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25:
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Data generated by the 1000 Genomes
Project is widely used by the genetics community, making the first 1000 Genomes Project one of the most cited papers in biology. To support this user community, the project held a community analysis meeting in July 2012 that included talks highlighting key project
1445:
It was found that on average, each person carries around 250–300 loss-of-function variants in annotated genes and 50-100 variants previously implicated in inherited disorders. Based on the two trios, it is estimated that the rate of de novo germline mutation is approximately 10 per base per
379:
Almost 10 billion bases were to be sequenced per day over a period of the two year production phase, equating to more than two human genomes every 24 hours. The intended sequence dataset was to comprise 6 trillion DNA bases, 60-fold more sequence data than what has been published in
391:
at low coverage (2×). For the second pilot study, the genomes of two nuclear families (both parents and an adult child) are going to be sequenced with deep coverage (20× per genome). The third pilot study involves sequencing the coding regions
221:
can be used to reliably detect signatures of selection and may help to identify genes that might underlie variation in disease resistance or drug metabolism. Such insights could improve understanding of
376:’s Large-Scale Sequencing Network planned to sequence a minimum of 1,000 human genomes. Due to the large amount of sequence data that was required, recruiting additional participants was maintained.
461:
for common diseases are being carried out. Furthermore, the samples do not need to have medical or phenotype information since the proposed catalogue will be a basic resource on human variation.
139:
361:. In designing the study the consortium needed to address several critical issues regarding the project metrics such as technology challenges, data quality standards and sequence coverage.
337:. The completed database was expected be a useful tool for studying regions under selection, variation in multiple populations and understanding the underlying processes of mutation and
387:
To determine the final design of the full project three pilot studies were to be carried out within the first year of the project. The first pilot intends to genotype 180 people of 3
2454:
483:
Complying with extensive ethical procedures, the 1000 Genomes
Project will then use samples from volunteer donors. The following populations will be included in the study:
2304:
283:
The 1000 Genomes
Project was designed to bridge the gap of knowledge between rare genetic variants that have a severe effect predominantly on simple traits (e.g.
399:
It was estimated that the project would likely cost more than $ 500 million if standard DNA sequencing technologies were used. Several newer technologies (e.g.
75:
of at least one thousand anonymous healthy participants from a number of different ethnic groups within the following three years, using advancements in
1182:
2346:
858:
706:
1983:
Barreiro LB, Laval G, Quach H, Patin E, Quintana-Murci L (March 2008). "Natural selection has driven population differentiation in modern humans".
898:
2407:
1085:
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770:
646:
989:
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2325:
1242:
738:
1303:
1274:
617:
437:, all genome sequence data (including variant calls) is freely available as the project progresses and can be downloaded via ftp from the
2831:
1869:"Comparative sequencing of human and chimpanzee MHC class I regions unveils insertions/deletions as the major path to genomic divergence"
430:
2025:
EE Harris et al., The molecular signature of selection underlying human adaptations, Yearbook of
Physical Anthropology 49: 89-130 (2006)
1363:
3024:
1053:
1021:
961:
411:) were to be applied, lowering the expected costs to between $ 30 million and $ 50 million. The major support will be provided by the
1214:
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1117:
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536:
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relating genetic variation to disease. The consortium aimed to discover >95 % of the variants (e.g. SNPs, CNVs, indels) with
3029:
2779:
2309:
2251:
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discoveries, their impact on population genetics and human disease studies, and summaries of other large-scale sequencing studies.
373:
96:
Many rare variations, restricted to closely related groups, were identified, and eight structural-variation classes were analyzed.
826:
1331:
2320:
798:
453:
Locations of population samples of 1000 Genomes
Project. Each circle represents the number of sequences in the final release.
2112:
1857:
JC Long, Human
Genetic Variation: The mechanisms and results of microevolution, American Anthropological Association (2004)
63:), taken place from January 2008 to 2015, was an international research effort to establish the most detailed catalogue of
1486:
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collection will be sequenced. It will be useful to focus on samples that have additional data available (such as
412:
2178:
318:
as low as 1% across the genome and 0.1-0.5% in gene regions, as well as to estimate the population frequencies,
3019:
2998:
2351:
1787:
187:
79:. In 2010, the project finished its pilot phase, which was described in detail in a publication in the journal
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Based on the overall goals for the project, the samples will be chosen to provide power in populations where
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1395:
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612:
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369:
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Changes in the number and order of genes (A-D) create genetic diversity within and between populations.
76:
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135:
freely accessible through public databases to the scientific community and the general public alike.
2214:
1700:
Sudmant PH, Rausch T, Gardner EJ, Handsaker RE, Abyzov A, Huddleston J, et al. (October 2015).
1586:
Abecasis GR, Auton A, Brooks LD, DePristo MA, Durbin RM, Handsaker RE, et al. (November 2012).
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The project united multidisciplinary research teams from institutes around the world, including
2484:
2412:
2386:
323:
315:
218:
2035:
Bamshad M, Wooding SP (February 2003). "Signatures of natural selection in the human genome".
427:
2921:
2397:
338:
231:
1643:
Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Garrison EP, Kang HM, Korbel JO, et al. (October 2015).
291:) and common genetic variants have a mild effect and are implicated in complex traits (e.g.
2983:
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2694:
2449:
2422:
2126:"The Genome Russia project: closing the largest remaining omission on the world Genome map"
1939:
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consists of approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs and is estimated to carry around 20,000
334:
167:
159:
132:
1926:
Redon R, Ishikawa S, Fitch KR, Feuk L, Perry GH, Andrews TD, et al. (November 2006).
223:
93:
reported results and the completion of the project and opportunities for future research.
8:
2926:
2900:
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2479:
2113:
http://www.1000genomes.org/sites/1000genomes.org/files/docs/1000Genomes-MeetingReport.pdf
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G Spencer, International
Consortium Announces the 1000 Genomes Project, EMBARGOED (2008)
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Anzai T, Shiina T, Kimura N, Yanagiya K, Kohara S, Shigenari A, et al. (June 2003).
458:
311:
163:
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1603:
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261:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2008:
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Meeting Report: A Workshop to Plan a Deep
Catalog of Human Genetic Variation, (2007)
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The primary goal of this project was to create a complete and detailed catalogue of
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and their effects on survival and/or reproduction of different human populations.
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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http://archive.sciencewatch.com/newsletter/2012/201203/hottest_research_2012/
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It also aimed to provide evidence that can be used to explore the impact of
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2004:
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Secondary goals included the support of better SNP and probe selection for
2704:
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low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 179 individuals from 4 populations
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952:
949:
917:
789:
564:
2190:
1951:
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1611:
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761:
170:
enabled further insight into genetic diversity. The understanding about
142:
was created to host and expand on the data set after the project's end.
2699:
2669:
2474:
1526:, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, et al. (October 2010).
1173:
838:
757:
725:
669:
658:
449:
330:
2962:
1835:
1810:
1201:
319:
292:
2809:
480:) to be able to compare the results with those from other projects.
145:
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2417:
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1457:
1269:
1261:
1254:
765:
750:
701:
665:
641:
629:
296:
171:
1996:
1702:"An integrated map of structural variation in 2,504 human genomes"
1528:"A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing"
438:
2854:
2434:
2229:
1588:"An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes"
1358:
1343:
1322:
1080:
1065:
921:
885:
821:
810:
793:
782:
697:
552:
508:
492:
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116:
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were being uncovered and investigating human genomic variations
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2402:
2208:- A Deep Catalog of Human Genetic Variation - official web page
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1265:
1108:
556:
524:
516:
488:
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469:
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202:
72:
2205:
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exon-targeted sequencing of 697 individuals from 7 populations
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1315:
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1097:
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1044:
1033:
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889:
817:
733:
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540:
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358:
175:
112:
108:
104:
100:
85:. In 2012, the sequencing of 1092 genomes was announced in a
1518:
2469:
2464:
2365:
2291:
Sainsbury
Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour
1585:
1383:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1072:
1016:
548:
544:
512:
396:) of 1,000 genes in 1,000 people with deep coverage (20×).
393:
364:
Over the course of the next three years, scientists at the
120:
2211:
2123:
1866:
1642:
1438:
high-coverage sequencing of 2 trios (mother-father-child)
381:
1982:
1298:
333:
platforms in future studies and the improvement of the
1925:
1783:"1000 Genomes Project | Scientific Computing and Data"
131:
contributing to the sequence dataset and to a refined
1928:"Global variation in copy number in the human genome"
1453:
464:
For the pilot studies human genome samples from the
2090:
http://www.nih.gov/news/health/jan2008/nhgri-22.htm
423:, part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
515:residents with ancestry from northern and western
16:International research effort on genetic variation
2347:Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine
3011:
2189:1000 Genomes Project Community Analysis Meeting
1645:"A global reference for human genetic variation"
476:-end sequence, structural variation assays, and
2408:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
2034:
2825:
2245:
2174:C. King (2012) The Hottest Research of 2011.
1514:
1512:
1431:The pilot phase consisted of three projects:
2117:
1811:"Genomics: In search of rare human variants"
1581:
1579:
1409:* Population that was collected in diaspora
2832:
2818:
2252:
2238:
2124:Oleksyk TK, Brukhin V, O'Brien SJ (2015).
1802:
1509:
419:, Shenzhen (BGI Shenzhen), China; and the
2183:
2168:
2151:
2141:
1959:
1902:
1892:
1834:
1733:
1676:
1619:
1576:
1559:
2780:Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow
448:
374:National Human Genome Research Institute
144:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2082:
2080:
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1808:
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217:on population differences. Patterns of
3012:
2305:WTC for Gene Regulation and Expression
237:
2839:
2813:
2784:Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow
2233:
2191:http://1000gconference.sph.umich.edu/
89:publication. In 2015, two papers in
2749:Institutional Strategic Support Fund
2094:
2071:
2028:
2019:
1976:
1919:
1412:
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208:
140:International Genome Sample Resource
18:
1860:
1851:
1421:
67:at the time. Scientists planned to
13:
2259:
14:
3056:
3025:Population genetics organizations
2199:
472:sequence, genome-wide genotypes,
2794:
2793:
2364:
2225:Human Genome Project Information
1487:Population groups in biomedicine
1456:
1374:
1342:
1314:
1285:
1253:
1225:
1193:
1156:
1128:
1096:
1064:
1032:
1000:
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941:
909:
869:
837:
809:
781:
749:
717:
685:
657:
628:
599:
246:
23:
3030:Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
2896:Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
2743:Collaborative Awards in Science
2455:Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust
555:(GIH); Chinese in metropolitan
413:Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
188:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
2999:Human Genome Diversity Project
2746:Investigator Awards in Science
2352:Wellcome Research Laboratories
2317:WTC for Molecular Parasitology
2314:WTC for Mitochondrial Research
1788:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
1775:
1750:
1693:
1636:
1426:
1:
2958:Genome-wide association study
1502:
571:ancestry in the southwestern
326:patterns of variant alleles.
153:
2989:International HapMap Project
2300:WTC for Cell-Matrix Research
2212:International HapMap Project
1497:List of biological databases
439:1000 genomes project webpage
158:Since the completion of the
77:newly developed technologies
7:
2445:Genome Reference Consortium
2393:Cambridge Biomedical Campus
1449:
551:(PEL); Gujarati Indians in
10:
3061:
2326:WTC for Stem Cell Research
1809:Nielsen R (October 2010).
1492:1000 Plant Genomes Project
539:, Kenya (MKK); Toscani in
428:Fort Lauderdale principles
417:Beijing Genomics Institute
344:
2976:
2945:
2914:
2868:
2847:
2791:
2733:
2642:
2607:
2553:Executive leadership team
2552:
2503:
2373:
2362:
2339:
2331:Wellcome Sanger Institute
2274:
2267:
2143:10.1186/s13742-015-0095-0
1762:Nature News & Comment
415:in Hinxton, England; the
255:This section needs to be
32:This article needs to be
2295:Science Learning Centres
2037:Nature Reviews. Genetics
335:human reference sequence
316:minor allele frequencies
310:, which can be used for
308:human genetic variations
278:
2953:Whole genome sequencing
2886:Human genetic variation
2752:Science Strategic Award
2511:Eliza Manningham-Buller
2374:Projects and facilities
2282:Francis Crick Institute
1894:10.1073/pnas.1230533100
389:major geographic groups
384:databases at the time.
199:Human genetic variation
194:were being solidified.
174:(insertions/deletions (
65:human genetic variation
2734:Awards and fellowships
2485:Wellcome Genome Campus
2413:COSMIC cancer database
2310:WTC for Human Genetics
2268:Centres and institutes
454:
324:linkage disequilibrium
180:copy number variations
150:
3020:Human genome projects
2922:Personalized medicine
2776:Wellcome Trust Centre
2773:Wellcome Image Awards
2398:Cancer Genome Project
567:(MXL); and people of
452:
232:Mendelian inheritance
224:phenotypic variations
172:structural variations
148:
2994:1000 Genomes Project
2984:Human Genome Project
2932:Genetic epidemiology
2450:Human Genome Project
2423:Diamond Light Source
2381:1000 Genomes Project
2321:WTC for Neuroimaging
1472:Human Genome Project
543:(TSI); Peruvians in
445:Human genome samples
168:comparative genomics
160:Human Genome Project
57:1000 Genomes Project
2946:Analysis techniques
2927:Predictive medicine
2901:Identity by descent
2876:Biological specimen
2860:Biological database
2769:Wellcome Book Prize
2761:Sir Henry Wellcome
2480:Wellcome Collection
2221:- official web page
1952:10.1038/nature05329
1944:2006Natur.444..444R
1885:2003PNAS..100.7708A
1827:2010Natur.467.1050N
1726:10.1038/nature15394
1718:2015Natur.526...75.
1669:10.1038/nature15393
1661:2015Natur.526...68T
1612:10.1038/nature11632
1604:2012Natur.491...56T
1552:10.1038/nature09534
1544:2010Natur.467.1061T
459:association studies
312:association studies
238:Project description
164:population genetics
2576:Peter Pereira Gray
2504:Board of governors
2217:2014-04-16 at the
1394:ancestry from the
455:
433:2013-12-28 at the
289:Huntington disease
162:advances in human
151:
3007:
3006:
2881:De-identification
2841:Personal genomics
2807:
2806:
2521:Tobias Bonhoeffer
2360:
2359:
1758:"Variety of life"
1538:(7319): 1061–73.
1482:Personal genomics
1413:Community meeting
1407:
1406:
638:African Caribbean
559:(CHD); people of
276:
275:
228:genetic disorders
219:DNA polymorphisms
215:Natural selection
209:Natural selection
197:The diversity of
192:natural selection
53:
52:
3052:
2937:Pharmacogenomics
2906:Genetic disorder
2834:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2643:Other key people
2608:Former directors
2582:Chonnettia Jones
2516:Michael Ferguson
2490:Wellcome Library
2368:
2287:Gurdon Institute
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2092:
2086:
2069:
2068:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1938:(7118): 444–54.
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1836:10.1038/4671050a
1821:(7319): 1050–1.
1806:
1800:
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1779:
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1770:
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1754:
1748:
1747:
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1634:
1633:
1623:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1516:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1422:Project findings
1392:Western European
1379:
1378:
1347:
1346:
1319:
1318:
1295:Sri Lankan Tamil
1290:
1289:
1258:
1257:
1230:
1229:
1198:
1197:
1166:Mexican Ancestry
1161:
1160:
1133:
1132:
1101:
1100:
1077:Ho Chi Minh City
1069:
1068:
1037:
1036:
1005:
1004:
977:
976:
946:
945:
914:
913:
874:
873:
850:Western Division
842:
841:
814:
813:
786:
785:
754:
753:
722:
721:
690:
689:
662:
661:
633:
632:
613:Southwestern USA
609:African Ancestry
604:
603:
578:
577:
426:In keeping with
366:Sanger Institute
322:backgrounds and
271:
268:
262:
250:
249:
242:
133:human genome map
48:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
3060:
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3055:
3054:
3053:
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3050:
3049:
3035:Genome projects
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2972:
2968:Genetic testing
2941:
2910:
2891:Genetic linkage
2864:
2848:Data collection
2843:
2838:
2808:
2803:
2787:
2755:Sir Henry Dale
2729:
2660:Dominic Cadbury
2655:William Castell
2638:
2621:Bridget Ogilvie
2603:
2567:Stephen Caddick
2548:
2499:
2369:
2356:
2335:
2263:
2258:
2219:Wayback Machine
2202:
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2118:
2110:
2095:
2087:
2072:
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2020:
1985:Nature Genetics
1981:
1977:
1924:
1920:
1879:(13): 7708–13.
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1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1712:(7571): 75–81.
1698:
1694:
1655:(7571): 68–74.
1641:
1637:
1598:(7422): 56–65.
1584:
1577:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1386:residents with
1373:
1341:
1313:
1284:
1252:
1224:
1192:
1155:
1127:
1095:
1063:
1031:
999:
983:populations in
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940:
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2198:
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730:Xishuangbanna
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385:
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356:
352:
342:
340:
339:recombination
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
301:heart disease
298:
294:
290:
286:
270:
258:
253:
244:
243:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
206:
204:
201:such as that
200:
195:
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185:
184:retroelements
181:
177:
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143:
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129:United States
126:
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92:
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84:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
47:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2993:
2915:Applications
2798:
2763:Postdoctoral
2720:John Sulston
2715:David Stuart
2695:Anne Johnson
2633:Mark Walport
2597:James Thomas
2544:Fiona Powrie
2427:
2385:
2380:
2206:1000 Genomes
2185:
2175:
2170:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2021:
1991:(3): 340–5.
1988:
1984:
1978:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1853:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1793:. Retrieved
1791:. 2020-07-07
1786:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1764:. 2015-09-30
1761:
1752:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1595:
1591:
1535:
1531:
1446:generation.
1444:
1430:
1416:
1408:
1234:Puerto Rican
1141:Sierra Leone
563:ancestry in
482:
463:
456:
425:
398:
386:
378:
370:BGI Shenzhen
363:
351:human genome
348:
328:
305:
282:
264:
256:
212:
196:
190:(SNPs), and
157:
137:
98:
95:
90:
86:
80:
60:
56:
54:
44:October 2023
41:
33:
2710:David Steel
2705:Peter Rigby
2680:Roger Gibbs
2665:Harold Cook
2635:(2003–2013)
2629:(1998–2008)
2623:(1991–1998)
2617:(1965–1991)
2591:Kathy Poole
2588:Nick Moakes
2387:Big Picture
2130:GigaScience
1524:Altshuler D
1520:Abecasis GR
1427:Pilot phase
1398:collection
1238:Puerto Rico
1170:Los Angeles
950:Han Chinese
918:Han Chinese
726:Chinese Dai
587:Population
565:Los Angeles
3014:Categories
2765:Fellowship
2757:Fellowship
2700:Roy Porter
2685:Henry Dale
2670:Kay Davies
2600:Ed Whiting
2585:Tim Livett
2573:Alyson Fox
2564:Chris Bird
2525:Alan Brown
2475:UK Biobank
1795:2023-10-01
1768:2015-10-15
1503:References
1174:California
670:Bangladesh
331:genotyping
267:April 2021
154:Background
127:, and the
2963:SNP array
2594:Jim Smith
2013:205357396
758:Colombian
320:haplotype
293:cognition
3040:Genomics
2800:Category
2495:WormBase
2440:Farmcare
2418:DECIPHER
2215:Archived
2162:26568821
2065:13722452
2057:12560807
2005:18246066
1970:17122850
1913:12799463
1845:20981085
1744:26432246
1687:26432245
1630:23128226
1570:20981092
1450:See also
1388:Northern
1270:Pakistan
1202:Peruvian
1041:Japanese
879:Gujarati
854:Mandinka
766:Colombia
762:Medellín
702:Scotland
642:Barbados
497:Japanese
431:Archived
372:and the
297:diabetes
69:sequence
2855:Biobank
2435:Ensembl
2275:Current
2153:4644275
1961:2669898
1940:Bibcode
1881:Bibcode
1823:Bibcode
1735:4617611
1714:Bibcode
1678:4750478
1657:Bibcode
1621:3498066
1600:Bibcode
1561:3042601
1540:Bibcode
1359:Nigeria
1323:Toscani
1297:in the
1262:Punjabi
1081:Vietnam
1015:in the
981:Iberian
922:Beijing
886:Houston
882:Indians
846:Gambian
822:Finland
818:Finnish
794:Nigeria
698:England
694:British
666:Bengali
590:Detail
575:(ASW).
569:African
561:Mexican
553:Houston
537:Kinyawa
531:(LWK);
519:(CEU);
511:(CHB);
509:Beijing
505:Chinese
503:(JPT);
493:Nigeria
491:(YRI),
357:coding
355:protein
345:Outline
257:updated
182:(CNV),
117:Nigeria
73:genomes
34:updated
2460:MEROPS
2403:ChEMBL
2340:Former
2160:
2150:
2136:: 53.
2063:
2055:
2011:
2003:
1968:
1958:
1932:Nature
1911:
1904:164652
1901:
1843:
1815:Nature
1742:
1732:
1706:Nature
1685:
1675:
1649:Nature
1628:
1618:
1592:Nature
1568:
1558:
1532:Nature
1402:Detail
1364:Detail
1355:Ibadan
1351:Yoruba
1332:Detail
1327:Italia
1304:Detail
1275:Detail
1266:Lahore
1243:Detail
1215:Detail
1183:Detail
1146:Detail
1118:Detail
1109:Webuye
1086:Detail
1054:Detail
1022:Detail
1013:Telugu
1010:Indian
990:Detail
962:Detail
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771:Detail
739:Detail
707:Detail
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647:Detail
618:Detail
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557:Denver
533:Maasai
525:Webuye
517:Europe
489:Ibadan
485:Yoruba
474:fosmid
470:ENCODE
466:HapMap
401:Solexa
203:Indels
176:indels
123:, the
91:Nature
87:Nature
82:Nature
2429:eLife
2061:S2CID
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1137:Mende
1113:Kenya
1105:Luhya
1049:Japan
1045:Tokyo
985:Spain
957:China
953:South
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734:China
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529:Kenya
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2470:Rfam
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2158:PMID
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1909:PMID
1841:PMID
1740:PMID
1683:PMID
1626:PMID
1566:PMID
1396:CEPH
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1384:Utah
1370:CEU
1338:YRI
1310:TSI
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1281:STU
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1221:PUR
1210:Peru
1206:Lima
1189:PEL
1152:MXL
1124:MSL
1092:LWK
1073:Kinh
1060:KHV
1028:JPT
1017:U.K.
996:ITU
968:IBS
937:CHS
905:CHB
865:GIH
833:GWD
805:FIN
790:Esan
777:ESN
745:CLM
713:CDX
700:and
681:GBR
653:BEB
624:ACB
595:ASW
549:Peru
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513:Utah
349:The
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166:and
138:The
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71:the
61:1KGP
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2148:PMC
2138:doi
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1956:PMC
1948:doi
1936:444
1899:PMC
1889:doi
1877:100
1831:doi
1819:467
1730:PMC
1722:doi
1710:526
1673:PMC
1665:doi
1653:526
1616:PMC
1608:doi
1596:491
1556:PMC
1548:doi
1536:467
1353:in
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1168:in
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792:in
760:in
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668:in
640:in
611:in
581:ID
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