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The SAS decision to separate themselves from SDS came as a total surprise to the latter group's members. SAS wanted autonomy in what they were doing at that point in the protest, because their goals and methods diverged in significant ways from SDS. While both the SAS and the SDS shared the goal of preventing the construction of the new gymnasium, the two groups held different agendas. The overarching goal of the SDS extended beyond the single issue of halting the construction of the gym. SDS wanted to mobilize the student population of
Columbia to confront the University's support of the war, while the SAS was primarily interested in stopping the University's encroachment of Harlem, through the construction of the gym. It was of great importance to SAS that there was no destruction of files and personal property in faculty and administrative offices in Hamilton Hall, which would have reinforced negative stereotypes of black protesters destroying property then popular in the media. Having sole occupancy of Hamilton Hall thus allowed SAS to avoid any potential conflict with SDS about destruction of university property, as well as with other issues. Thus, the members of the SAS requested that the white radicals begin their own, separate protest so that the black students could put all of its focus into preventing the university from building the gym. The African-American students said that the European-American students could not understand the protest of the gymnasium as deeply, as its architectural plans were developed in a segregationist fashion. In addition, the African-American students knew that police would not be as violent against a group of black students, to prevent riots due to the fact that
615:"Majority Coalition" (intended to portray the students involved in the occupation as not representative of the majority of liberal Columbia and Barnard students) organized after several days of the building occupation, in response to what they perceived as administration inaction. This group was made up of student athletes, fraternity members and members of the general undergraduate population, led by Richard Waselewsky and Richard Forzani. These students were not necessarily opposed to the spectrum of goals enunciated by the demonstrators, but were adamant in their opposition to the unilateral occupation of University buildings. They formed a human blockade around the primary building, Low Library. Their stated mission was to allow anyone who wished to leave Low to do so, with no consequence. However, they also prevented anyone or any supplies from entering the building. After three consecutive days of blockade, a group of protesters attempted on the afternoon of April 29 to forcibly penetrate the line but were repulsed in a quick and violent confrontation. In addition to fearing that Harlem residents would riot or invade Columbia's campus, the Columbia Administration also feared student on student violence. So at 5:00 PM that evening the Coalition was persuaded to abandon its blockade at the request of the faculty committee, who advised coalition leaders that the situation would be resolved by the next morning.
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administrators trod lightly in dealing with the demonstrators of the SAS. University administration seemed helpless against the group of
African-American students who controlled the college's most important building and had support from off-campus black activists. Any use of force, officials feared, could incite riots in the neighboring Harlem community. Realizing this, those holed up in Hamilton Hall encouraged neighboring African-Americans to come to the campus and "recruited famous black militants to speak at their rallies". The student-community alliance that forged between students of the SAS and Harlem residents led to widespread growth in white support for the cause.
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SDS and SAS which led to decreased solidarity between the two forces. An agreement would soon be made between the SDS and the SAS to separate white and black demonstrators. Soon after, the whites left
Hamilton Hall and moved to Low Library, which housed the President's office. Over the next few days, the University President's office in Low Library (but not the remainder of the building, which housed the school switchboard in the basement, and offices elsewhere, but no actual library) and three other buildings, including the
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562:, which contained classrooms were also occupied by the student protesters. This separation of the SDS and SAS, with each using different tactics to accomplish its goals, was consistent with the student movement across the country. Only a portion of the occupiers were actual members of the University community. Many outside participants flocked to this newest point of revolution to participate, including students from other colleges, and street people.
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chose to attend other universities and some alumni refused to donate any more to the school. Many believe that protest efforts at
Columbia were also responsible for pushing higher education further toward the liberal left. These critics, such as Allan Bloom, a University of Chicago professor, believed, "American universities were no longer places of intellectual and academic debate, but rather places of 'political correctness' and liberalism."
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432:, then a recent federal law that banned racially segregated facilities. In addition, others were concerned with the appropriation of land from a public park. Harlem activists opposed the construction because, despite being on public land and a park, Harlem residents would get only limited access to the facility. It was for these reasons that the project was labelled by some as "Gym Crow".
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II, as
Columbia severed ties to the Institute for Defense Analyses, which had been created in 1955 to foster the connection between Columbia University and the defense establishment. In addition, the ROTC left the Morningside Heights campus as CIA and armed forces recruiters. As a sign of changing times, however, Columbia announced early in 2013 a renewal of its historic ties to NROTC.
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on out, university administration would be attentive to student concerns about university policies. Another result of the protests was an improved relationship with the Harlem community. The university was forced to approach neighboring Harlem with a certain respect. Instead of continuing expansion north and east into Harlem, Columbia shifted its focus for expansion west to the Hudson
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of power came into being, in general campus life calmed down significantly. This is due in major part to the ending of the
Vietnam War, which historians credit as the underlying and immediate cause of the majority of said movements. This excepts the Civil Rights Movement which was well under way prior to Vietnam. The two issues combined synergistically in the mid/late sixties.
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603:"By its final days the revolt enjoyed both wide and deep support among the students and junior faculty...The grievances of the rebels were felt equally by a still larger number, probably a majority of the students...Support for the demonstrators rested upon broad discontent and widespread sympathy for their position."
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meeting any demand under a situation such as this." Along with
College administrators William Kahn and Dan Carlinsky, Coleman was detained as a hostage in his office as furniture was placed to keep him from leaving. He had been provided with food while being held and was able to leave 24 hours later, with
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A wide variety of effects, both positive and negative, occurred in the wake of the demonstrations, but unfortunately for
Columbia, they primarily affected enrollment and alumni donations. Additionally, the "growing militancy" Gitlin refers to peaked just a few years later, and while certain new loci
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served on a faculty group that established a joint committee composed of administrators, faculty and students that established recommendations for addressing disciplinary action for the students involved in the protests. Appointed as dean while the protests were continuing, Hovde stated that he felt
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was established as a result of the protests. This council, with representation from the faculty, administration and student population, gave students the opportunity to positively restructure the university. It was a way to produce positive dialogue between students and authority figures. From here
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Columbia suffered quite a bit in the aftermath of the student protest. Applications, endowments, and grants for the university declined significantly in the following years. "It took at least 20 years to fully recover." The protests left
Columbia in a bad spot financially as many potential students
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What began as a unified effort would soon become a tension-filled standoff between black students and white students as the SAS began to meet separately from other protesters and excluding whites, with each group occupying a separate side of the building. There was minimal communication between the
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Columbia's relationship with the United States military and federal government was changed, a number of years in advance of similar changes for other schools. There would be no more federal sponsorship of classified weapons research and international studies that had been occurring since World War
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conducted polls during the actual event and immediately afterward, and found that while many students sympathized with many of the goals of the demonstration, a majority were opposed to the manner in which things were carried out. To that end, a group of 300 undergraduates calling themselves the
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An important aspect of the 1968 Columbia
University protests was the manner in which activists were separated along racial lines. The morning after the initial takeover of Hamilton Hall, the 60 African-American students involved with the protest asked the predominantly white SDS students to leave.
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on Low Plaza with a picnic following at Morningside Park, the place where the demonstrations began. The student demonstration that happened on Columbia's campus in 1968 proved that universities do not exist in a bubble and are, in fact, susceptible to the social and economic strife that surrounds
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Racial divisions had also been strengthened as a result of the protests, made worse by the separate deal that the administration, to prevent a riot in Harlem, made with the black students of the SAS who had occupied Hamilton Hall. These black activists were permitted to exit the building through
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Black students at a 40th anniversary event said their bitterness evolved from discrimination, that unlike white students their identifications were constantly checked, and that black women were told not to register for difficult courses. A "stacking system" that put all the former black football
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Prior to March 1967, the IDA had rarely been mentioned in the U.S. media or in the left, underground or campus press. A few magazine articles on the IDA had appeared between 1956 and 1967 and the IDA had been mentioned in a few books for academic specialists published by university presses. The
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describes, "growing militancy, growing isolation growing hatred among the competing factions with their competing imaginations. The Columbia building occupations and accompanying demonstrations, in which several thousand people participated, paralyzed the operations of the whole university and
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would be held hostage until the group's demands were met. Though he was not in his office when the takeover was initiated, Coleman made his way into the building past protesters, went into his office and stated that "I have no control over the demands you are making, but I have no intention of
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In separating themselves from the white protesters early in the demonstration, the black protesters forced Columbia to address the issue of race. Falling so soon after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., which had caused riots in the black neighborhoods surrounding the university, the
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homicide) had cleared the African-American students out of Hamilton Hall. The buildings occupied by whites however were cleared violently as approximately 132 students, 4 faculty members and 12 police officers were injured, while over 700 protesters were arrested. Violence continued into the
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More protesting Columbia and Barnard students were arrested and/or injured by New York City police during a second round of protests May 17–22, 1968, when community residents occupied a Columbia University-owned partially vacant apartment building at 618 West 114 Street to protest Columbia's
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Columbia became much more liberal in its policies as a result of the student demonstrations and classes were canceled for the rest of the week following the end of the protest. Additionally, a policy was soon established that allowed students to receive passing grades in all classes with no
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violently quashed the demonstrations, with tear gas, and stormed both Hamilton Hall and the Low Library. Hamilton Hall was cleared peacefully as African-American lawyers were outside ready to represent SAS members in court and a tactical squad of African-American police officers with the
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The discovery of the IDA documents touched off a Columbia SDS anti-war campaign between April 1967 and April 1968, which demanded the Columbia University administration resign its institutional membership in the Institute for Defense Analyses. Following a peaceful demonstration inside the
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The protests achieved two of their stated goals. Columbia disaffiliated from the IDA and scrapped the plans for the controversial gym, building a subterranean physical fitness center under the north end of campus instead. A popular myth states that the gym's plans were eventually used by
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In response to the Columbia Administration's attempts to suppress anti-IDA student protest on its campus, and Columbia's plans for the Morningside Park gymnasium, Columbia SDS activists and the student activists who led Columbia's Student Afro Society (SAS) held a second, confrontational
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tunnels before the New York Police Department came. Black students maintained their own separate organization with a particular agenda: to foster the relationship between Columbia and the Harlem community and modify the curriculum to include black studies courses.
759:, which refers to the ability for African-American students and black working-class community members to work together despite class differences, on an issue affecting African-Americans, could succeed as it had done in the Columbia University protests of 1968.
719:. In order to play on 3 May 1968 on a closed campus, The Grateful Dead had to be "'smuggled' on campus to Low Library Plaza in the back of a bread delivery truck. Equipment and all. We were already jamming away before the security and police could stop us."
383:, not the Institute for Defense Analyses, was the military-oriented think tank that had received most of the publicity prior to March 1967. But after Feldman's name appeared in some leftist publications in reference to the Columbia-IDA revelation, the
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expansion policies, and later when students re-occupied Hamilton Hall to protest Columbia's suspension of "The IDA Six." Before the night of May 22, 1968 was over, police had arrested another 177 students and beaten several students.
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administration building on March 27, 1968, the Columbia Administration placed on probation six anti-war Columbia student activists, who were collectively nicknamed "The IDA Six," for violating its ban on indoor demonstrations.
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that the "sit-ins and the demonstrations were not without cause" and opposed criminal charges being filed against the students by the university, though he did agree that the protesters "were acting with insufficient cause".
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Since 1958 the University had evicted more than seven thousand Harlem residents from Columbia-controlled properties—85 percent of whom were African American or Puerto Rican. Many Harlem residents paid rent to the University.
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following day with students armed with sticks battling with officers. Frank Gucciardi, a 34-year-old police officer, was permanently disabled when a student jumped onto him from a second story window, breaking his back.
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additional work for the remainder of the abridged semester. In the place of traditional class, students held "liberation classes, rallies, concerts outside" which included appearances by Allen Ginsberg and the
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became perhaps "the most powerful and effective student protest in modern American history," although it is arguable that the protests at UC Berkeley and Kent State had far more sweeping repercussions.
412:, who opposed the project. By 1967, community opposition had become more militant. One of the causes for dispute was the gym's proposed design. Due to the topography of the area, Columbia's campus at
330:. The Columbia protests erupted over the spring of that year after students discovered links between the university and the institutional apparatus supporting the United States' involvement in the
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activist named Bob Feldman claimed in 2022 to have discovered documents from early March 1967, in the International Law Library detailing Columbia's institutional affiliation with the
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students were prevented from protesting inside Low Library by Columbia security guards, most of the student protesters marched down to the Columbia gymnasium construction site in
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Students involved in the protests continued their involvement in protest politics in varied forms affecting the movement at large. Their many activities included forming
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arrested one protester at the gym site. The SAS and SDS students then left the gym site at Morningside Park and returned to Columbia's campus, where they took over
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According to "Crisis at Columbia: Report of the Fact-Finding Commission appointed to Investigate the Disturbances at Columbia University in April and May 1968":
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Crisis at Columbia: Report of the Fact-Finding Commission Appointed to Investigate the Disturbances at Columbia University in April and May 1968
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and creating urban social organizations. A faction of Columbia SDS, influenced by their alliance with the New York
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comments of Ray Brown in the "What Happened?" session of the retrospective Columbia 1968 Conference, held in 2008
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1029:"The Politics of Space: Student Communes, Political Counterculture, and the Columbia University Protest of 1968"
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How Black Students Helped Lead the 1968 Columbia University Strike Against Militarism and Racism 50 Years Ago
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describing his departure from the siege as "showing no sign that he had been unsettled by the experience"
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1162:"How Black Students Helped Lead the 1968 Columbia U. Strike Against Militarism & Racism 50 Years Ago"
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fueled anger among the nearby Harlem community. Opposition began in 1965, during the mayoral campaign of
1374:"Revisit the Grateful Dead's powerful gig at a protest against the Vietnam war, 1968 - Far Out Magazine"
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was already 50% complete by 1966 (when the Columbia gym was announced) this was clearly not correct.
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At least 30 Columbia students were suspended by the administration as a result of the protests.
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opened a file on him and started to investigate, according to Feldman's declassified FBI files.
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1446:"Toronto Rounds Out Film Festival with Four-Plus Hours of Its Best Material in A Time To Stir"
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them. These 1968 protests left Columbia University a much changed place, with, as historian
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The protests came to a conclusion in the early morning hours of April 30, 1968, when the
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Crisis at Columbia: An Inside Report on the Rebellion at Columbia from the Pages of the
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851:– 1968 documentary about the incident made by a collective of independent filmmakers.
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to the east. The proposed design would have an upper level to be used as a Columbia
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to the west was more than 100 feet (30 m) above the adjacent neighborhood of
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1080:"GYM CONTROVERSY BEGAN IN LATE 50s; Many Columbia Opponents Use It as a Symbol"
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1710:"The Whole World Is Watching": An Oral History of the 1968 Columbia Uprising
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1306:"Disabled During '68 Columbia Melee, a Former Officer Feels Pain, Not Rage"
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999:"Sundial: Columbia SDS Memories: Chapter 8: Discovering IDA, 1967 (vii)"
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Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s
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Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s
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A number of the Class of '68 walked out of their graduation and held
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Confrontation on Campus: The Columbia Pattern for the New Protest
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led by Detective Sanford Garelick (the same investigator of the
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The first protest occurred in March 1968, eight days before the
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wearing sunglasses and smoking a cigar in Columbia President
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Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
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Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
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Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
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The Strawberry Statement: Notes of a College Revolutionary
892:, protagonist Helene Hanff gets caught up in the protests.
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National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
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Up Against the Ivy Wall: A History of the Columbia Crisis
1199:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 90–95.
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1392:"Radicalism and research at Columbia: the legacy of '68"
1268:"Henry S. Coleman, 79, Dies; Hostage at Columbia in '68"
972:"Columbia's Radicals of 1968 Hold a Bittersweet Reunion"
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US student demonstrations against racism and Vietnam War
1253:, September 28, 2007. Accessed September 22, 2008. See
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were one among the various student demonstrations that
1706:– Online exhibit from the Columbia University Archives
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The Battle for Morningside Heights: Why Students Rebel
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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officers who were guarding the construction site. The
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for the expansion of its athletic facilities, but as
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1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
883:. This book details the particulars of the protest.
835:. This book details the particulars of the protest.
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1363:, September 10, 2009. Accessed September 11, 2009.
918:List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City
307:Vietnam War protests at the University of Michigan
1355:"Carl F. Hovde, Former Columbia Dean, Dies at 82"
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1608:Underground: My Life with SDS and the Weathermen
1276:, February 4, 2006. Accessed September 12, 2009.
606:However, this statement is problematic, as both
843:– film version of the above with less analysis.
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2430:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
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1953:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
1325:"Gym Groundbreaking Will Be Held Next Month"
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440:players in the same position was described.
4278:Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society
2625:Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee
1715:"1968 Columbia Protests Still Stir Passion"
1295:, April 25, 2008. Accessed March 17, 2013.
1232:Columbia University in the City of New York
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4483:Civil rights protests in the United States
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1531:New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.
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1220:
1218:
1216:
338:gymnasium to be constructed in the nearby
170:
156:
1977:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
1883:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
1385:
1383:
813:Learn how and when to remove this message
491:Learn how and when to remove this message
4109:Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest
3751:116th Street–Columbia University station
2062:Occupation of the Student Union Building
1566:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1077:
751:According to Stefan Bradley in his book
674:At the start of the protests, professor
510:assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
2771:
2373:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
1443:
1213:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1133:
996:
938:Student activism at Columbia University
577:'s office was published in the media.
513:demonstration on April 23, 1968 at the
4478:Anti-war protests in the United States
4465:
4197:Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts
3468:Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls
2215:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1898:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
1417:Sandhu, Sukhdev (September 25, 2020).
1416:
1380:
1234:April 1998. Accessed November 2, 2009.
1194:
997:Feldman, Bob A. (September 24, 2022).
969:
965:
963:
654:
544:
328:occurred around the globe in that year
4215:Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
4179:Columbia Journal of Environmental Law
2745:
2513:Greenwich Village townhouse explosion
2229:
1774:
1578:
1534:
1444:Foundas, Scott (September 17, 2008).
1389:
1114:
1023:
1021:
1019:
762:
517:. After the protesting Columbia and
249:Greenwich Village townhouse explosion
151:
4488:Student protests in New York (state)
2497:Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
2444:Columbia University protests of 1968
2017:Columbia University protests of 1968
2007:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
1816:1968–69 Japanese university protests
1800:
1600:
1554:
1179:
795:adding citations to reliable sources
766:
722:
595:
447:
424:, and a lower level to be used as a
244:Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
219:Columbia University protests of 1968
1733:Interactive History of Columbia '68
1494:
960:
554:had been killed three weeks prior.
373:United States Department of Defense
13:
2650:Movement for a Democratic Military
2320:1965 March against the Vietnam War
1635:(PDF). Spring 1968. Archived from
1542:. New York: New American Library.
1460:
1078:Millones, Peter (April 26, 1968).
1016:
14:
4519:
4269:Journal of Politics & Society
3291:Columbia–Cornell football rivalry
2670:Students for a Democratic Society
2042:March of the One Hundred Thousand
1697:
948:2024 Columbia University protests
361:Students for a Democratic Society
318:In 1968, a series of protests at
115:Students for a Democratic Society
24:1968 Columbia University protests
4473:Protests against the Vietnam War
4251:Journal of International Affairs
4188:Columbia Journal of European Law
4159:Columbia Human Rights Law Review
3374:Robertson Field at Satow Stadium
2690:Vietnam Veterans Against the War
2292:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
1936:
1767:, April 23, 2018, Democracy Now!
1723:– lecture by Robert A. McCaughey
1629:Six Weeks That Shook Morningside
1476:(1969). Friedman, Robert (ed.).
1245:"New ghosts for old at Columbia"
1035:2006. Accessed October 29, 2009.
771:
452:
297:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
2685:United States Servicemen's Fund
2200:Segregation in Northern Ireland
1437:
1410:
1366:
1347:
1336:
1317:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1237:
970:Kifner, John (April 28, 2008).
928:Silent Vigil at Duke University
782:needs additional citations for
344:New York City Police Department
134:New York City Police Department
4493:History of Columbia University
4074:Columbia University traditions
2487:Weather High School Jailbreaks
2449:Court-martial of Susan Schnall
1738:"Mutiny at a Great University"
1470:; Members of the Staff of the
1154:
1105:
1071:
1038:
990:
365:Institute for Defense Analyses
234:Weather High School Jailbreaks
182:involvement in the Vietnam War
54:(1 month and 3 days)
1:
2731:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth
1987:1968 Red Square demonstration
953:
359:A former Columbia University
349:
199:March Against the Vietnam War
40:Opposition to the Vietnam War
4150:Columbia Business Law Review
3716:Three Way Piece No.1: Points
3046:Social and Economic Research
2559:Winter Soldier Investigation
2379:Court-martial of Howard Levy
1967:1968 Polish political crisis
1923:West German student movement
1848:Black Consciousness Movement
1721:"Columbia '68: A Near Thing"
1529:A Time to Stir: Columbia '68
1287:"Remembering Columbia, 1968"
1228:"Columbia University – 1968"
649:
7:
4206:Columbia Journal of Tax Law
4168:A Jailhouse Lawyer's Manual
3176:Jewish Theological Seminary
3141:Architectural and Fine Arts
2943:Jewish Theological Seminary
2716:Counterculture of the 1960s
2615:Concerned Officers Movement
2436:The whole world is watching
2173:Racism in the United States
2138:Counterculture of the 1960s
1959:The whole world is watching
1928:Women's liberation movement
1502:. New York: Vintage Books.
908:Counterculture of the 1960s
896:
581:announced that acting dean
504:Occupation of Hamilton Hall
443:
180:Opposition to United States
10:
4524:
4224:Columbia Journalism Review
4000:Columbia Bartending Agency
3637:Bellerophon Taming Pegasus
2966:Union Theological Seminary
2660:Pacific Counseling Service
2403:The Ultimate Confrontation
2341:political self-immolations
1669:Spring '68: 40 Years Later
1612:. New Yo: William Morrow.
1588:. New York: Random House.
1343:Columbia University – 1968
1257:for an image of the photo.
933:The Architect's Resistance
400:Morningside Park gymnasium
367:(IDA), a weapons research
355:Discovery of IDA documents
4347:
4306:
4287:Revista Hispánica Moderna
4260:The Journal of Philosophy
4242:Columbia Political Review
4138:
4065:
3984:
3959:
3876:
3869:
3735:
3611:
3530:
3394:
3387:
3337:
3275:
3199:
3192:
3123:
2979:
2927:
2818:
2786:
2779:
2708:
2595:
2551:
2505:
2462:
2422:
2359:
2315:Edmonton aircraft bombing
2307:
2274:
2263:
2115:
2052:Memphis sanitation strike
1945:
1934:
1833:1968 movement in Pakistan
1808:
619:Suppression of protesters
194:Edmonton aircraft bombing
189:
106:
101:
82:
66:
49:27 March – 30 April 1968
45:
28:
23:
3779:Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter
3698:Reclining Figure 1969–70
3360:Lawrence A. Wien Stadium
3183:Rare Book and Manuscript
2032:King assassination riots
1992:1968 uprising in Senegal
1888:Mexican Movement of 1968
1727:Columbia University 1968
1704:1968: Columbia in Crisis
1519:Columbia Daily Spectator
1473:Columbia Daily Spectator
1134:Bradley, Stefan (2009).
1033:UNC University Libraries
840:The Strawberry Statement
828:The Strawberry Statement
641:Second round of protests
430:Civil Rights Act of 1964
4296:Teachers College Record
3744:Columbia Transportation
3662:John Howard Van Amringe
3546:Brooks and Hewitt Halls
3353:Commisso Soccer Stadium
2282:1960s Berkeley protests
287:1960s Berkeley protests
3505:Rutherfurd Observatory
3475:Arthur Ross Greenhouse
3346:Campbell Sports Center
2533:Student strike of 1970
2158:Antisemitism in Poland
2067:Poor People's Campaign
2002:Battle of Valle Giulia
1972:1968 protests in Egypt
1858:Black Power Revolution
1828:1968 movement in Italy
1498:; et al. (1968).
1482:. New York: Atheneum.
684:a counter-commencement
560:School of Architecture
552:Martin Luther King Jr.
264:Student strike of 1970
4503:1968 in New York City
4042:Postcrypt Coffeehouse
3452:RV Marcus G. Langseth
3070:War and Peace Studies
2869:International Affairs
2570:Clay v. United States
2564:1971 May Day protests
2543:Sterling Hall bombing
2389:March on the Pentagon
2188:Years of Lead (Italy)
1843:Anti-nuclear movement
1838:Civil Rights Movement
1717:, NPR, April 23, 2008
1398:. Columbia University
1333:, September 29, 1966.
1195:Naison, Mark (2002).
889:84 Charing Cross Road
279:1971 May Day protests
274:Sterling Hall bombing
214:March on the Pentagon
57:17 May – 22 May 1968
4331:Alumni and attendees
4028:Peithologian Society
3940:The Morningside Post
3793:Low Memorial Library
2904:Professional Studies
2635:GI's Against Fascism
2523:Kent State shootings
2183:Second-wave feminism
2123:1968 Summer Olympics
2057:Miss America protest
1893:Movement of 22 March
1853:Black power movement
1285:McFadden, Robert D.
1052:. January 14, 1960.
791:improve this article
662:Princeton University
527:New York City Police
371:affiliated with the
259:Kent State shootings
119:Student Afro-Society
31:Black Power movement
4233:Columbia Law Review
4102:Barnard Greek Games
4035:Philolexian Society
3993:Boar's Head Society
3849:Wallach Art Gallery
3828:Studebaker Building
3671:Letters and Science
2773:Columbia University
2695:Weather Underground
2665:Stop Our Ship (SOS)
2337:Roger Allen LaPorte
2287:Central Park be-ins
2107:Tlatelolco massacre
2022:Delano grape strike
2012:Central Park be-ins
1868:Cultural Revolution
1527:Cronin, Paul (ed.)
1390:Karaganis, Joseph.
1197:White Boy: A Memoir
856:Across the Universe
705:Black Panther Party
655:Immediate responses
545:Activist separation
414:Morningside Heights
320:Columbia University
292:Central Park be-ins
129:Columbia University
72:Columbia University
4508:1960s in Manhattan
4391:In popular culture
4021:Nacoms and Sachems
3922:The Blue and White
3758:Alfred Lerner Hall
3620:Alexander Hamilton
3238:Women's basketball
2610:Chicano Moratorium
2518:Free The Army tour
2297:Draft-card burning
2047:May 1968 in France
2027:East L.A. walkouts
1908:Red Power movement
1580:Kunen, James Simon
1360:The New York Times
1330:Columbia Spectator
1311:The New York Times
1292:The New York Times
1273:The New York Times
1084:The New York Times
1050:The New York Times
1027:Slonecker, Blake.
976:The New York Times
763:In popular culture
589:The New York Times
515:university sundial
471:You can assist by
254:Free The Army tour
4460:
4459:
4134:
4133:
3865:
3864:
3821:St. Paul's Chapel
3807:President's House
3646:The Great God Pan
3521:Schermerhorn Hall
3383:
3382:
3077:Earth Observatory
3032:Goddard Institute
2975:
2974:
2841:Arts and Sciences
2739:
2738:
2721:Anti-war movement
2640:G.I. coffeehouses
2591:
2590:
2223:
2222:
2178:School discipline
2097:Takeover of Vanha
1913:Sexual revolution
1752:Columbia Magazine
1642:on June 14, 2011.
1619:978-0-06-147275-6
1450:The Village Voice
1376:. April 24, 2021.
1266:Martin, Douglas.
1206:978-1-56639-941-8
1147:978-0-252-03452-7
833:James Simon Kunen
823:
822:
815:
737:university senate
723:Long term effects
596:Popular responses
501:
500:
493:
315:
314:
229:Bed-Ins for Peace
146:
145:
142:
141:
60:
52:
4515:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4428:Student activism
4423:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4370:Club of New York
4365:
4358:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4127:
4125:The Varsity Show
4120:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4081:Academic regalia
4076:
4058:
4056:St. Anthony Hall
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4007:Conversio Virium
4002:
3995:
3977:
3970:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3874:
3873:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3765:Audubon Ballroom
3760:
3753:
3746:
3728:
3725:Tightrope Walker
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3654:Thomas Jefferson
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3376:
3369:
3367:Levien Gymnasium
3362:
3355:
3348:
3330:
3328:Roar-ee the Lion
3323:
3320:Roar, Lion, Roar
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3231:Men's basketball
3226:
3219:
3212:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3063:Tele-Information
3058:
3057:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2968:
2961:
2959:Teachers College
2952:
2945:
2938:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2726:Protests of 1968
2620:Donald W. Duncan
2329:Donald W. Duncan
2272:
2271:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2205:Student activism
1940:
1863:Chicano Movement
1802:Protests of 1968
1795:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1729:by Frank da Cruz
1693:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1672:. May–June 2008.
1663:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1634:
1623:
1611:
1597:
1575:
1565:
1551:
1524:
1511:
1491:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1353:Hevesi, Dennis.
1351:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1323:Hevesi, Dennis.
1321:
1315:
1302:
1296:
1283:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1241:
1235:
1226:Da Cruz, Frank.
1224:
1211:
1210:
1192:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1131:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1042:
1036:
1025:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1003:bob's Newsletter
994:
988:
987:
967:
923:Protests of 1968
903:A. Bruce Goldman
818:
811:
807:
804:
798:
775:
767:
666:Jadwin Gymnasium
583:Henry S. Coleman
541:Administration.
539:Columbia College
523:Morningside Park
496:
489:
485:
482:
476:
456:
455:
448:
426:community center
406:Morningside Park
381:RAND Corporation
340:Morningside Park
184:
172:
165:
158:
149:
148:
108:
107:
58:
50:
35:Protests of 1968
21:
20:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4377:Core Curriculum
4375:
4368:
4363:Calderone Prize
4361:
4354:
4343:
4338:Nobel laureates
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4165:
4156:
4147:
4140:
4130:
4123:
4117:Stand, Columbia
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3904:Daily Spectator
3901:
3892:
3883:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3618:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3484:Philosophy Hall
3482:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3333:
3326:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
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3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3188:
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3167:
3160:
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3146:
3139:
3132:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3053:Social Research
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2814:
2809:General Studies
2807:
2800:
2793:
2775:
2770:
2740:
2735:
2704:
2630:Fort Hood Three
2597:
2587:
2582:Pentagon Papers
2547:
2501:
2458:
2454:Presidio mutiny
2418:
2414:self-immolation
2367:Angry Arts week
2355:
2346:Fort Hood Three
2333:Norman Morrison
2303:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2224:
2219:
2128:Anti-capitalism
2111:
2077:Presidio mutiny
1982:1968 Miami riot
1941:
1932:
1878:Hippie movement
1804:
1799:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1514:
1468:Avorn, Jerry L.
1463:
1461:Further reading
1458:
1457:
1442:
1438:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1322:
1318:
1304:Dominus, Susan
1303:
1299:
1284:
1280:
1265:
1261:
1242:
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1225:
1214:
1207:
1193:
1180:
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1168:
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1115:
1110:
1106:
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1094:
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1044:
1043:
1039:
1026:
1017:
1007:
1005:
995:
991:
968:
961:
956:
899:
848:Columbia Revolt
819:
808:
802:
799:
788:
776:
765:
725:
657:
652:
643:
621:
598:
575:Grayson L. Kirk
547:
506:
497:
486:
480:
477:
470:
457:
453:
446:
402:
357:
352:
316:
311:
283:
209:Angry Arts week
185:
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138:
122:
78:
61:
56:
55:
53:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4442:2021–22 strike
4438:
4424:
4415:
4412:Pulitzer Prize
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4344:
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4341:
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4049:Queer Alliance
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3949:The Federalist
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3800:Miller Theatre
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3431:Havemeyer Hall
3427:
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3259:Women's squash
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3210:Columbia Lions
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3087:
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3011:Computer Music
3007:
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2675:Terry Whitmore
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2528:Fort Lewis Six
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2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
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1969:
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1962:
1949:
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1930:
1925:
1920:
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1873:Gay liberation
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1759:A Time to Stir
1755:
1745:
1744:, May 10, 1968
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1699:
1698:External links
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1496:Cox, Archibald
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1166:Democracy Now!
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868:A Time to Stir
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742:Riverside Park
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89:Student strike
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59:(second round)
47:
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26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4520:
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4498:1968 protests
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4449:2024 protests
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4435:1968 protests
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4018:
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4008:
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3985:Organizations
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3808:
3804:
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3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:The Colosseum
3769:
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3630:
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3621:
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3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:Schapiro Hall
3592:
3589:
3588:John Jay Hall
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
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3539:Broadway Hall
3536:
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3469:
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3462:
3461:Lewisohn Hall
3458:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:Lamont Campus
3442:
3439:
3438:Hotel Theresa
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:Hamilton Hall
3421:
3418:
3417:Casa Italiana
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3312:Marching Band
3309:
3306:
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3299:
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3292:
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3284:Columbia blue
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2911:Public Health
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2787:Undergraduate
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2645:Intrepid Four
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2605:Chicago Seven
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2598:organizations
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2538:Hard Hat Riot
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2482:Chicago Seven
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2100:
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2092:Silence March
2090:
2088:
2087:Shinjuku riot
2085:
2083:
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2075:
2073:
2072:Prague Spring
2070:
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2063:
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2037:Mafeje affair
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1754:, Spring 2008
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3870:Student life
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3602:Wallach Hall
3574:Hartley Hall
3567:Furnald Hall
3491:Prentis Hall
3403:Barnard Hall
3252:Men's squash
3245:Men's soccer
3084:Neurological
3004:Oral History
2997:Radiological
2950:List College
2827:Architecture
2680:The Newsreel
2580:
2568:
2492:Days of Rage
2469:
2411:Nhat Chi Mai
2401:
2395:Flower Power
2394:
2143:Flower power
2082:Rodney riots
1997:BĂĄstad riots
1918:The Troubles
1758:
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1668:
1637:the original
1628:
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1423:The Guardian
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1169:. Retrieved
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1083:
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1008:November 13,
1006:. Retrieved
1002:
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975:
913:David Truman
887:
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861:Julie Taymor
854:
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789:Please help
784:verification
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410:John Lindsay
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317:
239:Days of Rage
29:Part of the
18:
4398:Nutellagate
3960:Other media
3931:The Current
3707:The Thinker
3560:East Campus
3553:Carman Hall
3531:Residential
3305:Liberty Cup
3107:Psychiatric
2980:Centers and
2918:Social Work
2802:Engineering
2351:Human Be-In
2308:Before 1967
2210:Vietnam War
2133:Black power
1686:|work=
1656:|work=
1556:Kahn, Roger
1402:October 27,
1171:October 22,
881:Paul Auster
757:Black Power
689:Todd Gitlin
569:A photo of
481:August 2024
393:Low Library
332:Vietnam War
204:Human Be-In
94:Occupations
4467:Categories
4066:Traditions
4014:I Wor Kuen
3680:Life Force
3628:Alma Mater
3581:Hogan Hall
3498:Pupin Hall
3410:Buell Hall
3298:Deans' Cup
3162:East Asian
3114:East Asian
2982:Institutes
2928:Affiliated
2876:Journalism
2596:People and
2325:Alice Herz
2267:and events
2163:Hot Autumn
1748:Stir It Up
1602:Rudd, Mark
954:References
709:Weatherman
676:Carl Hovde
473:editing it
369:think tank
350:Background
336:segregated
4324:President
3886:The Birch
3786:Earl Hall
3514:Reid Hall
3193:Athletics
3169:Gottesman
3125:Libraries
2148:Free love
1809:Movements
1688:ignored (
1678:cite book
1658:ignored (
1648:cite book
1508:634959303
1431:0261-3077
1255:this link
1097:August 1,
1092:0362-4331
1063:August 1,
1058:0362-4331
984:0362-4331
707:, formed
650:Aftermath
634:Malcolm X
612:Spectator
579:Mark Rudd
37:, and the
4317:Trustees
4139:Academic
4095:Heraldry
3814:Rat Rock
3395:Academic
3224:Baseball
3217:Football
3056:(former)
3039:Harriman
2890:Medicine
2848:Business
2819:Graduate
2576:FTA Show
2265:Protests
2168:New Left
1821:ZenkyĹŤtĹŤ
1604:(2009).
1582:(1969).
1558:(1970).
1538:(1969).
897:See also
701:communes
444:Protests
76:New York
67:Location
4384:History
4348:Related
3842:Sundial
3835:Tunnels
3612:Statues
3266:Fencing
2936:Barnard
2897:Nursing
2855:Climate
2795:College
2780:Schools
2709:Related
2700:Yippies
2275:General
2193:Morocco
2116:Related
1523:. 1968.
876:4 3 2 1
519:Barnard
102:Parties
83:Methods
4420:Record
4308:People
3913:Jester
3388:Campus
3338:Venues
3276:Spirit
3155:Butler
3025:Global
2862:Dental
2477:Bed-in
2153:Hippie
1946:Events
1616:
1592:
1570:
1546:
1506:
1488:190161
1486:
1429:
1203:
1144:
1090:
1056:
982:
744:area.
418:Harlem
33:, the
4405:Press
3736:Other
3201:Teams
3148:Burke
3098:RARAF
3091:Nevis
3018:Earth
2990:Women
2397:photo
2339:1965
1640:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1572:84980
1548:32244
1396:21stC
879:– by
859:– by
831:– by
3975:WBAR
3968:WKCR
3895:Bwog
2834:Arts
2552:1971
2506:1970
2463:1969
2423:1968
2360:1967
1742:LIFE
1690:help
1660:help
1614:ISBN
1594:5595
1590:OCLC
1568:OCLC
1544:OCLC
1504:OCLC
1484:OCLC
1427:ISSN
1404:2009
1201:ISBN
1173:2018
1142:ISBN
1099:2019
1088:ISSN
1065:2019
1054:ISSN
1010:2023
980:ISSN
630:NYPD
625:NYPD
610:and
608:WKCR
531:NYPD
46:Date
3134:Law
2883:Law
886:In
793:by
422:gym
385:FBI
322:in
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