416:, the ex-prime minister of France, who had been under arrest for treason since January 1918, commenced. The case was regarded as the most important of the treason trials, of which there had been a long series since the middle of the war. Caillaux was tried before the Senate, sitting as a High Court of Justice, with Léon Bourgeois as president of the court. The prolonged delay in bringing Caillaux to trial was because investigations had to be made in many different parts of the world, including South America. Caillaux was charged with "having sought to weaken the security of the state abroad by intrigues, machination, and intelligence with the enemy of a nature likely to favour enemy action in regard to France, or her Allies, fighting against common enemies, and thus to advance the progress of the enemy armies." M. Lescouvé (the public prosecutor), M. Moinet, and others appeared for the prosecution. M. Giafferi, M. Moutet, and others appeared for the defense. The trial was extremely long and also in many respects extremely dramatic. The trial began, on 17 February, with a series of interrogations by the president of the court, and this part of the scene alone lasted for several days. Next there came a cross-examination of the prisoner by the public prosecutor. Many of Caillaux's activities were investigated in great detail and at great length. He was questioned regarding his relations with an enemy agent named Minotto, in South America, regarding his relations with another enemy agent, a certain Count Lipscher, and also in regard to his associations with the traitors Lenoir, Bolo, and Duval, who had already been executed for treason. The prisoner had also to account for his close association with various schemers in Italy, including the notorious Cavallini. During these interrogations, Caillaux frequently made long speeches on all manner of political questions. In the matter of Count Lipscher little to his discredit appears to have transpired; but apart from the details of the investigation it was obvious that if the prisoner had been entirely innocent of the charges brought against him, he had had a surprising amount of association with undesirable persons. And it was also established that the German government regarded Caillaux as the right man to approach under circumstances favourable to Germany. Moutet, speaking for the defense, attributed political motives to the accusers, and said that notwithstanding the fact that the world had been ransacked for evidence for many months, the evidence produced was of a ridiculous and trumpery character. After many weeks of investigation the capital charge of treason was dismissed, and the prosecution did not ask for the death sentence; but Caillaux was found guilty on the minor count of correspondence with the enemy, and was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, ten years' interdiction of rights of voting and eligibility for any public function, and five years' prohibition from appearing in certain places indicated by the government. It was found that his relations with Bolo and Almereyda did not fall within the penal code, but he was condemned for his friendship with Minotto, Cavallini, and to some extent for his association with Count Lipscher. Having already served more than two years' imprisonment, Caillaux was set at liberty at the end of the trial. The verdict was given on 23 April.
440:, who had once been prime minister and was now chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the lower house, delivered a speech on foreign policy generally in which he took occasion to attack the policy of the British government. He complained that Britain had profited more than any other country by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles; and that the course of events had recently been such that the hatred of Germany was now directed almost exclusively against France. This was, he said, particularly the case in the matter of permitting Germany to deal with her own war criminals, for which concession Britain had gained all the credit in German eyes. The speaker made various other complaints against the British government in general and Lloyd George in particular; but it was clear before the end of his speech that he did not carry the Chamber with him. On the following day, Millerand made a reply in which he endeavoured to remove the bad impression created by Barthou's speech. The prime minister said that there was no "crisis in the alliance"; and he pointed out that the reason the concession to Germany in the matter of the war criminals was signed by the British prime minister was that at the time the note was sent the peace conference was sitting in London. The premier said, however, that France was determined to see the terms of the Treaty of Versailles fulfilled, and although the British government were in favour of allowing the German government to send troops into the Ruhr District, to suppress the Spartacist insurrection there, France viewed these movements of troops with grave concern.
452:), the revolutionaries in the valley of the Ruhr, a highly industrialized district which was included in the neutral zone, took advantage of the unavoidable absence of the government forces to seize control of the entire administration of this important part of Germany. The German government applied for permission to send forces into this part of the neutral zone in the exceptional circumstances which had arisen, as without doing so it was impossible for them to overcome the revolt in the neutral zone itself, or to prevent the successful insurrection in that zone lending important support to the Spartacists farther east. The British, Italian, and American governments were all in favour of allowing the German government, which in the circumstances existing was a bulwark against the spread of Bolshevism, to send a limited number of troops into the neutral zone until law and order had been reestablished there. The French government, however, interposed obstacles to the granting of any such license to the German government. The revolt continued to spread, and at the beginning of April German troops marched into the Ruhr Valley to restore order, although no permission for them to do so had been granted by the Allies as a whole. Thereupon the French government, without the consent of the British and Italian governments, ordered their own troops to march forward into the neutral zone - though not into the same part of the neutral zone - and to occupy various German towns as a penalty for the German advance.
389:, Millerand said that contrary to the allegations of Cachin, Britain had been true to her agreements, and none of the Allies had entered into any agreement with the Soviet government. In regard to Poland, the French government intended to maintain the closest friendship with that country, and if she were attacked by the Bolsheviks she would receive every support. Finally, the prime minister dealt with the carrying out of the Treaty of Versailles. He said that the cabinet intended to maintain complete accord with France's allies; and although it was regrettable that the United States had not so far ratified the treaty, yet the Reparations Commission had begun its work smoothly, and he felt no anxiety as to the ultimate adhesion of America to the treaty. He said that Germany had been dilatory in the matter of fulfilling the stipulations of the treaty, particularly in regard to the essential deliveries of coal. "I mean to avail myself at the right moment of all the means placed at my disposal by the treaty, and I declare, without making any kind of threat, but merely in order that the position may be quite clear and well understood, that we do not intend to claim anything from Germany to which she is not strictly bound under the terms of the treaty, but we shall exact everything she owes us, and to obtain it we shall have recourse to the measures of all kinds provided for in the treaty."
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frontier. A large body of French opinion had desired that France should secure the line of the Rhine as her eastern frontier. Deschanel represented these critics of the Treaty of
Versailles. A preliminary ballot of the Republican groups gave 408 votes to Deschanel, and 389 votes to Clemenceau; and when this result was announced Clemenceau withdrew his candidature, but his name figured, nevertheless, in the formal voting of the National Assembly on 17 January. Altogether 888 legislators cast their votes, and Deschanel secured no fewer than 734 votes. The success of Deschanel was regarded in France as in some sense a victory for the opponents of the Treaty of Versailles. Deschanel was born in 1856, and had held the office of president of the Chamber of Deputies. Poincaré was to remain in office as president until 18 February.
484:, and elsewhere, these conferences relating largely to the reparations due from Germany under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. At these discussions similar differences of opinion appear to have existed between the British and French representatives, the British being more disposed than the French to recognize the difficulties with which the German government were confronted. But these differences of opinion only related to questions of method, and were in no way fundamental. In the middle of May Poincaré, the ex-president of France, resigned his position as president of the Reparations Commission, on account of what he regarded as the undue leniency which had been shown towards Germany. Millerand stated publicly, however, that he thought Poincaré's fears were groundless.
492:, obtained 69 votes. Millerand announced that he hoped somewhat to increase the powers of the presidential office, particularly in regard to foreign policy. Georges Leygues became prime minister and minister for foreign affairs; but otherwise the composition of the cabinet remained unchanged. On 25 September the Chamber of Deputies passed a vote of confidence in the new government by 515 votes to 71. It was notable that in the statements issued both by the new president and by the new government, it was proclaimed that France would do her utmost to make the League of Nations a success. At the end of November Leygues visited London to confer with British and Italian statesmen on the Greek crisis and other matters.
382:. France, he declared, had important and historic interests in the East, and these she had no intention of abandoning. "M. Cachin declared yesterday that we appeared to be threatening the independence of the Syrian populations. No French government has ever entertained such a design, and it is a libel on France to reproach her with a policy of conquest which has never entered her mind. The only wish of France is to give these populations justice and a good administration. When yesterday I heard the government credited with intentions which it has not, I seemed to hear an echo of the slanders levelled by the German government at the work of France in Morocco."
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to the French advance in itself and still more so to the fact that the advance had been made without due consultation with the other Allied governments. Within a few days, however, an agreement between the French and
British governments was reached. The black troops were immediately withdrawn, and the French government made it clear that in the future they would not act without securing the consent of the other Allies. The British government on their side made it clear that they intended to see the terms of the Treaty of Versailles respected by the German government. After the suppression of the Ruhr revolt, both the German and French troops were withdrawn.
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to maintain the national unity which had been so conspicuous during the war. "Our first duty is to define clearly our diplomatic, military, economic, and financial policy to the country. We can only build up our policy for the future on sound bases. I appeal to all the experience and talent of the members of this assembly on behalf of this act of sincerity and moral probity. To strengthen the unity between all peoples who fought for the right, and who, by reason of that fact, are great, to strengthen the bonds with those peoples whose affinities or interests bind them to us - this is the first guarantee of peace and the basis of that
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such faithful allies during the war. In reference to the
Adriatic problem, Millerand said that the only desire of France was to reach a satisfactory solution of the difficulties existing in this part of the world - a solution in perfect agreement with the sister nation of Italy and with the Serbian people. In regard to the Bulgarian question the premier said that on the previous day he had received news that the Bulgarian parliament had ratified the treaty. Passing on to a consideration of the proposed peace terms for Turkey, Millerand answered certain criticisms which had been made earlier in the debate by
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Socialist Party being badly defeated. The elections for the Senate were held on 11 January, and these exhibited the same trend of opinion as had been shown in the previous autumn. Owing to the postponement of elections during the war, two-thirds of the nine-year senatorial seats had to be contested, and altogether 240 senators had to be elected. The elections proved to be an overwhelming victory for the various
Liberal and Republican groups, who secured 218 seats. The parties of the Right won 20 seats, and the Socialists won 2.
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spread to the state lines also. The government immediately called to the colours those employees who were in the Army
Reserve. A general strike of railwaymen was declared on 29 February; but the response was only partial, and an agreement was reached within twenty-four hours. At the beginning of May another railway strike broke out, and on this occasion the labour agitators hoped to make the strike universal, and it was supported by the
284:, and Japan (though not by the United States), it was only necessary that the protocols certifying these facts should be signed by the parties to the treaty, and formal peace would then exist between the Allied Powers and Germany. The Supreme Council of the Allies decided that this final ceremony should take place in Paris on 10 January. Two delegates were sent by the German government to carry out the signing of the protocol, Baron
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Millerand, who himself took the portfolio of foreign affairs, was sixty years of age, and had greatly distinguished himself as minister for war during the critical days of 1914. His first reception by the
Chamber of Deputies was somewhat stormy, and a vote of confidence on 22 January was only passed by 281 votes to 240. But a second vote of confidence on 30 January was passed by 510 votes to 70.
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strike was extremely unpopular in the country at large, and the government took legal proceedings against the revolutionary ring-leaders. Within a week it was clear that the strike would fail, owing to the apathy or actual hostility of a large part of the working classes, but it was not until 21 May that the leaders of the
General Confederation declared the strike at an end.
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not take from her the fruits of her heroic sacrifices. She means to live in security. Today, as yesterday, our policy is an affair of will-power, energy, and faith. The
Russian people fought by our side during three years for the cause of Liberty; may it, master of itself, soon resume in the plenitude of its genius the course of its
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capital and labour should be avoided. In his peroration
Deschanel exhorted the legislators to follow in the footsteps of the heroic Frenchmen who had won the war: "We shall accomplish our formidable task if we keep in our souls that sacred flame which rendered France the Republic Invincible, and saved the world."
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was entered on the following day. Black troops took part in the advance, a point which gave special umbrage to the
Germans. This independent action on the part of the French government led to an interchange of somewhat sharp notes between London and Paris, the British government taking exception both
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During the spring there were serious labour troubles in France. At the end of February a serious dispute arose on the Paris, Lyon, and Mediterranean Railway system, owing to disciplinary measures which had been taken against one man. A strike was declared on that line on 25 February, and subsequently
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to which the Treaty of Versailles entrusted the execution of certain capital clauses, and which we should support by means of effective action in order to spare the world fresh horrors. France wishes that the treaty to which Germany appended her signature shall be obeyed, and that the aggressor shall
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After his assumption of office on 18 February, Deschanel sent the usual presidential message to parliament. Deschanel said that there was no higher destiny than that of serving France, and he thanked the legislators for having permitted him to continue to serve her in union with themselves. He hoped
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Turning to questions of internal politics, Deschanel said that the work of restoring France to prosperity would be arduous, and he declared that the person who evaded the payment of taxes was acting like a soldier who deserts his post on the field of battle. It was essential that conflicts between
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were satisfactory from the French point of view; his opponents declared that he had given way too much to the American and British standpoints, and that the peace was unsatisfactory, particularly in respect of the guarantees for the reparations due to France and in the matter of the French eastern
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was still prime minister, but as both senatorial and presidential elections were due in January, important political changes occurred early in the year. At the general election for the Chamber of Deputies which took place in November 1919, there had been a strong tendency towards Conservatism, the
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On 5 February and 6 February, there was an important debate on foreign policy in the Chamber of Deputies; and a long speech was delivered by the prime minister. He said that the new cabinet had every intention of continuing the same foreign policy which had enabled France to surround herself with
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The differences between the French and British governments were also apparent at the beginning of April, when the German government was suppressing the Spartacist revolt. To the east of the Allied armies in the occupied portion of Germany there was a neutral zone, into which, by the terms of the
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In May President Paul Deschanel became mentally incapacitated; he resigned his office in September. It was soon evident that the great majority of public men desired that Millerand should himself become president. The premier at first declined to accede to these demands, but after some delay he
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of all peoples on a basis of cooperation, at the cessation of all colonial expeditions, and at general disarmament. The response to the call on the part of the workers was, however, half-hearted and partial, though in certain localities, including Marseille, the strike was almost universal. The
361:, who, however, secured very little support. The rivalry between Deschanel and Clemenceau revealed certain very interesting tendencies in French politics. The contest turned mainly on the terms of peace which had been imposed upon Germany. Clemenceau's supporters contended that the terms of the
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The defeat of the Socialists at the general election of 1919 appeared to have caused that party to become more extreme in its views. And after much discussion throughout the year 1920, a great Socialist conference held at Tours in December voted by a large majority in favour of adhesion to the
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with the task of forming a cabinet. Millerand found no difficulty in obtaining the necessary support, and the full list of the members of his cabinet was published two days later. F. Marsal was minister of finance, A. Lefevre was minister of war, and A. Sarraut was minister for the colonies.
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Throughout the year there was considerable, though intermittent, discussion on the proposal that France should resume diplomatic relations with the Vatican; and at the end of November the government proposal to renew relations was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by 387 votes to 210.
424:(CGT), who called out the seamen, dockers, and miners in support of the railwaymen. The aims of the General Confederation were not only economic, but also partly political; and they announced that they aimed at the international allotment of war burdens, an economic
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In February the government issued a new 5% state loan, which became known as the "Recovery Loan". The subscription lists remained open for several weeks, and it was announced in April that the total amount subscribed was 15,700,000,000 francs.
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of the franc had fallen greatly since the end of the war, and, with fluctuations, stood at about 60 francs to the pound sterling during most of the year; and the value of the franc in terms of the American dollar was even lower.
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The ordinary budget for 1920 provided for a revenue of 15,885,000,000 francs and for an expenditure of 17,860,000,000 francs. It was anticipated that the extraordinary expenditure would amount to over 7,000,000,000 francs.
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for Japan; and, of course, by the two German delegates. The protocol was also signed by the representatives of various minor Allied and Associated countries, which had already ratified the treaty, these being
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was elected president of the Senate. And the election of the new president of France, by a joint session of the two houses of the legislature, was fixed for 17 January. The two most important candidates were
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was to come into force so soon as it had been ratified by Germany and by three of the principal Allied and Associated Powers; and since it had now been ratified by Germany and by France, the United Kingdom,
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During the spring and summer certain differences of opinion, important but not fundamental, arose between the French and British governments. In a debate in the Chamber of Deputies on 25 March,
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405:. The Eastern question causes periodical wars. The fate of the Ottoman Empire has not yet been settled. Our secular interests, rights, and traditions ought to be safeguarded there too."
345:. The formal end of the war was timed at 6:15 p.m. on 10 January, but the actual signing of the protocol took place, as already stated, somewhat earlier on that same afternoon.
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to France had placed France in the position which she occupied during the 17th and 18th century - that of the strongest power on the European continent. At the beginning of the year
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While these important events were taking place in the internal politics of France, the final stages in the ratifying of the peace treaty with Germany were being passed through. The
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consented to do so. The election took place on 23 September, and out of 892 votes cast, no fewer than 695 were given Millerand. A Socialist candidate,
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Treaty of Versailles, the German government were not allowed to send troops. During the Spartacist insurrection which followed the
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1480:"Oral history interview with Marthe Hoffnung Cohn - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
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The financial situation in France gave occasion for most serious anxiety. Among other unfavourable features, the
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shortly after four o'clock on the afternoon of 10 January. The protocol was signed by Clemenceau for France, by
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After the conclusion of the debate the house passed a vote of confidence in the government by 513 votes to 68.
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522:, the international organization of Socialists which was under the control of the Bolsheviks of Moscow.
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560:. Over 30,000 people attended the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc's family.
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26 March - German government asks France for permission to use its own troops against rebellious
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and Herr von Simson. The ceremony took place at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the
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Much of the text in the "Events" section of this article was copied verbatim from
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17 May - French and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany.
502:, the British ambassador in Paris, retired from that office, and was succeeded by
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4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3207:
3197:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3147:
3086:
3081:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3016:
3006:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2941:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2580:
2420:
2275:
2024:
1939:
1904:
1729:
1288:
1162:
1076:
1065:
997:
968:
920:
860:
817:
751:
740:
611:
600:
526:
358:
354:
318:
214:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
1316:
1203:
1144:
624:
23 December - United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-held
6178:
6071:
5958:
1155:
1037:
1023:
882:
824:
726:
715:
546:
437:
379:
1119:
1274:
1197:
1112:
946:
931:
902:
831:
733:
708:
557:
481:
1235:
1030:
1012:
924:
909:
898:
553:
510:, the veteran French ambassador in London, would retire in January 1921.
507:
477:
465:
1148:
1133:
1005:
972:
942:
838:
1001:
810:
744:
519:
457:
453:
322:
778:
770:
582:
338:
1520:
1518:). This source was published before 1923 and is out of copyright.
5788:
1307:
1180:
774:
672:
342:
310:
306:
71:
1555:
797:
586:
386:
334:
326:
314:
80:
1137:
1016:
625:
461:
357:
and Clemenceau. Among the other candidates was Field Marshal
281:
736:, teacher and creator of modern French schooling (died 1997)
863:
330:
168:
610:
31 July - France prohibits the sale or prescription of
1266:, chemist, mining engineer and politician (born 1839)
1047:, writer, journalist, and former soldier (died 2011)
1136:, politician, former Minister, and former Mayor of
574:, Treaty of Peace between the Allies and Hungary.
6176:
1384:
1382:
5804:
1536:
834:, journalist and parapsychologist (died 2005)
1351:
1379:
1347:
1345:
1284:, pioneer of colour photography (born 1837)
5811:
5797:
1543:
1529:
385:Turning to the question of relations with
636:
1388:
1352:Shorter, Edward; Tilly, Charles (1974).
1342:
1158:, French television producer (died 1983)
1510:(London: Longman's Green, 1921) – see
1455:
1449:
841:, writer, poet and musician (died 1959)
412:In the middle of February the trial of
6177:
1068:, playwright and filmmaker (died 2002)
1058:
800:priest and agriculturalist (died 1995)
667:27 July - Tour de France ends, won by
5792:
1524:
1300:, painter and illustrator (born 1846)
820:, actor and film director (died 1975)
228:President of the Council of Ministers
1187:
990:
6205:Years of the 20th century in France
1550:
1417:from the original on 17 August 2016
1122:, politician and lawyer (died 2003)
684:
13:
5818:
647:23 February – 4 March, 4–29 May -
61:
14:
6216:
1129:, priest and composer (died 2008)
641:
1252:, academic architect (born 1837)
1238:, dancer and actress (born 1881)
1206:, Breton nationalist (died 1999)
891:
599:23 July - The French defeat the
859:, principal perpetrator of the
790:, basketball player (died 2004)
577:14 July - France declares that
422:General Confederation of Labour
1472:
718:, jazz clarinetist (died 2020)
464:were occupied on 6 April, and
1:
1335:
1094:Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz
982:, biologist, shared the 1965
916:during World War II and nurse
848:, feminist writer (died 2005)
594:Interallied Mission to Poland
538:2 February - France occupies
506:. It was also announced that
195:
1330:List of French films of 1920
549:in the French-occupied area.
213:18 February – 21 September:
7:
1355:Strikes in France 1830-1968
1323:
1310:-born architect (born 1857)
1291:, mathematician (born 1847)
1245:, archaeologist (born 1844)
1089:, mathematician (died 1996)
649:1920 French railway strikes
239:20 January – 24 September:
10:
6221:
1501:
1087:Marcel-Paul SchĂĽtzenberger
696:, photographer (died 2021)
6117:
5824:
5655:
5144:
4633:
4122:
3611:
3100:
2589:
2078:
1562:
1508:The Annual Register: 1920
1408:Amaury Sport Organisation
1227:, artist and subject for
1210:
679:
254:
164:
128:
20:
1243:Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy
1165:, politician (died 2003)
1026:, politician (died 1979)
827:, politician (died 1993)
654:
581:is deposed and occupies
267:was still president and
1183:and teacher (died 1990)
1054:, historian (died 2005)
984:Nobel Prize in Medicine
951:alpine skiing World Cup
877:historian of technology
564:presided over the rite.
298:Francesco Saverio Nitti
245:starting 24 September:
219:starting 21 September:
1319:, composer (born 1838)
1220:, novelist (born 1862)
962:French Communist Party
934:, composer (died 1998)
885:, novelist (died 2007)
711:, novelist (died 2011)
637:Science and technology
66:
6124:and other territories
1484:collections.ushmm.org
1458:"Thys Makes It Three"
1282:Louis Ducos du Hauron
1259:, actress (born 1856)
1172:, cyclist (died 2002)
949:, and founder of the
905:and actor (died 1977)
188:Events from the year
65:
1406:(in French). Paris:
1264:Marie Adolphe Carnot
846:Françoise d'Eaubonne
363:Treaty of Versailles
277:Treaty of Versailles
169:Other events of 1920
1304:Hans-Georg Tersling
1073:Robert-Joseph Coffy
1059:October to December
1052:Madeleine Rebérioux
1040:, actor (died 2008)
1033:, actor (died 1994)
747:magnate (died 1996)
702:, actor (died 1997)
520:Third International
371:Alexandre Millerand
241:Alexandre Millerand
221:Alexandre Millerand
207:until 18 February:
179: •
175: •
1460:. Cycling Revealed
1298:Luc-Olivier Merson
1271:Eugénie de Montijo
1151:player (died 2000)
975:leader (died 2008)
767:Rolande Falcinelli
694:Raymond Cauchetier
605:Battle of Maysalun
403:civilizing mission
300:for Italy, and by
294:David Lloyd George
269:Georges Clemenceau
235:Georges Clemenceau
233:until 20 January:
67:
6172:
6171:
5786:
5785:
1390:Augendre, Jacques
1250:Jean-Louis Pascal
1229:Amedeo Modigliani
1188:Full date unknown
1109:Bernard Pertuiset
1100:and president of
1098:French Resistance
991:July to September
927:racer (died 1999)
914:French resistance
807:Jean Emile Charon
794:Henri de Laulanie
630:Mandate Palestine
579:Faisal I of Syria
572:Treaty of Trianon
398:League of Nations
186:
185:
173:History of France
124:
123:
6212:
5826:Sovereign states
5813:
5806:
5799:
5790:
5789:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1516:online pp 158ff.
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1405:
1400:Historical guide
1395:Guide historique
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1349:
1257:Gabrielle RĂ©jane
1225:Jeanne HĂ©buterne
1096:, member of the
958:Georges Marchais
912:, member of the
685:January to March
619:Treaty of Sèvres
562:Pope Benedict XV
296:for Britain, by
286:Kurt von Lersner
265:Raymond Poincaré
209:Raymond Poincaré
91:
84:
83:
74:
29:
22:
21:
18:
17:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6200:1920s in France
6190:1920 by country
6175:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6125:
6123:
6113:
5820:
5817:
5787:
5782:
5651:
5140:
4629:
4118:
3607:
3096:
2585:
2074:
1558:
1549:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:. p. 108.
1403:
1387:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1358:. CUP Archive.
1350:
1343:
1338:
1326:
1213:
1190:
1177:Maurice Gendron
1127:Joseph Gelineau
1102:ATD Quart Monde
1061:
993:
894:
853:Pierre Plantard
760:quantum chemist
723:Georges Pichard
700:Georges Marchal
687:
682:
657:
644:
639:
450:1920 in Germany
448:in Berlin (see
414:Joseph Caillaux
348:On 14 January,
302:Keishiro Matsui
261:Alsace-Lorraine
257:
247:Georges Leygues
198:
171:
120:
89:
79:
78:
77:
75:
70:
58:
27:
12:
11:
5:
6218:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6195:1920 in Europe
6192:
6187:
6185:1920 in France
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6126:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6094:United Kingdom
6091:
6086:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6023:Ottoman Empire
6020:
6015:
6013:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5897:
5895:
5893:Czechoslovakia
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:1920 in Europe
5816:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
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1512:online edition
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1315:12 December -
1313:
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1292:
1289:Gaston Floquet
1285:
1278:
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1246:
1241:25 February -
1239:
1234:11 February -
1232:
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1209:
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1207:
1201:
1194:François Boyer
1189:
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1184:
1175:26 December -
1173:
1166:
1163:Pierre Poujade
1159:
1154:30 November -
1152:
1143:28 November -
1141:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1105:
1090:
1083:
1077:Roman Catholic
1069:
1066:Henri Verneuil
1060:
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1056:
1055:
1050:8 September -
1048:
1043:5 September -
1041:
1034:
1027:
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1009:
998:Henri Amouroux
992:
989:
988:
987:
980:François Jacob
976:
969:Pierre Lambert
965:
960:, head of the
954:
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921:Roger Rondeaux
917:
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893:
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873:Bertrand Gille
867:
861:Priory of Sion
849:
842:
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818:Jacques Charon
816:27 February -
814:
805:25 February -
803:
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801:
791:
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765:18 February -
763:
752:Raymond Daudel
748:
741:Robert Hersant
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662:Tour de France
656:
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642:Rail transport
640:
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612:contraceptives
608:
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527:exchange value
490:Gustave Delory
359:Ferdinand Foch
355:Paul Deschanel
350:LĂ©on Bourgeois
319:Czechoslovakia
256:
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215:Paul Deschanel
211:
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190:1920 in France
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
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1456:Barry Boyce.
1452:
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1432:
1413:
1409:
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1397:
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1367:
1365:9780521202930
1361:
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1223:26 January -
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:Roger LĂ©vĂŞque
1168:5 December -
1167:
1164:
1161:1 December -
1160:
1157:
1156:Denise Glaser
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:31 October -
1131:
1128:
1125:31 October -
1124:
1121:
1118:29 October -
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:28 October -
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:25 October -
1091:
1088:
1085:24 October -
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:24 October -
1070:
1067:
1064:15 October -
1063:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:Jean Lartéguy
1042:
1039:
1038:Jean Desailly
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:Robert Boulin
1021:
1018:
1014:
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1003:
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985:
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936:
933:
929:
926:
922:
918:
915:
911:
907:
904:
900:
896:
895:
892:April to June
884:
883:Pierre Moinot
881:
878:
874:
871:
870:
868:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
825:Jean Lecanuet
822:
819:
815:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
792:
789:
788:André Barrais
786:
785:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
761:
757:
753:
750:2 February -
749:
746:
742:
739:30 January -
738:
735:
732:18 January -
731:
728:
727:comics artist
724:
721:17 January -
720:
717:
716:Claude Abadie
714:16 January -
713:
710:
707:14 January -
706:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
689:
688:
674:
670:
669:Philippe Thys
666:
663:
659:
658:
650:
646:
645:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
547:Ruhr Red Army
544:
541:
537:
536:
535:
531:
528:
523:
521:
515:
511:
509:
505:
504:Lord Hardinge
501:
496:
493:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
441:
439:
438:Louis Barthou
434:
430:
427:
423:
417:
415:
410:
406:
404:
399:
393:
390:
388:
383:
381:
380:Marcel Cachin
375:
372:
367:
364:
360:
356:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
273:
270:
266:
262:
248:
244:
242:
238:
236:
232:
231:
229:
226:
222:
218:
216:
212:
210:
206:
205:
203:
200:
199:
193:
191:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
147:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
127:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
86:
82:
73:
69:
64:
60:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
40:
37:
35:
32:
31:
30:
24:
23:
19:
16:
6120:Dependencies
5920:
5656:21st century
5246:
5145:20th century
4634:19th century
4123:18th century
3612:17th century
3101:16th century
2590:15th century
2079:14th century
1563:13th century
1507:
1505:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1451:
1419:. Retrieved
1399:
1394:
1369:. Retrieved
1354:
1294:13 November
1287:7 October -
1280:31 August -
1275:Napoleon III
1216:2 January -
1198:screenwriter
1113:neurosurgeon
1036:24 August -
947:alpine skier
932:Roger Calmel
903:screenwriter
832:Michel Moine
784:22 February
734:Fernand Oury
709:Jean Dutourd
628:and British
617:10 August -
596:is launched.
532:
524:
516:
512:
498:In November
497:
494:
486:
471:
445:
442:
435:
431:
425:
418:
411:
407:
394:
391:
384:
376:
368:
347:
290:Quai d'Orsay
274:
258:
189:
187:
144:
88:
26:
15:
6154:Isle of Man
6082:Switzerland
6011:Netherlands
1439:|work=
1371:3 September
1317:Paul LacĂ´me
1277:(born 1826)
1273:, widow of
1236:Gaby Deslys
1231:(born 1898)
1204:René Le Hir
1200:(died 2003)
1145:René Chocat
1140:(died 2011)
1115:(died 2000)
1104:(died 2002)
1082:(died 1995)
1031:Jean Carmet
1019:(died 1992)
1015:, operatic
1013:Henri Legay
1008:(died 2007)
986:(died 2013)
964:(died 1997)
953:(died 1999)
925:cyclo-cross
919:15 April -
910:Marthe Cohn
908:13 April –
899:Jean Marsan
879:(died 1980)
866:(died 2000)
857:draughtsman
851:18 March -
844:12 March -
837:10 March -
813:(died 1998)
781:(died 2006)
762:(died 2006)
756:theoretical
729:(died 2003)
690:10 January
601:Syrian army
554:Joan of Arc
508:Paul Cambon
446:coup d'Ă©tat
6179:Categories
6122:, colonies
6109:Yugoslavia
6055:San Marino
5983:Luxembourg
1489:30 October
1421:27 October
1336:References
1269:11 July -
1262:20 June -
1255:14 June -
1149:basketball
1134:Jean Royer
1120:Guy HĂ©raud
1029:25 July -
1022:20 July -
1006:journalist
978:17 June -
973:Trotskyist
943:journalist
939:Serge Lang
897:7 April -
839:Boris Vian
830:8 March -
823:4 March -
809:, nuclear
660:27 June -
621:is signed.
592:21 July -
518:so-called
500:Lord Derby
196:Incumbents
6144:Gibraltar
5978:Lithuania
1441:ignored (
1431:cite book
1248:17 May -
1218:Paul Adam
1011:1 July -
1002:historian
996:1 July -
967:9 June -
956:7 June -
937:6 June -
930:13 May -
869:29 March
811:physicist
745:newspaper
570:4 June -
558:canonised
552:16 May -
458:Darmstadt
454:Frankfurt
323:Guatemala
202:President
165:See also:
6149:Guernsey
6035:Portugal
5880:Bulgaria
1570:Pre-1201
1412:Archived
1392:(2016).
1324:See also
1080:Cardinal
779:composer
771:organist
583:Damascus
474:San Remo
177:Timeline
129:Decades:
6089:Ukraine
6045:Romania
6040:Prussia
5952:Iceland
5947:Hungary
5931:Germany
5926:Georgia
5916:Finland
5909:Estonia
5900:Denmark
5871:Belgium
5866:Belarus
5848:Austria
5839:Andorra
5834:Albania
1502:Sources
1464:12 June
1181:cellist
775:pianist
673:Belgium
664:begins.
603:in the
466:Homburg
426:entente
343:Uruguay
311:Bolivia
307:Belgium
90:→
28:←
6159:Jersey
6137:Cyprus
6077:Sweden
6050:Russia
6030:Poland
6018:Norway
5998:Monaco
5966:Latvia
5938:Greece
5921:France
1556:France
1402:]
1362:
1308:Danish
1211:Deaths
798:Jesuit
680:Births
587:Aleppo
460:, and
387:Russia
341:, and
335:Poland
327:Panama
315:Brazil
255:Events
81:France
6164:Malta
6132:Ă…land
6072:Spain
5959:Italy
5857:Baden
1552:Years
1415:(PDF)
1404:(PDF)
1398:[
1138:Tours
1017:tenor
655:Sport
626:Syria
540:Memel
478:Hythe
462:Hanau
282:Italy
181:Years
157:1940s
152:1930s
146:1920s
140:1910s
135:1900s
5778:2024
5773:2023
5768:2022
5763:2021
5758:2020
5753:2019
5748:2018
5743:2017
5738:2016
5733:2015
5728:2014
5723:2013
5718:2012
5713:2011
5708:2010
5703:2009
5698:2008
5693:2007
5688:2006
5683:2005
5678:2004
5673:2003
5668:2002
5663:2001
5647:2000
5642:1999
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