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failings of the government were the continued uncertainly around canal water disputes causing a rift between the largely still agriculturally dependent economy of
Pakistan's government and citizen farmers as well as the general geopolitical failure to adequately deal with the Indian threat to Pakistani Sovereignty in the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1956 the
555:- was politically controversial and proved difficult and costly to enforce. The quick succession of prime ministers as a result of Iskander Mirza's controversial actions fostered the view within the military that the public would support a coup against Pakistan's civil government and allow Ayub Khan to seize control of the country.
589:
prime minister, and acted to assert himself, while Ayub Khan thought Mirza was conspiring against him. It is said that Ayub was alerted of Mirza's plan to have him arrested on his return from Dhaka. It is widely held that Ayub Khan and generals loyal to him forced Mirza to resign. Mirza was later taken to
588:
On
October 27, Iskander Mirza resigned from the presidency, transferring it to Ayub Khan. Both men saw the other as a rival to their respective positions. Mirza believed his own position had become largely redundant after Ayub Khan assumed most executive powers as chief martial law administrator and
522:, automatically became the state's first president. The new constitution was, however, followed by a period of political turmoil in Pakistan which further agitated the populace and factions within the military. In the two-year period between 1956 and 1958, this turmoil saw four prime ministers -
501:
The prelude to Ayub Khan's declaring martial law in
Pakistan was fraught with political tension and sectarian politics in which the political establishment of the new country alienated its citizens through controversial governance and perceived political failings. Among the most controversial
613:
The coup was received positively in
Pakistan as relief from unstable governments and weak political leadership. There was hope that strong central leadership could stabilise the economy and promote modernisation and the restoration of a stable form of democracy. The Ayub Khan regime was also
542:
before its powers were assumed by the president—could dismiss a prime minister and rule by decree until a new government could be formed. Many viewed Mirza's use of this power as a deliberate manipulation of the constitution for his own ends. In particular, Mirza's
485:’s politicians wanted more say in the running of the central government, which increased tension. Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was alarmed at a plan by Suhrawardy to unite the political leadership of
650:, Ayub Khan did not seek to hold the posts of president and army chief simultaneously. He appointed Gen. Muhammad Musa as the new commander-in-chief. Ayub Khan also obtained judicial validation of his move when the
621:
Ayub Khan combined the offices of president and prime minister, becoming both the head of state and government. He created a cabinet of technocrats, diplomats, and military officers. These included Air
Marshal
567:
declared martial law in
Pakistan. He abrogated the constitution of 1956, describing it as "unworkable" and full of "dangerous compromises." He dismissed the government of Sir Feroz Khan Noon, dissolved the
572:
and the provincial legislatures. Mirza also proceeded to outlaw all political parties. He appointed
General Ayub Khan, the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistani army as the
481:. There were a number of prime ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it reached a stage when General Ayub Khan felt the army should take control to restore stability.
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Maya Tudor, "The
Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan."(Cambridge University Press, 2013).
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538:-in rapid succession. A precedent existed in Pakistan whereby a Governor-General—in 1956 that office belonged to
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K.B. Sayeed, "The collapse of
Parliamentary Democracy in Pakistan," Middle East Journal, 13.4 (1959), 389–406
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Aqil Shah, "Army and
Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan" (Harvard University Press, 2014)
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against him. Therefore he turned to Ayub Khan and the military for help.
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approved a constitution that ended Pakistan's status as an independent
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that took place on 27 October 1958. It resulted in the toppling of
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scheme amalgamating the provinces of Pakistan into two wings -
813:. Frontline - The Hindu, Vol. 24, Issue 23. 2007-11-23.
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1958 imposition of direct military control in Pakistan
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654:validated and legalised his take-over under the "
324:1960 Pakistani presidential confidence referendum
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837:Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state
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710:. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 9–10.
614:supported by foreign governments such as the
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605:, where he resided until his death in 1969.
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580:, charged with administering the country.
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
597:, before being exiled on November 27 to
518:. Maj. Gen. Iskander Mirza, as the last
32:This article includes a list of general
468:commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army
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882:1950s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
839:. Psychology Press. pp. 66–69.
746:. APH Publishing. pp. 151–153.
576:and nominated him to become the new
334:1965 Pakistani presidential election
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786:"Op-ed: Significance of October 27"
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504:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
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574:Chief Martial Law Administrator
339:1965 Pakistani general election
329:1962 Pakistani general election
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1:
788:. Daily Times. Archived from
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570:National Assembly of Pakistan
744:Bangladesh: past and present
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520:Governor General of Pakistan
516:Islamic Republic of Pakistan
448:1958 Pakistani military coup
84:1958 Pakistani military coup
7:
708:Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh
706:Nagendra Kr. Singh (2003).
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381:1969 East Pakistan uprising
106:, the architect of the coup
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887:Anti-communism in Pakistan
877:Military coups in Pakistan
578:Prime Minister of Pakistan
91:Military coups in Pakistan
742:Salahuddin Ahmed (2004).
652:Supreme Court of Pakistan
532:Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
528:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
452:military coup in Pakistan
376:Afghan Confederation plan
283:1958 military coup d'Ă©tat
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784:Dr. Hasan-Askari Rizvi.
563:On October 7, President
475:Constitution of Pakistan
394:Convention Muslim League
248:This article is part of
410:: Picture, Sound, Video
365:1965 Indo-Pakistani War
143:Overthrow and exile of
53:more precise citations.
388:Political Affiliations
200:Commanders and leaders
182:Government of Pakistan
872:1958 in East Pakistan
656:Doctrine of necessity
540:Malik Ghulam Muhammad
524:Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
460:president of Pakistan
347:President of Pakistan
835:Mazhar Aziz (2007).
371:Tashkent Declaration
640:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
156:Presidential system
811:"Coups and courts"
628:Md. Hafizur Rahman
464:Muhammad Ayub Khan
456:Iskandar Ali Mirza
225:Muhammad Ayub Khan
213:Iskandar Ali Mirza
145:Iskandar Ali Mirza
104:Muhammad Ayub Khan
892:Conflicts in 1958
846:978-0-415-43743-1
753:978-81-7648-469-5
717:978-81-261-1390-3
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295:Political views
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819:. Retrieved
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169:Belligerents
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89:Part of the
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624:Asghar Khan
595:Baluchistan
559:Martial law
479:martial law
150:Martial law
59:August 2014
51:introducing
861:Categories
821:2010-09-17
796:2018-04-15
690:References
684:Dosso case
644:Zia-ul-Haq
632:A. K. Khan
311:Secularism
306:Militarism
273:Early life
158:is imposed
34:references
646:and Gen.
609:Aftermath
318:Elections
257:Ayub Khan
815:Archived
678:See also
545:One Unit
534:and Sir
508:Dominion
152:declared
128:Pakistan
123:Location
603:England
510:of the
408:Gallery
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599:London
591:Quetta
491:Punjab
487:Bengal
466:, the
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135:Result
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288:Death
841:ISBN
748:ISBN
712:ISBN
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