Linguistic relativity

921:

lexically between two colors did not necessarily imply that speakers of that language did not distinguish the two colors perceptually. Magnus received completed questionnaires on twenty-five African, fifteen Asian, three Australian, and two European languages. He concluded in part, "As regards the range of the color sense of the primitive peoples tested with our questionnaire, it appears in general to remain within the same bounds as the color sense of the civilized nations. At least, we could not establish a complete lack of the perception of the so-called main colors as a special racial characteristic of any one of the tribes investigated for us. We consider red, yellow, green, and blue as the main representatives of the colors of long and short wavelength; among the tribes we tested not a one lacks the knowledge of any of these four colors" (Magnus 1880, p. 6, as trans. in Berlin and Kay 1969, p. 141). Magnus did find widespread lexical neutralization of green and blue, that is, a single word covering both these colors, as have all subsequent comparative studies of color lexicons.

947:

languages with few color terms, it is predictable from the number of terms which hues are chosen as focal colors, for example, languages with only three color terms always have the focal colors black, white and red. The fact that what had been believed to be random differences between color naming in different languages could be shown to follow universal patterns was seen as a powerful argument against linguistic relativity. Berlin and Kay's research has since been criticized by relativists such as Lucy, who argued that Berlin and Kay's conclusions were skewed by their insistence that color terms encode only color information. This, Lucy argues, made them unaware of the instances in which color terms provided other information that might be considered examples of linguistic relativity.

930:

than less focal colors, and not with linguistic relativity effects. Berlin/Kay found universal typological color principles that are determined by biological rather than linguistic factors. This study sparked studies into typological universals of color terminology. Researchers such as Lucy, Saunders and Levinson argued that Berlin and Kay's study does not refute linguistic relativity in color naming, because of unsupported assumptions in their study (such as whether all cultures in fact have a clearly defined category of "color") and because of related data problems. Researchers such as Maclaury continued investigation into color naming. Like Berlin and Kay, Maclaury concluded that the domain is governed mostly by physical-biological universals.

969:

language and culture, but seemingly failed to address the linguistic relativist argument actually posed by Whorf (i.e. that the understanding of time by native Hopi speakers differed from that of speakers of European languages due to the differences in the organization and construction of their respective languages; Whorf never claimed that Hopi speakers lacked any concept of time). Malotki himself acknowledges that the conceptualizations are different, but because he ignores Whorf's use of quotes around the word "time" and the qualifier "what we call", takes Whorf to be arguing that the Hopi have no concept of time at all.

1034:

have different gender systems, were asked to use adjectives to describe various objects that were either masculine or feminine in their respective languages. They reported that speakers tended to describe objects in ways that were consistent with the gender of the noun in their language, indicating that the gender system of a language can influence speakers' perceptions of objects. Despite numerous citations, the experiment was criticised after the reported effects could not be replicated by independent trials. Additionally, a large-scale data analysis using

556:

organized by our minds—and this means largely by the linguistic systems of our minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way—an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar, or can in some way be calibrated.

1216:

replicated in several cross-cultural and cross-country studies. However, a study of Chinese, which can be spoken both with and without the grammatical future marking "will", found that subjects do not behave more impatiently when "will" is used repetitively. This laboratory-based finding of elective variation within a single language does not refute the linguistic savings hypothesis but some have suggested that it shows the effect may be due to culture or other non-linguistic factors.

236:

categorization on cognition, finding broad support for non-deterministic versions of the hypothesis in experimental contexts. Some effects of linguistic relativity have been shown in several semantic domains, although they are generally weak. Currently, a nuanced opinion of linguistic relativity is espoused by most linguists holding that language influences certain kinds of cognitive processes in non-trivial ways, but that other processes are better considered as developing from

960:, effectively arguing that all languages share the same underlying structure. The Chomskyan school also includes the belief that linguistic structures are largely innate and that what are perceived as differences between specific languages are surface phenomena that do not affect the brain's universal cognitive processes. This theory became the dominant paradigm of American linguistics from the 1960s through the 1980s, while linguistic relativity became the object of ridicule. 467:, noting, "possession of a common language is still and will continue to be a smoother of the way to a mutual understanding between England and America, but it is very clear that other factors, some of them rapidly cumulative, are working powerfully to counteract this leveling influence. A common language cannot indefinitely set the seal on a common culture when the geographical, physical, and economics determinants of the culture are no longer the same throughout the area." 895:

Lenneberg designed experiments involving the codification of colors. In their first experiment, they investigated whether it was easier for speakers of English to remember color shades for which they had a specific name than to remember colors that were not as easily definable by words. This allowed them to compare the linguistic categorization directly to a non-linguistic task. In a later experiment, speakers of two languages that categorize colors differently (

1691: 1175:

speakers do it using quantity related terms like "much" or "little". The researchers asked the participants to estimate how much time had passed while watching a line growing across a screen, or a container being filled, or both. The researchers stated that "When reproducing duration, Swedish speakers were misled by stimulus length, and Spanish speakers were misled by stimulus size/quantity." When the bilinguals were prompted with the word

1093:, Lucy and Levinson believe that language influences thought in more limited ways than the broadest early claims. Researchers examine the interface between thought (or cognition), language and culture and describe the relevant influences. They use experimental data to back up their conclusions. Kay ultimately concluded that " Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left". His findings show that accounting for 731:

linguistic relativity experimentally and published their findings in 1954. Since neither Sapir nor Whorf had ever stated a formal hypothesis, Brown and Lenneberg formulated their own. Their two tenets were (i) "the world is differently experienced and conceived in different linguistic communities" and (ii) "language causes a particular cognitive structure". Brown later developed them into the so-called "weak" and "strong" formulation:

422:. Boas stressed the equal worth of all cultures and languages, that there was no such thing as a primitive language and that all languages were capable of expressing the same content, albeit by widely differing means. Boas saw language as an inseparable part of culture and he was among the first to require of ethnographers to learn the native language of the culture to be studied and to document verbal culture such as 329: 383: 1677: 164:(1897-1941) never co-authored any works and never stated their ideas in terms of a hypothesis. The distinction between a weak and a strong version of this hypothesis is also a later development; Sapir and Whorf never used such a dichotomy, although often their writings and their opinions of this relativity principle expressed it in stronger or weaker terms. 667:

peculiarity and examines its possible ramifications for thought and behavior. The defining example is Whorf's observation of discrepancies between the grammar of time expressions in Hopi and English. More recent research in this vein is Lucy's research describing how usage of the categories of grammatical number and of numeral classifiers in the

268:, who claimed that the physical world cannot be experienced except through language; this made the question of truth dependent on aesthetic preferences or functional consequences. Plato may have held instead that the world consisted of eternal ideas and that language should represent these ideas as accurately as possible. Nevertheless, Plato's 1055:, Lakoff reappraised linguistic relativity and especially Whorf's ideas about how linguistic categorization represents and/or influences mental categories. He concluded that the debate had been confused. He described four parameters on which researchers differed in their opinions about what constitutes linguistic relativity: 459:

as clearly unified, as structurally specialized, a group as any that I know of. The speakers of these languages belong to four distinct culture areas... The cultural adaptability of the Athabaskan-speaking peoples is in the strangest contrast to the inaccessibility to foreign influences of the languages themselves.

643:, Hopi does not treat the flow of time as a sequence of distinct, countable instances, like "three days" or "five years", but rather as a single process and that consequently it has no nouns referring to units of time as SAE speakers understand them. He proposed that this view of time was fundamental to 1215:

A 2013 study found that those who speak "futureless" languages with no grammatical marking of the future tense save more, retire with more wealth, smoke less, practice safer sex, and are less obese than those who do not. This effect has come to be termed the linguistic-savings hypothesis and has been

1144:

found several peculiarities that he interpreted as corresponding to linguistically rare features, such as a lack of numbers and color terms in the way those are otherwise defined and the absence of certain types of clauses. Everett's conclusions were met with skepticism from universalists who claimed

1013:

that reveal something about how speakers of that language think. For example, English employs conceptual metaphors likening time to money, so that time can be saved and spent and invested, whereas other languages do not talk about time in that manner. Other such metaphors are common to many languages

946:

continued Lenneberg's color research. They studied color terminology formation and showed clear universal trends in color naming. For example, they found that even though languages have different color terminologies, they generally recognize certain hues as more focal than others. They showed that in

874:

analyzed the role of language in cognitive processes. Bowerman showed that certain cognitive processes did not use language to any significant extent and therefore could not be subject to linguistic relativity. Slobin described another kind of cognitive process that he named "thinking for speaking"—-

607:

Another example is from Whorf's experience as a chemical engineer working for an insurance company as a fire inspector. While inspecting a chemical plant he observed that the plant had two storage rooms for gasoline barrels, one for the full barrels and one for the empty ones. He further noticed that

550:

and Pinker criticized him for insufficient clarity of his description of how language influences thought, and for not proving his conjectures. Most of his arguments were in the form of anecdotes and speculations that served as attempts to show how "exotic" grammatical traits were associated with what

1409:

We do not realize what tremendous power the structure of an habitual language has. It is not an exaggeration to say that it enslaves us through the mechanism of s r and that the structure which a language exhibits, and impresses upon us unconsciously, is automatically projected upon the world around

1227:

studies explored motion perception, emotion perception, object representation and memory. The gold standard of psycholinguistic studies on linguistic relativity is now finding non-linguistic cognitive differences in speakers of different languages (thus rendering inapplicable Pinker's criticism that

1174:

claimed that language can influence how one estimates time. The study considered three groups: those who spoke only Swedish, those who spoke only Spanish and bilingual speakers who spoke both of those languages. Swedish speakers describe time using distance terms like "long" or "short" while Spanish

981:

that thought is independent of language, that language is itself meaningless in any fundamental way to human thought, and that human beings do not even think in "natural" language, i.e. any language that we actually communicate in; rather, we think in a meta-language, preceding any natural language,

773:

But to restrict thinking to the patterns merely of English is to lose a power of thought which, once lost, can never be regained. It is the 'plainest' English which contains the greatest number of unconscious assumptions about nature. We handle even our plain English with much greater effect if we

458:

It is easy to show that language and culture are not intrinsically associated. Totally unrelated languages share in one culture; closely related languages—even a single language—belong to distinct culture spheres. There are many excellent examples in Aboriginal America. The Athabaskan languages form

1113:

questions posed to them in a questionnaire. He concluded that this was related to the way in which counter-factuality is marked grammatically in Chinese. Other researchers attributed this result to Bloom's flawed translations. Strømnes examined why Finnish factories had a greater occurrence of work

1033:

An unpublished study by Boroditsky et al. in 2003 reported to have found empirical evidence favoring the hypothesis demonstrating that differences in the grammatical gender systems of languages can affect the way speakers of those languages think about objects. Speakers of Spanish and German, which

857:

and compare it across linguistic and cultural groups. Space is another semantic domain that has proven fruitful for linguistic relativity studies. Spatial categories vary greatly across languages. Speakers rely on the linguistic conceptualization of space in performing many ordinary tasks. Levinson

653:

later claimed that he had found no evidence of Whorf's claims in 1980's era Hopi speakers, nor in historical documents dating back to the arrival of Europeans. Malotki used evidence from archaeological data, calendars, historical documents, and modern speech; he concluded that there was no evidence

342:

associated the study of language with the national romanticist program by proposing that language is the fabric of thought. Thoughts are produced as a kind of internal dialog using the same grammar as the thinker's native language. This opinion was part of a greater idea in which the assumptions of

968:

Other universalist researchers dedicated themselves to dispelling other aspects of linguistic relativity, often attacking Whorf's specific examples. For example, Malotki's monumental study of time expressions in Hopi presented many examples that challenged Whorf's "timeless" interpretation of Hopi

929:

Brown and Lenneberg's study began a tradition of investigation of linguistic relativity through color terminology. The studies showed a correlation between color term numbers and ease of recall in both Zuni and English speakers. Researchers attributed this to focal colors having greater codability

714:

philosophy of language, claiming that languages are principally meant to represent events in the real world, and that even though languages express these ideas in various ways, the meanings of such expressions and therefore the thoughts of the speaker are equivalent. He argued that Whorf's English

1059:

The degree and intensity of linguistic relativity. Perhaps a few examples of superficial differences in language and associated behavior are enough to demonstrate the existence of linguistic relativity. Alternatively, perhaps only great differences that permeate the linguistic and cultural system

920:

In a similar study done by German ophthalmologist Hugo Magnus during the 1870s, he circulated a questionnaire to missionaries and traders with ten standardized color samples and instructions for using them. These instructions contained an explicit warning that failure of a language to distinguish

862:

only uses absolute directions when describing spatial relations—the position of everything is described by using the cardinal directions. Speakers define a location as "north of the house", while an English speaker may use relative positions, saying "in front of the house" or "to the left of the

841:

began a new period of linguistic relativity studies that emphasized cognitive and social aspects. The book included studies on linguistic relativity and universalist traditions. Levinson documented significant linguistic relativity effects in the different linguistic conceptualization of spatial

522:

languages, he attempted to account for the ways in which grammatical systems and language-use differences affected perception. Whorf's opinions regarding the nature of the relation between language and thought remain under contention. However, a version of theory holds some "merit", for example,

433:

It does not seem likely that there is any direct relation between the culture of a tribe and the language they speak, except in so far as the form of the language will be moulded by the state of the culture, but not in so far as a certain state of the culture is conditioned by the morphological

438:

Boas' student Edward Sapir referred to the Humboldtian idea that languages were a major factor for understanding the cultural assumptions of peoples. He espoused the opinion that because of the differences in the grammatical systems of languages no two languages were similar enough to allow for

1270:

A major question is whether human psychological faculties are mostly innate or whether they are mostly a result of learning, and hence subject to cultural and social processes such as language. The innate opinion is that humans share the same set of basic faculties, and that variability due to

894:

Since Brown and Lenneberg believed that the objective reality denoted by language was the same for speakers of all languages, they decided to test how different languages codified the same message differently and whether differences in codification could be proven to affect behavior. Brown and

555:

We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native language. The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscope flux of impressions which has to be

1105:

Recent studies have also used a "behavior-based" method, which starts by comparing behavior across linguistic groups and then searches for causes for that behavior in the linguistic system. In an early example of this method, Whorf attributed the occurrence of fires at a chemical plant to the

666:

Whorf's argument about Hopi speakers' conceptualization of time is an example of the structure-centered method of research into linguistic relativity, which Lucy identified as one of three main types of research of the topic. The "structure-centered" method starts with a language's structural

730:

Lenneberg's main criticism of Whorf's works was that he never showed the necessary association between a linguistic phenomenon and a mental phenomenon. With Brown, Lenneberg proposed that proving such an association required directly matching linguistic phenomena with behavior. They assessed

235:

As the emphasis of the universal nature of human language and cognition developed during the 1960s, the idea of linguistic relativity became disfavored among linguists. From the late 1980s, a new school of linguistic relativity scholars has examined the effects of differences in linguistic

612:

in association to the barrels had resulted in the workers unconsciously regarding them as harmless, although consciously they were probably aware of the risk of explosion. This example was later criticized by Lenneberg as not actually demonstrating causality between the use of the word

393: 1157:

or with different gender grammar systems) showed that language differences in human categorization are due to such differences. Experimental research suggests that this linguistic influence on thought diminishes over time, as when speakers of one language are exposed to another.

373:

Herder worked alongside Hamann to establish the idea of whether or not language had a human/rational or a divine origin. Herder added the emotional component of the hypothesis and Humboldt then took this information and applied to various languages to expand on the hypothesis.

2038:

This usage is now generally considered as a misnomer. As Jane Hill and Bruce Mannheim write: Yet, just as the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire the "Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis" is neither consistent with the writings of Sapir and Whorf, nor a hypothesis

2001:

Scholars have noted that Sapir's view may have reflected a weaker version of the hypothesis than the view of Whorf (Rollins, 1980). However, others point out that Whorf's own writings suggest that his view may have fluctuated between the weak and strong versions (Carroll,

603:

served the double purpose of showing that non-European languages sometimes made more specific semantic distinctions than European languages and that direct translation between two languages, even of seemingly basic concepts such as snow or water, is not always possible.

503:

that has been compared to Whorf's notions of linguistic relativity. Though influential in their own right, this work has not been influential in the debate on linguistic relativity, which has tended to be based on the American paradigm exemplified by Sapir and Whorf.

1038:

of language models found no correlation between adjectives and inanimate noun genders, while another study using large text corpora found a slight correlation between the gender of animate and inanimate nouns and their adjectives as well as verbs by measuring their

694:, who prepared a number of Whorf's papers for posthumous publishing. The most important event for the dissemination of Whorf's ideas to a larger public was the publication in 1956 of his major writings on the topic of linguistic relativity in a single volume titled 608:

while no employees smoked cigarettes in the room for full barrels, no-one minded smoking in the room with empty barrels, although this was potentially much more dangerous because of the flammable vapors still in the barrels. He concluded that the use of the word

3141:

MacLaury, Robert E.; Hewes, Gordon W.; Kinnear, Paul R.; Deregowski, J. B.; Merrifield, William R.; Saunders, B. a. C.; Stanlaw, James; Toren, Christina; Van Brakel, J. (1 April 1992). "From Brightness to Hue: An Explanatory Model of Color-Category Evolution ".

903:) were asked to recognize colors. In this manner, it could be determined whether the differing color categories of the two speakers would determine their ability to recognize nuances within color categories. Brown and Lenneberg found that Zuni speakers who 136:

thought and that linguistic categories limit and restrict cognitive categories. This was a claim by some earlier linguists pre-World War II; since then it has fallen out of acceptance by contemporary linguists. Nevertheless, research has produced positive

1332:) argue that categorization and conceptualization is subjective and arbitrary. Another view, represented by Storm, seeks a third way by emphasizing how language changes and imperfectly represents reality without being completely divorced from ontology. 875:

the kind of process in which perceptional data and other kinds of prelinguistic cognition are translated into linguistic terms for communication. These, Slobin argues, are the kinds of cognitive process that are the basis of linguistic relativity.

216:, another of Sapir's students, introduced the term "Sapir–Whorf hypothesis", even though the two scholars never formally advanced any such hypothesis. A strong version of relativist theory was developed from the late 1920s by the German linguist 207:

also approved versions of the idea to a certain extent, including in a 1928 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, but Sapir, in particular, wrote more often against than in favor of anything like linguistic determinism. Sapir's student,

1664:

The manner in which sociolinguistics plays a role in variables within language, like the manner in which words are pronounced, word selection in certain dialogue, context, and tone, suggests it may have implications for linguistic relativity.

907:

as a single color did have trouble recognizing and remembering nuances within the green/blue category. This method, which Lucy later classified as domain-centered, is acknowledged to be sub-optimal, because color perception, unlike other

314:

is often suggested to be the first among the actual German Romantics to discuss the concept of the "genius" of a language. In his "Essay Concerning an Academic Question", Hamann suggests that a people's language affects their worldview:

955:

Universalist scholars began a period of dissent from ideas about linguistic relativity. Lenneberg was one of the first cognitive scientists to begin development of the Universalist theory of language that was formulated by Chomsky as

1384:. Although Korzybski was not aware of Sapir and Whorf's writings, the philosophy was adopted by Whorf-admirer Stuart Chase, who fused Whorf's interest in cultural-linguistic variation with Korzybski's programme in his popular work " 760:

champion" and in 1982, he proposed "Whorfianism of the third kind" in an attempt to reemphasize what he claimed was Whorf's real interest, namely the intrinsic value of "little peoples" and "little languages". Whorf had criticized

483:, some European thinkers developed ideas similar to those of Sapir and Whorf, generally working in isolation from each other. Prominent in Germany from the late 1920s through the 1960s were the strongly relativist theories of 1235:

speakers attempts to distinguish the effects of language from those of culture on bilingual cognition including perceptions of time, space, motion, colors and emotion. Researchers described differences between bilinguals and

577:

Among Whorf's best-known examples of linguistic relativity are instances where a non-European language has several terms for a concept that is only described with one word in European languages (Whorf used the acronym SAE

470:

While Sapir never made a practice of studying directly how languages affected thought, some notion of (probably "weak") linguistic relativity affected his basic understanding of language, and would be developed by Whorf.

818:

should be a major blow to any current economic theory." In the next paragraph, he quotes directly from Sapir: "Even in the most primitive cultures the strategic word is likely to be more powerful than the direct blow."

446:

No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels

1633:" developed the concept of the Whorf hypothesis as applied to an alien species which visits Earth. The aliens' biology contributes to their spoken and written languages, which are distinct. In the 2016 American movie 1271:

cultural differences is less important and that the human mind is a mostly biological construction, so that all humans sharing the same neurological configuration can be expected to have similar cognitive patterns.

3485:

Williams, Adina; Cotterell, Ryan; Wolf-Sonkin, Lawrence; Blasi, Damián; Wallach, Hanna (2020). "On the Relationships Between the Grammatical Genders of Inanimate Nouns and Their Co-Occurring Adjectives and Verbs".

1463:

to make it impossible for people to think critically about the government, or even to contemplate that they might be impoverished or oppressed, by reducing the number of words to reduce the thought of the locutor.

654:

that Hopi conceptualize time in the way Whorf suggested. Many universalist scholars such as Pinker consider Malotki's study as a final refutation of Whorf's claim about Hopi, whereas relativist scholars such as

1601:, a language constructed specifically with the intention that thoughts subversive of the regime cannot be expressed in it, and therefore people educated to speak and think in it would not have such thoughts. 1467:

Others have been fascinated by the possibilities of creating new languages that could enable new, and perhaps better, ways of thinking. Examples of such languages designed to explore the human mind include

2249:

Linguistic relativism is a relatively new concept, it did not exist in the Enlightenment. It was posed for the first time, as will be treated below, in the Romantic era by Hamann and Herder, and later by

5020:

Drivonikou, G. V.; Kay, P.; Regier, T.; Ivry, R. B.; Gilbert, A. L.; Franklin, A.; Davies, I. R. L. (2007), "Further evidence that Whorfian effects are stronger in the right visual field than the left",

744:

Brown's formulations became known widely and were retrospectively attributed to Whorf and Sapir although the second formulation, verging on linguistic determinism, was never advanced by either of them.

715:

descriptions of a Hopi speaker's idea of time were in fact translations of the Hopi concept into English, therefore disproving linguistic relativity. However Whorf was concerned with how the habitual

1610:

the author Jack Vance describes how specialized languages are a major part of a strategy to create specific classes in a society, to enable the population to withstand occupation and develop itself.

564:

Whorf's illustration of the difference between the English and Shawnee gestalt construction of cleaning a gun with a ramrod. From the article "Science and Linguistics", originally published in the

358:, were the most perfect languages and that accordingly this explained the dominance of their speakers with respect to the speakers of less perfect languages. Wilhelm von Humboldt declared in 1820: 1639:, based on Chiang's short story, the Whorf hypothesis is the premise. The protagonist explains that "the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is the theory that the language you speak determines how you think". 1335:

Another question is whether language is a tool for representing and referring to objects in the world, or whether it is a system used to construct mental representations that can be communicated.

4028:

Chen, Josie I.; He, Tai-Sen; Riyanto, Yohanes E. (November 2019). "The effect of language on economic behavior: Examining the causal link between future tense and time preference in the lab".

410:, arguing that their speakers were savages and would be better off learning English and adopting a "civilized" way of life. The first anthropologist and linguist to challenge this opinion was 402:

The idea that some languages are superior to others and that lesser languages maintained their speakers in intellectual poverty was widespread during the early 20th century. American linguist

212:, came to be considered as the primary proponent as a result of his published observations of how he perceived linguistic differences to have consequences for human cognition and behavior. 451:

However, Sapir explicitly rejected strong linguistic determinism by stating, "It would be naïve to imagine that any analysis of experience is dependent on pattern expressed in language."

1294:), which sees different cultural groups as employing different conceptual schemes that are not necessarily compatible or commensurable, nor more or less in accord with external reality. 4728: 439:

perfect cross-translation. Sapir also thought because language represented reality differently, it followed that the speakers of different languages would perceive reality differently.

736:

Structural differences between language systems will, in general, be paralleled by nonlinguistic cognitive differences, of an unspecified sort, in the native speakers of the language.

678:

and Jason Josephson Storm have argued that Whorf's Hopi examples are self-refuting, as Whorf had to translate Hopi terms into English in order to explain how they are untranslatable.

523:"different words mean different things in different languages; not every word in every language has a one-to-one exact translation in a different language" Critics such as Lenneberg, 1247:

the number of taps, for example, making more errors distinguishing between six and seven taps. Presumably this is because they could not count the taps using numbers repeated in the

561: 1549:

in that language. Hence the paradox, because typically programmers are "satisfied with whatever language they happen to use, because it dictates the way they think about programs".

1030:. Lakoff also argued that metaphor plays an important part in political debates such as the "right to life" or the "right to choose"; or "illegal aliens" or "undocumented workers". 2624: 6922: 4857:

Boroditsky, Lera; Ham, Wendy; Ramscar, Michael (2002), "What is universal in event perception? Comparing English & Indonesian speakers", in W. D. Gray; C. D. Schunn (eds.),

1623:, the author describes an advanced, information-dense language that can be used as a weapon. Learning it turns one into an unwilling traitor as it alters perception and thought. 1278:

position holds that human faculties and concepts are largely influenced by socially constructed and learned categories, without many biological restrictions. Another variant is

858:

and others reported three basic spatial categorizations. While many languages use combinations of them, some languages exhibit only one type and related behaviors. For example,

4761: 487:

and his concept of a 'linguistic inter-world', mediating between external reality and the forms of a given language, in ways peculiar to that language. Russian psychologist

3540:

Levinson, Stephen (2001). "Covariation between spatial language and cognition, and its implications for language learning". In Melissa Bowerman and Stephen Levinson (ed.).

3976:

Kashima, E., & Kashima, Y. (1998). Culture and language: The case of cultural dimensions and personal pronoun use. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 461–486.

3746: 1361:, which was intended to use language's influence of thinking to maximize human cognitive abilities. Korzybski's thinking was influenced by logical philosophy such as 491:

read Sapir's work and experimentally studied the ways in which the development of concepts in children was influenced by structures given in language. His 1934 work "

5753:

Phillips, Webb; Boroditsky, Lera (2003), "Can quirks of grammar affect the way you think? Grammatical gender and object concepts", in R. Alterman; D. Kirsh (eds.),

4800:

Andrews, David R. (1994), "The Russian Color Categories Sinij and Goluboj: An Experimental Analysis of Their Interpretation in the Standard and Emigré Languages",

4421: 2407:. vol. 1, p. 1–83. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology). p. 73. 582:" to allude to the rather similar grammatical structures of the well-studied European languages in contrast to the greater diversity of less-studied languages). 850:

gave accurate navigation instructions using a compass-like system of north, south, east and west, along with a hand gesture pointing to the starting direction.

658:

and Penny Lee criticized Malotki's study for mischaracterizing Whorf's claims and for forcing Hopi grammar into a model of analysis that does not fit the data.

1122:

could have caused Swedish factories to pay more attention to the work process while Finnish factory organizers paid more attention to the individual worker.

495:" has been compared to Whorf's and taken as mutually supportive evidence of language's influence on cognition. Drawing on Nietzsche's ideas of perspectivism 3806: 982:

termed "mentalese". Pinker attacks what he terms "Whorf's radical position", declaring, "the more you examine Whorf's arguments, the less sense they make".

4148:

Mazuka, Reiko; Friedman, Ronald S. (2000). "Linguistic Relativity in Japanese and English: Is Language the Primary Determinant in Object Classification?".

167:

The principle of linguistic relativity and the relationship between language and thought has also received attention in varying academic fields, including

1526:

explore similar themes, such as a conceptual hierarchy of computer languages, with more expressive and succinct languages at the top. Thus, the so-called

674:

result in Mayan speakers classifying objects according to material rather than to shape as preferred by English speakers. However, philosophers including

1711: 1181:(the Spanish word for duration) they based their time estimates of how full the containers were, ignoring the growing lines. When prompted with the word 2423:. Vol. 1. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology). 366:

In Humboldt's humanistic understanding of linguistics, each language creates the individual's worldview in its particular way through its lexical and

5657: 3014:

Bowerman, Melissa (1974). "Learning the Structure of Causative Verbs: A Study in the Relationship of Cognitive, Semantic and Syntactic Development."

884: 1519:

lecture, "Notation as a Tool of Thought", was devoted to this theme, arguing that more powerful notations aided thinking about computer algorithms.

1492:

was designed to explore the limits of the number of cognitive categories a language can keep its speakers aware of at once. Similarly, Sonja Lang's

1073:

Lakoff concluded that many of Whorf's critics had criticized him using novel definitions of linguistic relativity, rendering their criticisms moot.

6295: 199:, who considered language as the expression of the spirit of a nation. Members of the early 20th-century school of American anthropology including 3507:

Gentner, Dedre; Boroditsky, Lera (2001). "Individuation, relativity, and early word development". In Melissa Bowerman and Stephen Levinson (ed.).

5011:

Dinwoodie, David W. (2006), "Time and the Individual in Native North America", in Kan, Sergei; Strong, Pauline Turner; Fogelson, Raymond (eds.),

4546:

In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build A Perfect Language

145:

version of linguistic relativity: that a language's structures influence a speaker's perceptions, without strictly limiting or obstructing them.

686:

Whorf died in 1941 at age 44, leaving multiple unpublished papers. His ideas were continued by linguists and anthropologists such as Hoijer and

454:

Sapir was explicit that the associations between language and culture were neither extensive nor particularly profound, if they existed at all:

279:, for example, argued that language was merely like labels applied to concepts existing already. This opinion remained prevalent throughout the 7163: 4362: 2848: 1959: 1705: 1320:

see language as representing directly entities from the objective world and that categorization reflect that world. Other philosophers (e.g.

1286:, which holds that essential differences may influence the ways individuals or groups experience and conceptualize the world. Yet another is 4504: 2233: 635:

Whorf's most elaborate argument for linguistic relativity regarded what he believed to be a fundamental difference in the understanding of

5582:

Lucy, John A. (1996), "The Scope of Linguistic Relativity:An analysis of Empirical Research", in Gumperz, John; Levinson, Stephen (eds.),

739:

The structure of anyone's native language strongly influences or fully determines the worldview he will acquire as he learns the language.

7178: 7158: 4685: 5548: 2616: 7012: 904: 303:, of different ethnic groups was a major motivator for the German romantics school and the beginning ideologies of ethnic nationalism. 5472: 7112: 3929: 3464:

Kann, Katharina (2019). "Grammatical Gender, Neo-Whorfianism, and Word Embeddings: A Data-Driven Approach to Linguistic Relativity".

1153:

Recent research with non-linguistic experiments in languages with different grammatical properties (e.g., languages with and without

518:

More than any linguist, Benjamin Lee Whorf has become associated with what he termed the "linguistic relativity principle". Studying

719:

of language influences habitual behavior, rather than translatability. Whorf's point was that while English speakers may be able to

7143: 6874: 5940: 4753: 3865:

Kou, J. Y.; Sera, M. D. (2007). "Classifier effect on human categorization: the role of shape classifiers in Chinese Chinese. In".

977:

Currently many believers of the universalist school of thought still oppose linguistic relativity. For example, Pinker argues in

1114:

related accidents than similar Swedish ones. He concluded that cognitive differences between the grammatical usage of Swedish

810:, in a 1985 paper outlining Leiden school theory, advocates for a form of linguistic relativity: "The observation that in all 7117: 6241: 6098: 6088: 5920: 5875: 5815: 5712: 5520: 5329: 5309: 5282: 5179: 5001: 4980: 4922:

Casasanto, Daniel (2008), "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Whorf? Crosslinguistic Differences in Temporal Language and Thought",

4790: 4559: 4488: 4404: 4338: 4089: 3557: 3524: 3196: 2824: 2380: 2092: 1935: 1841: 543:

point to Whorf's explicit rejections of determinism, and where he contends that translation and commensuration are possible.

1259:

Linguistic relativity inspired others to consider whether thought and emotion could be influenced by manipulating language.

7138: 6288: 4703: 3781: 407: 5971: 1888: 1484:

to explore linguistic relativity by making it easier to express what Elgin considered the female worldview, as opposed to

912:, is hardwired into the neural system and as such is subject to more universal restrictions than other semantic domains. 4452: 1476:

to test the linguistic relativity hypothesis, by experimenting whether it would make its speakers think more logically.

6222: 5422:

Levinson, Stephen C. (1998), "Studying Spatial Conceptualization across Cultures: Anthropology and Cognitive Science",

1994: 1171: 1167: 519: 7153: 5694: 5617: 3346: 2963: 1523: 1515:

believed that the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis applied to computer languages (without actually mentioning it by name). His

1203:

in the country's language. They argued that explicit reference to "you" and "I" reinforces a distinction between the

106: 1282:, which holds that human mental capacities are generally unrestricted by biological-material structures. Another is 985:

Pinker and other universalists have been accused by relativists of misrepresenting Whorf's ideas and committing the

347:", was considered as being represented by the grammar of their language. Von Humboldt argued that languages with an 6321: 3988:"The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior: Evidence from Savings Rates, Health Behaviors, and Retirement Assets" 3987: 6251: 1402:(NLP), another therapeutic technique that seeks to use awareness of language use to influence cognitive patterns. 1297:

Another debate considers whether thought is a type of internal speech or is independent of and prior to language.

7203: 7198: 7188: 7107: 6281: 596:'s words for water, one indicating drinking water in a container and another indicating a natural body of water. 6099:"Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language" 1187:(the Swedish word for duration), they estimated the time elapsed solely by the distance the lines had traveled. 7183: 7087: 6952: 5231:

Koerner, E. F. Konrad (1992), "The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis: A Preliminary History and a Bibliographical Essay",

1394: 1380: 1196: 299:

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the idea of the existence of different national characters, or

6833: 6612: 6574: 6524: 5722: 3909: 675: 287:

had the opinion that language was but a veil covering eternal truths, hiding them from human experience. For

1304:

the question addresses the relations between language, knowledge and the external world, and the concept of

7193: 7173: 7082: 6982: 4820:

Athanasopoulos, Panos (2009), "Cognitive representation of colour in bilinguals: The case of Greek blues",

1399: 1348: 711: 3901: 3419:"Does grammatical gender affect object concepts? Registered replication of Phillips and Boroditsky (2003)" 6823: 6773: 1564: 1453:

society removed the possibility of individualism by removing the word "I" from the language. In Orwell's

2555:

ROT ist nicht ″rot″ ist nicht . Eine Bilanz und Neuinterpretation der linguistischen Relativitätstheorie

2055:

Koerner, E.F.K. "Towards a full pedigree of the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis: from Locke to Lucy", chapter in

1005:

renewed interest in the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. One of those who adopted a more Whorfian philosophy was

362:

The diversity of languages is not a diversity of signs and sounds but a diversity of views of the world.

7208: 6962: 6702: 6582: 6313: 1508: 1110: 756:

argued that Whorf's true assertion was largely overlooked. In 1978, he suggested that Whorf was a "neo-

221: 5591:

Lucy, J. A.; Wertsch, J. (1987), "Vygotsky and Whorf: A comparative analysis", in Hickmann, M. (ed.),

3418: 7047: 6647: 6554: 6394: 6185:

Kay, Paul; Chad K., McDaniel (1978), "The Linguistic Significance of Meanings of Basic Color Terms",

4611: 3371: 1541:

that it is more powerful than some, but not that it is less powerful than others. The reason is that

1485: 1480:, who was involved with the early development of neuro-linguistic programming, invented the language 640: 579: 5081:(1978), "Positive bilingualism: Some overlooked rationales and forefathers", in J. E. Alatis (ed.), 4575: 3826: 240:

factors. Research emphasizes exploring the manners and extent to which language influences thought.

6972: 5993: 5915:, John B. Carroll, Stephen C. Levinson, Penny Lee (2nd ed.), Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 859: 843: 17: 5093:(1982), "Whorfianism of the third kind: Ethnolinguistic diversity as a worldwide societal asset", 7218: 6617: 6544: 6399: 4191:

Pavlenko, A. (2003). "Eyewitness memory in late bilinguals: Evidence for discursive relativity".

3372:"Key is a llave is a Schlüssel: A failure to replicate an experiment from Boroditsky et al. 2003" 2222: 1779: 1647: 1405:

Korzybski independently described a "strong" version of the hypothesis of linguistic relativity.

1321: 803: 757: 355: 196: 6066: 1243:

One experiment found that speakers of languages without numbers greater than two had difficulty

627:

ridiculed this example, claiming that this was a failing of human insight rather than language.

6863: 6707: 6642: 6304: 6262: 5666: 3821: 3549: 3516: 1785: 1752: 1430: 1366: 1301: 403: 351: 48: 5224:

Language in culture: Conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture

4689: 4551: 4544: 4077: 2502: 1567:, said that one of his inspirations for developing the language was the science fiction novel 1488:

languages which she considered to convey a "male centered" worldview. John Quijada's language

1267:

The question bears on philosophical, psychological, linguistic and anthropological questions.

6838: 6818: 6637: 6419: 5766: 4648: 1776: – Deliberate effort to influence languages or their varieties within a speech community 1740: 1728: 1426: 1370: 1275: 1002: 636: 623: 586: 4377: 3541: 3508: 1109:

More recently, Bloom noticed that speakers of Chinese had unexpected difficulties answering

7002: 6912: 6711: 6672: 6404: 5122: 5090: 5078: 5030: 3688: 3586: 2311: 1767: 1606: 1591: 1561: 1553: 1094: 998: 753: 367: 339: 332: 192: 180: 5531:

Grammatical Categories and Cognition: A Case Study of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

5500: 5444: 5406: 4944: 3126: 2468: 778:

Where Brown's weak version of the linguistic relativity hypothesis proposes that language

414:. While performing geographical research in northern Canada he became fascinated with the 319:

The lineaments of their language will thus correspond to the direction of their mentality.

220:. Whorf's principle of linguistic relativity was reformulated as a testable hypothesis by 8: 7213: 7168: 7052: 7042: 6892: 6848: 6682: 6459: 6374: 5508: 5468: 5381: 5123:"Support for lateralization of the Whorf effect beyond the realm of color discrimination" 1722: 1477: 1375: 1291: 1066:

Whether the similarity criterion is translatability or the use of linguistic expressions.

1010: 838: 540: 536: 480: 311: 265: 249: 128:

The hypothesis is in dispute, with many different variations throughout its history. The

5951: 5215: 5034: 3955: 3590: 2561:, ed. by D. Alan Cruse et al., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & New York, 1. pp. 380–391. 2315: 1443:

explored how linguistic relativity might be exploited for political purposes. In Rand's

1009:. He argued that language is often used metaphorically and that languages use different 7148: 6902: 6798: 6793: 6717: 6692: 6494: 6479: 6444: 6234:

Cultural Contact and Linguistic Relativity Among the Indians of Northwestern California

6202: 6174: 6131: 6048: 6021: 5897: 5742: 5571: 5540:

Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

5457: 5449: 5411: 5370: 5248: 5153: 5110: 5053: 4949: 4911: 4837: 4809: 4630: 4444: 4356: 4216: 4173: 4055: 3882: 3847: 3773: 3721: 3657: 3617: 3574: 3487: 3465: 3446: 3399: 3167: 2842: 2481: 2473: 2351: 2335: 2203: 1953: 1809: 1696: 1630: 1557: 1512: 1154: 1119: 1106:

workers' use of the word 'empty' to describe barrels containing only explosive vapors.

1040: 1014:

because they are based on general human experience, for example, metaphors associating

807: 618: 513: 209: 161: 138: 4576:"UTOPIAN FOR BEGINNERS: An amateur linguist loses control of the language he invented" 1134: 132:

of linguistic relativity, now referred to as linguistic determinism, is that language

6868: 6788: 6627: 6509: 6237: 6218: 6084: 6053: 5926: 5916: 5871: 5811: 5795:

The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language

5708: 5690: 5651: 5613: 5516: 5325: 5305: 5288: 5278: 5175: 5145: 5114: 5058: 4997: 4976: 4935: 4907: 4883: 4841: 4786: 4555: 4484: 4480:

Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics

4400: 4344: 4334: 4220: 4208: 4177: 4165: 4130: 4122: 4105:

Perlovsky, Leonid (2009). "Language and emotions: Emotional Sapir–Whorf hypothesis".

4085: 4059: 4041: 4010: 3902:"The decreasing Whorf-effect: a study in the classifier systems of Mandarin and Thai" 3886: 3765: 3653: 3622: 3604: 3553: 3542: 3520: 3509: 3450: 3438: 3403: 3391: 3352: 3342: 3192: 3171: 3159: 2959: 2830: 2820: 2485: 2386: 2376: 2343: 2327: 2088: 1990: 1941: 1931: 1847: 1837: 1797: 1773: 1682: 1595:

in effect acts on the basis of the Whorf hypothesis, seeking to replace English with

1473: 1358: 1344: 1248: 1224: 957: 762: 500: 6178: 5746: 5627: 5567: 5515:(2nd ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, UK: MIT Press, pp. vii–xxiii, 5461: 5397: 4915: 4634: 3851: 3777: 3761: 3661: 2940: 2570:

Vygotsky, L. (1934/1986). Thought and language. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

2355: 6932: 6843: 6667: 6662: 6464: 6194: 6166: 6135: 6121: 6113: 6043: 6033: 5734: 5682: 5674: 5639: 5563: 5495: 5487: 5439: 5431: 5415: 5401: 5393: 5362: 5240: 5211: 5157: 5137: 5102: 5048: 5038: 4953: 4939: 4931: 4903: 4875: 4859:

Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society

4829: 4620: 4436: 4282: 4200: 4157: 4114: 4045: 4037: 4002: 3874: 3839: 3831: 3757: 3725: 3711: 3703: 3649: 3612: 3594: 3430: 3383: 3151: 3121: 3113: 3086: 3052:

P. Kay, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001

2951: 2557:. Gunter Narr, Tübingen. pp. 58–80; Iwar Werlen (2002), 'Das Worten der Welt', in: 2463: 2455: 2319: 2195: 1734: 1614: 1444: 1362: 1354: 1200: 986: 896: 867: 815: 691: 690:, who both continued investigating the effect of language on habitual thought, and 650: 496: 229: 69: 6170: 6139: 5793: 5013:

New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, And Representations

3745:

Frank, Michael C.; Everett, Daniel L.; Fedorenko, Evelina; Gibson, Edward (2008),

3573:

Gilbert, Aubrey L.; Regier, Terry; Kay, Paul; Ivry, Richard B. (10 January 2006).

1537:) says that anyone preferentially using some particular programming language will 291:, language was but one of several methods used by humans to experience the world. 51:, regards peoples' languages as determining and influencing the scope of cultural 7077: 6992: 6748: 6727: 6677: 6657: 6597: 6564: 6519: 6514: 6474: 6359: 6078: 5789: 5601: 5319: 5169: 4991: 4970: 4780: 4478: 4394: 4204: 4118: 3186: 3029:

Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.

2418: 2323: 2082: 1880: 1761: 1652: 1500:

philosophy for exploring how (or if) such a language would direct human thought.

1329: 1240:

in perception of color, representations of time and other elements of cognition.

1082: 909: 854: 834: 811: 668: 464: 5678: 5602:"Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language" 5511:(2012), "Foreword", in Carroll, John B; Levinson, Stephen C; Lee, Penny (eds.), 5141: 1655:

composed entirely of quotations that have been approved by a small ruling class.

1199:

in the social norms of a given country, with the tendency to neglect the use of

1145:

that the linguistic deficit is explained by the lack of need for such concepts.

6828: 6783: 6607: 6539: 6409: 5977: 5755:

Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society

5350: 5339: 5023:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3930:"The Language You Speak Affects How Your Brain Experiences The Passage of Time" 3747:"Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition" 3579:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2498: 1898: 1634: 1389: 1317: 1130: 1035: 707: 687: 484: 269: 248:

The idea that language and thought are intertwined is ancient. In his dialogue

225: 217: 6414: 5738: 5244: 5106: 4833: 4348: 4161: 3878: 3434: 3104:

Levinson, Stephen C. (2000). "Yeli Dnye and the Theory of Basic Color Terms".

2834: 2372:

The anthropology of language : an introduction to linguistic anthropology

1833:

The anthropology of language : an introduction to linguistic anthropology

7132: 7072: 6687: 6592: 6587: 6549: 6469: 6449: 6424: 6389: 6038: 5930: 5912:

Language, thought, and reality : selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf

5762: 5491: 5342:; Brown, A. M. (1956), "The Language of Experience: a Study in Methodology", 5292: 5259: 4212: 4169: 4126: 4073: 3608: 3442: 3395: 3163: 3117: 2390: 2331: 1945: 1893: 1884: 1851: 1746: 1586: 1581:

Numerous examples of linguistic relativity have appeared in science fiction.

1440: 1309: 1006: 900: 799: 766: 748: 593: 528: 288: 276: 237: 6080:

Through the Language Glass: Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages

5435: 5043: 3599: 3090: 6813: 6808: 6763: 6722: 6632: 6534: 6489: 6484: 6454: 6439: 6434: 6057: 5836: 5824: 5776:

Pula, Robert P. (1992), "The Nietzsche–Korzybski–Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis?",

5149: 5062: 4887: 4328: 4134: 4014: 3769: 3626: 3387: 3356: 2814: 2347: 1527: 1516: 1283: 1141: 1115: 939: 853:

Lucy defines this method as "domain-centered" because researchers select a

671: 547: 532: 488: 396: 260:

flux, are embedded in language. But Plato has been read as arguing against

213: 204: 176: 157: 6157:

Kay, Paul; Kempton, Willet (1984), "What is the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis?",

5910: 5643: 5272: 4625: 4606: 4006: 3575:"Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left" 2955: 2370: 2158:

Language and Creativity: An Interdisciplinary Essay in Chomskyan Humanism,

1925: 1831: 786:

thought, Fishman's "Whorfianism of the third kind" proposes that language

463:

Sapir offered similar observations about speakers of so-called "world" or

7057: 7022: 6942: 6768: 6559: 6499: 6384: 6369: 6273: 6005: 5884:

Trager, George L. (1959), "The Systematization of the Whorf Hypothesis",

1455: 1325: 1313: 1237: 1090: 1086: 655: 419: 284: 280: 232:

varies between speakers of languages that classified colors differently.

191:

The idea was first expressed explicitly by 19th-century thinkers such as

5252: 4866:

Brown, R.; Lenneberg, Eric (1954), "A study in language and cognition",

4813: 4448: 4050: 3843: 3370:

Mickan, Anne; Schiefke, Maren; Stefanowitsch, Anatol (1 November 2014).

3336: 1743: – Academic debate about conceptualization of time in Hopi language 1533:(after a hypothetical programming language of average complexity called 560: 7062: 6853: 6697: 6652: 6529: 6504: 6429: 6364: 5902:

Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf

5841:

Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality

5575: 4593:

A Million Words and Counting: How Global English Is Rewriting the World

4440: 3835: 3188:

Color and Cognition in Mesoamerica: Constructing Categories as Vantages

2339: 2299: 2207: 2172:

Trabant, Jürgen. "How relativistic are Humboldts "Weltansichten"?", in

1803: 1642: 1626: 1287: 1069:

Whether the emphasis of linguistic relativity is language or the brain.

1053:

Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind

871: 847: 411: 386: 348: 344: 257: 200: 172: 168: 52: 6206: 6126: 5686: 5453: 5374: 5071:

Linguistic Relativity: Evidence Across Languages and Cognitive Domains

3716: 2477: 7094: 6803: 6743: 6622: 6602: 6354: 6349: 6329: 5165: 4879: 2553:

For a critique of Weisgerber, see, for example: Beat Lehmann (1998),

1791: 1493: 1450: 1232: 585:

One of Whorf's examples was the supposedly large number of words for

524: 328: 44: 40: 5274:

Linguistic relativities : language diversity and modern thought

2199: 2133:

The Linguistic Relativity Principle and Humboldtian Ethnolinguistics

1481: 551:

were apparently equally exotic worlds of thought. In Whorf's words:

7067: 6758: 6379: 6339: 6198: 6117: 5366: 3707: 3492: 3470: 3155: 2459: 1690: 1619: 1597: 1569: 1460: 1436: 1279: 1244: 1195:

Kashima & Kashima observed a correlation between the perceived

1063:

Whether conceptual systems are absolute or whether they can evolve.

943: 600: 153: 58:

Several various colloquialisms refer to linguistic relativism: the

36: 5859:

Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective

5850:

Dialogue at the Margins: Whorf, Bakhtin, and Linguistic Relativity

5199: 3018:, no. 8. Stanford University, California Committee on Linguistics. 6778: 6334: 4263: 3484: 2872: 1927:

Living language : an introduction to linguistic anthropology

1489: 1398:. The general semantics philosophy influenced the development of 842:

categories in different languages. For example, men speaking the

261: 4314:

Conceptual Understructure of Human Experience: Volume 1 (Thesis)

2446:

Sapir, Edward (1929), "The status of linguistics as a science",

6923:

An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

6858: 6215:

The Language Hoax: Why the World Looks the Same in Any Language

6013:

Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought

5344:

Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics

5085:, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, pp. 42–52 4686:"The Power and Philosophy of Ruby (or, how to create Babel-17)" 4082:

Space in Languages: Linguistic Systems and Cognitive Categories

3805:

Ira Nevins, Andrew; Pesetsky, David; Rodrigues, Cilene (2009).

3417:

Elpers, Nan; Jensen, Greg; Holmes, Kevin J. (1 December 2022).

3232: 2186:

Kahane, Henry; Kahane, Renée (1983). "Humanistic linguistics".

1497: 1469: 1138: 589:, an example which later was contested as a misrepresentation. 392: 179:. It has also influenced works of fiction and the invention of 5302:

Linguistic Relativities: Language Diversity and Modern Thought

3140: 1749: – Inability to communicate due to no words for a concept 84: 6344: 4505:"Critical Essays The Meaning and Importance of "I" in Anthem" 4422:"The Semiotic Aspect of Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics" 1659: 1305: 774:

direct it from the vantage point of a multilingual awareness.

415: 253: 5671:

Handbook of Language and Communication: Diversity and Change

5595:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press., pp. 67–86 4379:

Time-binding: The General Theory : Two Papers 1924–1926

3640:

Au, T. (1984). "Counterfactuals: In reply to Alfred Bloom".

3205: 3034: 2101: 1392:

was a follower and popularizer of Korzybski's work, writing

382: 95: 5861:, Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguismePress 4894:

Brown, R. (1976), "In Memorial Tribute to Eric Lenneberg",

4782:

Living Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology

3804: 3744: 3369: 1755: – Words which have been described as inherently funny 1204: 644: 423: 92: 75: 4523: 3077:

Saunders, Barbara (2000). "Revisiting Basic Color Terms".

1800: – Study of relations between psychology and language 924: 531:

attribute to Whorf a strong linguistic determinism, while

243: 5628:"The Linguistic Relativity Theory and Benjamin Lee Whorf" 3689:"Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã" 1651:

describes the North American "Ascian" people as speaking

617:

and the action of smoking, but instead was an example of

5593:

Social and functional approaches to language and thought

4078:"The relativity of motion in first language acquisition" 3956:"The language you speak changes your perception of time" 3376:

Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association

3060: 3058: 2677: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2255: 647:

culture and explained certain Hopi behavioral patterns.

228:

who performed experiments designed to determine whether

5673:, Handbooks of Applied Linguistics, De Gruyter Mouton, 5586:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 37–69 5171:

Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age

5019: 4396:

Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy: A Postmodern Perspective

3292: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2648: 2573: 2062: 1966: 1757:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1718:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

272:

claims that ultimate truth is inexpressible in words.

256:

explores the idea that conceptions of reality, such as

3341:. Mark Johnson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3280: 2972: 2535: 2511: 2427: 2179: 1836:(2 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. pp. 33–34. 806:

that models languages as parasites. Notable proponent

6003: 3304: 3055: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2791:(pp. 320–436). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2694: 2692: 2631: 2279: 2267: 2113: 2007: 1716: – Linguistics book by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay 572: 474: 107: 98: 78: 72: 5768:

The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language

5120: 4856: 4293: 4269: 4251: 3572: 3268: 3222: 3220: 2996: 2920: 2908: 2884: 2716: 2704: 2660: 2597: 2523: 1812: – Term in the theory and criticism of rhetoric 1782: – Study of how language influences social life 1672: 81: 6004:Boroditsky, Lera; Schmidt, Lauren; Phillips, Webb, 5321:

The Whorf Theory Complex: A Critical Reconstruction

5121:Gilbert, A.; Regier, T.; Kay, P.; Ivry, R. (2008), 4850:

Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution

4666: 4382:. Institute of General Semantics. pp. (5), 54. 4066: 3668: 3316: 3244: 2984: 2896: 2375:(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p. 8. 2223:"Linguistic Relativism Variants and Misconceptions" 1858: 1713:

Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution

1274:Multiple alternatives have advocates. The contrary 997:During the late 1980s and early 1990s, advances in 822: 89: 5948:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 5752: 4543: 4245: 3416: 2941:"A Parasitological View of Non-Constructible Sets" 2855: 2689: 2138: 1879: 639:. He argued that in contrast to English and other 4649:"Kenneth E. Iverson - A.M. Turing Award Laureate" 3506: 3217: 2794: 2728: 1897:. The Economist Newspaper Limited. Archived from 885:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate 370:, conceptual organization, and syntactic models. 7130: 5829:Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech 5723:"New approaches to concepts in bilingual memory" 4993:Edward Sapir: Linguist, Anthropologist, Humanist 3256: 3027:Slobin, Dan I. (1987). "Thinking for Speaking." 3016:Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 2585: 2491: 1806: – Philosophical view rejecting objectivity 1770: – Study of how language influences thought 749:Joshua Fishman's "Whorfianism of the third kind" 6019: 5994:"How Does Our Language Shape The Way We Think?" 5868:Western linguistics: An historical introduction 5806:Pütz, Martin; Verspoor, Marjolyn, eds. (2000), 5600:Malotki, Ekkehart (1983), Werner Winter (ed.), 5473:"Yeli Dnye and the Theory of Basic Color Terms" 5189:Gumperz, John; Levinson, Stephen, eds. (1996), 5188: 5083:International dimensions of bilingual education 4326: 4084:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 281–308. 3544:Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development 3511:Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development 3238: 3211: 2812: 2300:"Museums of Ethnology and Their Classification" 2107: 1788: – Idea that language limits human thought 1338: 294: 5669:, in Hellinger, Marlis; Pauwels, Anne (eds.), 5338: 4865: 4819: 4470: 4369: 4241: 4147: 4072: 3756:, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 819–24, 3079:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2946:. In Pieper, Ursula; Stickel, Gerhard (eds.). 2878: 2783:Lucy, J. A. (1997). "The linguistics of 'color 2074: 1989:(1 ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. p. 207. 1764: – Labeling people changes their behavior 1708: – Idiom, quotation from Romeo and Juliet 661: 6289: 5703:Niemeier, Susanne (2000), René Dirven (ed.), 5656:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 5606:Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 5304:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 5277:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4968: 4027: 3040: 2948:Studia linguistica diachronica et synchronica 2932: 1706:A rose by any other name would smell as sweet 1459:the authoritarian state created the language 1182: 1176: 1100: 782:thought and the strong version that language 5805: 5664: 5197: 4959: 4237: 3899: 3533: 3178: 2559:Lexikologie ... Ein internationales Handbuch 2497: 2261: 2185: 2173: 2056: 2040: 1972: 1930:. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. p. 69. 1219: 637:time as a conceptual category among the Hopi 406:, for example, actively strove to eradicate 6256:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive 6231: 5938: 5590: 2579: 2368: 2068: 1829: 1357:was independently developing his theory of 479:Drawing on influences such as Humboldt and 7013:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 6303: 6296: 6282: 6184: 6156: 5665:Migge, Bettina; Léglise, Isabelle (2007), 4960:Cook, Vivian; Bassetti, Benedetta (2010), 4852:, Berkeley: University of California Press 4361:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2847:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2168: 2166: 2080: 2051: 2049: 1958:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1794: – Form of government by use of words 1660:Sociolinguistics and linguistic relativity 27:Hypothesis of language influencing thought 6263:"Which comes first, language or thought?" 6212: 6125: 6076: 6067:"Does Your Language Shape How You Think?" 6064: 6047: 6037: 5499: 5443: 5405: 5353:(1953), "Cognition in Ethnolinguistics", 5349: 5052: 5042: 5010: 4972:The Development of Cognitive Anthropology 4943: 4921: 4868:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 4861:, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 4847: 4624: 4476: 4386: 4375: 4330:Metamodernism : the future of theory 4311: 4104: 4049: 3825: 3715: 3616: 3598: 3491: 3469: 3310: 3125: 3064: 2938: 2816:Metamodernism : the future of theory 2787:". In C.L. Hardin & L. Maffi (eds.), 2762: 2642: 2467: 1875: 1873: 1262: 6020:Boroditsky, Lera; Segel, Edward (2011). 5720: 5702: 5507: 5467: 5421: 5380: 4729:"The science behind the movie 'Arrival'" 4233: 4190: 3539: 3298: 3184: 3103: 3076: 3002: 2978: 2789:Color categories in thought and language 2410: 2297: 1984: 1911:(a debate between university professors) 1503: 992: 889: 559: 391: 381: 354:, such as German, English and the other 327: 6096: 5856: 5847: 5599: 5542:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 5533:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 5299: 5270: 5230: 5193:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 5089: 5077: 5068: 4989: 4799: 4604: 4299: 4257: 3900:Bross, Fabian; Pfaller, Philip (2012). 3864: 3807:"Piraha Exceptionality: a Reassessment" 3686: 3548:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3515:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3322: 3286: 3250: 2914: 2902: 2750: 2541: 2433: 2163: 2119: 2046: 2013: 1889:"For and Against Linguistic Relativity" 1864: 1420: 925:Response to Brown and Lenneberg's study 723:how a Hopi speaker thinks, they do not 323: 244:Ancient philosophy to the Enlightenment 14: 7131: 6252:"The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis" 6249: 5991: 5883: 5865: 5788: 5761: 5625: 5258: 5226:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 5221: 5198:Hill, Jane H; Mannheim, Bruce (1992), 5163: 4778: 4672: 4595:, Paul J. J. Payack, (C) 2007, p. 194. 4541: 4529: 4327:Josephson-Storm, Jason Ānanda (2021). 3953: 3927: 3334: 3185:MacLaury, Robert E. (1 January 1997). 2866: 2813:Josephson-Storm, Jason Ānanda (2021). 2698: 2671: 2654: 2504:American Indian Grammatical Categories 2285: 2273: 2144: 2084:Gorgias and the New Sophistic Rhetoric 2026: 1923: 1870: 1228:linguistic relativity is "circular"). 1161: 829:The publication of the 1996 anthology 701: 426:and legends in the original language. 306: 7164:Concepts in the philosophy of science 6277: 5908: 5896: 5835: 5823: 5810:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 5808:Explorations in linguistic relativity 5707:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 5632:The McMaster Journal of Communication 5537: 5528: 4969:D'Andrade, Roy G. (27 January 1995). 4893: 4193:International Journal of Bilingualism 3274: 3226: 2926: 2890: 2800: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2754: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2683: 2603: 2529: 2517: 2445: 2420:Handbook of American Indian languages 2405:Handbook of American Indian Languages 1645:'s four volume science fiction novel 878: 507: 47:. One form of linguistic relativity, 5775: 5727:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 5581: 5546: 4822:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4573: 4419: 4392: 3985: 3674: 3463: 3262: 2990: 2758: 2591: 2416: 2239:from the original on 26 January 2021 1987:Introduction to language development 1919: 1917: 1585:The totalitarian regime depicted in 1148: 1125: 710:criticized Whorf's examples from an 5839:(1983), David G. Mandelbaum (ed.), 5757:, Boston: Cognitive Science Society 5317: 5216:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002121 4764:from the original on 23 March 2024. 4605:Iverson, Kenneth E. (August 1980). 3970: 3947: 3921: 3893: 3858: 3798: 2746: 1190: 963: 814:the word for 'work' is a loan from 24: 7179:Linguistic theories and hypotheses 7159:Concepts in the philosophy of mind 5969: 5963: 5950:, pp. 253–265, archived from 5778:ETC: A Review of General Semantics 5705:Evidence for linguistic relativity 5480:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 5233:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 4996:. University of California Press. 4779:Ahearn, Laura M. (21 March 2011). 4429:ETC: A Review of General Semantics 4270:Boroditsky, Ham & Ramscar 2002 4076:; Robert, Stéphane (16 May 2006). 3738: 3680: 3639: 3633: 3134: 3106:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 3097: 3070: 2768: 2403:Boas, Franz (1911). Introduction. 2298:Dall, Wm. H.; Boas, Franz (1887). 2188:The Journal of Aesthetic Education 1604:In his 1958 science fiction novel 1576: 1435:In their fiction, authors such as 1172:Journal of Experimental Psychology 1168:American Psychological Association 573:Several terms for a single concept 475:Independent developments in Europe 25: 7230: 6065:Deutscher, Guy (26 August 2010), 5264:Women, fire, and dangerous things 4848:Berlin, Brent; Kay, Paul (1969), 4574:Foer, Joshua (24 December 2012). 4150:Journal of East Asian Linguistics 3867:Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2025:"The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis", in 1978: 1914: 1573:, based on the Whorf Hypothesis. 933: 377: 6236:, University of Oklahoma Press, 5900:(1956), Carroll, John B. (ed.), 5843:, University of California Press 5584:Rethinking Linguistic Relativity 5191:Rethinking Linguistic Relativity 4962:Language and Bilingual Cognition 4936:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00462.x 4754:"Models of Language and Culture" 4746: 4721: 4696: 4678: 4641: 4598: 4586: 4567: 4535: 4497: 4413: 4320: 4305: 4275: 4227: 4184: 4141: 4098: 4042:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.103307 4021: 2627:from the original on 9 May 2024. 2220: 2156:Quoted in Bernard D. Den Ouden, 1725: – Hypothesis in psychology 1689: 1675: 1254: 972: 905:classify green and blue together 831:Rethinking Linguistic Relativity 824:Rethinking Linguistic Relativity 793: 68: 7144:Arguments in philosophy of mind 5973:The Great Whorf Hypothesis Hoax 5852:, University of Wisconsin Press 5568:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.291 5398:10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.353 4607:"Notation as a tool of thought" 4550:, Spiegel & Grau, pp. 3986:Chen, M. Keith (1 April 2013). 3979: 3928:Pandey, Avaneesh (3 May 2017). 3762:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.007 3566: 3500: 3478: 3457: 3410: 3363: 3328: 3046: 3021: 3008: 2806: 2740: 2609: 2564: 2547: 2439: 2397: 2362: 2291: 2214: 2150: 2125: 1617:'s 1966 science fiction novel, 1210: 950: 630: 6953:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 5501:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-2A6B-F 5445:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-2ABE-6 5407:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-2B64-6 5384:(1996), "Language and Space", 4975:. Cambridge University Press. 4945:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-6D70-1 4246:Phillips & Boroditsky 2003 3423:Journal of Memory and Language 3127:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-2A6B-F 2469:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4321-4 2032: 2019: 1823: 1395:Language in Thought and Action 1381:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 1207:and the other in the speaker. 1076: 915: 546:Detractors such as Lenneberg, 13: 1: 6834:Principle of compositionality 6171:10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050 5939:Wolff, K. J.; Holmes (2011), 5866:Seuren, Pieter A. M. (1998), 5556:Annual Review of Anthropology 5513:Language, Thought and Reality 5386:Annual Review of Anthropology 5324:. John Benjamins Publishing. 5318:Lee, Penny (1 January 1996). 5271:Leavitt, John Harold (2010). 5266:, University of Chicago Press 5204:Annual Review of Anthropology 4802:Journal of Slavic Linguistics 3954:Pierre, Kendra (9 May 2017). 3910:Journal of Unsolved Questions 3191:. University of Texas Press. 2369:Ottenheimer, Harriet (2009). 1830:Ottenheimer, Harriet (2009). 1552:In a 2003 presentation at an 1496:was developed according to a 1197:individualism or collectivism 1046: 696:Language, Thought and Reality 681: 587:'snow' in the Inuit languages 55:of their surrounding world. 6983:Philosophical Investigations 6006:"Sex, syntax, and semantics" 5909:Whorf, Benjamin Lee (2012), 5857:Seidner, Stanley S. (1982), 4908:10.1016/0010-0277(76)90001-9 4704:"The Art of Fiction, No 210" 4393:Wake, Lisa (31 March 2008). 4205:10.1177/13670069030070030301 4119:10.1016/j.neunet.2009.06.034 3934:International Business Times 3654:10.1016/0010-0277(84)90012-X 2939:Kortlandt, Frederik (1985). 2324:10.1126/science.ns-9.228.587 1985:Kennison, Shelia M. (2013). 1817: 1400:neuro-linguistic programming 1349:neuro-linguistic programming 1339:Therapy and self-development 1097:offers another perspective. 295:German Romantic philosophers 7: 7139:Anthropological linguistics 6824:Modality (natural language) 6217:. Oxford University Press. 6213:McWhorter, John H. (2016). 6071:The New York Times Magazine 5886:Anthropological Linguistics 5848:Schultz, Emily Ann (1990), 5679:10.1515/9783110198539.2.299 5222:Hoijer, Harry, ed. (1954), 5142:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.06.001 5073:, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton 4420:Read, Allen Walker (1983). 4333:. Chicago. pp. 186–7. 3687:Everett, Daniel L. (2005), 3239:Gumperz & Levinson 1996 3212:Gumperz & Levinson 1996 2108:Gumperz & Levinson 1996 1737: – Academic discipline 1668: 662:Structure-centered approach 10: 7235: 6963:Language, Truth, and Logic 6703:Theological noncognitivism 6588:Contrast theory of meaning 6583:Causal theory of reference 6314:Index of language articles 5801:, Chicago University Press 5667:"Language and colonialism" 5626:McAfee, Christina (2004), 5174:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". 4771: 4477:Korzybski, Alfred (1958). 4376:Korzybski, Alfred (1949). 2879:Brown & Lenneberg 1954 2501:; Swadesh, Morris (1946). 2230:Universiteit van Amsterdam 2081:McComiskey, Bruce (2002). 1424: 1342: 1101:Behavior-centered research 882: 511: 186: 152:is sometimes considered a 148:Although common, the term 7103: 7048:Philosophy of information 7035: 6884: 6736: 6648:Mediated reference theory 6573: 6320: 6311: 5739:10.1017/S1366728999000322 5245:10.1525/jlin.1992.2.2.173 5200:"Language and World view" 5107:10.1017/S0047404500009015 4834:10.1017/S136672890800388X 4785:. John Wiley & Sons. 4612:Communications of the ACM 4283:"The birth of a language" 3879:10.1007/s10831-008-9036-6 3435:10.1016/j.jml.2022.104357 1924:Ahearn, Laura M. (2012). 1731: – Linguistic cliché 1486:Standard Average European 1472:, explicitly designed by 1353:Sapir/Whorf contemporary 1220:Psycholinguistic research 1166:A study published by the 580:Standard Average European 418:and decided to become an 408:Native American languages 343:an ethnic nation, their " 7154:Concepts in epistemology 6973:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 6039:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00244 5721:Pavlenko, Aneta (1999), 5646:(inactive 12 March 2024) 5492:10.1525/jlin.2000.10.1.3 4964:, Hove: Psychology Press 4289:(Podcast). 24 June 2020. 4238:Cook & Bassetti 2010 4030:European Economic Review 3995:American Economic Review 3118:10.1525/jlin.2000.10.1.3 2819:. Chicago. p. 185. 2262:Migge & Léglise 2007 2174:Pütz & Verspoor 2000 2057:Pütz & Verspoor 2000 2041:Hill & Mannheim 1992 1973:Hill & Mannheim 1992 1509:APL programming language 844:Guugu Yimithirr language 499:developed the theory of 434:traits of the language." 6774:Use–mention distinction 6618:Direct reference theory 6159:American Anthropologist 6077:Deutscher, Guy (2011), 6026:Frontiers in Psychology 5941:"Linguistic relativity" 5549:"Linguistic Relativity" 5538:Lucy, John A. (1992b), 5529:Lucy, John A. (1992a), 5436:10.1525/eth.1998.26.1.7 5069:Everett, Caleb (2013), 5044:10.1073/pnas.0610132104 4990:Darnell, Regna (1990). 4312:Raykowski, Wes (2014). 4162:10.1023/A:1008356620617 3600:10.1073/pnas.0509868103 3335:Lakoff, George (1980). 3091:10.1111/1467-9655.00005 2617:"Linguistic Relativity" 2580:Lucy & Wertsch 1987 2069:Wolff & Holmes 2011 1887:(13–23 December 2010). 1780:Linguistic anthropology 1648:The Book of the New Sun 1545:in some language means 1308:. Philosophers such as 356:Indo-European languages 197:Johann Gottfried Herder 7204:Philosophy of language 7199:Philosophical problems 7189:Language and mysticism 6708:Theory of descriptions 6643:Linguistic determinism 6305:Philosophy of language 6250:Swoyer, Chris (2015), 6232:O'Neill, Sean (2008), 5970:Alford, Dan Moonhawk, 5547:Lucy, John A. (1997), 5300:Leavitt, John (2011), 5166:"Beating the Averages" 4542:Okrent, Arika (2009), 3388:10.1515/gcla-2014-0004 1786:Linguistic determinism 1753:Inherently funny words 1431:Experimental languages 1418: 1302:philosophy of language 1263:Science and philosophy 1183: 1177: 776: 742: 569: 558: 461: 449: 436: 404:William Dwight Whitney 399: 389: 368:grammatical categories 364: 335: 321: 150:Sapir–Whorf hypothesis 119:Whorf-Sapir hypothesis 64:Sapir–Whorf hypothesis 49:linguistic determinism 7184:Linguistic universals 6819:Mental representation 6754:Linguistic relativity 6638:Inquisitive semantics 6097:Everett, Dan (2005), 5644:10.15173/mjc.v1i0.221 5164:Graham, Paul (2004). 4626:10.1145/358896.358899 4007:10.1257/aer.103.2.690 3065:Berlin & Kay 1969 2956:10.1515/9783110850604 2950:. De Gruyter Mouton. 1741:Hopi time controversy 1729:Eskimo words for snow 1629:'s 1998 short story " 1504:Programming languages 1427:Constructed languages 1407: 1371:Principia Mathematica 1003:cognitive linguistics 993:Cognitive linguistics 979:The Language Instinct 771: 733: 624:The Language Instinct 566:MIT Technology Review 563: 553: 456: 444: 431: 395: 385: 360: 331: 317: 181:constructed languages 156:for several reasons. 33:Linguistic relativity 7003:Naming and Necessity 6913:De Arte Combinatoria 6712:Definite description 6673:Semantic externalism 6106:Current Anthropology 5509:Levinson, Stephen C. 5469:Levinson, Stephen C. 5382:Levinson, Stephen C. 3696:Current Anthropology 3338:Metaphors we live by 3144:Current Anthropology 2753:, pp. 179–187, 2417:Boas, Franz (1911). 1768:Language and thought 1607:The Languages of Pao 1592:Nineteen Eighty Four 1562:programming language 1421:Artificial languages 1386:The Tyranny of Words 1095:brain lateralization 1081:Researchers such as 999:cognitive psychology 866:Separate studies by 493:Thought and Language 340:Wilhelm von Humboldt 333:Wilhelm von Humboldt 324:Wilhelm von Humboldt 193:Wilhelm von Humboldt 7194:Metaphysics of mind 7174:Language comparison 7053:Philosophical logic 7043:Analytic philosophy 6849:Sense and reference 6728:Verification theory 6683:Situation semantics 5980:on 5 September 2019 5870:, Wiley-Blackwell, 5095:Language in Society 5035:2007PNAS..104.1097D 4733:The Washington Post 4483:. Institute of GS. 4435:(1). JSTOR: 16–21. 4242:Athanasopoulos 2009 3787:on 15 February 2010 3591:2006PNAS..103..489G 2507:. pp. 100–107. 2316:1887Sci.....9..587D 1901:on 15 February 2012 1723:Bicameral mentality 1478:Suzette Haden Elgin 1292:cultural relativism 1162:Swedish and Spanish 1155:numeral classifiers 890:Brown and Lenneberg 788:is a key to culture 702:Brown and Lenneberg 481:Friedrich Nietzsche 312:Johann Georg Hamann 307:Johann Georg Hamann 266:Gorgias of Leontini 6903:Port-Royal Grammar 6799:Family resemblance 6718:Theory of language 6693:Supposition theory 5992:Boroditsky, Lera, 5130:Brain and Language 5091:Fishman, Joshua A. 5079:Fishman, Joshua A. 4692:on 11 August 2003. 4580:The New York Times 4441:10.5840/cpsem19828 3836:10.1353/lan.0.0107 2881:, p. 455,457. 2686:, p. 212–214. 2029:, pp. 92–105. 1810:Terministic screen 1697:Linguistics portal 1631:Story of Your Life 1558:Yukihiro Matsumoto 1513:Kenneth E. Iverson 1041:mutual information 1011:cultural metaphors 879:Colour terminology 808:Frederik Kortlandt 619:circular reasoning 599:These examples of 570: 514:Benjamin Lee Whorf 508:Benjamin Lee Whorf 465:"modern" languages 400: 390: 352:morphological type 336: 210:Benjamin Lee Whorf 162:Benjamin Lee Whorf 139:empirical evidence 7209:Psycholinguistics 7126: 7125: 6628:Dynamic semantics 6243:978-0-8061-3922-7 6090:978-0-09-950557-0 5922:978-0-262-51775-1 5877:978-0-631-20891-4 5831:, Harcourt, Brace 5817:978-90-272-3706-4 5714:978-90-272-3705-7 5522:978-0-262-51775-1 5331:978-90-272-4569-4 5311:978-0-521-76782-8 5284:978-0-511-99268-1 5181:978-0-596-00662-4 5003:978-0-520-06678-6 4982:978-0-521-45976-1 4924:Language Learning 4792:978-1-4443-4054-9 4561:978-0-385-52788-0 4490:978-0-937298-01-5 4406:978-1-134-09482-0 4340:978-0-226-78679-7 4091:978-90-272-9355-8 3559:978-0-521-59659-6 3526:978-0-521-59659-6 3198:978-0-292-75193-4 2826:978-0-226-78679-7 2657:, pp. 59–64. 2382:978-0-495-50884-7 2131:Robert L. Miller 2094:978-0-8093-2397-5 1937:978-1-4443-4056-3 1843:978-0-495-50884-7 1798:Psycholinguistics 1774:Language planning 1683:Philosophy portal 1560:, creator of the 1474:James Cooke Brown 1359:general semantics 1345:General semantics 1249:phonological loop 1231:Recent work with 1149:Mandarin and Thai 1126:Everett on Pirahã 958:universal grammar 804:linguistic theory 501:general semantics 275:Following Plato, 264:thinkers such as 130:strong hypothesis 16:(Redirected from 7226: 7088:Formal semantics 7036:Related articles 7028: 7018: 7008: 6998: 6988: 6978: 6968: 6958: 6948: 6938: 6928: 6918: 6908: 6898: 6668:Relevance theory 6663:Phallogocentrism 6298: 6291: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6228: 6209: 6181: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6144: 6138:, archived from 6129: 6103: 6093: 6073: 6061: 6051: 6041: 6022:"Grammar in Art" 6016: 6015:, pp. 61–79 6010: 6000: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5976:, archived from 5958: 5956: 5945: 5933: 5905: 5893: 5880: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5802: 5800: 5790:Pullum, Geoffrey 5785: 5772: 5758: 5749: 5717: 5699: 5661: 5655: 5647: 5622: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5553: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5504: 5503: 5477: 5464: 5447: 5418: 5409: 5377: 5346: 5335: 5314: 5296: 5267: 5255: 5227: 5218: 5194: 5185: 5160: 5127: 5117: 5086: 5074: 5065: 5056: 5046: 5029:(3): 1097–1102, 5016: 5007: 4986: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4918: 4890: 4880:10.1037/h0057814 4862: 4853: 4844: 4816: 4796: 4766: 4765: 4758:College Sidekick 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4708:The Paris Review 4700: 4694: 4693: 4688:. Archived from 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4653:amturing.acm.org 4645: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4549: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4458:on 13 April 2014 4457: 4451:. Archived from 4426: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4360: 4352: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4113:(5–6): 518–526. 4102: 4096: 4095: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3992: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3829: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3786: 3780:, archived from 3751: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3693: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3620: 3602: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3547: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2781: 2766: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2629: 2628: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2520:, p. 213–4. 2515: 2509: 2508: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2471: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2310:(228): 587–589. 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2238: 2227: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2183: 2177: 2170: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2053: 2044: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1949: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1881:Boroditsky, Lera 1877: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1827: 1758: 1735:Ethnolinguistics 1719: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1615:Samuel R. Delany 1416: 1415:Korzybski (1930) 1355:Alfred Korzybski 1316:, Davidson, and 1225:Psycholinguistic 1191:Pronoun-dropping 1186: 1180: 987:Strawman fallacy 964:Ekkehart Malotki 910:semantic domains 651:Ekkehart Malotki 497:Alfred Korzybski 230:color perception 160:(1884-1939) and 114: 111: 105: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 87: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 60:Whorf hypothesis 21: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7099: 7078:School of Names 7031: 7026: 7016: 7006: 6996: 6993:Of Grammatology 6986: 6976: 6966: 6956: 6946: 6936: 6926: 6916: 6906: 6896: 6880: 6732: 6678:Semantic holism 6658:Non-cognitivism 6598:Conventionalism 6569: 6316: 6307: 6302: 6267:Harvard Gazette 6261: 6244: 6225: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6101: 6091: 6083:, Arrow Books, 6008: 5983: 5981: 5966: 5964:Further reading 5961: 5957:on 18 July 2013 5954: 5943: 5923: 5898:Whorf, Benjamin 5878: 5818: 5798: 5715: 5697: 5649: 5648: 5620: 5551: 5523: 5475: 5351:Lenneberg, Eric 5340:Lenneberg, Eric 5332: 5312: 5285: 5182: 5125: 5015:, U of Nebraska 5004: 4983: 4793: 4774: 4769: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4374: 4370: 4354: 4353: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4232: 4228: 4189: 4185: 4146: 4142: 4107:Neural Networks 4103: 4099: 4092: 4071: 4067: 4026: 4022: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3926: 3922: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3863: 3859: 3827:10.1.1.404.9474 3809: 3803: 3799: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3728: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3638: 3634: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3505: 3501: 3483: 3479: 3462: 3458: 3415: 3411: 3368: 3364: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3241:, p. 3, 6. 3237: 3233: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3139: 3135: 3102: 3098: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2856: 2840: 2839: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2784: 2782: 2769: 2757:, p. 286, 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2632: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2496: 2492: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2398: 2383: 2367: 2363: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2200:10.2307/3332265 2184: 2180: 2171: 2164: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2047: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2008: 1997: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1951: 1950: 1938: 1922: 1915: 1904: 1902: 1878: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1844: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1762:Labeling theory 1756: 1717: 1695: 1688: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1662: 1579: 1577:Science fiction 1506: 1433: 1425:Main articles: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1351: 1343:Main articles: 1341: 1265: 1257: 1222: 1213: 1193: 1164: 1151: 1135:Pirahã language 1133:'s work on the 1128: 1103: 1079: 1049: 1036:word embeddings 995: 975: 966: 953: 936: 927: 918: 892: 887: 881: 855:semantic domain 827: 812:Yuman languages 796: 751: 704: 684: 676:Donald Davidson 664: 633: 592:Another is the 575: 520:Native American 516: 510: 477: 380: 326: 309: 297: 246: 189: 112: 109: 88: 71: 67: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7232: 7222: 7221: 7219:Theory of mind 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7019: 7009: 6999: 6989: 6979: 6969: 6959: 6949: 6939: 6929: 6919: 6909: 6899: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6829:Presupposition 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6608:Deconstruction 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269:, 22 July 2004 6259: 6247: 6242: 6229: 6224:978-0190468897 6223: 6210: 6199:10.2307/412789 6193:(3): 610–646, 6182: 6154: 6145:on 15 May 2012 6118:10.1086/431525 6094: 6089: 6074: 6062: 6017: 6001: 5989: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5921: 5894: 5881: 5876: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5816: 5803: 5786: 5773: 5763:Pinker, Steven 5759: 5750: 5733:(3): 209–230, 5718: 5713: 5700: 5695: 5662: 5623: 5618: 5597: 5588: 5579: 5544: 5535: 5526: 5521: 5505: 5465: 5419: 5378: 5367:10.2307/409956 5361:(4): 463–471, 5347: 5336: 5330: 5315: 5310: 5297: 5283: 5268: 5260:Lakoff, George 5256: 5239:(2): 173–198, 5228: 5219: 5195: 5186: 5180: 5161: 5118: 5087: 5075: 5066: 5017: 5008: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4966: 4957: 4919: 4902:(2): 125–153, 4891: 4874:(3): 454–462, 4863: 4854: 4845: 4817: 4797: 4791: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4745: 4720: 4695: 4677: 4665: 4640: 4619:(8): 444–465. 4597: 4585: 4566: 4560: 4534: 4522: 4496: 4489: 4469: 4412: 4405: 4385: 4368: 4339: 4319: 4304: 4292: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4226: 4199:(3): 257–281. 4183: 4156:(4): 353–377. 4140: 4097: 4090: 4074:Hickmann, Maya 4065: 4020: 4001:(2): 690–731. 3978: 3969: 3946: 3920: 3892: 3857: 3820:(2): 355–404. 3797: 3737: 3708:10.1086/431525 3702:(4): 621–646, 3679: 3677:, p. 304. 3667: 3648:(3): 289–302. 3632: 3585:(2): 489–494. 3565: 3558: 3532: 3525: 3499: 3477: 3456: 3409: 3362: 3347: 3327: 3315: 3311:Casasanto 2008 3303: 3301:, p. xii. 3291: 3289:, p. 180. 3279: 3277:, p. 286. 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3216: 3204: 3197: 3177: 3156:10.1086/204049 3150:(2): 137–186. 3133: 3096: 3069: 3054: 3045: 3043:, p. 185. 3041:D'Andrade 1995 3033: 3020: 3007: 2995: 2993:, p. 301. 2983: 2971: 2964: 2931: 2929:, p. 244. 2919: 2907: 2895: 2893:, p. 128. 2883: 2871: 2854: 2825: 2805: 2793: 2767: 2763:Dinwoodie 2006 2761:, p. 43, 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 203. 2715: 2713:, p. 182. 2703: 2688: 2676: 2659: 2647: 2643:Lenneberg 1953 2630: 2608: 2606:, p. 214. 2596: 2584: 2572: 2563: 2546: 2544:, p. 135. 2534: 2532:, p. 215. 2522: 2510: 2490: 2460:10.2307/409588 2454:(4): 207–214, 2438: 2436:, p. 133. 2426: 2409: 2396: 2381: 2361: 2290: 2288:, p. 181. 2278: 2276:, p. 180. 2266: 2254: 2221:Beek, Wouter. 2213: 2178: 2162: 2149: 2137: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2093: 2073: 2061: 2045: 2043:, p. 386) 2031: 2018: 2016:, p. 180. 2006: 1996:978-1412996068 1995: 1977: 1965: 1936: 1913: 1885:Liberman, Mark 1869: 1857: 1842: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1709: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1686: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1640: 1624: 1611: 1602: 1589:'s 1949 novel 1578: 1575: 1522:The essays of 1505: 1502: 1422: 1419: 1412: 1390:S. I. Hayakawa 1340: 1337: 1276:constructivist 1264: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1192: 1189: 1163: 1160: 1150: 1147: 1127: 1124: 1111:counterfactual 1102: 1099: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1048: 1045: 994: 991: 974: 971: 965: 962: 952: 949: 935: 934:Berlin and Kay 932: 926: 923: 917: 914: 891: 888: 883:Main article: 880: 877: 826: 821: 795: 792: 754:Joshua Fishman 750: 747: 741: 740: 737: 708:Eric Lenneberg 703: 700: 683: 680: 669:Mayan language 663: 660: 632: 629: 574: 571: 512:Main article: 509: 506: 485:Leo Weisgerber 476: 473: 379: 378:Boas and Sapir 376: 345:Weltanschauung 325: 322: 308: 305: 296: 293: 270:Seventh Letter 245: 242: 226:Eric Lenneberg 218:Leo Weisgerber 188: 185: 141:supporting a 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7231: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7073:Scholasticism 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Structuralism 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Descriptivism 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6593:Contrastivism 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5837:Sapir, Edward 5834: 5830: 5826: 5825:Sapir, Edward 5822: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5698: 5696:9783110198539 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5621: 5619:9789027933492 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4399:. Routledge. 4398: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234:Pavlenko 1999 4230: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3973: 3957: 3950: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3917:(2): S19–S24. 3916: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3489: 3481: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3348:0-226-46801-1 3344: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3299:Levinson 2012 3295: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3004: 3003:Levinson 1996 2999: 2992: 2987: 2981:, p. 13. 2980: 2979:Levinson 1998 2975: 2967: 2965:9783110850604 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2685: 2680: 2674:, p. 60. 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2567: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2499:Sapir, Edward 2494: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2159: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2122:, p. 75. 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2096: 2090: 2087:. SIU Press. 2086: 2085: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2059:, p. 17. 2058: 2052: 2050: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2010: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1969: 1961: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1894:The Economist 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747:Hypocognition 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1673: 1666: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1587:George Orwell 1584: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1441:George Orwell 1438: 1432: 1428: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1255:Other domains 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1156: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1007:George Lakoff 1004: 1000: 990: 988: 983: 980: 973:Steven Pinker 970: 961: 959: 948: 945: 941: 931: 922: 913: 911: 906: 902: 898: 886: 876: 873: 869: 864: 861: 856: 851: 849: 845: 840: 836: 832: 825: 820: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:Leiden school 794:Leiden school 791: 789: 785: 781: 775: 770: 768: 767:Basic English 764: 759: 755: 746: 738: 735: 734: 732: 728: 727:in that way. 726: 722: 718: 713: 709: 699: 697: 693: 689: 679: 677: 673: 670: 659: 657: 652: 648: 646: 642: 641:SAE languages 638: 628: 626: 625: 620: 616: 611: 605: 602: 597: 595: 594:Hopi language 590: 588: 583: 581: 567: 562: 557: 552: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 515: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 472: 468: 466: 460: 455: 452: 448: 443: 440: 435: 430: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 398: 394: 388: 384: 375: 371: 369: 363: 359: 357: 353: 350: 346: 341: 334: 330: 320: 316: 313: 304: 302: 292: 290: 289:Immanuel Kant 286: 282: 278: 277:St. Augustine 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 241: 239: 238:connectionist 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 202: 198: 194: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 144: 140: 135: 131: 126: 124: 120: 116: 115: 103: 65: 61: 56: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 35:asserts that 34: 30: 19: 7021: 7011: 7001: 6991: 6981: 6971: 6961: 6951: 6931: 6921: 6911: 6901: 6891: 6873: 6814:Metalanguage 6809:Logical form 6764:Truth-bearer 6753: 6723:Unilalianism 6633:Expressivism 6460:Wittgenstein 6405:von Humboldt 6322:Philosophers 6266: 6255: 6233: 6214: 6190: 6186: 6165:(1): 65–79, 6162: 6158: 6147:, retrieved 6140:the original 6109: 6105: 6079: 6070: 6029: 6025: 6012: 5997: 5982:, retrieved 5978:the original 5972: 5952:the original 5947: 5911: 5901: 5889: 5885: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5840: 5828: 5807: 5794: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5754: 5730: 5726: 5704: 5670: 5638:(1): 26–31, 5635: 5631: 5609: 5605: 5592: 5583: 5559: 5555: 5539: 5530: 5512: 5483: 5479: 5427: 5423: 5389: 5385: 5358: 5354: 5343: 5320: 5301: 5273: 5263: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5207: 5203: 5190: 5170: 5136:(2): 91–98, 5133: 5129: 5098: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5026: 5022: 5012: 4992: 4971: 4961: 4927: 4923: 4899: 4895: 4871: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4828:(1): 83–95, 4825: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4781: 4757: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4732: 4723: 4711:. Retrieved 4707: 4698: 4690:the original 4680: 4668: 4656:. Retrieved 4652: 4643: 4616: 4610: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4579: 4569: 4545: 4537: 4525: 4513:. Retrieved 4508: 4499: 4479: 4472: 4460:. Retrieved 4453:the original 4432: 4428: 4415: 4395: 4388: 4378: 4371: 4329: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4300:Leavitt 2011 4295: 4286: 4277: 4265: 4258:Andrews 1994 4253: 4229: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4081: 4068: 4051:10356/142990 4033: 4029: 4023: 3998: 3994: 3981: 3972: 3960:. Retrieved 3958:. Popsci.com 3949: 3937:. Retrieved 3933: 3923: 3914: 3908: 3895: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3844:1721.1/94631 3817: 3813: 3800: 3789:, retrieved 3782:the original 3753: 3740: 3729:, retrieved 3699: 3695: 3682: 3670: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3543: 3535: 3510: 3502: 3480: 3459: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3382:(1): 39–50. 3379: 3375: 3365: 3337: 3330: 3323:Seidner 1982 3318: 3306: 3294: 3287:Leavitt 2011 3282: 3270: 3258: 3251:Malotki 1983 3246: 3234: 3214:, p. 6. 3207: 3187: 3180: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3048: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3015: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2947: 2934: 2922: 2917:, p. 5. 2915:Fishman 1982 2910: 2903:Fishman 1978 2898: 2886: 2874: 2815: 2808: 2796: 2788: 2751:Leavitt 2011 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2679: 2650: 2621:Nursing Hero 2620: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2542:Leavitt 2010 2537: 2525: 2513: 2503: 2493: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2434:Leavitt 2010 2429: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2399: 2371: 2364: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2248: 2241:. Retrieved 2229: 2216: 2194:(4): 65–89. 2191: 2187: 2181: 2157: 2152: 2140: 2132: 2127: 2120:Leavitt 2010 2115: 2110:, p. 2. 2103: 2083: 2076: 2064: 2034: 2021: 2014:Koerner 1992 2009: 2000: 1986: 1980: 1968: 1926: 1905:19 September 1903:. Retrieved 1899:the original 1892: 1867:, p. 3. 1865:Leavitt 2010 1860: 1832: 1825: 1712: 1663: 1646: 1635: 1618: 1605: 1596: 1590: 1580: 1568: 1556:convention, 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1517:Turing Award 1507: 1466: 1454: 1449:, a fictive 1445: 1434: 1408: 1404: 1393: 1385: 1379: 1376:Wittgenstein 1369: 1352: 1334: 1299: 1296: 1284:essentialist 1273: 1269: 1266: 1258: 1242: 1238:monolinguals 1230: 1223: 1214: 1211:Future tense 1194: 1165: 1152: 1129: 1118:and Finnish 1116:prepositions 1108: 1104: 1080: 1072: 1052: 1051:In his book 1050: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 996: 984: 978: 976: 967: 954: 951:Universalism 937: 928: 919: 893: 865: 852: 830: 828: 823: 797: 787: 783: 779: 777: 772: 752: 743: 729: 724: 720: 716: 705: 695: 685: 665: 649: 634: 631:Time in Hopi 622: 621:. Pinker in 614: 609: 606: 598: 591: 584: 576: 565: 554: 545: 517: 492: 489:Lev Vygotsky 478: 469: 462: 457: 453: 450: 445: 441: 437: 432: 428: 420:ethnographer 401: 397:Edward Sapir 372: 365: 361: 349:inflectional 337: 318: 310: 301:Volksgeister 300: 298: 274: 247: 234: 214:Harry Hoijer 205:Edward Sapir 190: 177:anthropology 166: 158:Edward Sapir 149: 147: 142: 133: 129: 127: 122: 118: 63: 59: 57: 32: 31: 29: 7058:Linguistics 7023:Limited Inc 6943:On Denoting 6769:Proposition 6420:de Saussure 6385:Ibn Khaldun 5904:, MIT Press 5771:, Perennial 5562:: 291–312, 5486:(1): 3–55, 5430:(1): 7–24, 5210:: 381–406, 4808:(1): 9–28, 4673:Graham 2004 4530:Pinker 1994 3939:15 December 3031:p. 435–445. 2867:Lakoff 1987 2699:Pullum 1991 2672:Pinker 1994 2655:Pinker 1994 2286:Seuren 1998 2274:Seuren 1998 2243:18 November 2145:McAfee 2004 2027:Hoijer 1954 1554:open source 1524:Paul Graham 1511:originator 1367:Whitehead's 1077:Refinements 938:Studies by 916:Hugo Magnus 712:objectivist 656:John A Lucy 537:Silverstein 285:Roger Bacon 281:Middle Ages 258:Heraclitean 222:Roger Brown 123:Whorfianism 53:perceptions 39:influences 7214:Relativism 7169:Hypotheses 7133:Categories 7118:Discussion 7113:Task Force 7063:Pragmatics 6854:Speech act 6784:Categories 6698:Symbiosism 6653:Nominalism 6565:Watzlawick 6445:Bloomfield 6365:Chrysippus 6127:2066/41103 6112:(4): 621, 5892:(1): 31–35 5784:(1): 50–57 5687:10197/8009 5392:: 353–82, 4532:, chap. 3. 4515:25 October 4509:CliffNotes 4462:20 January 4349:1249473210 4036:: 103307. 3717:2066/41103 3493:2005.01204 3471:1910.09729 3429:: 104357. 3275:Lucy 1992b 3227:Lucy 1992a 2927:Whorf 1956 2891:Brown 1976 2835:1249473210 2801:Lucy 1992b 2755:Lucy 1992b 2735:Whorf 1956 2723:Whorf 2012 2711:Whorf 2012 2684:Whorf 1956 2604:Whorf 1956 2530:Sapir 1921 2518:Sapir 1921 1804:Relativism 1653:a language 1643:Gene Wolfe 1627:Ted Chiang 1288:relativist 1083:Boroditsky 1047:Parameters 848:Queensland 833:edited by 784:determines 780:influences 721:understand 682:Whorf dies 412:Franz Boas 387:Franz Boas 201:Franz Boas 173:psychology 169:philosophy 134:determines 7149:Cognition 7095:Semiotics 7083:Semantics 6933:Alciphron 6869:Statement 6804:Intension 6744:Ambiguity 6623:Dramatism 6603:Cratylism 6355:Eubulides 6350:Aristotle 6330:Confucius 5931:801407269 5293:699490918 5115:146708672 4930:(1): 79, 4896:Cognition 4842:145526128 4357:cite book 4221:144633646 4213:1367-0069 4178:118785578 4170:0925-8558 4127:0893-6080 4060:203248774 3887:120382476 3822:CiteSeerX 3754:Cognition 3731:1 October 3675:Lucy 1997 3642:Cognition 3609:0027-8424 3451:251419363 3443:0749-596X 3404:147302364 3396:2197-2796 3263:Lucy 1996 3172:144088006 3164:0011-3204 3085:: 81–99. 2991:Lucy 1997 2843:cite book 2759:Lucy 1996 2592:Pula 1992 2486:147181342 2391:216940204 2332:0036-8075 2250:Humboldt. 1954:cite book 1946:729731177 1852:216940204 1818:Citations 1792:Logocracy 1494:Toki Pona 1451:communist 1233:bilingual 1139:Brazilian 860:Yimithirr 758:Herderian 706:In 1953, 447:attached. 338:In 1820, 45:cognition 41:worldview 7108:Category 7068:Rhetoric 6893:Cratylus 6864:Sentence 6839:Property 6759:Language 6737:Concepts 6575:Theories 6540:Strawson 6525:Davidson 6515:Hintikka 6510:Anscombe 6455:Vygotsky 6410:Mauthner 6380:Averroes 6370:Zhuangzi 6360:Diodorus 6340:Cratylus 6187:Language 6179:15144601 6058:21833297 5827:(1921), 5792:(1991), 5765:(1994), 5747:28571055 5652:citation 5471:(2000), 5462:53751699 5355:Language 5262:(1987), 5253:43102168 5150:17628656 5101:: 1–14, 5063:17213312 4916:53169722 4888:13174309 4814:24599022 4762:Archived 4738:23 April 4635:14177211 4449:42576577 4287:Subtitle 4135:19616406 4015:29524925 3873:: 1–19. 3852:15798043 3814:Language 3778:14863459 3770:18547557 3662:53204914 3627:16387848 3112:: 3–55. 2747:Lee 1996 2625:Archived 2448:Language 2356:46250503 2348:17779724 2234:Archived 1669:See also 1620:Babel-17 1598:Newspeak 1570:Babel-17 1547:thinking 1461:Newspeak 1437:Ayn Rand 1413:— 1330:Foucault 1280:idealist 1245:counting 1201:pronouns 1178:duración 1060:suffice. 868:Bowerman 863:house". 839:Levinson 601:polysemy 541:Levinson 250:Cratylus 154:misnomer 37:language 18:Whorfian 6875:more... 6779:Concept 6520:Dummett 6495:Gadamer 6490:Chomsky 6475:Derrida 6465:Russell 6450:Bergson 6435:Tillich 6395:Leibniz 6335:Gorgias 6149:3 April 6136:2223235 6049:3153848 6032:: 244. 5576:2952524 5416:8050166 5158:9285112 5054:1783370 5031:Bibcode 4954:8908681 4772:Sources 4713:7 March 4658:5 April 4552:208–257 3726:2223235 3618:1326182 3587:Bibcode 3357:6042798 2340:1762958 2312:Bibcode 2304:Science 2208:3332265 1636:Arrival 1543:writing 1531:paradox 1490:Ithkuil 1363:Russell 1318:Dennett 1300:In the 1137:of the 1131:Everett 897:English 835:Gumperz 816:Spanish 672:Yucatec 568:, 1940. 548:Chomsky 442:Sapir: 262:sophist 187:History 117:); the 7027:(1988) 7017:(1982) 7007:(1980) 6997:(1967) 6987:(1953) 6977:(1951) 6967:(1936) 6957:(1921) 6947:(1905) 6937:(1732) 6927:(1668) 6917:(1666) 6907:(1660) 6897:(n.d.) 6859:Symbol 6560:Searle 6550:Putnam 6500:Kripke 6485:Austin 6470:Carnap 6415:Ricœur 6400:Herder 6390:Hobbes 6240: 6221: 6207:412789 6205: 6177: 6134: 6087: 6056: 6046: 5984:22 May 5929: 5919: 5874: 5814: 5745: 5711: 5693: 5616: 5574: 5519: 5460: 5454:640692 5452: 5414: 5375:409956 5373: 5328: 5308: 5291: 5281: 5251: 5178: 5156: 5148: 5113: 5061: 5051: 5000: 4979: 4952: 4914: 4886: 4840: 4812: 4789: 4633: 4558: 4511:. 2021 4487: 4447: 4403: 4347: 4337: 4219: 4211: 4176: 4168: 4133: 4125: 4088: 4058: 4013: 3962:4 June 3885: 3850: 3824: 3791:14 May 3776: 3768: 3724: 3660: 3625: 3615: 3607: 3556: 3552:–588. 3523: 3519:–256. 3449: 3441: 3402: 3394: 3355: 3345: 3195: 3170: 3162: 2962: 2833: 2823: 2484: 2478:409588 2476: 2389: 2379: 2354: 2346: 2338: 2330: 2206: 2160:p. 25. 2135:p. 18. 2091: 2002:1956). 1993: 1944: 1934: 1850: 1840: 1498:Taoist 1482:Láadan 1470:Loglan 1446:Anthem 1328:, and 1326:Searle 1310:Putnam 1142:Amazon 940:Berlin 872:Slobin 769:thus: 692:Trager 529:Pinker 527:, and 429:Boas: 143:weaker 121:; and 62:; the 6885:Works 6794:Class 6555:Lewis 6545:Quine 6530:Grice 6480:Whorf 6440:Sapir 6425:Frege 6375:Xunzi 6345:Plato 6203:JSTOR 6175:S2CID 6143:(PDF) 6132:S2CID 6102:(PDF) 6009:(PDF) 5955:(PDF) 5944:(PDF) 5799:(PDF) 5743:S2CID 5572:JSTOR 5552:(PDF) 5476:(PDF) 5458:S2CID 5450:JSTOR 5424:Ethos 5412:S2CID 5371:JSTOR 5249:JSTOR 5154:S2CID 5126:(PDF) 5111:S2CID 4950:S2CID 4912:S2CID 4838:S2CID 4810:JSTOR 4631:S2CID 4456:(PDF) 4445:JSTOR 4431:. 1. 4425:(PDF) 4217:S2CID 4174:S2CID 4056:S2CID 3991:(PDF) 3905:(PDF) 3883:S2CID 3848:S2CID 3810:(PDF) 3785:(PDF) 3774:S2CID 3750:(PDF) 3722:S2CID 3692:(PDF) 3658:S2CID 3488:arXiv 3466:arXiv 3447:S2CID 3400:S2CID 3168:S2CID 2944:(PDF) 2482:S2CID 2474:JSTOR 2352:S2CID 2336:JSTOR 2237:(PDF) 2226:(PDF) 2204:JSTOR 1322:Quine 1314:Fodor 1306:truth 1120:cases 1091:Majid 1026:with 1018:with 802:is a 763:Ogden 725:think 615:empty 610:empty 525:Black 424:myths 416:Inuit 254:Plato 113:WHORF 6844:Sign 6749:Cant 6535:Ryle 6505:Ayer 6430:Boas 6238:ISBN 6219:ISBN 6151:2008 6085:ISBN 6054:PMID 5998:Edge 5986:2012 5927:OCLC 5917:ISBN 5872:ISBN 5812:ISBN 5709:ISBN 5691:ISBN 5658:link 5614:ISBN 5517:ISBN 5326:ISBN 5306:ISBN 5289:OCLC 5279:ISBN 5176:ISBN 5146:PMID 5059:PMID 4998:ISBN 4977:ISBN 4884:PMID 4787:ISBN 4740:2017 4715:2021 4660:2024 4556:ISBN 4517:2021 4485:ISBN 4464:2013 4401:ISBN 4363:link 4345:OCLC 4335:ISBN 4209:ISSN 4166:ISSN 4131:PMID 4123:ISSN 4086:ISBN 4011:PMID 3964:2018 3941:2019 3793:2009 3766:PMID 3733:2012 3623:PMID 3605:ISSN 3554:ISBN 3521:ISBN 3439:ISSN 3392:ISSN 3353:OCLC 3343:ISBN 3193:ISBN 3160:ISSN 2960:ISBN 2849:link 2831:OCLC 2821:ISBN 2387:OCLC 2377:ISBN 2344:PMID 2328:ISSN 2245:2022 2089:ISBN 1991:ISBN 1960:link 1942:OCLC 1932:ISBN 1907:2019 1848:OCLC 1838:ISBN 1565:Ruby 1539:know 1535:Blub 1529:blub 1456:1984 1439:and 1429:and 1374:and 1365:and 1347:and 1205:self 1087:Choi 1028:down 1022:and 1020:good 1001:and 942:and 901:Zuni 899:and 870:and 837:and 798:The 645:Hopi 539:and 533:Lucy 224:and 203:and 195:and 175:and 110:PEER 6789:Set 6195:doi 6167:doi 6122:hdl 6114:doi 6044:PMC 6034:doi 5735:doi 5683:hdl 5675:doi 5640:doi 5564:doi 5496:hdl 5488:doi 5440:hdl 5432:doi 5402:hdl 5394:doi 5363:doi 5241:doi 5212:doi 5138:doi 5134:105 5103:doi 5049:PMC 5039:doi 5027:104 4940:hdl 4932:doi 4904:doi 4876:doi 4830:doi 4621:doi 4437:doi 4201:doi 4158:doi 4115:doi 4046:hdl 4038:doi 4034:120 4003:doi 3999:103 3875:doi 3840:hdl 3832:doi 3758:doi 3712:hdl 3704:doi 3650:doi 3613:PMC 3595:doi 3583:103 3550:566 3517:215 3431:doi 3427:127 3384:doi 3152:doi 3122:hdl 3114:doi 3087:doi 2952:doi 2464:hdl 2456:doi 2320:doi 2196:doi 1613:In 1410:us. 1388:". 1378:'s 1184:tid 1170:'s 1024:bad 944:Kay 846:in 765:'s 717:use 688:Lee 108:sə- 96:ɔːr 85:ɪər 43:or 7135:: 6945:" 6265:, 6254:, 6201:, 6191:54 6189:, 6173:, 6163:86 6161:, 6130:, 6120:, 6110:46 6108:, 6104:, 6069:, 6052:. 6042:. 6028:. 6024:. 6011:, 5996:, 5946:, 5925:, 5888:, 5782:49 5780:, 5741:, 5729:, 5725:, 5689:, 5681:, 5654:}} 5650:{{ 5634:, 5630:, 5612:, 5610:20 5608:, 5604:, 5570:, 5560:26 5558:, 5554:, 5494:, 5484:10 5482:, 5478:, 5456:, 5448:, 5438:, 5428:26 5426:, 5410:, 5400:, 5390:25 5388:, 5369:, 5359:29 5357:, 5287:. 5247:, 5235:, 5208:21 5206:, 5202:, 5168:. 5152:, 5144:, 5132:, 5128:, 5109:, 5099:11 5097:, 5057:, 5047:, 5037:, 5025:, 4948:, 4938:, 4928:58 4926:, 4910:, 4898:, 4882:, 4872:49 4870:, 4836:, 4826:12 4824:, 4804:, 4760:. 4756:. 4731:. 4706:. 4651:. 4629:. 4617:23 4615:. 4609:. 4578:. 4554:, 4507:. 4443:. 4433:40 4427:. 4359:}} 4355:{{ 4343:. 4285:. 4244:, 4240:, 4236:, 4215:. 4207:. 4195:. 4172:. 4164:. 4152:. 4129:. 4121:. 4111:22 4109:. 4080:. 4054:. 4044:. 4032:. 4009:. 3997:. 3993:. 3932:. 3913:. 3907:. 3881:. 3871:18 3869:. 3846:. 3838:. 3830:. 3818:85 3816:. 3812:. 3772:, 3764:, 3752:, 3720:, 3710:, 3700:46 3698:, 3694:, 3656:. 3646:17 3644:. 3621:. 3611:. 3603:. 3593:. 3581:. 3577:. 3445:. 3437:. 3425:. 3421:. 3398:. 3390:. 3378:. 3374:. 3351:. 3219:^ 3166:. 3158:. 3148:33 3146:. 3120:. 3110:10 3108:. 3081:. 3057:^ 2958:. 2857:^ 2845:}} 2841:{{ 2829:. 2770:^ 2749:, 2691:^ 2662:^ 2633:^ 2623:. 2619:. 2480:, 2472:, 2462:, 2450:, 2385:. 2350:. 2342:. 2334:. 2326:. 2318:. 2306:. 2302:. 2247:. 2232:. 2228:. 2202:. 2192:17 2190:. 2165:^ 2048:^ 1999:. 1956:}} 1952:{{ 1940:. 1916:^ 1891:. 1883:; 1872:^ 1846:. 1324:, 1312:, 1251:. 1089:, 1085:, 1043:. 1016:up 989:. 790:. 698:. 535:, 283:. 252:, 183:. 171:, 125:. 93:hw 6941:" 6714:) 6710:( 6297:e 6290:t 6283:v 6227:. 6197:: 6169:: 6124:: 6116:: 6060:. 6036:: 6030:1 5890:1 5737:: 5731:2 5685:: 5677:: 5660:) 5642:: 5636:1 5566:: 5498:: 5490:: 5442:: 5434:: 5404:: 5396:: 5365:: 5334:. 5295:. 5243:: 5237:2 5214:: 5184:. 5140:: 5105:: 5041:: 5033:: 5006:. 4985:. 4942:: 4934:: 4906:: 4900:4 4878:: 4832:: 4806:2 4795:. 4742:. 4717:. 4675:. 4662:. 4637:. 4623:: 4582:. 4519:. 4493:. 4466:. 4439:: 4409:. 4365:) 4351:. 4316:. 4302:. 4272:. 4260:. 4248:. 4223:. 4203:: 4197:7 4180:. 4160:: 4154:9 4137:. 4117:: 4094:. 4062:. 4048:: 4040:: 4017:. 4005:: 3966:. 3943:. 3915:2 3889:. 3877:: 3854:. 3842:: 3834:: 3760:: 3714:: 3706:: 3664:. 3652:: 3629:. 3597:: 3589:: 3562:. 3529:. 3496:. 3490:: 3474:. 3468:: 3453:. 3433:: 3406:. 3386:: 3380:2 3359:. 3325:. 3313:. 3265:. 3253:. 3229:. 3201:. 3174:. 3154:: 3130:. 3124:: 3116:: 3093:. 3089:: 3083:6 3067:. 3005:. 2968:. 2954:: 2905:. 2869:. 2851:) 2837:. 2803:. 2785:' 2765:. 2737:. 2701:. 2645:. 2594:. 2582:. 2466:: 2458:: 2452:5 2393:. 2358:. 2322:: 2314:: 2308:9 2264:. 2210:. 2198:: 2176:. 2147:. 2097:. 2071:. 2039:( 1975:. 1962:) 1948:. 1909:. 1854:. 1290:( 578:" 102:/ 99:f 90:ˈ 82:p 79:ˌ 76:ə 73:s 70:/ 66:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.