.
5389:
5099:
4040:
1400:
that Wycliffe himself believed symbolised "the judgement of God". At this synod, Wycliffe's writings (Biblical and otherwise) were quoted and denounced as
675:
One theory of the production of the Wycliffean Bibles is that these passages were extracted, collated and completed by others to form the basis of the EV.
223:
644:
Wycliffe was part of a broader revival of English academic exegesis "in the last quarter" of the fourteenth century, including Oxford theologians such as
1411:
banned Wycliffe's teachings. Wycliffe left Oxford in the summer of 1381, and his fellow scholars denounced his beliefs under threat of excommunication.
4056:
5166:
2718:
1494:
2436:
1732:
1529:
855:
4691:
1509:
545:"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life."
802:) written by "Simple Creature" that has also subsequently been attributed to Purvey from either 1395 or 1396. This prologue, analogous to the
5161:
4212:
2459:
537:"For God so loveth the worlde yt he hath geven his only sonne that none that beleve in him shuld perisshe: but shuld have everlastinge lyfe."
512:
Forsoþe god lovede so þe worlde, þat he ȝave hıs one bıgotun sone, þat ech man þat bıleveþ into hym perısche not, but have everlastynge lıȷf.
4299:
4946:
1667:
1214:
526:
For God lovede so the world, that he ȝaf his oon bigeten sone, that ech man that bileveth in him perische not, but have everlastynge lıȷf.
5577:
1539:
specifically ordered that possession of heretical material must be treated as information in any investigation not as evidence of heresy
652:, O.F.M. According to historian Mary Dove, there has been a neglected culture of medieval English biblicism outside Wycliffite circles.
474:"Sic enim Deus dilexit mundum, ut Filium suum unigenitum daret : ut omnis qui credit in eum, non pereat, sed habeat vitam aeternam."
5120:
4632:
485:
Swa forĂ°on lufade god Ă°iosne middengeard //Ăľte sunu his ancenda gisalde //Ăľt eghwelc soĂ°e gilefeĂ° in hine ne losaĂ°// ah hifeĂ° lif ecce"
131:
For God louede so Ăľe world, that he Čťaf his oon bigetun sone, Ăľat ech man Ăľat bileueĂľ in him perische not, but haue euerlastynge lijf.
5426:
4684:
4649:
1046:
The earliest written-English versions of scripture were not translations but "glosses" on portions of the Latin Vulgate, such as the
5771:
5189:
4033:
4005:
3748:"Wycliffe's Bible: A colour facsimile of Forshall and Madden's 1850 edition of the Middle English translation of the Latin Vulgate"
1014:
216:
188:
5715:
3983:
2291:
Smith, Paul (December 2008). "Could the Gospel Harmony Oon of Foure Represent an Intermediate Version of the Wycliffite Bible?".
745:, itself a collection of mainly patristic exegetical fragments whose extracted biblical passages often deviate from the Vulgate.
610:
The Later Version (LV) was issued eight to twelve years after Wycliffe's death. This version has been subsequently attributed to
166:
4140:
1460:
Catholic Church in England to undertake a drastic campaign to suppress Lollard bibles. In the early years of the 15th century
915:
Over 250 Wycliffean manuscripts survive; only 20 of these are complete bibles, One copy sold at auction on 5 December 2016 for
784:, the tongue of his aristocratic patron Lord Berkeley. Some confusion also exists that he translated scriptures into Cornish.
289:
is said to have translated a part of the text, although this once certain attribution has come into question in recent times;
5761:
5093:
4877:
3945:
3894:
3096:
2702:
1771:
1069:
would later cite as precedent when Wycliffe's version was challenged by the church. Other precursor translations include the
5248:
1138:
For most of the previous 300 years, England had been trilingual, with the aristocracy and secular courts using dialects of
498:
God lufode middan-eard swa //þæt he sealde hys akennedan sune //þæt nan ne forwurðe þe on hine gelefð. Ac hæbe þt eche lyf.
919:
1,692,500. other forms are the New Testament only, the Gospels and some letters only, or excerpted into Gospel Harmonies.
4026:
1762:
Bammesberger, Alfred (1992). "Chapter 2: The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).
821:
The reliability of the GP has been questioned, because its statements do not square well with other evidence: see below.
209:
2181:
5776:
5700:
5282:
4626:
3968:
2491:
1415:
151:
329:
of 1408, it was solemnly voted that in England no new translation of the Bible should be made without prior approval.
5725:
5720:
5710:
4887:
4761:
4474:
4205:
3993:
3988:
3978:
3846:
3554:
3373:
2760:
2226:
2067:
1917:
1501:
1433:
Thomas Arundel succeeded Courtenay as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1397. Although Arundel had previously approved the
908:
869:
published manuscripts of an unknown third translation of the New Testament (missing most of the Gospels) in Southern
176:
171:
161:
5766:
5603:
5536:
5011:
4350:
1261:, which harshly criticized the church's wealth and argued that the king should confiscate ecclesiastical property.
298:
4835:
4571:
806:, advocates reading the Old Testament, summarizes its books and relevant moral lessons, and explains the medieval
759:
gospel harmony, whose translation is sometimes attributed to Wycliffe, but which otherwise may have been based on
5481:
5131:
5081:
4707:
3959:
1581:
While the Middle English Bible translations were based on the Latin Vulgate, the Reformation era translations by
1147:
142:
5705:
5471:
5125:
5028:
4850:
4740:
3973:
1605:
argues that "In later years the existence of Wyclif's version seems to have been forgotten", pointing out that
1536:
933:
Since the printing press was not invented yet, there exist only a very few copies of Wycliffe's earlier Bible.
156:
17:
1437:
in his role as Archbishop of York, he now began to oppose Middle English translations of the Bible. Historian
1090:
suited for lengthy recitation by specialist declaimers, so attempts were made to render biblical histories as
5551:
5266:
5496:
2195:
369:, and without reference to or knowledge of Greek or Hebrew. The manuscripts of complete bibles included the
5451:
5348:
5313:
5293:
5237:
5115:
5057:
5045:
4583:
4198:
4449:
5654:
5342:
4970:
4964:
4184:
1852:
1308:
1123:, using the same word-for-word literal style which would characterize Wycliffe's first translation (EV).
4154:
2598:
1042:) from Lindesfarne Gospels (698) with word-for-word Old English glosses (ca.970) by Aldred the Glossator
5619:
5546:
5541:
5506:
2990:
3698:
1869:"Vernacular Bible Reading in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: The "Catholic" Position Revisited"
1091:
5639:
5104:
5039:
4999:
4903:
1457:
1196:
still usually lacked the access to the Scripture: the full translation originally may have cost four
1102:
325:
3360:
2776:
Huffman, Rebecca (2017). "The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment by Henry Ansgar Kelly (review)".
2182:"The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Old Mercian Versions: Synoptically Arranged ..."
1786:"Practically speaking, medieval English people encountered and used all three languages regularly."
1084:
1034:
570:
The existing manuscripts of the Early Version vary considerably from one another, showing revision.
5466:
5408:
5330:
5277:
5242:
4935:
4919:
4464:
2875:
Shepherd, Geoffery (1969). "English Versions Of The Scriptures Before Wyclif". In Lampe, G. (ed.).
2032:
1760:
language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing."
1385:
1028:
807:
5476:
4096:
1151:
365:, the Latin Bible that was the standard Biblical text of Western Christianity, using the standard
5624:
5461:
5446:
5336:
5324:
5254:
1466:
729:
1551:
that systematic efforts at prohibition took effect, however even partisan Elizabethan historian
1197:
5629:
5501:
5456:
5318:
5109:
5087:
5016:
4929:
4812:
3830:
2902:
2437:"The manuscript tradition of Richard Ullerston's 'Expositio canticorum Scripturae'"
573:
The Early Version may have begun as a Middle English "gloss" on the Latin text, similar to the
313:
1335:. This rejection of papal authority further worsened Wycliffe's relationship with the church.
1127:
translated the catechism into Middle English, which likely helped inspire Wycliffe's project.
5669:
5531:
5491:
5360:
5184:
5051:
4952:
4845:
4735:
4676:
3054:
Vernacular literacy in late-medieval England: the example of East Anglian medical manuscripts
3001:
1724:
1602:
1441:
speculated this change of heart was a reaction against the Lollards for these 1395 writings.
1323:'s interpretation of the doctrine was not founded in scripture and contradicted the views of
1189:
1080:
942:
301:
has disputed the degree of evidence for Hereford, Purvey, or Trevisa having any involvement.
1246:(a Biblical summary and commentary). This was unusual, as postils were typically written by
998:
encountered the scriptures primarily in the form of oral versions of scriptures, verses and
5746:
5679:
5664:
5511:
5371:
5288:
5271:
5137:
4616:
4507:
4254:
1744:
1614:
1339:
them. Why should men not do so now?" He believed every Christian should study the Bible.
1293:
1003:
995:
916:
738:
700:
699:
Only one supposedly heretical teaching has been identified; in one copy, the commentary on
622:
Historian Mary Raschko attributes to Wycliffites three primary forms of gospel literature:
563:
The first translations (Early Version(s), or EV) are rigid and literal translations of the
286:
263:
4578:
1845:
1076:
8:
5526:
5231:
5063:
5022:
5005:
4941:
4914:
4797:
4485:
4454:
4221:
3857:
1461:
1374:
1361:
1172:
Latin manuscripts of scriptures were usually of selections of books: especially books of
781:
649:
564:
73:
1555:
noted the dubious legal basis of what became assumed, for centuries, was a blanket ban.
845:
5659:
5354:
5308:
5303:
5298:
4988:
4818:
4588:
4365:
3835:
3110:
3102:
3033:
2945:
2937:
2647:
2555:
2308:
2232:
2151:
2005:
1888:
1805:
1618:
1453:
1378:
1316:
1130:
At the time of Wycliffe's translation, most people mainly heard scripture readings and
815:
719:, who approved it. Arundel publicly reiterated his approval at Anne's funeral in 1394.
716:
632:
harmonization of the four gospels into a single narrative" (i.e. the "Lives of Christ"
374:
321:
255:
98:
4181:- Digital facsimiles of the Cathedral's Wycliffe New Testament, University of Oklahoma
2995:
5751:
5486:
4958:
4872:
4807:
4621:
4566:
4459:
4360:
4340:
4334:
4264:
4249:
3941:
3890:
3842:
3808:
3778:
3550:
3507:
3480:
3369:
3196:
3114:
3092:
3037:
2949:
2756:
2698:
2639:
2547:
2487:
2312:
2222:
2155:
2134:
Hagreaves, Henry (1965). "From Bede to Wyclif: Medieval English Bible translations".
2063:
1997:
1913:
1892:
1868:
1809:
1767:
1646:
1438:
1419:
1389:
1320:
1098:
1047:
1024:
874:
803:
645:
574:
266:. They are the earliest known literal translations of the entire Bible into English (
2666:
1629:
The earliest printed edition, of the New Testament only, was by John Lewis in 1731.
1284:
Wycliffe believed that scripture was the ultimate source of truth, superseding even
1242:
John Wycliffe was ordained as a priest in 1351. Between 1372 and 1374 he composed a
258:
believed to have been made under the direction or instigation of English theologian
5582:
5075:
5034:
4994:
4909:
4556:
4158:
4114:
4084:
3592:
3476:
3188:
3084:
3067:
O'Hare, Patrick F.: "The Facts about Luther", TAN Books and Publishers, 1987, p.181
3025:
2929:
2816:
2785:
2748:
2300:
2143:
1880:
1797:
1788:
Hall, Megan J. (May 2021). "Women's Education and Literacy in England, 1066–1540".
1766:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–66.
1740:
1706:
1650:
1393:
1300:). He believed that preaching the gospel was vastly more important than performing
1225:
1155:
1124:
894:
Also with Northern features, this is Middle English glosses of the Vugate Matthew.
451:
370:
3549:(First published in paperback ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press.
2695:
The Pauline Epistles Contained in ms. Parker 32, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
1912:(First published in paperback ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press.
1850:
Another calculator estimates ÂŁ2,300 in 2023 terms, and perhaps ten times as much.
1559:
and David Lawton claims that the Constitutions made it unsafe to write works like
1547:
to historian Henry Ansgar Kelly, it was not until 1458, following the odd case of
1519:
The base text translated in the Wycliffean and non-Wyciffean Bibles was the Latin
552:
5598:
5572:
5556:
5521:
5516:
5225:
4982:
4976:
4856:
4782:
4527:
4469:
3924:
3920:
3467:
McCormack, Frances (1 January 2019). "The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment".
1590:
1582:
1564:
1408:
1312:
1262:
1142:; lawyers, intellectuals, doctors and religious conducting their male affairs in
708:
398:
317:
304:
The association between the Wycliffian Bibles (sometimes with a radical-in-parts
4108:
3425:
2100:
Translations of Authority in Medieval English Literature: Valuing the Vernacular
912:
which Bishop Arundel promoted as an alternative to Wycliffite lives of Christ.)
5684:
5674:
5069:
4862:
4730:
4725:
4606:
4491:
4443:
4403:
4327:
2484:
English versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers
2236:
2214:
1840:
1513:
1475:
1471:
1422:. The second translation was finished within the next two years and quoted the
1357:
1120:
1070:
1058:
1031:
to the English Latin alphabet, allowing the writing of Old and Middle English.
1027:, was designed for inscribing on wood and stone, not for books, and eventually
903:
870:
773:
734:
712:
685:
267:
252:
3192:
2820:
2752:
2417:
2304:
1710:
958:
and his endorsements of the vernacular came towards the end of his life only.
5740:
5649:
5644:
5366:
5205:
5176:
4787:
4777:
4611:
4479:
4409:
4355:
4123:
3938:
Wycliffe's Bible, A Modern-Spelling Version of their 14th Century Translation
3782:
3200:
2643:
2551:
2001:
1960:
1586:
1560:
1548:
1505:
1370:
1270:
1220:
1209:
1177:
1116:
811:
794:
378:
259:
88:
3747:
3106:
3078:
5400:
5153:
4882:
4802:
4561:
4285:
4016:
2460:"Middle English Gospel glosses and the translation of exegetical authority"
1756:
1278:
1274:
1007:
776:
in 1482 also mentioned a translation of the bible into English by Trevisa.
297:
are names that have been mentioned as possible authors. However, historian
294:
199:
3772:
3029:
2789:
1884:
5143:
4867:
4792:
4397:
4386:
4345:
3867:
Hargreaves, Henry (1969). "The Wycliffite Versions". In Lampe, G. (ed.).
3088:
2861:
2028:
1736:
1654:
1609:
incorrectly identified Tyndale's Bible as the first English translation.
1606:
1594:
1524:
1185:
1095:
1087:
1066:
1062:
1017:
991:
963:
760:
752:
was followed by Wycliffean Middle English epistles or works by Wycliffe.
611:
402:
366:
358:
various scholars into the somewhat better English of the second version.
290:
115:
3052:
2651:
2627:
2147:
1073:, written in the 10th Century: copies were still being made up to 1175.
5418:
4924:
4381:
3904:
Lawton, David (1999). "Englishing the Bible". In Wallace, David (ed.).
3812:
1801:
1728:
1479:
1397:
1315:
believers. Beginning in 1380, Wycliffe wrote a series of texts denying
1301:
1266:
1229:
1139:
866:
386:
78:
41:
4190:
4185:
https://www.scribd.com/document/324581901/Wycliffe-Bible-Early-Version
2941:
2559:
2535:
2009:
1985:
5634:
4522:
4517:
4259:
4068:
3506:
Bonaventure, Saint; Love, Nicholas; Powell, Lawrence Fitzroy (1908).
1568:
Catholic church, Pecock's approach led to his own charges of heresy.
1552:
1328:
1285:
1166:
1010:, usually performed in the vernacular, public preaching by traveling
704:
464:
337:
126:
2743:
Morey, James H. (1 January 2013). "Paul in Old and Middle English".
1653:", where he calls it the "Black-letter Wyclif", in reference to the
1613:
became established idiom and were adopted by the translators of the
1392:, who had long opposed Wycliffe's teachings. Courtenay convened the
1079:
adapted various Old Testament books into Old English, including the
381:) and also included the non-canonical 3 Esdras (which is now called
4535:
4512:
4391:
4321:
4243:
4167:
4163:
3596:
3016:
Rothwell, W. (1994). "The Trilingual England of Geoffrey Chaucer".
2933:
1449:
1332:
1297:
1273:
ordered Wycliffe to appear on trial for his beliefs in March 1378.
1181:
1162:
999:
856:
Middle English Bible translations § Early partial translations
551:
For more historical and modern translations, see Knowledge article
382:
309:
2994:
2719:"Wycliffite New Testament in the Later Version, in Middle English"
902:
Wycliffe Bible texts are the most common manuscript literature in
4437:
4280:
1520:
1105:
362:
351:
274:
3426:"Archbishop Thomas Arundel's Constitutions against the Lollards"
524:
510:
441:
427:
316:
movement that rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the
270:). They appeared over a period from approximately 1382 to 1395.
4074:
2118:
The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History
1478:
published criticism and enacted some of the severest religious
1401:
1324:
1247:
1243:
1173:
1011:
665:
4706:
2920:
Campbell, Gertrude H. (1915). "The Middle English Evangelie".
1697:
The Wycliffites: Hosts or Guests, First Finders or Followers?
1364:, c1411-1414, ; also attributed to Church Chronicle, 1395
629:
close translation interpolated with exegetical commentary, and
305:
4711:
3876:
Justice, Steven (1999). "Lollardy". In Wallace, David (ed.).
3684:
John Wyclif: A Study of the English Medieval Church, Volume 2
3177:"Misleading manuscripts: Wyclif and the non-wycliffite bible"
2805:"Misleading manuscripts: Wyclif and the non-wycliffite bible"
1826:, makes the distinction within "reading" that the ability to
1289:
1192:, but it was likely rare, as only three manuscripts survive.
1143:
347:
3547:
Heretics and believers: a history of the English Reformation
2390:
2388:
1910:
Heretics and believers: a history of the English Reformation
1224:. John's wife and child are also depicted, along with poets
787:
3406:
2512:
2481:
Wycliffe, John; Forshall, Josiah; Madden, Frederic (1850).
2196:"Manuscripts : Earlier Version Wycliffe New Testament"
1054:
844:
it, and keep it, with great cost and peril of their lives."
4178:
3663:
3651:
2832:
2830:
2375:
2373:
4666:
indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.
3940:, with an Introduction by Terence P. Noble, Createspace,
3615:
3340:
3315:
2566:
2385:
2358:
2267:
2162:
1576:
1165:, a common assertion in previous years. For example, the
3639:
3303:
3255:
3219:
2778:
Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
1703:
The Wycliffite Bible: Origin, History and Interpretation
1292:, and associated the words of scripture with the divine
906:. (The second-most common manuscript is Nicholas Love's
492:
Wessex Gospels (c.950-1175) - Old English (West Saxon):
3526:
3514:
3487:
3394:
3140:
3128:
2842:
2827:
2578:
2500:
2370:
2334:
1942:
1940:
1492:
Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament
1110:
Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament
3603:
3448:
3382:
3243:
2480:
1219:
John Wycliffe reading his translation of the Bible to
860:
479:
Rushworth Manuscript (c.950) - Old English (Mercian):
3563:
3505:
3436:
3231:
2956:
2883:
2346:
2255:
2243:
1486:
Between 1407 and 1409, Bishop Arundel's Constitution
1418:
to parliament and published the accompanying polemic
3906:
The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature
3878:
The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature
3627:
3291:
3279:
3267:
2628:"Review of The Middle English Bible. A Reassessment"
2102:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
1937:
3859:
The Lollard Bible and Other Medieval Bible Versions
2968:
1112:and the Metrical Paraphrase of the Gospels (1300).
4101:(audio recording), Geeson, Martin reader, LibriVox
4063:. Searchable by phrase or chapter/verse reference.
3834:
3207:
3161:Companion to John Wyclif: Late Medieval Theologian
2062:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
542:King James Version (1611) - Early Modern English:
889:
457:"And God said: Be light made. And light was made"
350:Middle English. A wide variety of Middle English
5738:
5167:New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh
880:
5144:The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts
4136:Vernacular Scriptures plentiful before Wycliffe
3368:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
2667:"A fourteenth century English Biblical version"
1649:mentions Wycliffite Bibles in his short story "
1396:, named because it was initially delayed by an
3919:
2862:"Wessex Gospels c.1175 Textus Receptus Bibles"
1510:The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ
1448:The association between Wycliffite Bibles and
886:indicates that they are Lollard productions."
722:
443:And God seide, LiČťt be maad; and liČťt was maad
5757:History of Christianity in the United Kingdom
5162:Jewish Publication Society of America Version
4692:
4206:
4034:
3469:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology
2985:
2983:
2681:A Fourteenth Century English Biblical Version
2025:The Bible in its Ancient and English Versions
1764:The Cambridge History of the English Language
1254:authority over Christians not in mortal sin.
496:
483:
429:And God seıde, Be maad lıȝt; and maad is lıȝt
217:
4095:——— (1395), Purvey (ed.),
3869:The Cambridge History of the Bible, Volume 2
1761:
1668:List of most expensive books and manuscripts
1624:
873:, including two sets of translations of the
467:is rendered in various English versions as:
2087:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 144–45.
578:
413:
4699:
4685:
4633:Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)
4213:
4199:
4041:
4027:
3866:
3700:Collected Works of John Wesley, Volume VII
3669:
3346:
3321:
2980:
2879:. Cambridge University Press. p. 375.
2745:A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages
2572:
2394:
2364:
2273:
2168:
1414:In early 1395, the Lollards presented the
1342:
936:
792:Ten LV manuscripts begin with a so-called
755:There may be some confusion here with the
655:
224:
210:
40:
5427:New English Translation of the Septuagint
4650:Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism
4187:- Early Version as downloadable .doc file
3466:
2625:
2529:
2527:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2133:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1307:He promoted an early version of Luther's
941:In 1894, Irish Benedictine historian Dom
788:General Prologue or Four and Twenty Books
506:Wycliffian EV (c.1382) - Middle English:
5355:New Heart English Bible, Jehovah Edition
4094:
4054:
3855:
3581:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3493:
3442:
3412:
3400:
3163:, Brill Academic Publishers, p. 395
3146:
3134:
3015:
2989:
2919:
2877:Cambridge History of the Bible, Volume 2
2874:
2848:
2836:
2584:
2518:
2506:
2379:
2340:
2111:
2109:
2060:The Middle English Bible: a reassessment
2022:
1986:"The Authorship of the Wycliffite Bible"
1907:
1866:
1700:
1213:
1038:Example of Glossing: The Lord's Prayer (
1033:
849:
336:
27:Middle English translations of the Bible
5299:Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English
4220:
3936:Wycliffe, John and John Purvey (2012),
3875:
3829:
3686:. Oxford University Press. p. 200.
3681:
3645:
3609:
3454:
3237:
2775:
2457:
2434:
2415:
2352:
2261:
2249:
2212:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1983:
1946:
1281:, intervened and prevented his arrest.
1065:(Anglo-Saxon) in 735 (now lost), which
1023:The native Anglo-Saxon writing system,
534:Tyndale (1530s) - Early Modern English
520:Wycliffian LV (1394) - Middle English:
415:Dixitque Deus fiat lux et facta est lux
341:Wycliffe's Bible in the British Library
14:
5739:
3903:
3802:
3703:. London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room
3696:
3657:
3621:
3569:
3358:
2962:
2889:
2692:
2533:
2524:
2400:
2325:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2115:
2097:
2082:
1970:
1701:Solopova, Elizabeth (1 January 2017),
1577:Influence on subsequent English Bibles
4680:
4430:
4194:
3889:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3884:
3633:
3388:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3225:
3213:
3174:
3050:
2974:
2802:
2742:
2693:Powell, Margaret Joyce (9 May 2016).
2664:
2599:"John Wycliffe and the English Bible"
2597:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (April 1998),
2596:
2290:
2221:. Fordham University Press: 288–308.
2129:
2127:
2106:
2057:
1657:script used to write the publication.
1640:
1407:As a result of the synod's findings,
1377:. The revolt was largely inspired by
985:
703:purportedly promotes a doctrine like
692:. The complete version, known as the
5100:New International Inclusive Language
4106:
4082:
4066:
3076:
2632:Church History and Religious Culture
2536:"John Trevisa and the English Bible"
2424:. Fordham University Press: 288–308.
2136:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
2040:
1787:
766:
737:in Middle English, a translation of
711:received a copy and submitted it to
251:) are names given for a sequence of
3929:The Holy Bible: Wycliffite Versions
3080:Going to Church in Medieval England
2279:
861:Paues' Middle English New Testament
617:
580:Dominum formidabunt adversarii ejus
24:
5701:List of English Bible translations
5283:New American Bible Revised Edition
4627:Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards
4179:Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral
4155:Works by or about Wycliffe's Bible
4091:; gives each book on a single page
3969:List of English Bible translations
3913:
2124:
2035:: Greenwood Press, pp. 137–45
1532:manuscripts, in the 20th century.
678:
626:"close translation of the Vulgate,
152:List of English Bible translations
25:
5788:
5487:Hebrew-Greek Key Word Study Bible
4888:Julia E. Smith Parker Translation
4762:Middle English Bible translations
3951:
1512:, an expansive paraphrase of the
1502:Meditations on the Life of Christ
1269:against Wycliffe, and Archbishop
1115:In the same century as Wycliffe,
1094:, rather than prose, such as the
909:Meditations on the Life of Christ
743:Concordia quattuor evangelistarum
5716:Early Modern English (1500–1800)
4298:
4171:
4010:
3984:Early Modern English (1500–1800)
3796:
3765:
3740:
3715:
3690:
3675:
3510:. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
3481:10.5406/jenglgermphil.118.1.0154
3158:
2330:. Westminster Press. p. 75.
2023:Robinson, Henry Wheeler (1970),
1265:responded with a series of five
1203:
810:and the interpretation rules of
605:
558:
437:Wycliffian LV - Middle English:
423:Wycliffian EV - Middle English:
387:Paul's epistle to the Laodiceans
361:The translators worked from the
193:
167:Early Modern English (1500–1800)
5772:Bible translations into English
5482:Logos International Study Bible
4139:, Veritas Bible, archived from
4006:Bible translations into English
3723:"Wycliffe New Testament (1731)"
3575:
3538:
3499:
3460:
3418:
3352:
3327:
3175:Wilks, Michael (January 1975).
3168:
3152:
3070:
3061:
3044:
3009:
2913:
2895:
2868:
2854:
2803:Wilks, Michael (January 1975).
2796:
2769:
2736:
2711:
2686:
2673:
2658:
2619:
2590:
2474:
2451:
2428:
2418:"Re-Forming the Life of Christ"
2319:
2215:"Re-Forming the Life of Christ"
2206:
2188:
2174:
1899:
1859:
1846:"Currency converter: 1270–2017"
1833:
1816:
1780:
1750:
1717:
1689:
1119:translated the Psalms into the
189:Bible translations into English
5477:Dake Annotated Reference Bible
5472:Thompson Chain-Reference Bible
4741:Old English Bible translations
2200:Manchester Digital Collections
2091:
2076:
2016:
1952:
1873:The Catholic Historical Review
1790:History of Education Quarterly
1680:
1537:Suppression of Heresy Act 1414
897:
890:Middle English Glossed Matthew
13:
1:
5552:The Life with God Study Bible
5537:New Interpreter's Study Bible
4708:English-language translations
4164:Works by Wycliffe's Bible
3908:. Cambridge University Press.
3880:. Cambridge University Press.
3871:. Cambridge University Press.
3862:. Cambridge University Press.
3792:– via www.worldcat.org.
3057:(PhD). University of Glasgow.
3018:Studies in the Age of Chaucer
1990:The English Historical Review
1930:
1853:"Purchasing Power Calculator"
1233:
881:Powell's Gospels and Epistles
5762:14th-century Christian texts
5592:Modern Dialectal & Slang
5452:Life Application Study Bible
5116:Heinz Cassirer's translation
2626:Besserman, Lawrence (2017).
2058:Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2016).
1571:
1331:, and therefore constituted
1257:In 1377, Wycliffe published
662:Postilla super totam Bibliam
7:
5029:Green's Literal Translation
4170:(public domain audiobooks)
3856:Deanesly, Margaret (1920).
3807:. E. P. Dutton Publishing.
3803:Borges, Jorge Luis (1975).
2202:. University of Manchester.
2184:The University Press. 1878.
1686:As a New Testament portion.
1661:
1309:priesthood of all believers
763:'s 1420 work of that name.
741:'s 12th century Latin work
723:Oon of Foure Gospel Harmony
392:
332:
10:
5793:
5711:Middle English (1066–1500)
5620:Cambridge University Press
5547:Archaeological Study Bible
5542:Reflecting God Study Bible
5094:New International Reader's
4003:
3979:Middle English (1066–1500)
3823:
3337:. Westminster Press, 1964.
2120:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1617:, one of the bases of the
1207:
969:
853:
525:
511:
497:
484:
442:
428:
312:, a sometimes-violent pre-
186:
162:Middle English (1066–1500)
5777:Middle English literature
5693:
5612:
5591:
5565:
5439:
5417:
5399:
5249:Today's New International
5218:
5198:
5175:
5152:
5132:Holman Christian Standard
4896:
4828:
4770:
4749:
4718:
4658:
4642:
4599:
4549:
4500:
4475:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
4423:
4374:
4314:
4307:
4296:
4273:
4235:
4228:
3989:Modern Christian (1800– )
3682:Workman, Herbert (1926).
3193:10.1017/S0424208400006355
3181:Studies in Church History
3083:. Yale University Press.
3051:Jones, M. Claire (2000).
2821:10.1017/S0424208400006355
2809:Studies in Church History
2753:10.1163/9789004236721_017
2534:Fowler, David C. (1960).
2305:10.1080/00393270802083034
2098:Minnis, Alastair (2009).
1959:"Versions of the Bible",
1711:10.1163/9789004328921_007
1625:Wycliffe's Bible in print
1384:Sudbury was succeeded as
414:
172:Modern Christian (1800– )
112:
104:
94:
84:
68:
56:
48:
39:
34:
5721:Modern Christian (1800–)
5507:The Lutheran Study Bible
5467:Scofield Reference Bible
5278:Apostolic Bible Polyglot
5206:Four Prophets (Phillips)
4920:Moffatt, New Translation
4584:Savoyard–Waldensian wars
4465:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
3545:Marshall, Peter (2018).
3430:www.bible-researcher.com
2458:Kraebel, Andrew (2014).
2435:Kraebel, Andrew (2012).
2085:Lollards and Their Books
1908:Marshall, Peter (2018).
1673:
1386:Archbishop of Canterbury
808:four senses of Scripture
705:salvation by faith alone
454:- Early Modern English:
5767:14th century in England
5625:Oxford University Press
5462:Reformation Study Bible
5337:The Passion Translation
5082:21st Century King James
4107:———,
4083:———,
4067:———,
4055:Wycliffe, John (1395),
3885:Lahey, Stephen (2009).
3362:Wyciffe's New Testament
3077:Orme, Nicholas (2021).
2665:Paues, Anna C. (2006).
1984:Matthew, F. D. (1895).
1467:De haeretico comburendo
1343:Lollardy and censorship
937:Alternative attribution
656:Wycliffe's Commentaries
5706:Old English (pre-1066)
5630:American Bible Society
5502:The Wesley Study Bible
5457:Oxford Annotated Bible
5304:Divine Name King James
5126:International Standard
4910:Rotherham's Emphasized
3994:Modern Jewish (1853– )
3974:Old English (pre-1066)
3335:John Wyclif and Reform
2416:Raschko, Mary (2017).
2328:John Wyclif and Reform
2213:Raschko, Mary (2017).
1867:François, Wim (2018).
1367:
1239:
1043:
983:
931:
837:
707:. Despite this, Queen
579:
463:The familiar verse of
342:
177:Modern Jewish (1853– )
157:Old English (pre-1066)
5726:Modern Jewish (1853–)
5670:Hendrickson Publisher
5492:MacArthur Study Bible
5343:Revised New Jerusalem
5121:Complete Jewish Bible
4971:New American Standard
4736:Old English Hexateuch
4125:Catholic Encyclopedia
3697:Wesley, John (1872).
3030:10.1353/sac.1994.0002
3002:Catholic Encyclopedia
2790:10.1353/cjm.2017.0035
2326:Stacey, John (1964).
2293:Studia Neophilologica
2116:Hudson, Anne (1988).
2083:Hudson, Anne (1985).
1962:Catholic Encyclopedia
1885:10.1353/cat.2018.0001
1603:Herbert Brook Workman
1464:(in his 1401 statute
1349:
1217:
1081:Old English Hexateuch
1037:
973:
951:Four and Twenty Books
921:
850:Non-Wycliffean Bibles
826:
800:Four and Twenty Books
666:commentaries or notes
405:was in flux as well.
340:
5680:Saint Benedict Press
5512:Orthodox Study Bible
5372:Tree of Life Version
5349:Evangelical Heritage
5138:Easy-to-Read Version
5058:Contemporary English
5046:New Revised Standard
4841:Brenton's Septuagint
4617:Jistebnice hymn book
4508:Bohemian Reformation
4450:Mikuláš of Pelhřimov
4255:Gottschalk of Orbais
3960:The Bible in English
3837:The Bible in English
3089:10.2307/j.ctv1t1kfhr
2441:The Mediæval Journal
1745:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1615:Rheims New Testament
1369:In 1381, Archbishop
1360:, attrib. Letter to
1103:Early Middle English
1006:(other sources were
739:Clement of Llanthony
668:on the whole Bible.
287:Nicholas of Hereford
264:University of Oxford
143:The Bible in English
5532:Study Bible for GNT
5527:Study Bible for NLT
5522:Study Bible for ESV
5517:Study Bible for NIV
5294:The Orthodox Jewish
5040:Christian Community
4572:Peace of Kutná Hora
4486:Girolamo Savonarola
4222:Proto-Protestantism
3727:library.garrett.edu
3660:, pp. 474–476.
3624:, pp. 481–482.
3312:, pp. 131–134.
3264:, pp. 135–168.
3228:, pp. 149–150.
2996:"John Wyclif"
2521:, pp. 275–280.
2422:Europe After Wyclif
2219:Europe After Wyclif
2148:10.7227/BJRL.48.1.7
1362:Antipope John XXIII
1190:Anglo-Norman French
798:(GP, also known as
782:Anglo-Norman French
650:William of Woodford
565:Latin Vulgate Bible
5660:Lockman Foundation
5613:Notable publishers
5390:Free Bible Version
5331:Christian Standard
5314:Tree of Life Bible
4589:Piedmontese Easter
4366:Marsilius of Padua
3415:, p. 280,284.
3359:Nobles, T (2001).
2683:(Cambridge, 1904).
1802:10.1017/heq.2021.8
1641:In popular culture
1619:King James Version
1514:harmonized Gospels
1454:Kingdom of England
1416:Twelve Conclusions
1373:was killed in the
1317:transubstantiation
1240:
1086:was the memorized
1044:
996:Western Christians
986:Historical context
928:Mary Rashko (2017)
717:Archbishop of York
373:books (called the
343:
322:Kingdom of England
256:Bible translations
99:Formal equivalence
5734:
5733:
5497:Ryrie Study Bible
5435:
5434:
5384:Majority Standard
5214:
5213:
5000:New International
4904:American Standard
4873:Emphatic Diaglott
4829:18th–19th century
4771:16th–17th century
4674:
4673:
4622:Ecclesiae Regimen
4579:MĂ©rindol massacre
4567:Compacts of Basel
4545:
4544:
4460:Johannes von Goch
4419:
4418:
4361:Matthias of Janov
4351:MilĂÄŤ of KroměřĂĹľ
4341:Arnold of Brescia
4335:Henry of Lausanne
4294:
4293:
4265:Berengar of Tours
4250:Claudius of Turin
4122:"John Wycliffe",
4051:
4050:
3946:978-1-4701493-8-3
3896:978-0-19-518331-3
3805:El Libro de Arena
3648:, pp. 87–89.
3391:, pp. 24–27.
3252:, pp. 16–19.
3098:978-0-300-25650-5
2704:978-1-356-13429-8
1773:978-0-521-26474-7
1647:Jorge Luis Borges
1439:Margaret Deanesly
1420:Ecclesiae Regimen
1390:William Courtenay
1321:Pope Innocent III
1319:. He argued that
1259:De Civili Dominio
1099:Junius manuscript
1077:Ælfric of Eynsham
1048:Vespasian Psalter
875:Catholic epistles
804:Prologus Galeatus
767:Trevisa's Gospels
660:Wycliffe's early
646:Richard Ullerston
575:Vespasian Psalter
471:Vulgate - Latin:
409:Vulgate - Latin:
354:are represented.
245:Wycliffian Bibles
241:Wycliffite Bibles
234:
233:
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
5784:
5694:Additional lists
5583:The Action Bible
5397:
5396:
5243:English Standard
5150:
5149:
5088:Third Millennium
4936:Revised Standard
4719:5th–11th century
4701:
4694:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4557:Oldcastle Revolt
4501:Sects and groups
4428:
4427:
4375:Sects and groups
4312:
4311:
4302:
4274:Sects and groups
4233:
4232:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4175:
4174:
4159:Internet Archive
4150:
4149:
4148:
4129:
4117:
4115:Internet Archive
4102:
4090:
4078:
4062:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4017:Bible portal
4015:
4014:
4013:
3956:
3955:
3932:
3925:Madden, Frederic
3921:Forshall, Josiah
3909:
3900:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3851:
3840:
3817:
3816:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
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3694:
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3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3491:
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3484:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3172:
3166:
3164:
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3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2893:
2887:
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2872:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2697:. Palala Press.
2690:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2608:, Church society
2603:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2540:Modern Philology
2531:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2455:
2449:
2448:
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2413:
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2240:
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2203:
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2185:
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2166:
2160:
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2122:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2038:
2036:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1981:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1754:
1748:
1741:Poitevin dialect
1733:Parisian dialect
1721:
1715:
1713:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1651:The Book of Sand
1428:General Prologue
1394:Earthquake Synod
1375:Peasants' Revolt
1365:
1238:
1235:
1226:Geoffrey Chaucer
1150:to the incoming
1125:John of Thoresby
981:
929:
835:
795:General Prologue
618:Associated works
582:
528:
527:
514:
513:
500:
499:
487:
486:
445:
444:
431:
430:
417:
416:
371:deuterocanonical
237:Wycliffe's Bible
226:
219:
212:
200:Bible portal
198:
197:
196:
139:
138:
95:Translation type
61:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5689:
5608:
5587:
5578:The Manga Bible
5573:The Brick Bible
5561:
5557:The Green Bible
5431:
5413:
5395:
5378:Berean Standard
5361:Legacy Standard
5325:Literal English
5238:World Messianic
5226:Palmarian Bible
5210:
5194:
5171:
5148:
5052:Revised English
4953:Modern Language
4892:
4851:Young's Literal
4824:
4766:
4745:
4714:
4705:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4654:
4638:
4595:
4541:
4496:
4470:Wessel Gansfort
4415:
4370:
4303:
4290:
4269:
4224:
4219:
4172:
4146:
4144:
4133:
4121:
4047:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:Main category:
3998:
3954:
3927:, eds. (1850),
3916:
3914:Further reading
3897:
3849:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3670:Hargreaves 1969
3668:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3347:Hargreaves 1969
3345:
3341:
3332:
3328:
3322:Hargreaves 1969
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3173:
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3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3099:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3049:
3045:
3014:
3010:
3005:. Vol. 15.
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2918:
2914:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2828:
2801:
2797:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2691:
2687:
2679:Anna C. Paues,
2678:
2674:
2663:
2659:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2573:Hargreaves 1969
2571:
2567:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2456:
2452:
2433:
2429:
2414:
2401:
2395:Hargreaves 1969
2393:
2386:
2378:
2371:
2365:Hargreaves 1969
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2289:
2280:
2274:Hargreaves 1969
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2237:j.ctt1f114xz.15
2229:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2169:Hargreaves 1969
2167:
2163:
2132:
2125:
2114:
2107:
2096:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2056:
2041:
2021:
2017:
1982:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1906:against them."
1904:
1900:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1755:
1751:
1722:
1718:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1664:
1643:
1627:
1591:Miles Coverdale
1583:William Tyndale
1579:
1574:
1565:Reginald Pecock
1435:Glossed Gospels
1409:King Richard II
1366:
1356:
1345:
1296:of Christ (see
1263:Pope Gregory XI
1250:, not priests.
1236:
1212:
1206:
1057:translated the
1016:, and popular
988:
982:
979:
972:
939:
930:
927:
900:
892:
883:
877:from ca. 1388.
863:
858:
852:
836:
833:
790:
769:
725:
709:Anne of Bohemia
694:Glossed Gospels
681:
679:Glossed Gospels
658:
638:Glossed Gospels
620:
608:
561:
395:
335:
318:Catholic Church
230:
194:
192:
191:
187:Main category:
181:
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
118:
59:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5790:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5685:Baronius Press
5682:
5677:
5675:Ignatius Press
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5566:Picture Bibles
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
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5494:
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5381:
5375:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5319:Modern English
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Lexham English
5286:
5280:
5275:
5272:Common English
5269:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
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5079:
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5067:
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5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5017:New King James
5014:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4965:Living English
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4863:Living Oracles
4860:
4854:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4750:Middle English
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4731:Hatton Gospels
4728:
4726:Wessex Gospels
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Wycliffe Bible
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4528:Czech Brethren
4525:
4520:
4515:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4492:Luke of Prague
4489:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Petr ChelÄŤickĂ˝
4452:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4404:Friends of God
4401:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4328:Peter of Bruys
4324:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4161:
4152:
4131:
4119:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4064:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3953:
3952:External links
3950:
3949:
3948:
3934:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3901:
3895:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3853:
3847:
3831:Daniell, David
3825:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3795:
3764:
3739:
3714:
3689:
3674:
3672:, p. 414.
3662:
3650:
3638:
3636:, p. 223.
3626:
3614:
3612:, p. 109.
3602:
3597:10.1086/702886
3591:(2): 548–550.
3574:
3572:, p. 459.
3562:
3555:
3537:
3535:, p. 324.
3525:
3523:, p. 321.
3513:
3498:
3496:, p. 298.
3486:
3475:(1): 154–156.
3459:
3457:, p. 676.
3447:
3435:
3417:
3405:
3403:, p. 282.
3393:
3381:
3374:
3351:
3349:, p. 388.
3339:
3333:John, Stacey.
3326:
3324:, p. 392.
3314:
3302:
3300:, p. 197.
3290:
3288:, p. 189.
3278:
3276:, p. 195.
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3167:
3151:
3149:, p. 220.
3139:
3137:, p. 142.
3127:
3097:
3069:
3060:
3043:
3008:
2979:
2967:
2965:, p. 470.
2955:
2934:10.2307/456948
2928:(3): 529–613.
2912:
2894:
2892:, p. 463.
2882:
2867:
2853:
2851:, p. 133.
2841:
2839:, p. 136.
2826:
2795:
2784:(1): 220–222.
2768:
2761:
2735:
2710:
2703:
2685:
2672:
2657:
2638:(2): 270–273.
2618:
2589:
2587:, p. 256.
2577:
2575:, p. 410.
2565:
2523:
2511:
2509:, p. 279.
2499:
2493:978-1015682337
2492:
2473:
2450:
2427:
2399:
2397:, p. 404.
2384:
2382:, p. 254.
2369:
2367:, p. 400.
2357:
2345:
2343:, p. 253.
2333:
2318:
2299:(2): 160–176.
2278:
2276:, p. 399.
2266:
2254:
2242:
2227:
2205:
2187:
2173:
2171:, p. 407.
2161:
2142:(1): 118–140.
2123:
2105:
2090:
2075:
2068:
2039:
2015:
1969:
1951:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1858:
1832:
1815:
1796:(2): 181–212.
1779:
1772:
1749:
1739:royal court),
1716:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1639:
1626:
1623:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1476:Henry Knighton
1472:Thomas Arundel
1470:), Archbishop
1358:Thomas Arundel
1354:
1344:
1341:
1208:Main article:
1205:
1202:
1152:Middle English
1121:Middle English
1071:Wessex Gospels
1059:Gospel of John
1055:Venerable Bede
987:
984:
977:
971:
968:
938:
935:
925:
904:Middle English
899:
896:
891:
888:
882:
879:
871:Middle English
862:
859:
854:Main article:
851:
848:
831:
789:
786:
774:William Caxton
768:
765:
735:gospel harmony
724:
721:
713:Thomas Arundel
686:Thomas Aquinas
680:
677:
672:translations.
657:
654:
642:
641:
630:
627:
619:
616:
607:
604:
560:
557:
549:
548:
547:
546:
540:
539:
538:
532:
531:
530:
518:
517:
516:
504:
503:
502:
490:
489:
488:
477:
476:
475:
461:
460:
459:
458:
449:
448:
447:
435:
434:
433:
421:
420:
419:
394:
391:
334:
331:
268:Middle English
253:Middle English
232:
231:
229:
228:
221:
214:
206:
203:
202:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
146:
145:
135:
134:
130:
125:
124:
119:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
74:Wycliffe Bible
70:
69:Online as
66:
65:
62:
58:Complete Bible
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Wycliffe Bible
26:
18:Wycliffe Bible
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5789:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:HarperCollins
5648:
5646:
5645:Tyndale House
5643:
5641:
5640:Thomas Nelson
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Haydock Bible
5445:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Antioch Bible
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5232:World English
5230:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5177:New Testament
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5023:New Jerusalem
5021:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4930:Basic English
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Ferrar Fenton
4913:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Hussite Bible
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:Lorenzo Valla
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4411:
4410:Petrobrusians
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:John Wycliffe
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4143:on 2012-07-30
4142:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3848:0-300-09930-4
3844:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3556:9780300234589
3552:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3533:Deanesly 1920
3529:
3522:
3521:Deanesly 1920
3517:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3494:Deanesly 1920
3490:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3443:Deanesly 1920
3439:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3413:Deanesly 1920
3409:
3402:
3401:Deanesly 1920
3397:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3375:9781467994934
3371:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3240:, p. 71.
3239:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3159:Levy, Ian C,
3155:
3148:
3147:Deanesly 1920
3143:
3136:
3135:Deanesly 1920
3131:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2977:, p. 24.
2976:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2907:csis.pace.edu
2904:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2849:Deanesly 1920
2845:
2838:
2837:Deanesly 1920
2833:
2831:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2762:9789004236721
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2585:Deanesly 1920
2581:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:Deanesly 1920
2515:
2508:
2507:Deanesly 1920
2503:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:Deanesly 1920
2376:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2355:, p. 82.
2354:
2349:
2342:
2341:Deanesly 1920
2337:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2264:, p. 79.
2263:
2258:
2252:, p. 83.
2251:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2228:9780823274420
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2069:9780812248340
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:(37): 91–99.
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1949:, p. 66.
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1921:
1919:9780300234589
1915:
1911:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:Tyndale Bible
1584:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:Piers Plowman
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:Richard Hunne
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:Nicholas Love
1503:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Simon Sudbury
1363:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:excommunicate
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:'s system of
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Simon Sudbury
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1221:John of Gaunt
1216:
1211:
1210:John Wycliffe
1204:John Wycliffe
1201:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Book of Hours
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Richard Rolle
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:mystery plays
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
980:Michael Wilks
976:
967:
965:
959:
955:
952:
949:The pamphlet
947:
944:
943:Aidan Gasquet
934:
924:
920:
918:
913:
911:
910:
905:
895:
887:
878:
876:
872:
868:
857:
847:
846:
841:
830:
825:
822:
819:
817:
813:
812:St. Augustine
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:
785:
783:
777:
775:
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
676:
673:
669:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
639:
635:
631:
628:
625:
624:
623:
615:
613:
606:Later Version
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
576:
571:
568:
566:
559:Early Version
556:
554:
544:
543:
541:
536:
535:
533:
522:
521:
519:
508:
507:
505:
494:
493:
491:
481:
480:
478:
473:
472:
470:
469:
468:
466:
456:
455:
453:
450:
439:
438:
436:
425:
424:
422:
411:
410:
408:
407:
406:
404:
400:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
353:
349:
339:
330:
327:
323:
320:, caused the
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
282:
278:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
260:John Wycliffe
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
227:
222:
220:
215:
213:
208:
207:
205:
204:
201:
190:
185:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
128:
117:
116:Genesis 1:1–3
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
89:Latin Vulgate
87:
83:
80:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5440:Study Bibles
5401:Hebrew Bible
5309:Names of God
5219:21st century
5154:Hebrew Bible
4989:New American
4897:20th century
4878:Joseph Smith
4813:Douay–Rheims
4756:
4663:
4631:
4562:Hussite Wars
4534:
4484:
4442:
4424:1400–1500 AD
4408:
4396:
4333:
4326:
4308:1100–1400 AD
4286:Berengarians
4242:
4145:, retrieved
4141:the original
4135:
4128:, New advent
4124:
4109:
4098:Ecclesiastes
4097:
4089:, Wesley NNU
4085:
4069:
4061:, Studylight
4057:
3937:
3928:
3905:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3858:
3836:
3804:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3773:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3752:evertype.com
3751:
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3726:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3699:
3692:
3683:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3646:Daniell 2003
3641:
3629:
3617:
3610:Daniell 2003
3605:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3565:
3546:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3501:
3489:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3455:Justice 1999
3450:
3445:, p. 3.
3438:
3429:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3361:
3354:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3238:Daniell 2003
3233:
3221:
3216:, p. 5.
3209:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3107:j.ctv1t1kfhr
3079:
3072:
3063:
3053:
3046:
3024:(1): 45–67.
3021:
3017:
3011:
3000:
2991:Urquhart, F.
2970:
2958:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2856:
2844:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2744:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2713:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2660:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2610:, retrieved
2605:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2546:(2): 81–98.
2543:
2539:
2514:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2421:
2360:
2353:Daniell 2003
2348:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2296:
2292:
2269:
2262:Daniell 2003
2257:
2250:Daniell 2003
2245:
2218:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2176:
2164:
2139:
2135:
2117:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2059:
2027:, Westport,
2024:
2018:
1993:
1989:
1965:, New advent
1961:
1954:
1947:Daniell 2003
1909:
1901:
1879:(1): 23–56.
1876:
1872:
1861:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1763:
1757:John Trevisa
1752:
1725:Anglo-Norman
1719:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1611:
1599:
1580:
1557:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1518:
1498:
1487:
1485:
1465:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1406:
1383:
1368:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1306:
1283:
1279:queen mother
1275:Joan of Kent
1258:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1218:
1194:
1186:Gospel books
1171:
1160:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1114:
1075:
1052:
1045:
1040:Pater noster
1039:
1022:
989:
974:
960:
956:
950:
948:
940:
932:
922:
914:
907:
901:
893:
884:
864:
842:
838:
827:
823:
820:
799:
793:
791:
778:
770:
757:Monotesseron
756:
754:
749:
747:
742:
730:Oon of Foure
728:
726:
698:
693:
690:Catena Aurea
689:
682:
674:
670:
661:
659:
643:
637:
633:
621:
609:
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
572:
569:
562:
550:
462:
396:
360:
356:
344:
303:
295:John Trevisa
293:and perhaps
283:
279:
272:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
85:Derived from
72:
49:Abbreviation
29:
5747:1380s books
5255:New English
5064:The Message
5006:New Century
4959:New English
4793:Great Bible
4398:Strigolniki
4387:Waldensians
4346:Peter Waldo
4229:400–1100 AD
3887:John Wyclif
3658:Lawton 1999
3622:Lawton 1999
3570:Lawton 1999
3187:: 147–161.
2963:Lawton 1999
2890:Lawton 1999
2815:: 147–161.
2747:: 449–468.
2728:13 December
1737:Plantagenet
1655:Blackletter
1607:John Wesley
1595:Great Bible
1525:Thomas More
1458:established
1452:caused the
1237: 1859
1176:(Psalters,
1148:Old English
1096:Old English
1067:John Purvey
1063:Old English
1029:contributed
1018:iconography
992:Middle Ages
964:Thomas More
898:Manuscripts
816:St. Isidore
761:Jean Gerson
750:One of Four
664:were brief
634:One of Four
612:John Purvey
403:Orthography
401:1:3 below.
379:Protestants
326:established
314:Reformation
299:Anne Hudson
291:John Purvey
5741:Categories
5419:Septuagint
5110:New Living
5105:God's Word
5070:Clear Word
4819:King James
4600:Literature
4382:Arnoldists
4147:2012-07-29
3813:B000P23CAI
3634:Lahey 2009
3389:Lahey 2009
3310:Lahey 2009
3298:Lahey 2009
3286:Lahey 2009
3274:Lahey 2009
3262:Lahey 2009
3250:Lahey 2009
3226:Lahey 2009
3214:Lahey 2009
2975:Lahey 2009
2903:"The Scop"
1931:References
1839:I.e., two
1729:Law French
1488:Periculosa
1480:censorship
1398:earthquake
1302:sacraments
1230:John Gower
1163:latinities
1140:Old French
867:Anna Paues
834:F.F. Bruce
701:Luke 17:19
367:Paris text
108:1388, 1395
79:Wikisource
5635:Zondervan
5357:(NHEB-JE)
5267:The Voice
4983:Jerusalem
4977:Good News
4947:New World
4846:Webster's
4836:Challoner
4783:Coverdale
4523:Utraquism
4518:Taborites
4444:Jan Žižka
4260:Ratramnus
3783:764293237
3201:0424-2084
3120:11 August
3115:237658138
3038:166176909
2950:164154492
2723:Sotheby's
2644:1871-241X
2612:March 16,
2606:Churchman
2552:0026-8232
2313:170339480
2156:193286581
2002:0013-8266
1893:163790511
1828:sound out
1810:233401379
1705:, Brill,
1572:Influence
1563:. Bishop
1553:John Foxe
1504:in 1410:
1379:John Ball
1329:Augustine
1286:Aristotle
1182:breveries
1167:godparent
1088:epic poem
865:In 1904,
553:John 3:16
465:John 3:16
452:Rheims NT
375:Apocrypha
348:idiomatic
127:John 3:16
77: at
60:published
5752:Lollardy
5665:Crossway
5263:(RSV2CE)
5261:Ignatius
5190:Phillips
5076:New Life
5035:Recovery
4808:Bishops'
4798:Taverner
4757:Wycliffe
4536:Piagnoni
4513:Hussites
4392:Lollardy
4322:Tanchelm
4244:Jovinian
4168:LibriVox
4077:: SBible
3931:, Oxford
3841:, Yale,
3833:(2003),
3585:Speculum
2993:(1913).
2652:26382225
2464:Traditio
1824:op. cit.
1662:See also
1462:Henry IV
1456:and the
1450:Lollardy
1355:—
1333:apostasy
1298:John 1:1
1000:homilies
978:—
926:—
832:—
636:and the
393:Examples
383:2 Esdras
377:by most
352:dialects
333:Versions
324:and the
310:Lollardy
306:prologue
105:Revision
5599:Glasgow
5285:(NABRE)
5199:Partial
5185:Worrell
4857:Revised
4788:Matthew
4778:Tyndale
4710:of the
4664:Italics
4438:Jan Hus
4281:Pataria
4157:at the
3824:Sources
3788:July 9,
3757:July 9,
3732:July 9,
3707:18 June
1521:Vulgate
1426:in its
1424:Regimen
1352:tongue.
1156:Cornish
1106:Ormulum
994:, most
990:In the
970:History
715:, then
399:Genesis
363:Vulgate
275:Vulgate
262:of the
5655:Holman
5604:LOLCat
5345:(RNJB)
5251:(TNIV)
5134:(HCSB)
5096:(NIrV)
5084:(KJ21)
5048:(NRSV)
5019:(NKJV)
5012:Bethel
4995:Living
4973:(NASB)
4942:Anchor
4883:Quaker
4803:Geneva
4550:Events
4431:People
4315:People
4236:People
3944:
3893:
3845:
3811:
3781:
3553:
3372:
3199:
3113:
3105:
3095:
3036:
2948:
2942:456948
2940:
2759:
2701:
2650:
2642:
2560:434631
2558:
2550:
2490:
2311:
2235:
2225:
2154:
2066:
2010:547995
2008:
2000:
1916:
1891:
1841:pounds
1822:Hall,
1808:
1770:
1589:) and
1541:per se
1474:, and
1402:heresy
1325:Jerome
1277:, the
1248:friars
1244:postil
1184:), or
1174:Psalms
1132:ad hoc
1108:, the
1101:, the
1092:poetry
1012:friars
733:was a
596:luvend
592:lufand
588:loving
385:) and
308:) and
5409:Alter
5392:(FBV)
5386:(MSB)
5380:(BSB)
5374:(TLV)
5363:(LSB)
5351:(EHV)
5339:(TPT)
5333:(CSB)
5327:(LEV)
5321:(MEV)
5274:(CEB)
5257:(NET)
5245:(ESV)
5234:(WEB)
5140:(ERV)
5128:(ISV)
5112:(NLT)
5090:(TMB)
5078:(NLV)
5072:(TCW)
5066:(MSG)
5060:(CEV)
5054:(REB)
5042:(CCB)
5031:(GLT)
5025:(NJB)
5008:(NCV)
5002:(NIV)
4991:(NAB)
4979:(GNB)
4967:(BLE)
4961:(NEB)
4955:(MLB)
4949:(NWT)
4938:(RSV)
4932:(BBE)
4906:(ASV)
4868:Darby
4853:(YLT)
4821:(KJV)
4815:(DRV)
4712:Bible
4643:Other
4110:Bible
4086:Bible
4070:Bible
4058:Bible
3366:(PDF)
3111:S2CID
3103:JSTOR
3034:S2CID
2946:S2CID
2938:JSTOR
2648:JSTOR
2602:(PDF)
2556:JSTOR
2309:S2CID
2233:JSTOR
2152:S2CID
2006:JSTOR
1889:S2CID
1806:S2CID
1735:(the
1714:, p85
1674:Notes
1530:Paues
1290:logic
1267:bulls
1198:marks
1154:, or
1144:Latin
1061:into
1025:runes
1004:Latin
121:maad.
5228:(SH)
4985:(JB)
4925:Knox
4859:(RV)
3942:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3843:ISBN
3809:ASIN
3790:2021
3779:OCLC
3759:2021
3734:2021
3709:2023
3551:ISBN
3370:ISBN
3197:ISSN
3122:2023
3093:ISBN
2922:PMLA
2757:ISBN
2730:2016
2699:ISBN
2640:ISSN
2614:2011
2548:ISSN
2488:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2064:ISBN
1998:ISSN
1914:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1723:See
1535:The
1327:and
1294:Word
1228:and
1053:The
917:US$
814:and
727:The
648:and
64:1382
4166:at
3593:doi
3477:doi
3473:118
3189:doi
3085:doi
3026:doi
2930:doi
2817:doi
2786:doi
2749:doi
2445:3.1
2301:doi
2144:doi
2033:USA
1881:doi
1877:104
1798:doi
1731:,
1707:doi
1699:in
1508:'s
1388:by
1180:or
1020:).
1002:in
594:or
590:vs
249:WYC
243:or
239:or
52:WYC
5743::
4113:,
4075:RU
4073:,
3923:;
3777:.
3750:.
3725:.
3589:94
3587:.
3471:.
3428:.
3195:.
3185:11
3183:.
3179:.
3109:.
3101:.
3091:.
3032:.
3022:16
3020:.
2999:.
2982:^
2944:.
2936:.
2926:30
2924:.
2905:.
2829:^
2813:11
2811:.
2807:.
2782:48
2780:.
2755:.
2721:.
2646:.
2636:97
2634:.
2630:.
2604:,
2554:.
2544:58
2542:.
2538:.
2526:^
2486:.
2468:69
2466:.
2462:.
2443:.
2439:.
2420:.
2402:^
2387:^
2372:^
2307:.
2297:80
2295:.
2281:^
2231:.
2217:.
2198:.
2150:.
2140:48
2138:.
2126:^
2108:^
2042:^
2031:,
2029:CT
2004:.
1994:10
1992:.
1988:.
1972:^
1939:^
1887:.
1875:.
1871:.
1804:.
1794:61
1792:.
1727:,
1637:.
1635:th
1621:.
1543:.
1496:.
1430:.
1404:.
1304:.
1234:c.
1232:.
818:.
688:'
640:.)
614:.
567:.
555:.
389:.
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