Iranian Revolution

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Iran provided 90% of South Africa's oil. After the revolution, Iran cut South Africa off from its oil supply and financially supported the African National Congress. This was part of the larger want by Khomeini to support the "downtrodden" of the world, including,non-aligned countries. In 1980, the ANC attended the "Gather of World Liberation" hosted in Tehran for the third worldist movement. In 2015, the International Relations and Cooperation minister of South Africa said of Iran, "The Islamic Republic stood by us during our darkest days, cutting ties with the apartheid regime. Your revolution was our revolution. You showed us that emancipation was possible, whatever the odds". A connection with the ANC continued even when tested during the apartheid era and the Iran–Iraq war. In 1985, Iran and South Africa traded weapons for oil. The belief in third-worldism seemed to have superseded the change in behavior by Iran.

8737: 8752: 4705: 8667: 4874:. Other than the politicization of women, there were particular circumstances during the revolution which pushed women into being involved with politics. For example, "the combination of martial law with its curfew hours and the closing down of shops and workplaces, together with the cold of the fall and winter months resulted in the centers of political discussion often being within the home." Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as "the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone, regardless of age or sex." During 1978 and 1979 there were many gatherings in women's homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes. These personal accounts were valuable in a time where the official coverage of news was not trusted by many people. 4493: 8643: 3375: 4785:

counterparts. Not only participating through voting, women also contributed to the revolution through marches, demonstrations and chanting slogans. Women were involved in caring for the wounded, including doctors who responded to calls for help and opened their homes for those who needed assistance. While women themselves were often killed, tortured, arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities, most contributed in non-violent ways. Many women were instrumental not only in being involved in the revolution themselves but in mobilizing men and other non-political women. Many women protested while carrying children and their presence was one of the main reasons for disarming soldiers (who were there on behalf of the regime) who were ordered to shoot if necessary.

4469:. Bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister (a return to civilian rule), while the Shah and his family would leave the country. His royal duties would be carried out by a Regency Council, and three months after his departure a referendum would be submitted to the people deciding on whether Iran would remain a monarchy or become a republic. A former opponent of the Shah, Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini's intentions to implement hard-line religious rule rather than a democracy. Karim Sanjabi immediately expelled Bakhtiar from the National Front, and Bakhtiar was denounced by Khomeini (who declared that acceptance of his government was the equivalent of "obedience to false gods"). 4000:

refinery in Tehran called for higher wages and housing allowances. The government ignored the request, causing the workers to strike. The Shah's government responded by killing dozens of strikers in an event known as Black Friday. One day after this massacre, strikes began in Tehran, Abadan, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Kermanshah. This began the first wave of strikes, which SAVAK reports to include 11,000 workers. The oil strikes of 1978 were imperative to the Iranian Revolution's success, as they put extreme economic pressure on the Shah's regime. Oil revenues are a significant part of the government's income and regardless of the motivation behind those who strike, oil strikes will always threaten to destabilize Iranian regimes.

8679: 4835: 4824: 4324: 4313: 8462:. However, most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred. The policy enacted by the revolutionary government and its attempts to limit the rights of women were challenged by the mobilization and politicization of women that occurred during and after the revolution. Women's resistance included remaining in the work force in large numbers and challenging Islamic dress by showing hair under their head scarves. The Iranian government has had to reconsider and change aspects of its policies towards women because of their resistance to laws that restrict their rights. 3407:

beneficiary of the income generated by oil, and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred. By 1976, the Shah had accumulated upward of $ 1 billion from oil revenue; his family – including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between $ 5 and $ 20 billion; and the family foundation controlled approximately $ 3 billion. By mid-1977 economic austerity measures to fight inflation disproportionately affected the thousands of poor and unskilled male migrants settling in the cities working in the construction industry. Culturally and religiously conservative, many went on to form the core of the revolution's demonstrators and "martyrs".

4208: 3027:. Their resentment towards the Shah also grew as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers. The land reform, instead of allying the peasants with the government, produced large numbers of independent farmers and landless laborers who became loose political cannons, with no feeling of loyalty to the Shah. Many of the masses felt resentment towards the increasingly corrupt government; their loyalty to the clergy, who were seen as more concerned with the fate of the populace, remained consistent or increased. As 3616: 4543:, entered Iran. While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility, Huyser met with military leaders (but not the Shah) and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar's transitional government. Ambassador Sullivan disagreed, and attempted to pressure Huyser to ignore the military and work directly with Khomeini's opposition. Nevertheless, Huyser won out and continued to work with both the military and opposition. He left Iran on 3 February. The Shah was privately embittered by Huyser's mission and felt that the United States no longer wanted him in power. 4892:

examining the daily lives of women, their living conditions and their relationship to other groups to understand their participation in the socio-political events of the revolution. She further explains that the cultural, ideological, social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied to understand how the Iranian women's social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests. Caroline M. Brooks argues that women were left to express their concerns through the protest rather than in the

728: 8779: 4165:(king of kings), which he insisted on being called previously. In his speech he stated "I have heard the voice of your revolution...this revolution cannot but be supported by me, the king of Iran". He apologized for mistakes that were committed during his reign, and promised to ensure that corruption would no longer exist. He stated he would begin to work with the opposition to bring democracy, and would form a coalition government. In effect, the Shah intended to restrain the military government (which he described as a temporary caretaker government) from carrying out a full crackdown. 108: 8277: 3969: 7607:. Revolutionaries were angry because of how the Shah had left Iran which spawned rumors of another U.S.–backed coup in Iran that would re-install him. The occupation was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the Shah to stand trial in exchange for the hostages, and depose Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, who they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the U.S. The students held 52 American diplomats hostage for 444 days, which played a role in helping to pass the constitution, suppressing moderates, and otherwise radicalising the revolution. 4802:

the 'referendum of the streets'... women fought side by side with men in the struggle for their independence and their liberty." Khomeini pleaded for women to participate in anti-Shah demonstrations in various cities. Furthermore, women later responded to Khomeini's urgings to vote in favor of the Islamic Republic and the new constitution. Women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aide to ban women from coming to group audience, Khomeini said "I threw the Shah out with these women, there's no problem in their coming."

4219: 8722: 3893: 8631:". Some of the major issues highlighted were the government in Islam, the need for the clergy's independent financial organization, Islam as a way of life, advising and guiding youth and necessity of being community. Allameh Tabatabei refers to velayat as a political philosophy for Shia and velayat faqih for Shia community. There are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of Islam such as the publication of three volumes of Maktab Tashayyo. Also some believe that it is indispensable to revive the religious gathered in Hoseyniyeh-e-Ershad. 8710: 8698: 12148: 704: 693: 675: 657: 645: 634: 623: 612: 601: 16616: 10357: 3905: 13712: 7959:. Following the death of Sands in May 1981, the street in Tehran the British Embassy is on was renamed from "Winston Churchill Street" to "Bobby Sands Street". The IRA saw the Iranian revolution as aspirational, an example of mass action as a way to meet goals. Both the Iranian government and their opposition supported the hunger strikes, creating a competition for the favor of the IRA. The support by the government came after the UK sided with Iraq and Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq war. Oppositional groups like 870: 348: 4565: 56: 27560: 3060: 28051: 7775: 4956: 25839: 762: 751: 739: 717: 412: 685: 667: 7679: 4591: 8375:. While persecution occurred before the revolution since then more than 200 Baháʼís have been executed or presumed killed, and many more have been imprisoned, deprived of jobs, pensions, businesses, and educational opportunities. Baháʼí holy places have been confiscated, vandalized, or destroyed. More recently, Baháʼís in Iran have been deprived of education and work. Several thousand young Baháʼís between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities. 4509: 8909: 7341: 5949: 29724: 29362: 27994: 27503: 26807: 26316: 25783: 20733: 7647: 8587:

from $ 7762 in 1979 to $ 3699 at the end of the war in 1989. After three decades of reconstruction and growth since then, it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to $ 6751 in 2016. Data on GNI per capita in PPP terms is only available since 1990 globally. In PPP terms, GNI per capita has increased from Int. $ 11,425 in 1990 to Int. $ 18,544 in 2016. But most of this increase can be attributed to the rise in oil prices in the 2000s.

20743: 4478: 4394: 8117:. Most European countries, despite their significant investments within Iran, stood in solidarity with the United States and also imposed economic sanctions on the theocratic regime. Britain suspended all diplomatic relations with Iran and did not re-open their embassy in Tehran until 1988. The European country that maintained the closest relations with the new Iranian government was Switzerland, which was neither a part of the 25519: 28041: 27550: 25829: 8881: 2099: 8923: 5938: 2948: 15907: 4641: 4044: 3003:. Part of the reason for launching the White Revolution was that the Shah hoped to get rid of the influence of landlords and to create a new base of support among the peasants and working class. Thus, the White Revolution in Iran was an attempt to introduce reform from above and preserve traditional power patterns. Through land reform, the essence of the White Revolution, the Shah hoped to ally himself with the 17079: 4767:, the number executed by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated (8,000 opponents between June 1981 and June 1985) exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution. According to Tucker's estimations, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried, and between 8,000 and 9,500 Iranians were executed. 3823:, legalized all political parties and released political prisoners, increased freedom of expression, curtailed SAVAK's authority and dismissed 34 of its commanders, closed down casinos and nightclubs, and abolished the imperial calendar. The government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members. Sharif-Emami entered into negotiations with Shariatmadari and National Front leader 8895: 17075: 15877: 8438:

women's issues. During these decades, women became active in formerly male domains such as the parliament, the cabinet, armed forces, legal professions, and fields of science and technology. Additionally, women achieved the right to vote in 1963. Many of these achievements and rights that Iranian women had gained in the decades leading up to the revolution were reversed by the Islamic Revolution.

3126: 4439:" telegram). The telegram effectively declared his belief that the Shah would not survive the protests and that the US should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate. The United States would then help assemble a coalition of pro-Western military officers, middle class professionals, and moderate clergy, with Khomeini installed as a 15997: 2785:(renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1935), a British oil company, enjoyed a monopoly on sale and production of Iranian oil. It was the most profitable British business in the world. Most Iranians lived in poverty while the wealth generated from Iranian oil played a decisive role in maintaining Britain as a preeminent global power. In 1951, Iranian Prime Minister 2614:, it failed to provide a powerful alternative government. Therefore, in the decades following the establishment of the new parliament, a number of critical events took place. Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia, many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the parliament. 4220: 15869: 4222: 8323:, or even popular religious devotion. Opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction, including a "rift" between the revolutionary generation and younger Iranians who find it "impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about." To honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50,000 prisoners were forgiven by order 7733:). Most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty-four. These activists were either high school students or had recently graduated from universities in Iran and abroad. During the massacre, hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of 7725:. More recently, Rastyad Collective has verified the identities of more than 3,400 political dissidents who were executed between June 1981 and March 1982. These dissidents were sentenced to death by the Islamic Revolutionary Courts during show trials in more than eighty-five cities across the country on charges of spreading "corruption on Earth" ( 4223: 7885:, the secretary-general of the party and head of the Islamic Republic's judicial system. The government arrested thousands, and there were hundreds of executions against the MEK and its followers. Despite these and other assassinations the hoped-for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed. 4597: 4595: 4592: 4040:, France. The Shah hoped that Khomeini would be cut off from the mosques of Najaf and be cut off from the protest movement. Instead, the plan backfired badly. With superior French telephone and postal connections (compared to Iraqi ones), Khomeini's supporters flooded Iran with tapes and recordings of his sermons. 4596: 4675:

when one must stand firm and say no.... I have never seen a book about an Islamic republic; neither has anyone else for that matter.... Some of the people surrounding the Ayatollah are like violent vultures.... The clergy should go to Qom and build a wall around themselves and create their own Vatican.

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Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $ 90.392 billion in 1979 to $ 385.874 in 2015. GDP per capita (nominal) has grown from $ 2290 in 1979 to $ 5470 in 2016. Real GNI per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the Iran-Iraq war

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The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees, the closing of childcare centers, enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places, as well as preventing women from studying in 140

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for Constitution was elected that summer. Critics complained that "vote-rigging, violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information" was used to "produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy, all took active roles during the revolution and loyal to Khomeini."

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While the moderate Bazargan and his government (temporarily) reassured the middle class, it became apparent they did not have power over the "Khomeinist" revolutionary bodies, particularly the Revolutionary Council (the "real power" in the revolutionary state), and later the Islamic Republican Party.

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marched in support for the revolution and it was important that women very much linked to the government also turned against the Shah's regime. Yet, there was some tension later between feminists' dress and the revolution's stance on women's clothing and they began to feel uncomfortable at opposition

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The military leadership was increasingly paralyzed by indecision, and rank-and-file soldiers were demoralized, having been forced to confront demonstrators while prohibited from using their own weapons (and being condemned by the Shah if they did). Increasingly, Khomeini called on the soldiers of the

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government executed a police officer for the act, a man claiming to be the lone surviving arsonist claimed he was responsible for starting the fire. After forcing the resignation of the presiding judges in an attempt to hamper the investigation, the new government finally executed Hossein Talakhzadeh

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period that following modernization the society was heteronormalized. During the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a faux same-sex wedding occurred between two young men with ties to the royal court, which became a source of shame and outrage for some citizens and was utilized by Islamists as further

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in 1941, the discipline of the government decreased, and women were able to further exercise their rights, including the ability to wear the veil if they wanted. More organization of women's groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s, and they used the government's modernization to define and advocate for

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Hussein was confident that with Iraq's armed forces being well-equipped with new technology and with high morale would enjoy a decisive strategic advantage against an Iranian military that had recently had much of its command officers purged following the revolution. Iran was also struggling to find

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Supporters of the revolution both within and outside of Iran began calling for the overthrow of monarchies in the region and for them to be replaced by Islamic republics. This alarmed many of Iran's neighbours, particularly Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia as well as Western nations dependent on Middle

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movements like the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. The Pahlavis and South Africa had relations dating back to when Reza Shah went there in exile. After the first Shah's ousting by the Soviets and British during World War II, he spent the remainder of his life in Johannesburg. Pre-revolution

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After the revolution, human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand. The first to be executed were members of the old system – senior generals, followed by over 200 senior civilian officials – as punishment and to

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In addition to the president, the new constitution included a more powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for Khomeini, with control of the military and security services, and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials. It increased the power and number of clerics on the

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were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the Shah's regime. There were also other groups of women with various agendas that sometimes converged and sometimes diverged from the Islamic Republic's political positions. For example, organized feminism, which was around

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The final collapse of the provisional non-Islamist government came at 2 pm on 11 February when the Supreme Military Council declared itself "neutral in the current political disputes... in order to prevent further disorder and bloodshed." All military personnel were ordered back to their bases,

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Iran has one government. More than this is intolerable, either for me or for you or for any other Iranian. As a Muslim, I had not heard that jihad refers to one Muslim against other Muslims.... I will not give permission to Ayatollah Khomeini to form an interim government. In life there comes a time

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about the coming revolution. Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath, ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported. While it was increasingly clear to more secular Iranians that Khomeini was not a

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prayer was granted, in which 200,000–500,000 people attended. Instead, the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran, while the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter, unnerved, and confused. A few days later, even larger protests took place, and, for the

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Literacy has continued to increase under the Islamic Republic. By 2002, illiteracy rates dropped by more than half. Maternal and infant mortality rates have also been cut significantly. Population growth was first encouraged but discouraged after 1988. Overall, Iran's Human development Index rating

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drive since he took power in 1977, talked of "simultaneous triumph of Islamic ideology in both our countries" and that "Khomeini is a symbol of Islamic insurgence." Some American analysts noted that, at this point, Khomeini's influence and prestige in Pakistan was greater than Zia-ul-Haq's himself.

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and increasingly warmer in recent years following an international backlash over the annexation of Crimea in 2014 which led to sanctions by the Western powers. Russia had sought Iran on expanding arms trade over the past three decades especially with the cooperation with the Assad government during

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Between June 1981 and March 1982, the theocratic regime carried out the largest political massacre in Iranian history, targeting communists, socialists, social democrats, liberals, monarchists, moderate Islamists, and members of the Baha'i faith as part of the Iranian Cultural Revolution decreed by

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In late October 1979, the exiled and dying Shah was admitted into the United States for cancer treatment. In Iran there was an immediate outcry, and both Khomeini and leftist groups demanded the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution. On 4 November 1979 youthful Islamists, calling themselves

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There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women. While some argue that the micro-level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies, others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of

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Women who were activists, religious women and women dissatisfied with the regime were able to unite under the anti-Shah umbrella. However, "women were not united in their opinions of the revolution and its outcome as much as they were not united in their reasons for joining the revolution". Despite

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as a symbol of the revolution, saying that "a nation whose respected women demonstrate in modest garb to express their disgust with the Shah's regime- such a nation will be victorious." He also said that "women from all levels of society took part in the recent demonstrations, which we are calling

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Tensions between the two rival governments increased rapidly. To demonstrate his support, Khomeini called for demonstrators to occupy the streets throughout the country. He also sent a letter to American officials warning them to withdraw support for Bakhtiar. Bakhtiar became increasingly isolated,

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There were a variety of factors influencing the workers' decision to strike. The Shah's regime had relaxed oppression in 1977, giving people more access to protest and organizing. At the same time, the economy had faltered after doing better in the early 70s. The strikes began when the workers at a

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for setting the fire, and, due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere, the public also blamed the Shah for starting the fire, despite the government's insistence that they were uninvolved. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting "Burn the Shah!" and "The Shah is the guilty one!"

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declared heart attack as the cause of death, though many believed his death was attributed to SAVAK. Khomeini remained silent after the incident, while in Iran with the spread of the news came a wave of protest and mourning ceremonies in several cities. The mourning of Mostafa was given a political

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writes, "The regime succeeded in putting women back in the veil in public places, but not in resocializing them into fundamentalist norms." After the revolution, women often had to work hard to support their families as the post-revolutionary economy suffered. Women also asserted themselves in the

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Views differ on the impact of the revolution. For some it was "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history", while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when "for a few years we all lost our minds", and which "promised us heaven,

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However, Iran was "galvanized" by the invasion and the populace of Iran rallied behind their new government in an effort to repel the invaders. After some early successes, the Iraqi invasion stalled and was then repelled and by 1982, Iran had recaptured almost all of its territories. In June 1982,

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Oil strikes started in fall of 1978 and led to a 4.8 million drop of crude oil production every day, which was about seven percent of the world's supply. Prices rose from 13 dollars per barrel in 1979 to 34 dollars in 1980. While increased production from other countries, like Saudi Arabia, offset

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On 15 August 1953 a coup d'état was initiated to remove Mosaddegh, with the support of the United States, the United Kingdom and most of the Shia clergy. The Shah fled to Italy when the initial coup attempt on August 15 failed, but returned after a successful second attempt on August 19. Mosaddegh

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men were known to "indulge in intercourse with males." (1:152) These ancient practices continued into the Islamic period of Iran, with one scholar noting how "...homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military

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Internationally, the initial impact of the revolution was immense. In the non-Muslim world, it changed the image of Islam, generating much interest in Islam—both sympathetic and hostile—and even speculation that the revolution might change "the world balance of power more than any political event

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With great publicity the students released documents from the American embassy, which they labeled a "den of spies", showing that moderate Iranian leaders had met with U.S. officials (and did not release similar evidence of high-ranking Islamists having done the same). Among the casualties of the

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Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres. The revolution resulted in an unprecedented opening for Iranian women into politics (mostly through demonstrations and voting), and some authors

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After the revolution, Khomeini credited much of the success of the movement to women, even commending the women for mobilizing men, "you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement, you have proved that you lead the men, men get their inspiration from you, the men of Iran have

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be returned from exile. The protests grew incredibly fast, reaching between six million and nine million in strength in the first week. About 5% of the population had taken to the streets in the Muharram protests. Both beginning and ending in the month of Muharram, the protests succeeded, and the

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produced an "alarming" increase in inflation, waste and an "accelerating gap" between the rich and poor, the city and the country, along with the presence of tens of thousands of unpopular skilled foreign workers. Many Iranians were also angered by the fact that the Shah's family was the foremost

8037:. At the centre of Iraq's objectives was the annexation of the East Bank of the Shaat Al-Arab waterway that makes up part of the border between the two nations and which had been the site of numerous border skirmishes between the two countries going back to the late 1960s. The president of Iraq, 7712:, former Prime Minister of Iran. Between January 1980 and June 1981, when Bani-Sadr was impeached, at least 900 executions took place, for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups. 4784:

The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution; much of the new regime's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in society. Beyond rhetoric, thousands of women were also heavily mobilized in the revolution itself, and different groups of women actively participated alongside their male

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When news of the Shah's departure was announced, there were spontaneous scenes of joy throughout the country. Millions poured onto the streets, and virtually every remaining sign of the monarchy was torn down by the crowds. Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all remaining political prisoners. He

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On 10 and 11 December 1978, the days of Tasu'a and Ashura, between 6 and 9 million anti-Shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran. According to one historian, "even discounting for exaggeration, these figures may represent the largest protest event in history." The marches were led by Ayatollah

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administration cut spending and reduced business. However, the cutbacks led to a sharp rise in layoffs—particularly among young, unskilled, male workers living in the working-class districts. By summer 1978, the working class joined the street protests in massive numbers. In addition, it was the

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must water the "tree of Islam"), radicals pressured the mosques and moderate clergy to commemorate the deaths of the students, and used the occasion to generate protests. The informal network of mosques and bazaars, which for years had been used to carry out religious events, increasingly became

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The developments initiated by seminaries in the city of Qom closing on 7 January 1978 were followed by the bazaar and seminary closing, and students rallied towards the homes of the religious leaders on the next day. On 9 January 1978, seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city,

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The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered. The motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious, political and economic reasons and women participating were from

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Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution, he had become what some called a "semi-divine" figure, greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of 'Khomeini, O Imam, we salute you, peace be upon you.' Crowds were now known to chant "Islam, Islam, Khomeini, We Will

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More than 10% of the country marched in anti-Shah demonstrations on the two days, possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution. It is rare for a revolution to involve as much as 1 percent of a country's population; the French, Russian, and Romanian revolutions may have passed the 1

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The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers, but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes. By the beginning of November, many important officials in the Shah's government were demanding from the Shah forceful

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to visit prisons. Through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government. Against this background a first crucial manifestation of public expression of social discontent and political protest against the regime took place in October 1977, when the

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notes that "Khomeini's regime grossly overstated the revolution's death toll for propaganda purposes". Tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the Iranian Revolution (from January 1978 to February 1979), numbers between 532 and 2,781. According to the

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highlights this neglected aspect of the revolution, "Although women's participation in the events leading to the 11 February revolution was instrumental in its success, most studies have not addressed the reasons for their involvement or their contribution." Janet Baur argues the necessity of

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The songs most closely associated with the revolution are epic ballads, composed during and in support of the Islamic Revolution and in opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty. Before the revolution was consolidated, these chants were made by various political supporters, and were often recorded on

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Another interesting borderline case between authoritarianism and totalitarianism is Iran, where an almost totalitarian interpretation of a religious ideology is combined with elements of limited pluralism. Under the Islamist regime, Islam has been transformed into a political ideology with a

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found new opportunity to change conditions. Before them, Boroujerdi was considered a conservative Marja. They tried to reform conditions after the death of the ayatollah. They presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in Tehran. The result of the lectures was the book

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television station and using it to "broadcast demands and grievances." The regime reacted quickly, sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station, mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration. The party was suppressed, and in 1982

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power-grab," and that except for his core supporters, the members of the coalition thought Khomeini intended to be more of a spiritual guide than a ruler. Khomeini was in his mid-70s, never held public office, had been out of Iran for more than a decade, and told questioners "the religious

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The Shah himself was horrified by the events of Black Friday, and harshly criticized the events, though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting. While martial law officially remained in effect, the government decided not to break up any more

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analysis in August concluded that Iran "is not in a revolutionary or even a pre-revolutionary situation." These and later events in Iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the United States has experienced since the CIA was established in 1947.

3193:) as government, that Muslims—in fact everyone—required "guardianship," in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists. Such rule was ultimately "more necessary even than prayer and fasting" in Islam, as it would protect Islam from deviation from traditional 13605: 4594: 3035:. Instead, it paved the way for an Islamic Revolution." In theory, oil money funneled to the elite was supposed to be used to create jobs and factories, eventually distributing the money, but instead the wealth tended to remain concentrated in the hands of the very few at the top. 8060:

The war would continue for another six years during which time countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Gulf states provided financial assistance to Iraq in an effort to prevent an Iranian victory, even though their relations with Iraq were often hostile – Kuwait itself was

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Another view is Khomeini had "overwhelming ideological, political and organizational hegemony," and non-theocratic groups never seriously challenged Khomeini's movement in popular support. Supporters of the new rule themselves have claimed that Iranians who opposed Khomeini were

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Khomeini on 14 June 1980 with the intent of "purifying" Iranian society of non-Islamic elements. Between June 1981 and June 1982, Amnesty International documented 2,946 executions, with several thousand more killed in the next two years according to the anti-government guerilla

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to veto un-Islamic legislation, but had no guardian jurist ruler. Leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but Khomeini declared it 'correct'. To approve the new constitution and prevent leftist alterations, a relatively small seventy-three-member

14800: 4758:) claim 2,781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 1978–79 during the revolution. Khomeini reported of a much larger number; he said that "60,000 men, women and children were martyred by the Shah's regime". In reference to this 60,000 figure, the military historian 16097: 3987:

demonstrations or strikes (in effect, "martial law without there exactly being martial law," according to Sharif-Emami), instead continuing to negotiate with protest leaders. Consequently, protest gatherings often took place without any serious intervention by soldiers.

3082:. Khomeini was arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a "wretched miserable man" who had "embarked on the destruction of Islam in Iran." Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources. However, 4085:

flew to Paris to meet Khomeini. There the two signed an agreement for a draft constitution that would be "Islamic and democratic". It signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition. To help create a democratic façade, Khomeini placed

3948:, who was known for his severity against opponents. However, the Shah made clear that once martial law was lifted, he intended to continue with the liberalization. He retained Sharif-Emami's civilian government, hoping that protesters would avoid taking the streets. 7923:

The Islamic Republic positioned itself as a revolutionary beacon under the slogan "neither East nor West, only Islamic Republic" ("Na Sharq, Na Gharb, Faqat Jumhuri-e Islami," i.e., neither Soviet nor American / West European models) and called for the overthrow of

4712:

The armed rebels attacked a weapons factory, capturing nearly 50,000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting. The rebels began storming police stations and military bases throughout Tehran. The city's martial law commander General

4276:" ('God is great'). According to one witness, many of the clashes on the street had an air of playfulness rather than seriousness, with security forces using "kid gloves" against the opposition. Nevertheless, the government reported at least 12 opposition deaths. 3449:, and removed a potential revolutionary rival to Khomeini. Finally, in October Khomeini's son Mostafa died of an alleged heart attack, and his death was also blamed on SAVAK. A subsequent memorial service for Mostafa in Tehran put Khomeini back in the spotlight. 4352:, and on 8 December revoked the ban on street demonstrations. Permits were issued for the marchers, and troops were removed from the procession's path. In turn, Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations. 4886:

While there has been some academic literature exploring individual narratives of women on the revolution, most of the academic work produced focuses on the effect of the revolution on women rather than the role of Iranian women during the revolution. Scholar

4624:

On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar's government in a speech promising, "I shall kick their teeth in. I appoint the government, I appoint the government in support of this nation". On 5 February at his headquarters in the

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and committees at the expense of its remaining allies-turned-opponents, such as the MEK. While enormously costly and destructive, the war "rejuvenate the drive for national unity and Islamic revolution" and "inhibited fractious debate and dispute" in Iran.

4922:

had been overthrown, the economy and the apparatus of government had collapsed, and military and security forces were in disarray. Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, defeated local rebellions and consolidated power.

7417:

on 4 November 1979. Bazargan's resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint, saying "Mr. Bazargan ... was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while." Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a "mistake."

4007:

was declared, with workers in virtually all major industries walking off their jobs, most damagingly in the oil industry and the print media. Special "strike committees" were set up throughout major industries to organize and coordinate the activities.

8593:

The economy has become slightly more diversified since the revolution, with 80% of Iranian GDP dependent on oil and gas as of 2010. The Islamic Republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys.

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By mid-1981 matters came to a head. An attempt by Khomeini to forge a reconciliation between Banisadr and IRP leaders had failed, and now it was Banisadr who was the rallying point "for all doubters and dissidents" of the theocracy, including the MEK.

3631:

The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests and, to make matters worse, he often became indecisive during times of crisis; virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government and further inflamed the revolutionaries.

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hrough the guardianship that I have from the holy lawgiver , I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. The nation must obey him. This is not an ordinary government. It is a government based on the

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Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. Based on the revolutionaries' responses, some American officials (especially Ambassador Sullivan) felt that Khomeini was genuinely intent on creating a democracy. According to historian

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There were widespread social, economic, and political reforms introduced during his reign, a number of which led to public discontent that would provide the circumstances for the Iranian Revolution. Particularly controversial was the replacement of

7425:, was established by Khomeini on 5 May 1979, as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Shah's military. The guard eventually grew into "a full-scale" military force, becoming "the strongest institution of the revolution." 3542:'s security forces who shot live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent. Between 5–300 of the demonstrators were reportedly killed in the protest. 9 January 1978 (19 Dey) is regarded as a bloody day in Qom. 4809:

It has been argued that Khomeini and his fellow leaders danced around the issue of women's rights and rather focused their rhetoric on mobilizing women through encouraging them to participate in protests and fueling their anti-Shah sentiments.

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Fear of the shah and his regime had disappeared, and anti-government and pro-Khomeini demonstrations escalated, with the soldiers refusing to shoot the offenders, who went on a rampage, burning cinemas and destroying banks and some government

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failed to disperse the crowd, troops fired directly into the crowd, killing 64, while General Oveissi claimed that 30 soldiers were killed by armed snipers in surrounding buildings. Additional clashes throughout the day, which would be called

2703:. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other religious leaders who followed him. Hence, no widespread anti-government attempts were organized by the clergy during the rule of Reza Shah. However, the future Ayatollah 13601: 16981: 2560:

Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for 50 years. At the time, the Persian tobacco industry employed over 200,000 people, so the concession represented a major blow to Persian farmers and

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various classes and backgrounds. Many Western educated upper-middle-class women from secular, urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working-class and rural backgrounds. There were groups as varied as the

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was appointed as new Prime Minister by the Shah. The sovereign, who was mainly seen as a figurehead at the time, eventually managed to break free from the shackles of the Iranian elites and impose himself as an autocratic reformist ruler.

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On the other side of the ledger, at least one observer argues that despite great effort and expense the only countries outside Iran the revolution had a "measure of lasting influence" on are Lebanon and Iraq. Others claim the devastating

8399:, without whose official permission, "no books or magazines are published, no audiotapes are distributed, no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established. Men and women are not allowed to dance or swim with each other." 8254:"mortally wounded ... the ideal of spreading the Islamic revolution," or that the Islamic Republic's pursuit of an ideological rather than a "nationalist, pragmatic" foreign policy has weakened Iran's "place as a great regional power". 7410:

Inevitably, the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council (which had the power to pass laws) and Bazargan's government was a source of conflict, despite the fact that both had been approved by and/or put in place by Khomeini.

3182:, against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam, and that Muslims should reject the influence of both liberal capitalism and communism, ideas that inspired the revolutionary slogan "Neither East, nor West – Islamic Republic!" 14792: 4878:

this mobilization and high participation rate of women, they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution.

3353:, organized by the government, was attacked for its extravagance. "As the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by Islam, Iranians were not only excluded from the festivities, some were starving." Five years later, the Shah angered 7963:

claimed solidarity with the hunger strike and connected their Marxist influences. The Iranian government, Iranian leftist groups, and the IRA saw Britain as a colonizing force in both regions. For a time, Mojahedin-e-Khalq and the

7749:

In mid-August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing assembly, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down. When protests were organized by the

4221: 2861:, told their British counterparts that they were ready to move against Mosaddegh. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. Iran had immense oil wealth, a long border with the 8231:, Khomeini said, "it is a cause of joy that… all Pakistan has risen against the United States" and the struggle is not that of the US and Iran but "the entire world of disbelief and the world of Islam". According to journalist 4261:

On 2 December 1978, the Muharram protests began. Named for the Islamic month they began in, the Muharram protests were impressively huge and pivotal. Over two million protesters (many of whom were teenagers proselytized by the

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After the U.S. sanctions were tightened and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China became the main principal allies for Iran. Relations between the two countries improved

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attempted to apprehend the rebels, and an armed battle broke out. Soon large crowds took to the streets, building barricades and supporting the rebels, while Islamic-Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support.

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Whether the Islamic Republic has brought more or less severe political repression is disputed. Grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the Shah and his court is now directed against "the Mullahs." Fear of

4299:, in the 1930s. Even in his years in exile, Khomeini remained relevant in Iran. Supporting the protests from beyond Iran's borders, he proclaimed that "freedom and liberation from the bonds of imperialism" was imminent. 4796:

asserted that "You ladies here have proved that you are at the forefront of this movement. You have a great share in our Islamic movement. The future of our country depends on your support." He invoked the image of the

3018:

that helped create many of the problems the Shah had been trying to avoid. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the past—the

25795: 4059:(BBC), immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight. Khomeini rapidly became a household name in the West, portraying himself as an "Eastern mystic" who did not seek power, but instead sought to "free" his people from " 4896:. Thus, this created a "dangerous bargaining position for activist women" since rather than arguing their position through intellect they were only able to "argue by numbers in the streets and be repelled by force". 545: 4689:) defecting to Khomeini. The military was crumbling, with its leadership completely paralyzed, unsure of whether to support Bakhtiar or act on their own, and rank-and-file soldiers either demoralized or deserting. 8045:, substantially populated by Iranian Arabs. There was also concern that a Shia-centric revolution in Iran may stimulate a similar uprising in Iraq, where the country's Sunni minority ruled over the Shia majority. 4168:

The speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the Shah and "smelled blood". Khomeini announced that there would be no reconciliation with the Shah and called on all Iranians to overthrow him.

7654:

In early March 1979, Khomeini announced, "do not use this term, 'democratic.' That is the Western style," giving pro-democracy liberals (and later leftists) a taste of disappointments to come. In succession the

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would be held in 1979; censorship was relaxed; a resolution was drafted to help reduce corruption within the royal family and the government; and protesters were tried in civilian courts rather than by military

2308:, or disgruntled military. It occurred in a country experiencing relative prosperity, produced profound change at great speed, was very popular, resulted in a massive exile that characterizes a large portion of 2928:

groups attacked his government (often from outside Iran as they were suppressed within) for violating the Iranian constitution, political corruption, and the political oppression, torture, and killings, by the

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to attack and destroy western and secular symbols. The army and police, confused about their orders and under pressure from the Shah not to risk initiating violence, effectively gave up and did not intervene.

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasting until 1979. Mohammad Reza Shah's reform program was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system. It consisted of several elements including

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people attacked meeting places, bookstores, and newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists, driving them underground. Universities were closed to purge them of opponents of theocratic rule as a part of the

4776:

cassette tapes in underground and home studios. In schools, these songs were sung by students as part of the celebrations of Fajr Decades. "Iran Iran" or "Allah Allah" chants are famous revolutionary songs.

11801: 9162: 7434:, volunteers in everything from earthquake emergency management to attacking opposition demonstrators and newspaper offices. The Islamic Republican Party then fought to establish a theocratic government by 8628: 15683: 8175:

In the Muslim world, particularly in its early years, the revolution inspired enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western imperialism, intervention and influence. Islamist insurgents rose in

8053:

with Iraqi forces all but expelled from Iranian territory, the Iraqi government offered a ceasefire. This was rejected by Khomeini, who declared that the only condition for peace was that "the regime in

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For example, Islamic Republic Party and allied forces controlled approximately 80% of the seats on the Assembly of Experts of Constitution. An impressive margin even allowing for electoral manipulation

3438:. In these "Ten Nights" (Dah Shab) 57 of Iran's most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression. 7878:

were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front's appeal. Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence.

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made progress difficult, and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy to accommodate the clerics. After the abdication of

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eliminate the danger of a coup d'état. Brief trials lacking defense attorneys, juries, transparency or the opportunity for the accused to defend themselves were held by revolutionary judges such as

4870:

argue that this had a lasting impact on Iranian women's political participation and role in the public sphere. Some women were also part of the inner circle of the leaders of the new regime such as

4121:

broke out into a full-scale riot. Block after block of Western symbols such as movie theaters and department stores, as well as government and police buildings, were seized, looted, and burned. The

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The Islamic Republic of Iran experienced difficult relations with some Western countries, especially the United States and the Eastern Bloc nations led by the Soviet Union. Iran was under constant

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had become a rallying point for Iranians who wanted democracy not theocracy. Riots broke out in Shariatmadari's Azeri home region with members of the MPRP and Shariatmadari's followers seizing the

4114:

to student protesters. Worse, the opposition was increasingly becoming armed with weapons, firing at soldiers and attacking banks and government buildings in an attempt to destabilize the country.

2242:

in 1964. However, as ideological tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, anti-government demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included

15094: 8125:. Relations with the USSR became strained as well after the Soviet government condemned Khomeini's repression of certain minorities after the revolution. Diplomatic relations between Iran and the 3816:

to the post of prime minister, himself a veteran prime minister. Emami was chosen due to his family ties to the clergy, although he had a reputation of corruption during his previous premiership.

3697:

to the opposition, and soon began to dismiss civil servants and government officials whom he felt the public blamed. In the first national concession, he replaced the hardline SAVAK chief General

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reports that approximately 5,000 homosexuals have been executed in Iran since the revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations.

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is a movie about an Iranian Jewish family. After creating a prosperous life in Iran, they may be forced to abandon everything as a revolution looms on the horizon. It is based on the 2007 novel

8357:

Iran has elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial, and local levels. Although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy – which has veto power over who can run for parliament (or

27546: 27212: 27061: 8387:, and other religious revolutionary enforcers. Violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy, and in any case extremely grave. Reports of 8227:, setting it on fire and taking hostages. While the crisis was quickly defused by the Pakistan military, the next day, before some 120 Pakistani army officers stationed in Iran on the road to 4617:. The welcoming crowd of several million Iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car taking him from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic welcoming crowd. 3827:

to help organize future elections. Censorship was effectively terminated, and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations, often highly critically and negatively of the Shah. The

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The value of Iran's currency declined precipitously after the revolution. Whereas on 15 March 1978, 71.46 rials equaled one U.S. dollar, in January 2018, 44,650 rials amounted to one dollar.

4074:. The BBC itself later issued a statement admitting to having a "critical" disposition to the Shah, saying that its broadcasts helped to "change the collective perception of the population." 28037: 16239: 12857: 8642: 7824: 4532:

The Shah, hoping to see Bakhtiar established, kept delaying his departure. Consequently, to the Iranian public, Bakhtiar was seen as the Shah's last prime minister, undermining his support.

3979:

The deaths shocked the country and damaged any attempt at reconciliation between the Shah and the opposition. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by

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It is said that there were attempts to incorporate modern political and social concepts into Islamic canon since 1950. The attempt was a reaction to the secular political discourse namely

4465:

The Shah began to search for a new prime minister, one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition. On 28 December, he secured an agreement with another major National Front figure,

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cast by Khomeini's political credentials, their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile. This dimension of the ceremonies went beyond the religious credentials of the family.

3334:

In the post-Shah era, some revolutionaries who clashed with his theocracy and were suppressed by his movement complained of deception, but in the meantime anti-Shah unity was maintained.

2304:

The success of the Revolution was met with surprise around the world, as it was unusual. It lacked many customary causes of revolutionary sentiment, e.g. defeat in war, financial crisis,

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to be prime minister because of his mild-mannered approach to the situation. The cabinet he would choose was a military cabinet in name only and consisted primarily of civilian leaders.

28706: 8536:, a journalist asked Khomeini to justify the state-sanctioned shootings of homosexuals. In reply Khomeini compared them as well as other adulterers to gangrene, thieves, and murderers. 3603:'s house, killing one of his students. Shariatmadari immediately made a public announcement declaring his support for a "constitutional government," and a return to the policies of the 8736: 22519: 3951:

However, 5,000 protesters took to the streets, either in defiance or because they had missed hearing the declaration, and faced off with soldiers at Jaleh Square. After the firing of

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problems of the Shah's government (corruption and unequal income and development), while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions—particularly his plan for

3290:—had been weakened considerably by government repression. Despite this the guerrillas did help play an important part in the final February 1979 overthrow delivering "the regime its 15728: 7928:, American influence, and social injustice in the Middle East and the rest of the world. Revolutionary leaders in Iran gave and sought support from non-Muslim activists such as the 7614:, "This action has many benefits. ... This has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty ..." 4231:

Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests. He and the protest organizers planned a series of escalating protests during the holy Islamic month of

4295:

as its religious and political leader for life. Khomeini had been an opposition leader to Shah for many years, rising to prominence after the death of his mentor, renowned scholar

2822:, reported that Mosaddegh "would rather be fried in Persian oil than make the slightest concession to the British." The British considered an armed invasion, but UK Prime Minister 16292: 8952: 2442:(i.e., the United States) whose culture was affecting that of Iran. At the same time, support for the Shah may have waned among Western politicians and media—especially under the 13171: 12886: 2458:

policy which said that countries guilty of human-rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and

12953: 11942: 7503:, which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces. These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted between several months to over a year, depending on the region. 12701: 3659:

training nor equipment since 1963. As a result, police forces were unable to control demonstrations, thus the army was frequently deployed. Soldiers were instructed not to use

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and government buildings were burned, and a bus full of American workers was bombed. Due to his failure to stop the protests, Prime Minister Amuzegar offered his resignation.

2285:. By 11 February, the monarchy was brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed combat. Following the 112:

Mass demonstrations of people protesting against the Shah and the Pahlavi government on the day of Hosseini's Ashura on 11 December 1978 at College Bridge (now Hafez Bridge),

15758: 4180:

in the oil industry. Street marches declined, and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels. In a symbolic blow to the opposition,

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by Hamid Ansari, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, translated by Seyed Manoochehr Moosavi, pp. 165–76

7573:

Khomeini (and the assembly) now rejected the constitution – its correctness notwithstanding – and Khomeini declared that the new government should be based "100% on Islam."

5405: 5113: 4145:

As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control, many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah, begging him to stop the chaos.

18041: 12920: 12332: 10007: 9298:(...) thirty-seven days by a caretaker regime, which collapsed on 11 February when guerillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the shah in armed street fighting. 8598:

ranked Iran 136th out of 175 countries in transparency (i.e., lack of corruption) for its 2014 index; and the IRI was ranked 130th out of the 189 countries surveyed in the

20779: 16018: 4971:

Some observers believe "what began as an authentic and anti-dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti-Shah forces was soon transformed into an

8343:

has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002, on a par with neighbouring Turkey. In the latest HDI, however, Iran has since fallen 8 ranks below Turkey.

28527: 28252: 27538: 13372: 2262:—served as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across Iran, and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country for the remainder of that year. 15227:"Iranian consecration of Irish nationalist 'martyrs': the Islamic Republic of Iran and the 1981 republican prisoners' hunger strike in Northern Ireland, Social History" 7758:... After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over. They are not allowed to publish newspapers. 3434:

German-Iranian Cultural Association in Tehran hosted a series of literature reading sessions, organized by the newly revived Iranian Writers Association and the German

28189: 28029: 18463: 14459: 7461:

Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the Shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups, were the moderate religious

4725:, marking the end of the monarchy in Iran. Bakhtiar escaped the palace under a hail of bullets, fleeing Iran in disguise. He was later assassinated by an agent of the 4436: 17295: 17006: 7940:

struggle in South Africa, even favoring far-left revolutionaries over Islamist (but ideologically different and strategically harmful) causes such as the neighboring

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Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women. During the reign of

4861:

since the Pahlavi dynasty, joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women's Affairs to appease the Islamists. Members of the

18442: 9878: 8465:

Since the revolution, university enrollment and the number of women in the civil service and higher education has risen. and several women have been elected to the

3819:

Under the Shah's guidance, Sharif-Emami effectively began a policy of "appeasing the opposition's demands before they even made them." The government abolished the

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increasingly became locked in a debate about continued support for the monarchy. As early as November, ambassador William Sullivan sent a telegram to Carter (the "

16817:

Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

4613:, declaring that "We will soon have the honor of welcoming home the Ayatollah Khomeini". On 1 February 1979 Khomeini returned to Tehran in a chartered Air France 28154: 15673: 15172: 9173:

Researcher Emad al-Din Baghi at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid) counted 2,781 protesters killed in 1978–79, a total of 3,164 killed between 1963 and 1979.

14520: 8666: 4148:

On 6 November, the Shah dismissed Sharif-Emami from the post of prime minister, and chose to appoint a military government in its place. The Shah chose General

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By August, the protests had "kick…into high gear," and the number of demonstrators mushroomed to hundreds of thousands. In an attempt to dampen inflation, the

3287: 8454:

Women – especially those from traditional backgrounds – participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution. They were encouraged by

4621:

Follow You", and even "Khomeini for King". When asked by a reporter how he felt returning to his home country after a long exile, Khomeini replied "Nothing".

3526:

newspaper. Written under a pseudonym by a government agent, it denounced Khomeini as a "British agent" and a "mad Indian poet" conspiring to sell out Iran to

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armed forces to defect to the opposition. Revolutionaries gave flowers and civilian clothes to deserters, while threatening retribution to those who stayed.

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whose livelihoods were largely dependent on the lucrative tobacco business. The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of

29256: 28184: 27134: 26606: 26110: 22136: 20970: 18245: 17037: 9357: 9145: 7621:

The prestige of Khomeini and the hostage taking was further enhanced with the failure of a hostage rescue attempt, widely credited to divine intervention.

3717:

By summer, the protests had stagnated, remaining at a steady rate for four months, with about 10,000 participants in each major city—with the exception of

535: 16925: 11903: 9346: 7618:

hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages.

4721:

effectively yielding control of the entire country to Khomeini. Revolutionaries took over government buildings, TV and radio stations, and palaces of the

3595:. In an increasingly predictable pattern, deadly riots broke out in major cities, and again 40 days later, on 10 May. It led to an incident in which army 28441: 28401: 28224: 28219: 28214: 25470: 18416: 16863: 11238: 5400: 5108: 4426: 15847: 15263:"Iranian consecration of Irish nationalist 'martyrs': the Islamic Republic of Iran and the 1981 republican prisoners' hunger strike in Northern Ireland" 9133: 8011: 7999: 4546:

On the morning of 16 January 1979, Bakhtiar was officially appointed prime minister. The same day, a tearful Shah and his family left Iran for exile in

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Street demonstrations continued at full force with little response from the military; by late October, government officials effectively even ceded the

3462: 575: 8524:

When Ruhollah Khomeini came to power in 1979, he called for homosexuals to be "exterminated", and one of his first political actions was to institute

7948:. In terms of future relevance, the conflicts that originated from the Iranian Revolution continued to define geo-politics for the following decades. 2800:

the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and became a national hero. The British, however, were outraged and accused him of stealing. The British unsuccessfully

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The growing dissatisfaction continued until the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament, the

7584:

The new constitution was also approved overwhelmingly by the December 1979 constitutional referendum, but with more opposition and smaller turnout.

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served as "the eyes and ears" of the new rule and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property".

5522: 5489: 2578:

The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, revealing the power of the people and the

2222:

and cultivated a close relationship with the US to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler. Relying heavily on American support amidst the

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On 28 June 1981, a bombing of the office of the IRP killed around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including

4258:

While the military authorities banned street demonstrations and extended the curfew, the Shah faced deep misgivings about the potential violence.

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and negotiation. The Shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his own government for charges of corruption, including former prime minister

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were deployed to the city to restore order. The death toll, according to the government was 6, while Khomeini claimed hundreds were "martyred."

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ordered the army to allow mass demonstrations, promised free elections and invited the revolutionaries into a government of "national unity".

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Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran's close cooperation with Israel and its

28798: 27398: 27217: 26810: 26472: 26337: 25983: 25810: 25274: 24860: 15134: 10953: 10819: 10719: 8778: 8235:, "the Pakistani officers, many of whom had graduated from Western military academies, seemed swayed by the ayatollah's intoxicating words." 5474: 17442: 15582: 8697: 28916: 28346: 27841: 27821: 26835: 26768: 26753: 26277: 26262: 25738: 24904: 23915: 19437: 16370: 13747: 10092: 5559: 5484: 4417:(the second largest city in Iran) was abandoned to the protesters, and in many provincial towns demonstrators were effectively in control. 3346: 15706: 15359:

Middle Eastern Posters Collection, Box 2, Poster 49, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library

9420: 3473:'s death in the United Kingdom shortly after led to another public demonstration, with the opposition accusing the Shah of murdering him. 29271: 29163: 28462: 28393: 28137: 27826: 27768: 27313: 26994: 26543: 26477: 26047: 25988: 25864: 25854: 25481: 25375: 23889: 22776: 21011: 20765: 19215: 15621: 13483: 13013: 12366: 12047: 11027: 9046: 8709: 8300: 8086: 7816:

was elected president of Iran. Though an adviser to Khomeini, he was a leftist who clashed with another ally of Khomeini, the theocratic

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rejected a military crackdown; he and his supporters believed in the "moderate and progressive" intentions of Khomeini and his circle.

3725:, where they were smaller—protesting every 40 days. This amounted to a small minority of the more than 15 million adults in Iran. 530: 12945: 11926: 29822: 29365: 28833: 28617: 28505: 28351: 28015: 27797: 27612: 27607: 26955: 26643: 26147: 25587: 25475: 23968: 21057: 16954: 16662: 12709: 12567: 9208:

example: "Secular Iranian writers of the early 1980s, most of whom supported the revolution, lamented the course it eventually took."

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first published in 2000 that depicts the author's childhood in Iran during and after the Islamic Revolution. The 2007 animated film

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Holding the hostages was very popular and continued even after the death of the Shah. As Khomeini explained to his future President

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This conflict lasted only a few months however. The provisional government fell shortly after American Embassy officials were taken

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paranoia and fears of communist influence, contributed to American strategic interests. On 20 January 1953, U.S. Secretary of State

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replacement parts for much of its US- and British-supplied equipment. Hussein believed that victory would therefore come swiftly.

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in Algeria on 19 January 1981. The hostages were formally released to United States custody the following day, just minutes after

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Ultimately only the Lebanese Islamists succeeded. The Islamic revolutionary government itself is credited with helping establish

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guerrillas came under attack in February 1980, a purge of universities started in March 1980, and the liberal Islamist President

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released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. It included a

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was underway. Secular opponents of the Shah began to meet in secret to denounce the government. Led by the leftist intellectual

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Iran's Sunni minority (about 8%) has seen some unrest. Five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities.

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On 5 November, demonstrations at University of Tehran became deadly after a fight broke out with armed soldiers. Within hours,

377: 257: 24648: 18367: 16427: 13380: 13195: 4637:, affiliated with the National Front) as his own prime minister, and commanded Iranians to obey Bazargan as a religious duty: 29293: 28689: 28659: 27965: 27597: 27455: 26628: 26487: 26132: 25998: 25770: 25425: 24776: 23844: 21779: 21466: 21444: 20105: 19935: 19880: 19749: 19615: 18513: 18356: 18015: 17914: 17714: 17646: 17581: 17534: 17436: 17415: 17331: 16739: 16352: 16327: 15615: 15535: 15445: 15088: 14658: 14009: 13982: 13895: 13555: 13458: 13426: 13151: 13007: 12851: 12807: 12757: 12616: 12525: 12445: 12420: 12360: 12127: 12085: 12041: 11936: 11897: 11870: 11765: 11734: 11368: 11101: 11021: 10992: 10913: 10855: 10783: 10744: 10693: 10224: 10191: 10144: 10115: 9840: 9686: 9597: 9552: 9291: 9262: 8208: 8068:

The war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups; the

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Pahlavi maintained a close relationship with the U.S. government, as both regimes shared opposition to the expansion of the

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After more than a year of civil strife and street protests, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left Iran for exile in January 1979.

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Although the British were initially turned down in their request for American support by President Truman, the election of

2239: 782: 309: 170: 16113: 14588: 7534:, and several Kurdish parties opposed the vote. The results showed that 98.2% had voted in favor of the Islamic Republic. 7067: 4176:

province (Iran's main oil producing province) and deployed troops to its oil facilities. Navy personnel were also used as

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by some of the society's classes at that time. It also suffered from some basic functional failures that brought economic

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Narrative of Awakening : A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension

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called for a demonstration in June 1981 in favor of Banisadr, Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for

7786: 7754:(NDF), Khomeini angrily denounced them saying, "we thought we were dealing with human beings. It is evident we are not." 7660: 7462: 7362: 7220: 6846: 6537: 4909: 3517: 3425:

In 1977 the Shah responded to the "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights by the new American president,

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Azar Tabari (1982). "Mystifications of the Past and Illusions of the Future". In Nikki R. Keddie; Eric Hooglund (eds.).

13579: 10667: 8532:, and the death penalty for any sexual acts outside traditional Islamic heterosexual marriage. In a 1979 interview with 4132:

Many of the rioters were young teenage boys, often organized by the mosques in southern Tehran, and encouraged by their

2354:, Iran began to back Shia militancy across the region, to combat Sunni influence and establish Iranian dominance in the 29241: 29103: 28766: 28194: 27668: 27460: 27157: 27142: 27009: 26726: 26663: 26235: 26167: 25545: 24090: 24006: 23973: 23326: 22421: 21399: 21284: 21238: 21233: 21179: 19690: 19679: 19624: 19572: 19427: 19230: 18458: 18260: 8982: 8412: 8122: 7237: 7047: 6507: 3374: 3190: 3114: 2747:

The post-war years were characterized by political instability, as the Shah clashed with the pro-Soviet Prime Minister

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Following the events of the revolution, Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising

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decided not to use his 30,000 loyal Immortal Guards to crush the rebellion for fear of producing civilian casualties.

2652:, in 1925 and being designated monarch by the National Assembly, to be known thenceforth as Reza Shah, founder of the 29797: 28931: 28911: 28874: 28793: 28679: 28674: 28555: 28066: 27554: 27248: 27054: 27024: 26548: 26450: 26052: 25961: 25630: 25450: 25342: 25192: 25106: 24940: 24266: 24258: 23058: 22621: 21891: 21832: 20803: 20120: 20064: 20044: 19860: 19835: 19731: 19655: 19557: 19187: 19029: 18155: 18119: 18102: 18067: 17981: 17958: 17937: 17883: 17855: 17836: 17817: 17798: 17777: 17756: 17735: 17695: 17667: 17614: 17513: 17492: 17471: 17375: 16691: 15481: 14512: 14487: 14206: 14079: 13636: 13620: 11707: 11462: 10661: 10468: 10402: 9446: 9051: 8565: 8082: 8069: 7945: 7933: 7527: 7387: 7383: 7327: 6792: 6577: 5671: 5459: 2591: 570: 515: 452: 417: 31: 21629: 19954: 13931: 10123:

totalitarian bent, and the limited pluralism is allowed only among political groups loyal to the Islamic revolution.

10106:Özbudun, Ergun (2011). "Authoritarian Regimes". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). 9403: 7526:

over whether to replace the monarchy with an "Islamic republic". Khomeini called for a massive turnout and only the

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in Tehran and 11 other major cities throughout the country. All street demonstrations were banned, and a night-time

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liberal, he was widely perceived as a figurehead, and that power would eventually be handed to the secular groups.

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and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi, thus symbolizing the "unity" of the secular and religious opposition. The

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like those who ran the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Mosaddegh, however, learned of Churchill's plans and ordered the

2509: 510: 447: 22439: 22301: 21985: 18000:

Translated from Polish by William R. Brand and Katarzyna Mroczkowska-Brand. New York: Vintage International, 1992.

16915:"State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" 13947: 10872: 10531:

Moaddel, Mansoor (1992). "Shi'i Political Discourse and Class Mobilization in the Tobacco Movement of 1890–1892".

7458:(the Party of God), "strong-arm thugs" who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of Khomeini. 7107: 3445:

died under mysterious circumstances. This both angered his followers, who considered him a martyr at the hands of

2606:), and approval of the first constitution. Although the constitutional revolution was successful in weakening the 29201: 29018: 28669: 28612: 28329: 27435: 27275: 27147: 27122: 27044: 26989: 26872: 26746: 26368: 26255: 25859: 25833: 25592: 25499: 25368: 25248: 24950: 24326: 23481: 22862: 22791: 22691: 22569: 22341: 22331: 21918: 21305: 20095: 19635: 19471: 19466: 19205: 18832: 18241: 16491: 16473: 15937: 9017: 8136:

stance. The former Israeli embassy in Tehran was handed over to the PLO, and Iran has allied itself with several

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The telegram touched off a vigorous debate in the American cabinet, with some, such as National Security Advisor

4344:(10 and 11 December) approached, to prevent a deadly showdown, the Shah began to draw back. In negotiations with 1488: 442: 437: 22256: 22143: 22131: 29827: 29812: 28607: 28592: 28336: 28096: 27729: 27689: 27450: 27049: 26912: 26851: 26736: 26731: 26653: 26245: 26240: 26157: 25733: 25506: 25289: 24311: 24214: 24064: 22912: 22681: 22261: 22163: 21896: 21340: 21335: 21129: 21102: 21052: 21025: 20899: 20824: 20700: 20525: 20405: 20389: 19875: 19810: 19711: 19660: 19432: 19383: 19368: 19272: 19262: 19242: 19034: 18693: 17587: 16914: 15870:"همکاری نزدیک لاریجانی با دولت در قرارداد 25 ساله با چین- اخبار مجلس و دولت ایران – اخبار سیاسی تسنیم – Tasnim" 11887: 11580: 9342: 9070: 8517:

evidence of the "immoral" monarchy. This also tied the monarchy to the West, which had begun to be regarded in

8361:) and whether its bills can become law – they have more power than equivalent organs in the Shah's government. 8137: 8132:

Israel had relations with Iran under the Shah, but relations were cut on 18 February 1979 when Iran adopted an

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The Shah increasingly felt that he was losing control of the situation and hoped to regain it through complete

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On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi went into exile as the last Iranian monarch by birth, leaving his duties to Iran's

2055: 1230: 28142: 27763: 27751: 22581: 22311: 21822: 21594: 20834: 20829: 20333: 19104: 19044: 16855: 11774: 11230: 9090: 9031: 8372: 7122: 4063:." Many western media outlets, usually critical of such claims, became one of Khomeini's most powerful tools. 3327:, which he believed most Iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by Western 2902: 2548:. The clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1891 2396: 28542: 28470: 28147: 27780: 27734: 27694: 27295: 27202: 27039: 26935: 26927: 26887: 26778: 23859: 22874: 22827: 22591: 22514: 22246: 21087: 20996: 20975: 20860: 20559: 20000: 19983: 19890: 19865: 19721: 19629: 19619: 18433: 16541: 15843: 14769: 9085: 8852: 8466: 8358: 7835: 7798:

Shariatmadari was "demoted" from the rank of Grand Ayatollah and many of his clerical followers were purged.

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and to negotiate rather than to use force against the still-nascent protest movement: he promised that fully

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as progress that was the basis of the Shah's secular reign, and to form the ideology of the 1979 revolution:

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Angered, Bakhtiar made a speech of his own. Reaffirming himself as the legitimate leader, he declared that:

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rather than to replace him with a theocracy, but lacked the cohesion and organization of Khomeini's forces.

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Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why has Islamic Government not been established?

9075: 8297: 7790: 7466: 7317: 7280: 7200: 7160: 7062: 7057: 5871: 4345: 3706: 3600: 3418:" campaigns—fining and jailing merchants for high prices – angered and politicized merchants while fueling 3306: 3273: 2226:, he remained the Shah of Iran for 26 years, keeping the country from swaying towards the influence of the 505: 432: 253: 20329: 16262: 14420: 4270:. Protesters frequently went out at night, defying the set curfew, often taking to rooftops and shouting " 3663:, yet there were instances of inexperienced soldiers reacting excessively, inflaming the violence without 3572:

On 18 February, 40 days after the Qom protests, demonstrations broke out in various different cities. The

2755:

grew in size and influence and the Iranian Army had to deal with Soviet-sponsored separatist movements in

29792: 29787: 29747: 29560: 29485: 29073: 28921: 28813: 28500: 28209: 26877: 26499: 25455: 25440: 25398: 24926: 24499: 24246: 24241: 23864: 23336: 23331: 23048: 22726: 22454: 22199: 22158: 22102: 22005: 21886: 21844: 21749: 21274: 21228: 21134: 21077: 21047: 20943: 20354: 20348: 20299: 20110: 19940: 19819: 19444: 16509: 10653: 9373: 8391:, imprisonment of dissidents, and the murder of prominent critics have been made by human rights groups. 8289: 8145: 8118: 7856: 7683: 7391: 7052: 5146: 4626: 3854: 3794: 3137:

In this interim period of "disaffected calm," the budding Iranian revival began to undermine the idea of

2890: 2830:, who sympathized with nationalist movements like Mosaddegh's and had nothing but contempt for old-style 2729: 2692: 2092: 2080: 919: 490: 18375:

by Ted Grant, "In Defence of Marxism" website, International Marxist Tendency (Friday, 9 February 1979).

12406: 9246: 8508:

camps, bathhouses and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (

4098:) as the public spokesmen of the opposition, and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a 29817: 29420: 29348: 29323: 29298: 28684: 28376: 28366: 27814: 27757: 27403: 27280: 27260: 27034: 26793: 26690: 26638: 26633: 26526: 26302: 26194: 26142: 26137: 26030: 25786: 25681: 25460: 25361: 25310: 25279: 24710: 24296: 23701: 22922: 22907: 22897: 22751: 22351: 21839: 21642: 21409: 21139: 20569: 20030: 19895: 19363: 19141: 19039: 17252: 17038:"Political Risk to Investment in Iran: Sanctions, Inflation, Protectionism, War, Bonyads, and the IRGC" 16209: 15557: 12493: 8595: 7838:(or MEK) – were being suppressed by Khomeini's forces. Khomeini attacked the MEK, referring to them as 7155: 6856: 6527: 5791: 5454: 5268: 5070: 4432: 4129:

nearly suffered the same fate. The event became known to foreign observers as "The Day Tehran Burned."

4021: 3668: 3493: 3212:, mosque sermons, and smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini among his opposition network of students ( 2801: 2688: 2443: 2208: 2204: 2050: 2011: 18397: 18255: 17191: 10714: 9922: 9392: 7834:

At the same time, erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini – the Islamist modernist guerrilla group

4666:

of Islam ... Revolt against God's government is a revolt against God. Revolt against God is blasphemy.

4368:

effectively policed the gathering, and protesters who attempted to initiate violence were restrained.

3736:, the Shah's policy appeared to have worked, leading Amuzegar to declare that "the crisis is over." A 2845:

as U.S. president in November 1952 changed the American stance toward the conflict. This, paired with

2628:

Insecurity and chaos that were created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General

29782: 29772: 29690: 28843: 28744: 28642: 27918: 27902: 27897: 27465: 27425: 27285: 27233: 27089: 27014: 26859: 26695: 26668: 26601: 26381: 26199: 26172: 26105: 25903: 25711: 24791: 24137: 23930: 23806: 23751: 23571: 22559: 22266: 21827: 21439: 21356: 20892: 20673: 20264: 20034: 19815: 19741: 19603: 19578: 19501: 19252: 19151: 19094: 18506: 18403: 15643:

Halliday, Fred (Spring 1994). "An Elusive Normalization: Western Europe and the Iranian Revolution".

15396: 15262: 15226: 12437: 11578:"Dah Šab – Zehn Literaturabende in Teheran 1977: Der Kampf um das Monopol literarischer Legitimität." 9311: 9041: 8614:, liberalism and nationalism. Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, some of the scholars like 8408: 8213: 8104: 8094: 8090: 7972:) had consistent contact. Contact ended in June 1981 after fear of offending the Iranian Government. 7766:

attacked the protesters, and shortly after, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader.

7165: 7132: 7032: 7027: 6697: 6314: 5963: 5918: 5233: 4834: 4823: 4323: 4312: 4292: 4207: 3615: 3604: 3175:'s popularized retellings of the Shia faith all spread and gained listeners, readers and supporters. 2782: 2776: 2669: 1992: 1896: 1155: 18007:

A Time to Betray: The Astonishing Double Life of a CIA Agent Inside the Revolutionary Guards of Iran

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Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

4629:

in southern Tehran, he declared a provisional revolutionary government, appointed opposition leader

3744:

As a sign of easing of government restrictions, three prominent opposition leaders from the secular

29303: 29063: 28946: 28941: 28901: 28863: 28622: 28426: 28302: 27648: 27177: 27107: 27099: 26788: 26773: 26705: 26681: 26553: 26521: 26440: 26297: 26282: 26209: 26185: 26057: 26025: 25951: 25675: 25167: 24781: 24341: 24301: 23556: 23123: 22386: 22276: 22030: 21574: 20384: 20174: 20054: 20005: 19977: 19840: 19378: 19292: 19021: 17990: 17161: 17131: 17101: 12190: 11360: 10390:

The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East

9007: 8840: 8098: 8062: 7952: 7875: 7557: 7395: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7082: 6657: 6060: 4634: 3261: 3229: 2113: 2075: 2070: 2060: 849: 482: 29380: 23296: 15844:"The new power couple: Russia and Iran in the Middle East – European Council on Foreign Relations" 15142: 10961: 10811: 10709: 6437: 4553: 3580:, which descended into a full-scale riot. "Western" and government symbols such as cinemas, bars, 3564:) are held 40 days after a person's death. Encouraged by Khomeini (who declared that the blood of 29700: 28560: 28297: 28282: 27938: 27877: 27653: 27587: 27382: 27305: 27265: 27207: 27019: 26700: 26433: 26204: 25944: 25565: 24424: 24336: 24331: 24291: 24221: 22786: 22731: 22716: 22656: 22464: 22444: 22204: 21881: 21486: 21030: 20615: 20589: 20580: 20450: 20410: 20014: 19950: 19910: 19645: 19496: 19353: 19312: 18570: 18447: 17426: 15645: 15552: 14477: 9729: 9369: 8580: 8576: 8316: 8217: 8157:

with China that includes "political, strategic and economic" components between the two nations.

7859:", and 20,000 teachers and nearly 8,000 military officers deemed too westernized were dismissed. 7566: 7492: 7482: 7215: 7205: 7170: 6886: 6532: 6123: 6035: 5861: 4841: 4601:

Video of people welcoming Ayatollah Khomeini in the streets of Tehran after his return from exile

4462:, this resulted in the United States effectively helping to facilitate Khomeini's rise to power. 4067: 3415: 2818: 2641: 2633: 2553: 2431: 2305: 1638: 1394: 975: 457: 211: 24449: 21689: 16367: 13925: 13797: 13646: 13630: 5603: 3358: 2203:, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. The ousting of Pahlavi, the last 29777: 29762: 29752: 29328: 29211: 28868: 28858: 28731: 28381: 28292: 28287: 28272: 27943: 27633: 26462: 26445: 26421: 25973: 25956: 25932: 25489: 24865: 24579: 24504: 24361: 24271: 24209: 24027: 23999: 23576: 23080: 22474: 22148: 21624: 21384: 21379: 21172: 21006: 20705: 20344: 20085: 20040: 19764: 19726: 19454: 19210: 14793:"Onderzoekers lanceren online database over de grootste massamoord uit de Iraanse geschiedenis" 13941: 9721: 9428: 8809: 8561: 8110: 8034: 7817: 7225: 7210: 6742: 6677: 6226: 6216: 6153: 5736: 5152: 4976:

dignitaries do not want to rule." However, nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the

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learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of Iran ...You are in the vanguard of the movement."

4693: 4686: 4420: 3269: 3225: 3130: 3050: 2438:, and inflation. The Shah was perceived by many as beholden to—if not a puppet of—a non-Muslim 2313: 2298: 2274: 2266: 1955: 1458: 932: 500: 367: 266: 25418: 23786: 18288: 15605: 15527: 13999: 13957: 13522:, but also "Fedayins and Kurds as well as Tudeh, National Front, and Shariatmadari supporters" 13507:

The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History

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Forty days later, on 29 March, demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities, including

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Taheri, Amir. The Persian night: Iran under the Khomeinist revolution. Encounter Books, 2010.

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Kabalan, Marwan J. (2020). "Iran-Iraq-Syria". In Mansour, Imad; Thompson, William R. (eds.).

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to be closed in October 1952, forcing all British diplomats and agents to leave the country.

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Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet

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The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran

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114 billion in 1980 to $ 858 billion in 2010. GDP per capita (PPP) has grown from

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In addition, the media coverage eroded the influence of other, more moderate clergy such as

3414:—all other parties were banned. That party's attempt to fight inflation with populist "anti- 966: 67: 29585: 29460: 29168: 28647: 28637: 28431: 28204: 28132: 27643: 27377: 27372: 27318: 27117: 25759: 25637: 25413: 25207: 25177: 24983: 24978: 24740: 24494: 24366: 23351: 23118: 22973: 22927: 22842: 22837: 22636: 22535: 22484: 22479: 22371: 22326: 22281: 22219: 22050: 22025: 21975: 21903: 21817: 21667: 21269: 21248: 21146: 20958: 20544: 20446: 20339: 20279: 20254: 20233: 20213: 20186: 19988: 19930: 19825: 19588: 19553: 19317: 18499: 18221: 17995: 11284:

Burns, Gene (1996). "Ideology, Culture, and Ambiguity: The Revolutionary Process in Iran".

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Islamic discourse as immoral due to "...female nudity and open adult male homosexuality.".

8478: 8384: 8308: 8199:, it has been noted that the "press was largely favorable towards the new government"; the 8177: 7691: 7578: 7255: 6997: 6936: 6299: 6221: 6128: 6095: 5726: 5643: 5515: 5075: 4853: 4111: 3926: 3858: 3761: 3573: 3551: 3097:, to American government personnel in Iran. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and 2842: 2416: 2294: 2065: 494: 462: 249: 107: 24479: 17558:"Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty" 16950: 9109:

According to Kurzman, scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include:

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judge. By January 1980 "at least 582 persons had been executed." Among those executed was

2281:, following an invitation by the government; several thousand greeted him as he landed in 8: 29705: 29555: 29535: 29470: 28411: 28262: 28106: 27958: 27362: 26581: 26396: 26085: 25918: 25577: 25253: 25138: 24688: 24574: 24095: 23796: 23711: 23706: 23606: 23469: 23266: 23150: 23065: 22953: 22806: 22801: 22781: 22766: 22676: 22671: 22576: 22509: 22499: 22411: 22406: 22396: 22296: 22236: 22209: 22035: 22020: 21990: 21968: 21754: 21744: 21471: 21394: 21364: 21348: 20963: 20284: 19973: 19706: 19598: 19197: 19192: 19156: 19089: 18938: 18626: 18347: 15678: 15292: 13373:"Iran: 25th Anniversary Of Islamic Revolution Commemorated Amid Serious Political Crisis" 13269: 11353: 10394: 8992: 8529: 8482: 8304: 7813: 7778: 7668: 7611: 7604: 7593: 7414: 7230: 7175: 7097: 7007: 6896: 6409: 6191: 6181: 6176: 6065: 5906: 5856: 5055: 4939: 4927: 4447: 4071: 3973: 3881: 3789:

A series of escalating protests broke out in major cities, and deadly riots broke out in

3760:—were allowed to pen an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the 3640: 3395: 3383: 3283: 3094: 2973: 2866: 2752: 1798: 1668: 1097: 893: 540: 397: 271: 22651: 22564: 16293:"Large number of Iranian prisoners to be pardoned for revolution anniversary – Khamenei" 8276: 7659:

was banned in August 1979, the provisional government was disempowered in November, the

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Pictures of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the revolution, Shah and wife in Morocco

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Source: Letter from Amnesty International to the Shaul Bakhash, 6 July 1982. Quoted in

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government of South Africa were completely severed following Khomeini's rise to power.

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Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles, Histories, Historiographies

4155:

The same day, the Shah made a speech on Iranian television. He referred to himself as

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Parsi, Arsham (2014). "Iranian Queers and Laws: Fighting for Freedom of Expression".

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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran

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Iran is currently one of the world's only jurisdictions to actively execute gay men.

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The Islamic Republic changed the foreign policy of the Pahlavi dynasty by supporting

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movement by both the Shah's reign—who considered them a minor threat compared to the

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Islamic Values and World View: Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics

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supported the left, while perhaps the most senior and influential ayatollah in Iran—

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Imam Khomeini life, thought and legacy: essays from an Islamic movement perspective

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the decline in supply slightly there was still a 10 percent drop in available oil.

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Slideshow with audio commentary of the legacy of Islamic revolution after 30 years

17568:. Vol. 6: Helden – Heroisierungen – Heroismen. Würzburg: Ergon. pp. 229–244. 17561: 16679:

My Sister, Guard Your Veil, My Brother, Guard Your Eyes: Uncensored Iranian Voices

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At the same time, events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the

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On 9 February, a rebellion of pro-Khomeini air force technicians broke out at the

3983:," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. 3772: 3291: 3272:. They were based in the urban middle class, and wanted the Shah to adhere to the 2826:

decided on a coup after being refused American military support by U.S. President

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Iranian Jews in Israel: Between Persian Cultural Identity and Israeli Nationalism

16117: 15930:"Iran stresses deepening of the 25-year bilateral cooperation program with China" 14053: 13545: 13462: 13430: 13312: 13276: 13199: 12608: 12515: 12117: 11584: 11173: 10903: 10845: 10773: 10734: 9882: 9830: 9676: 9542: 9407: 9380: 9350: 9250: 9242: 8977: 8914: 8821: 8557: 8552: 8500: 8459: 8312: 7969: 7641: 7625: 7436: 7345: 7037: 7022: 6662: 6542: 6502: 6477: 6457: 6404: 6389: 6241: 6236: 6105: 6100: 6090: 6045: 6020: 5953: 5886: 5691: 5598: 5429: 5339: 5263: 5103: 5098: 5060: 4967:. Khomeini told questioners that "the religious dignitaries do not want to rule". 4751: 4722: 4564: 4296: 3840: 3820: 3802: 3466: 3435: 3411: 3403: 3379: 3368: 3164: 3000: 2977: 2969: 2827: 2797: 2653: 2549: 2545: 2533: 2482: 2451: 2406: 2338:

as a core objective, post-revolutionary Iran aimed to undermine the influence of

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The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on 5 February.

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On 11 December, a dozen officers were shot dead by their own troops at Tehran's

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Hoping to break Khomeini's contacts with the opposition, the Shah pressured the

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protests to be carried out as a one-day stay. Although tensions remained in the

3014:

What the Shah did not expect, however, was that the White Revolution led to new

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The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Islamic Revolution

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Bakhtiar's premiership and Ayatollah Khomeini's return (January–February, 1979)

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Iran Erupts: Independence: News and Analysis of the Iranian National Movement.

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and gave it control over elections as well as laws passed by the legislature.

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All Iranians were required to join and pay dues to a new political party, the

3312:

Khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him (except for the unwanted '

3298:—was leftist Islamist and opposed the influence of the clergy as reactionary. 41:"1979 Revolution" redirects here. For the video game based on the events, see 29741: 29659: 29623: 29530: 29118: 29093: 29088: 29043: 29038: 29028: 29023: 29003: 28988: 28050: 27948: 27857: 27775: 27112: 26820: 26511: 26015: 25570: 25212: 24880: 24755: 24676: 24671: 24539: 24524: 24469: 24439: 24351: 24166: 24149: 24110: 23935: 23781: 23676: 23641: 23626: 23586: 23128: 22958: 22696: 22606: 22469: 22449: 22336: 22097: 22075: 22040: 21619: 21614: 21569: 21491: 21451: 21200: 21037: 20736: 20640: 20625: 20595: 20540: 20420: 20375: 20324: 20294: 18997: 18891: 18856: 18578: 18478: 18421: 18323: 18304: 18184: 16749: 16142: 15420: 15346: 13905: 13575: 12679: 11825: 10389: 9607: 8758: 8426: 7774: 7629: 7112: 6946: 6916: 6826: 6732: 6727: 6702: 6682: 6522: 6394: 6369: 6344: 6329: 6319: 6304: 6259: 6025: 6001: 5851: 5766: 5751: 5701: 5686: 5628: 5613: 5539: 5434: 5275: 5212: 4732:

This period, from 1 to 11 February, is celebrated every year in Iran as the "

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This article is about the 1979 revolution. For the 1905–1911 revolution, see

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The Islamic Revolution and the Islamic Republic: Proceedings of a Conference

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US Officials and the Fall of the Shah: Some Safe Contraction Interpretations

12434:

Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001

12119:

Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons From the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War

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American and internal negotiations with the opposition (late December, 1978)

2908:

was removed from power and put under house arrest, while lieutenant general

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History of Undefeated, A few words in commemoration of the 1979 Revolution

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The Seductions of Islamism, Revisiting Foucault and the Islamic Revolution

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Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism

11802:"The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978" 10216: 9716:. 2009. "Mass Protests in the Islamic Revolution, 1977–79." Pp. 162–78 in 9589: 7965: 7678: 4393: 2766: 811:

Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared

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and promoted the education of young girls. However, the push-back of the

8023:

Iranian 20 Rials coin – monument of 3rd anniversary of Iranian Revolution

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Bakhtiar invited Khomeini back to Iran, with the intention of creating a

4451: 4188: 3937: 3913: 3809: 3798: 3705:. The government also negotiated with moderate religious leaders such as 3581: 3485: 3387: 3328: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3102: 3008: 2965: 2831: 2748: 2426:

The Shah's regime was seen as an oppressive, brutal, corrupt, and lavish

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The priest and the king: an eyewitness account of the Islamic revolution

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All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

10266:

Keddie, N. R. (1983). "Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective".

9758: 8908: 8864:, a three-part British documentary series shown in February 2009 on the 7340: 5948: 4291:

After the success of what would become known as a revolution, Ayatollah

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Some important clergy did not follow Khomeini's lead. Popular ayatollah

3151:—that Western culture was a plague or an intoxication to be eliminated; 2312:, and replaced a pro-Western secular and authoritarian monarchy with an 29575: 29153: 28978: 28926: 28694: 27975: 25527: 25049: 24921: 24909: 24745: 24628: 24544: 24127: 24045: 23525: 23236: 23206: 23160: 23075: 23043: 23035: 22978: 22666: 22381: 22070: 21958: 21564: 20100: 19491: 19013: 18981: 18907: 18875: 18685: 18337: 18327: 18201: 18080:

Nafisi, Azar. "Reading Lolita in Tehran." New York: Random House, 2003.

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The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

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Siddiqui, Abdar Rahman Koya with an introduction by Iqbal, ed. (2009).

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the opposition, and receiving official condemnation from the Shah. The

3557: 3363: 3350: 3168: 2874: 2521: 2517: 2478: 2381: 2355: 2347: 2343: 1964: 1878: 1698: 1678: 1648: 1608: 1568: 1400: 1366: 1286: 1240: 885: 486: 22179: 18198:

Washington, DC: GPO, 1983. JX 1417 A56 1977–80 REF – 67 pages on Iran.

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American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945

11305: 10552: 10161:"The religious-ideological reason Iran calls for Israel's destruction" 9399: 8065:

two years after the peace agreement between Iraq and Iran was signed.

3882:

Declaration of martial law and the Jaleh Square Massacre (8 September)

3441:

Also in 1977, the popular and influential modernist Islamist theorist

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International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

18946: 18923: 18717: 18650: 18618: 17428:

Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy

16425:

Adult education offers new opportunities and options to Iranian women

15929: 12659: 12601:

Oil Crises of the 1970s and the Transformation of International Order

11016:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 198. 9388: 9257:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 243–246. 8434: 8422: 8239: 8221: 8126: 7937: 6772: 6452: 6148: 6040: 5395: 5187: 5007:, whom they later eliminated from Iran's political stage one by one. 4573: 4337: 4236: 4173: 4099: 3531: 3378:

The Shah of Iran (left) meeting with members of the U.S. government:

3279: 3179: 3072: 2886: 2870: 2629: 2607: 2490: 2247: 2243: 1808: 1778: 1768: 1478: 1316: 1174: 392: 179: 25353: 17557: 16922:

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association

15900:"ربیعی: برنامه ۲۵ ساله همکاری با چین، شکست انزوای ایران را ثابت کرد" 15553:"The transatlantic and Cold War dynamics of Iran sanctions, 1979–80" 13476:"Iran Chamber Society: The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran" 12671: 12207: 11577: 10455:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian mythology and Islamic revolution

10279: 9439:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution

8033:

In September 1980, Iraq took advantage of the febrile situation and

4140: 3831:(Parliament) also began issuing resolutions against the government. 2358:, ultimately aiming to achieve an Iranian-led Shia political order. 2258:—claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's 29410: 28372:

Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

28267: 27477: 25518: 24935: 24818: 24814: 24346: 24199: 24035: 24015: 23400: 23241: 23138: 23013: 22832: 22736: 21876: 21734: 21188: 20884: 20136: 19476: 19358: 18610: 16912: 16111:

Professor Hamid Algar, the Distinguished Shia Muslim Scholar in USA

13820:

Moments of Strength: Iranian Women's Rights and the 1979 Revolution

12906: 12904: 11196: 9416:. 2006. from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2020. 9134:

Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Importance of Islamic Government

8504: 8328: 8200: 8196: 7827: 7762:

Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when

6617: 6374: 6138: 6075: 5375: 5251: 5093: 5035: 4648:

was an advocate of democracy and civil rights. He also opposed the

4518:, 16 January 1979, featuring (on the top) the now-famous headline " 4508: 4497: 4482: 4381: 4266:

from the mosques of southern Tehran) took to the streets, crowding

4232: 4156: 4047:

Ayatollah Khomeini in Neauphle-le-Château surrounded by journalists

3729: 3675: 3596: 3545: 3342:

Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution.

3038: 2925: 2846: 2741: 2704: 2700: 2505: 2500:, with the Shah playing the role of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant 2459: 2435: 2373: 2251: 2223: 1628: 1618: 1184: 1071: 99: 22520:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

17319: 14761: 13973:

Richard C. Martín, ed. (2004). "article by Stockdale, Nancy, L.".

8856:, a 2016 video game set in the backdrop of the Iranian Revolution. 8512:) were legally recognized and paid taxes." It was during the late 3031:

pointed out: "The White Revolution had been designed to preempt a

2183:), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the 28585: 27970: 27367: 24892: 24836: 24720: 24392: 24276: 24080: 24040: 23346: 23231: 23221: 23170: 22711: 21456: 20679: 18602: 18261:

The Islamic revolution: 30 years on, its legacy still looms large

14824:"Op zoek naar de verdwenen slachtoffers van de Iraanse revolutie" 13037:"Two Weeks in January: America's secret engagement with Khomeini" 12568:"What Iran's 1979 revolution meant for US and global oil markets" 12191:"Iran's Islamic Revolution: Lessons for the Arab Spring of 2011?" 11137: 11135: 9362: 8689: 8611: 8388: 8281: 8054: 7840: 5360: 5132: 4980:, and the other factions were too small to have any real impact. 4414: 4406: 4365: 3980: 3917: 3790: 3783: 3728:

Against the wishes of Khomeini, Shariatmadari called for 17 June

3718: 3316: 3313: 3238: 3206:

This idea of rule by Islamic jurists was spread through his book

3200: 3004: 2813: 2562: 2501: 2462:

in the hope that the repression by the government might subside.

1818: 1306: 1137: 1127: 1117: 1035: 1008: 28819:

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

16123: 12901: 10871:

Dehghan, Saeed Kamali; Norton-Taylor, Richard (19 August 2013).

10085: 8953:

Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

4640: 4043: 3178:

Most importantly, Khomeini preached that revolt, and especially

2947: 2585: 29803:

Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran

28707:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

24154: 23414: 23216: 23155: 22090: 20485: 19805: 18634: 18226: 16378: 16048:

The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine

14762:"Rastyad: online database concerning the 1981 Massacre in Iran" 13065: 12940: 12938: 10211:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 491, 505–506. 10139:. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–221. 9582:

U.S. foreign policy in perspective: clients, enemies and empire

8648:

An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime

8569: 7794: 7704: 7506: 6294: 5281: 5174: 4881: 4524: 4410: 4361: 4341: 4263: 4240: 4133: 4118: 3941: 3846: 3828: 3786:, bringing a sense of increased religiosity among many people. 3773:

Appointment of Jafar Sharif-Emami as prime minister (11 August)

3722: 3686: 3644: 3624: 3592: 3577: 3565: 3195: 2854: 2677: 2602: 2427: 2335: 2282: 1204: 1107: 113: 25610:

Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)

18491: 16505: 14452:"History of Iran: Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution" 11558: 11167:"The Last Great Revolution Turmoil and Transformation in Iran" 11132: 10515:

Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891–92

4945: 4388: 4348:, the Shah ordered the release of 120 political prisoners and 28570: 27663: 25044: 24875: 24281: 24176: 24160: 23899: 23855:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

23361: 23144: 21223: 19343: 18181:

Special volume of Iranian Studies, 1980. Volume 13, nos. 1–4.

17192:"GNI per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $ ) | Data" 16035:

Iran and Pakistan: Security, Diplomacy and American Influence

15751:"Khamenei says Iran wants removal of Israel state not people" 12472: 12470: 12468: 12466: 11450:

The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil And Transformation in Iran

11404: 11253: 10477: 9579: 8380: 7846: 7430: 5300: 5288: 5240: 5050: 4798: 4547: 4302: 4037: 4025: 3866: 3690: 3489: 3446: 3354: 3125: 2981: 2955:

The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms in

2930: 2681: 2673: 2571: 2540: 2470: 2259: 1012: 387: 17262:. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. p. 15. 15397:"A battle of principles: South Africa's relations with Iran" 13748:"The role of women in the victory of the Islamic revolution" 13702: 13700: 13698: 13696: 12935: 11416: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 8339:

have had to flee Iran since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

4105: 3960:

by the opposition, brought the opposition death toll to 89.

297:

Massive exile that characterizes a large portion of today's

28040: 27549: 25828: 23984: 23439: 23321: 21213: 21157: 20789: 19123: 18586: 18522: 18205:

The Near East Since the First World War: A History to 1995.

18040:. Vol. LIV, no. 44 (published 18 December 1978). 15960:"Gov't Approves 25-Year Roadmap for Iran-China Cooperation" 15815:"Russia and Iran Put on a Show of Unity — Against the U.S." 15499: 15487: 15046: 15036: 15034: 14863: 14861: 14738: 14331: 14329: 14292: 14290: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13861: 13859: 13857: 13110:"'A Darker Horizon': The Assassination of Shapour Bakhtiar" 12331:. Vol. LIV, no. 44 (published 18 December 1978). 11394: 11392: 11082: 10022: 8303:

in government. Criticisms have been raised with regards to

8228: 4977: 4915: 4680:

Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy (February, 1979)

4540: 4252: 4029: 3199:

law and in so doing eliminate poverty, injustice, and the "

3007:

in the countryside, and hoped to sever their ties with the

2991:

The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards

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Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

17253:"Regional Economic Outlook – Middle East and Central Asia" 16450: 14372: 14176: 14140: 14088: 13844: 13842: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13525: 13433:

IranianVoice.org, 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar

13330: 13227: 12463: 12396: 12386: 12384: 11602: 11471: 11320: 11265: 10652:. American Values Projected Abroad. Vol. 13. Lanham: 10489: 10333: 9282:

Chalcraft, John (2016). "The Iranian Revolution of 1979".

4918:

was in a "revolutionary crisis mode." After the system of

4900:

information, symbols and context which should be studied.

4844:

women in the Tehran Ashura Demonstration, 11 December 1978

3990: 3185:

Away from public view, Khomeini developed the ideology of

2504:. Other factors include the underestimation of Khomeini's 28496:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

23894: 23874: 23869: 20101:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

18368:"The Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran" 16732:

In the eye of the storm: women in post-revolutionary Iran

15135:"Man of the Year: The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred" 14971: 14935: 14396: 14350: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14115: 14111:. Washington DC: Middle East Institute. pp. 101–124. 14027: 14025: 13693: 13465:

IranianVoice.org 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar

13114: 11332: 11147: 11054: 11042: 10934: 10321: 10063: 10061: 9614: 8865: 4813: 4610: 3737: 3484:. He mysteriously died at midnight on 23 October 1977 in 3429:, by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the 2740:

as Shah. Iran remained under Soviet occupation until the

2691:. On the other hand, during the early rise of Reza Shah, 28722:

Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

28628:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

17907:

Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and its Consequences

17637:

Reconstructed lives: women and Iran's Islamic revolution

16978:"Trump and Gay Rights The Future of the Global Movement" 16598:"A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran" 15058: 15031: 14995: 14959: 14947: 14858: 14535: 14326: 14287: 14263: 14215: 13883: 13854: 11590: 11389: 11213: 11211: 10591:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

10345: 9782:

Shocks and Rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa

9746:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

9284:

Popular Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East

8757:

People accompanying Ayatollah Khomeini from Mehrabad to

8703:

Shah visiting Bakhtiar cabinet before his exit from Iran

8057:

must fall and must be replaced by an Islamic republic".

7729:), "espionage", "terrorism", or "enmity against Allah" ( 5003:

by exploiting temporary allies such as Mehdi Bazargan's

4032:, instead moving to a house bought by Iranian exiles in 2711:

Anglo-Soviet invasion and Mohammad Reza Shah (1941–1951)

2687:

In 1935, dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the

2254:. In August 1978, the deaths of about 400 people in the 28155:

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights

17320:

Samih K. Farsoun; Mehrdad Mashayekhi (7 January 1993).

15007: 14983: 14925: 14923: 14898: 14896: 14846: 14680: 14414: 14001:

Class, Politics, and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution

13839: 13770: 12968: 12381: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12249: 11928:

British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978–1981

10624: 10034: 10000:"October 14th, 2019 | Vol. 194, No. 15 | International" 3853:

movie theatre and set it on fire. In what would be the

2767:

Mosaddegh and The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (1951–1952)

2454:

earlier in the decade. When President Carter enacted a

28839:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

26896:

Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus

20787: 18400:

By Mansoor Hekmat, Communist Thinker and Revolutionary

18295:

an audio program featuring the pre-Revolutionary elite

18127:

Iran After the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State.

17793:. Translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. 16768: 16756: 14908: 14704:

Nasiri, Shahin; Faghfouri Azar, Leila (28 July 2022).

14627: 14615: 14547: 14341: 14302: 14275: 14251: 14227: 14022: 13917: 13915: 13239: 12451: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12229: 11522: 11428: 10985:

Liberal Nationalism in Iran: The failure of a movement

10686:

Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran

10369: 10058: 10046: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9899: 9312:"Islamic Revivalism and the Quest for Political Power" 9247:"IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 6)" 9191:

opposition included some clerics, including Ayatollah

8212:

After Khomeini claimed that Americans were behind the

8203:

parties were even more enthusiastic; while the ruler,

6974: 4789:

Ayatollah Khomeini's rhetoric on women's participation

4500:

giving a speech after arranging a press-conference at

4187:

However, the government still continued the policy of

4015: 3896:

Demonstration of 8 September 1978. The placard reads:

3861:

in the US in 2001, 422 people inside the theatre were

3767: 3245: 2789:

pledged to throw the company out of Iran, reclaim the

2552:. On 20 March 1890, the long-standing Iranian monarch 2187:

in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the

29192:

Academic relations between Iran and the United States

28849:

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

18050:

Middle East Contemporary Survey: Volume III, 1978–79.

17953:. Miami, FL: Florida International University Press. 17526:

Reinventing Khomeini: the struggle for reform in Iran

17484:

Women of Iran: the conflict with fundamentalist Islam

17076:"Iran: 5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 16404:"National Literacy Policies/Islamic Republic of Iran" 15990:"برنامه ۲۵ ساله همکاری‌های جامع ایران و چین تصویب شد" 14651:

Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic

12634:"The importance of the oil workers' strike in Iran |" 12597:"The Oil Crises of the 1970s and the Global Cold War" 12318: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12033:

Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic

11546: 11483: 11377: 11208: 10612: 10600: 10420: 10408: 10294: 10186:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 241. 10182:

Nasr, Vali (2006). "The Battle for the Middle East".

10073: 9887: 9459: 9457: 8575:

Since the revolution Iran's GDP (PPP) has grown from

8487:

Homosexuality has a long history in pre-modern Iran.

7983: 7820:(IRP) – the controlling power in the new parliament. 7744: 7382:

The most important bodies of the revolution were the

4685:

with members of the government (including the entire

4202: 4125:

was partially burned and vandalized as well, and the

3359:

changing the first year of the Iranian solar calendar

3108: 2317: 2178: 2153: 64:

A request that this article title be changed to

29257:

Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America

28185:

Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei

26607:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

26359: 26111:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

18138:

All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran.

17727:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

17462:

Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

15994:خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency 15080:

The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari

15019: 14920: 14893: 14703: 14603: 14492: 14384: 14360: 14314: 14239: 14164: 14152: 13318: 13251: 12352:

The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order

12304: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12290: 12288: 12286: 11534: 11510: 11120: 10870: 8876: 8280:

People celebrating anniversary of the revolution in

7896:) assassinated an important lieutenant of Khomeini, 4472: 4235:, to culminate with massive protests on the days of 4214:

in the Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978

3944:

was established. Tehran's martial law commander was

3801:

was declared in the city on 11 August as symbols of

3584:, and police stations were set ablaze. Units of the 3569:

consolidated as a coordinated protest organization.

3155:'s vision of Islam as the one true liberator of the 2664:

with Western ones and the forbidding of traditional

2493:

Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a

2293:, the new government began drafting the present-day 28402:

Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner

18207:

London: Longman, 1996. Chapter 13: Iran, 1960–1989.

18196:

American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977–1980.

18095:

Class and Labor in Iran; Did the Revolution Matter?

16730:Mahnaz., Afkhami; Erika., Friedl (1 January 1994). 16675: 16391:

Iran, the Essential Guide to a Country on the Brink

16152: 16079: 15149: 13442:E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', 13395:"Iran marks 25th anniversary of Islamic revolution" 13350:"Iran marks 20th anniversary of Islamic revolution" 13168:"The Prescott Courier – Google News Archive Search" 12877: 12875: 12226: 11359:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 10432: 9934: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9814: 7953:

Hunger strikes in the H-Block of the HM Prison Maze

7769: 7454:Also enforcing the will of the government were the 4227:

People marching during the Iranian Revolution, 1979

3898:

We want an Islamic government, led by Imam Khomeini

21120:Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 17925: 17634: 17222:"Iran Currency Exchange Rate History: 1975 – 2018" 16913:Aengus Carroll; Lucas Paoli Itaborahy (May 2015). 16659:"Ministers of Murder: Iran's New Security Cabinet" 15519: 13263: 13139: 13066:Saeed Kamali Dehghan; David Smith (10 June 2016). 10450: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9454: 8784:Ayatollah Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school 8446:against these changes, and as activist and writer 8417:International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979 8244:Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq 5010: 4950: 3916:, the holiday celebrating the end of the month of 3908:Demonstration of "Black Friday" (8 September 1978) 3505: 2538:At the end of the 19th century, the Shi'a clergy ( 34:. For the series of reforms launched in 1963, see 28907:Iranian Students Association in the United States 18090:Stanford: Iran-America Documentation Group, 1978. 16530:. Archived from the original on 22 December 2002. 16050:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (2008), p. 140 13972: 13370: 12702:"How the BBC helped bring the Ayatollah to power" 12283: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11671: 10987:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 23. 9146:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas 8331:". Many religious minorities such as Christians, 7951:In February 1981, the Iranian Republic supported 7624:The hostage crisis ended with the signing of the 4999:design for an Islamic republic led by himself as 4504:, France, the day after the departure of the Shah 4413:, many soldiers were returned to their barracks. 4141:Appointment of a military government (6 November) 3133:with pictures of Ruhollah Khomeini in their hands 2980:of forests and pastures; formation of a literacy 29739: 28442:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 23840:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 18379:Class Analysis of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 17078:. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. 16524:"Iran's unsung rebellion By Syed Saleem Shahzad" 15522:The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict 13742: 13740: 12872: 11885: 11729:. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. p. 41. 11669: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11501: 10982: 10530: 8503:were tolerant towards homosexual behaviour, and 7682:Executed generals of the Imperial Iranian Army: 7603:, invaded the US embassy compound in Tehran and 4522:". The front cover of the same day's edition of 4427:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 3709:, apologizing to him for the raid on his house. 3546:Consolidation of the opposition (February–March) 3500: 3039:Rise and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini (1963–1979) 2465:The revolution that substituted the monarchy of 29411:People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran 26649:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 26153:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 22277:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 21684:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 19162:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 17323:Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic 17069: 17067: 17001: 16999: 16798: 16796: 16596:Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2007). 16098:The soul of Iran: a nation's journey to freedom 15607:Historical dictionary of British foreign policy 15169:"Iranian Revolution: Arafat and the Ayatollahs" 14417:"Iranian Government Constitution, English Text" 13202:, ABC Evening News for Monday, 15 January 1979. 12534: 12432:Jones, Milo L., and Philippe Silberzahn. 2013. 10444: 10108:International Encyclopedia of Political Science 9869:1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran 9791: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 8948:Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution 8715:People celebrating Shah's exit from the country 8288:Internally, Iran has had some success with the 8113:, which were tightened under the presidency of 8041:, also wanted to annex the Iranian province of 7552:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 7548:1979 Iranian Constitutional Convention election 4288:Shah stepped down from power later that month. 4161:('Master King'), instead of the more grandiose 3055:Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran § Exile 2936: 2368:Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution 576:Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society 28653:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 28633:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 28603:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports 28491:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq 28180:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush 28092:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz 28087:Interests Section of Iran in the United States 27356:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive 27291:2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria 26850: 24813: 19248:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 19147:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 18483: 18052:New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1980. 16803:Afary, Janet; Anderson, Kevin (15 July 2010). 14759: 13968: 13966: 13279:by Michel Foucault, Chicago: University Press. 13034: 12883:"Lakeland Ledger – Google News Archive Search" 12184: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12170: 10905:Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After 9490: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9472: 8789: 8167:The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution 7537: 7518:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 4770: 4662:. Opposing this government means opposing the 4375: 3936:At midnight on 8 September, the Shah declared 3834: 3086:sources conjectured that just 32 were killed. 2334:. In addition to declaring the destruction of 546:İran communist Party (Marxism-Leninist-Maoism) 29808:History of civil rights and liberties in Iran 29396: 28799:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 28023: 27532: 26836: 26345: 25811: 25369: 24000: 21173: 20900: 20773: 19030:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 18507: 18363:, vol. 10, no. 1, whole no. 37 (Summer 2004). 18233:"Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution" 17974:Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism 17970:"Iran: Revolutionary Fundamentalism in Power" 17676: 17035: 16802: 16729: 15370:"SA condemns sanctions against Iran | SAnews" 14194: 14069: 13737: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12012: 12010: 12008: 12006: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11862:The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D) 11648: 11587:Die Welt des Islams 55, Nr. 1 (2015): 83–111. 11446: 11422: 11202: 11088: 10265: 7944:. The revolution itself was supported by the 7511: 7363: 5971: 4397:A protester giving flowers to an army officer 4329:Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978 4172:Military authorities declared martial law in 4012:measures to bring the strikers back to work. 3878:for "setting the fire on the Shah's orders". 3465:, the Iranian Writers Association met at the 2896: 2808:and the United Nations, sent warships to the 2680:off women who resisted his ban on the public 2586:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 2172: 2121: 28917:Organization of Iranian American Communities 27842:2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London 27822:2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel 26769:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 26278:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 23916:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 21467:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 20106:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 17659:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 17162:"GNI per capita (constant 2010 US$ ) | Data" 17064: 16996: 16793: 15323:"South Africa and Iran in the Apartheid Era" 15293:"Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography | Britannica" 14791:Amsterdam, Universiteit van (21 June 2022). 13991: 13665:International Journal of Middle East Studies 13547:Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam 13213:"The Khomeini Era: Iran Becomes a Theocracy" 11978: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11506:. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 285. 11010:"Historiography, class, and Iranian workers" 11007: 10093:International Journal of Middle East Studies 9784:. Georgetown University Press. p. 113. 8605: 7635: 7632:was sworn in as the new American president. 7507:Establishment of Islamic republic government 5523:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 4882:Academic literature on women's participation 4450:, rejecting it outright. Secretary of State 3963: 3655:Iran's security forces had not received any 3635:The Shah decided to continue on his plan of 3476:The chain of events began with the death of 3347:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire 2869:prime minister. The prospect of a fall into 2727:invasion of allied British and Soviet troops 2707:was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha'eri. 2520:opponents of the government—who thought the 2372:Reasons advanced for the revolution and its 2295:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 81:this article until the discussion is closed. 29272:United States and state-sponsored terrorism 28138:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 27827:2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel 27769:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 27314:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists 22777:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 19216:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 18474:NIGHT AFTER THE REVOLUTION English Version 17632: 17389:. 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Khomeini immediately blamed the Shah and 3793:where protesters fought for the release of 3260:liberals—the democratic, reformist Islamic 3203:" of Muslim land by foreign non-believers. 141:(1 year, 1 month and 4 days) 29403: 29389: 29267:United States involvement in regime change 29252:Opposition to military action against Iran 28824:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act 28665:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 28030: 28016: 27832:2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran 27539: 27525: 26843: 26829: 26759:Opposition to military action against Iran 26352: 26338: 26268:Opposition to military action against Iran 25818: 25804: 25376: 25362: 25188:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 24007: 23993: 23880:United States involvement in regime change 21435:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 21180: 21166: 20907: 20893: 20780: 20766: 19722:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 19584:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 19100:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 18514: 18500: 18148:The Shah's last ride: The death of an ally 17393: 17387:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 17384: 17363: 17029: 16906: 16790:, University of Cambridge Press, 2000, p76 16721: 16719: 16717: 16715: 16713: 16711: 16709: 16707: 16705: 16703: 16600:. 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Human Dignity Trust. 13 February 2019. 16061:Hezbollah, the Changing Face of Terrorism 15782:"Iran and Russia in 'strategic alliance'" 15610:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Incorporated. 14790: 14721: 13676: 13299: 13103: 13101: 13099: 13097: 13095: 13093: 12910: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12783: 12781: 12509: 12507: 12487: 12485: 12408:Keeping the Faith: Memoirs of a President 12069: 12067: 12065: 11957: 11094: 10134: 9281: 9241: 7874:"if they did not repent". Leaders of the 5815:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 4106:University of Tehran protest (5 November) 3294:." The most powerful guerrilla group—the 3129:Residents of Tehran participating in the 3063:Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini 2527: 2477:is credited in part to the spread of the 2361: 2316:Islamic republic based on the concept of 2238:. Due to his opposition to modernization 824:Prime Minister of the Interim Government. 29237:International Conference on Hollywoodism 28463:America can't do a damn thing against us 28082:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran 28072:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States 27030:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 25482:America can't do a damn thing against us 19050:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 18075:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. 17946: 17807: 17529:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 17522: 17457: 17424: 16788:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism 16260: 15705:Bishku, Michael B. (21 September 2010). 15642: 15597: 15281:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 15245:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 15040: 15001: 14953: 14883: 14852: 14821: 14653:. 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Police forcibly removed and tore the 2450:—as a result of the Shah's support for 531:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 277:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 14: 29740: 28952:National Council of Resistance of Iran 28112:Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group 27998:Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations 26429:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict 25940:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict 24322:Justice and Development Party (Turkey) 23850:Russian espionage in the United States 22122:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 21073:2018–2019 general strikes and protests 19374:History of democracy in classical Iran 18359:by Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson, 18317: 18289:The Reunion – The Shah of Iran's Court 18272: 17923: 17901: 17873: 17845: 17765: 17723: 17655: 17623: 17602: 17402: 16984:from the original on 27 September 2018 16976:Encarnacion, Omar (13 February 2017). 16774: 16762: 16651: 16554: 16456: 16418: 16347:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 138. 16322:. 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He established a 2346:political ascendancy and exporting 2195:, as the monarchical government of 2173: 2149: 24: 29242:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 29104:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 28320:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 28195:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 28102:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 27837:2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute 27669:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 27461:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 27158:January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident 27143:January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike 27010:January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident 26742:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 26727:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 26664:Abha International Airport attacks 26251:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 26236:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 26231:Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry 26168:Abha International Airport attacks 25771:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 23926:Soviet Union–United States summits 21400:1947 Polish parliamentary election 21285:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 19040:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 18448:The Islamic Revolution in Pictures 18256:The Islamic revolution, Britannica 18179:Islamic Revolution in Perspective. 18032:Kraft, Joseph (10 December 1978). 17866: 17707:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 17688:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 17112:from the original on 11 March 2019 16931:from the original on 23 April 2019 16854:Fallaci, Oriana (7 October 1979). 15707:"South Africa and the Middle East" 14074:. 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Women 8257: 8123:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 7984:Persian Gulf and the Iran–Iraq War 7745:Closing of non-Islamist newspapers 5535:Principles of State and Government 5511:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 4991:Khomeini and his loyalists in the 4963:interviewed by Italian journalist 4560:Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran 4279:The protesters demanded that Shah 4203:Muharram protests (early December) 3925:first time, protesters called for 3721:, where protests were larger, and 3685:As early as the February riots in 3367:to the ascension to the throne by 3115:Ideology of the Iranian Revolution 3109:Ideology of the Iranian Revolution 2324:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 25: 29839: 28932:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 28912:National Iranian American Council 28875:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran 28834:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act 28675:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 28067:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. 27249:2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 27188:August 2019 Syria missile strikes 27055:Assassination of Hassan Nasrallah 26629:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 26451:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 26133:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 25962:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 25631:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini 25451:Council of the Islamic Revolution 25193:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress 22687:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 22622:United States invasion of Grenada 21892:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 21833:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 20111:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 19732:Supreme National Security Council 19558:Persian Constitutional Revolution 19188:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 19095:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 19085:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 18215: 18097:Syracuse University Press. 2006. 18028:, Harvard University Press, 1996. 17932:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 17232:from the original on 29 June 2017 16676:Zanganeh, Lila Azam, ed. (2006). 16512:from the original on 8 July 2017. 16488:"Turkey: Human Development Index" 16414:from the original on 11 May 2011. 16202:"Dialogue with the Islamic World" 15970:from the original on 14 July 2020 15910:from the original on 29 June 2020 15672:Klose, Kevin (9 September 1979). 14834:from the original on 23 June 2022 14523:from the original on 11 July 2022 14462:from the original on 21 May 2010. 13377:Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 13360:from the original on 6 June 2007. 13122:from the original on 9 June 2016. 13107: 13078:from the original on 13 July 2019 12913:"Muharram Protests in Iran, 1978" 11886:Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette (2015). 9195:, and by secularists such as the 9150:Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas 9052:Persian Constitutional Revolution 8560:has a significant state-owned or 8558:Iran's post-revolutionary economy 8273:but... created a hell on earth." 7946:Palestine Liberation Organization 7587: 5460:List of Islamic political parties 4488:, leaving Iran on 16 January 1979 4473:The Shah leaves (16 January 1979) 4285:Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 3520:" appeared in the national daily 3256:Other opposition groups included 2988:schemes for workers in industry. 2881:) terrified the Dulles brothers. 2812:, and finally imposed a crushing 2699:and created important changes in 2592:Persian Constitutional Revolution 2544:) had a significant influence on 2199:was superseded by the theocratic 571:Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan 516:Confederation of Iranian Students 453:Islamic Association of Physicians 32:Persian Constitutional Revolution 29728:Category:People executed by Iran 29723: 29722: 29435:Politicians and noblemen of the 29361: 29360: 29164:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees 28486:Disappearance of Robert Levinson 28357:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani 28347:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 28342:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 28049: 28039: 27993: 27992: 27700:British military network in Iran 27558: 27548: 27502: 27501: 27411:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 27168:March 2017 Israel–Syria incident 26978:2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid 26973:2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 26951:Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi 26908:Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries 26806: 26805: 26754:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 26612:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26597:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26592:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 26361:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 26315: 26314: 26263:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 26116:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26101:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26096:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 25837: 25827: 25782: 25781: 25517: 25081: 22762:United States invasion of Panama 22612:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 22252:1971 Turkish military memorandum 22215:Communist insurgency in Thailand 22185:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 22117:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 21944:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 21872:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 21390:Restatement of Policy on Germany 21043:2015 Fitilieh programme protests 20741: 20732: 20731: 19707:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 18010:. New York: simon and schuster. 17878:. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. 17313: 17244: 17214: 17202:from the original on 2 July 2018 17184: 17172:from the original on 1 July 2018 17154: 17124: 17094: 17052:from the original on 18 May 2015 17017:from the original on 13 May 2015 16969: 16943: 16878: 16847: 16820: 16811: 16780: 16669: 16628: 16589: 16548: 16516: 16498: 16480: 16462: 16437: 16396: 16384: 16361: 16336: 16311: 16285: 16254: 16224: 16194: 16164: 16135: 16103: 16091: 16066: 16053: 16040: 16024: 16000:from the original on 2 July 2020 15982: 15952: 15922: 15892: 15862: 15836: 15806: 15773: 15743: 15725:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2010.00457.x 15698: 15665: 15636: 15544: 15511: 15476:. Simon & Schuster. p. 126. 15466: 15427: 15395:Onderco, Michal (2 April 2016). 15388: 15362: 15353: 15285: 15218: 15194:Ozalp, Mehmet (17 August 2021). 15187: 15161: 15141:. 7 January 1980. Archived from 15127: 15101: 15077:Davari, Mahmood (October 2004). 15070: 14873: 14815: 14784: 14667: 14639: 14559: 14504: 14482:. p. 10, New York: Grove Press. 14466: 14444: 14435: 14419:. iranonline.com. Archived from 14188: 14100: 14063: 13877: 13652: 13594: 13568: 13513: 13468: 13387: 13342: 13282: 13205: 13186: 13059: 13028: 13002:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 12923:from the original on 16 May 2015 12694: 12651: 12625: 12560: 12494:"The Rise of Low-Tech Terrorism" 12426: 12349:Hayward, Stephen (9 June 2009). 11918: 11879: 11852: 11747: 11716: 11702:. New York, NY: Hyperion Books. 11570: 11495: 11440: 10822:from the original on 8 June 2019 9211: 9202: 9185: 9176: 9167: 9081:Leftist guerrilla groups of Iran 8921: 8907: 8893: 8879: 8777: 8765: 8750: 8735: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8688:, in a Revolutionary protest in 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8472: 8458:to join him in overthrowing the 8427:mandated the removal of the veil 8171:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 8010: 7998: 7801: 7789:(MPRP) and its spiritual leader 7787:Muslim People's Republican Party 7770:Muslim People's Republican Party 7663:was banned in January 1980, the 7661:Muslim People's Republican Party 7463:Muslim People's Republican Party 7339: 6867:Discourses Concerning Government 5947: 5936: 4833: 4822: 4633:(from the religious-nationalist 4609:-like state in the holy city of 4322: 4311: 4057:British Broadcasting Corporation 4051:Worse for the Shah was that the 3236:), and traditional businessmen ( 2218:, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the 2097: 868: 760: 749: 737: 726: 715: 702: 691: 683: 673: 665: 655: 643: 632: 621: 610: 599: 511:Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran 448:Islamic Association of Engineers 410: 346: 54: 29202:Anti-American sentiment in Iran 28690:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes 28670:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 28613:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 28330:February 2019 Warsaw Conference 27276:2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 27148:May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 27123:Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 27062:Projectile attacks from Lebanon 27045:20 September 2024 Beirut attack 26990:Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 26968:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 26544:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 26048:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 25860:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran 25249:Contemporary Islamic philosophy 23482:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 22863:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 22792:Fall of the inner German border 22692:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 22342:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 22332:Spanish transition to democracy 22292:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 21919:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 21425:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 21306:Occupation of the Baltic states 19906:Military equipment manufactured 19472:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 19236:United States withdrawal (2018) 19157:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 18521: 18338:Islamic Revolution: An Exchange 17895:Iran: From Monarchy to Republic 17748:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 17641:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. 16470:"Iran: Human Development Index" 15674:"Khomeini Denounced By Soviets" 14581:"Iran's Bloody Decade of 1980s" 13827:from the original on 4 May 2016 13292:, vol. 5, p. 31, translated in 12956:from the original on 2 May 2015 12796:Zabir, Sepehr (27 April 2012). 12632:Karim, Matin (15 August 2020). 11344: 11277: 11223: 11183: 11159: 11104:. emadbaghi.com. Archived from 11066: 11001: 10976: 10946: 10895: 10804: 10765: 10726: 10702: 10677: 10636: 10580: 10567: 10524: 10381: 10259: 10246: 10233: 10200: 10175: 10153: 10128: 10099: 9991: 9924:Britannica Student Encyclopedia 9911: 9861: 9773: 9751: 9707: 9573: 9155: 9138: 9126: 9103: 9018:Non-cooperation movement (2024) 8413:Women's rights movement in Iran 8290:governmental promotion of Islam 7955:by Irish Republicans including 7133:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 5011:Organizations of the revolution 4951:Conflicts among revolutionaries 4938:'s Iraq, and the presidency of 4779: 4380:Much of Iranian society was in 4243:, the latter commemorating the 3701:with the more moderate General 3671:in the US also refused to sell 3506:Beginning of protests (January) 3480:, chief aide and eldest son of 443:Islamic Association of Teachers 438:Islamic Association of Students 28809:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act 28608:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 28593:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani 28253:United States support for Iraq 28097:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 27730:Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz 27451:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel 27050:September 2024 Lebanon strikes 26654:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 26158:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 25507:The Satanic Verses controversy 25183:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 24312:Justice and Construction Party 22262:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 21897:Mozambican War of Independence 21336:Indonesian National Revolution 20788:Changes in political power in 20466:modern / contemporary 19712:Expediency Discernment Council 19035:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 19024:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 18548: 18453:Islamic revolution in pictures 18140:New York: Penguin Books, 1986. 17790:The Failure of Political Islam 17370:. Princeton University Press. 16807:. University of Chicago Press. 16447:, Mage publishers, 2002, p. 89 13035:Kambiz Fattahi (3 June 2016). 12846:. W. W. Norton & Company. 12746:Brotons, Jean-Charles (2010). 12658:Ahmed, Ismael (January 1975). 12520:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 12517:Defying the Iranian Revolution 11351:Fischer, Michael M.J. (2003). 9678:The Life and Times of the Shah 9366:. Archived on 31 October 2009. 9334: 9303: 9275: 9235: 9152:(IPFG), and some minor groups. 9071:International rankings of Iran 8216:, student protesters from the 7936:(IRA) in Ireland and the anti- 7487:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran 7068:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 7048:German Revolution of 1918–1919 5005:Provisional Government of Iran 4528:also feature the same headline 4283:step down from power and that 4003:By late October, a nationwide 3538:which was cracked down by the 3121:Islamic fundamentalism in Iran 3067:The post-revolutionary leader— 2995:, and it was a way for him to 2806:International Court of Justice 2598:National Consultative Assembly 2452:OPEC petroleum price increases 833:Head of Revolutionary Council. 827: 818: 805: 792: 13: 1: 28680:2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident 27735:British occupation of Bushehr 27695:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 27555:Iran–United Kingdom relations 27436:Warsaw Middle East conference 27296:2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen 27203:July 2022 Damascus airstrikes 27198:January 2021 Syria airstrikes 27040:2024 Lebanon pager explosions 27025:2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings 26747:Warsaw Middle East conference 26549:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 26256:Warsaw Middle East conference 26053:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 25254:Islamic response to modernity 23860:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 22875:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 22828:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 22550:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 22515:Seven Days to the River Rhine 22247:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 21534:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 21462:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 19680:state-sponsorship allegations 19410: 18344:, with reply by Bernard Lewis 18177:Society for Iranian Studies, 18114:, Stein & Day Pub, 1980, 17876:Iran: A Revolution in Turmoil 16734:. Syracuse University Press. 16634:Taheri, Amir (25 July 2005) " 15413:10.1080/14662043.2016.1151168 15339:10.1080/03057070.2016.1201330 15321:Chehabi, H.E. (3 July 2016). 15279:10.1080/03071022.2018.1472884 15261:Bonakdarian, Mansour (2018). 15243:10.1080/03071022.2018.1472884 15225:Bonakdarian, Mansour (2018). 14882:, 20.8.78–21.8.78, quoted in 14723:10.1080/14623528.2022.2105027 13977:. Thomson Gale. p. 357. 12946:"Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini" 11012:. In Lockman, Zachary (ed.). 10772:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 10733:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 10688:. University of Texas Press. 9835:. Syracuse University Press. 9541:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 9223: 8853:1979 Revolution: Black Friday 8383:has been replaced by fear of 8359:Islamic Consultative Assembly 8083:Iran–United Kingdom relations 7741:by the revolutionary courts. 5682:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 4739: 3501:Approaching revolution (1978) 3131:demonstrations of 5 June 1963 2717:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 2632:, the commander of the elite 2240:Khomeini was exiled from Iran 2207:, formally marked the end of 1245: 1209: 1089: 1076: 1053: 1040: 1017: 1000: 950: 937: 924: 911: 898: 477:Liberal Democratic Opposition 44:1979 Revolution: Black Friday 29823:Iran–United States relations 28804:Iran Freedom and Support Act 28789:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 28523:Detention of American hikers 28447:1980 October Surprise theory 28046:Iran–United States relations 27629:Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801 27163:April 2015 Qalamoun incident 27072:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 27000:2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt 26505:Iranian intervention in Iraq 26387:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 26011:Iranian intervention in Iraq 25909:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 25593:Khomeini's 8-article command 25471:Engagement with Jimmy Carter 24014: 22853:Fall of communism in Albania 22823:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 22772:Polish Round Table Agreement 22112:1968 Polish political crisis 21929:Eritrean War of Independence 21695:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 21590:East German uprising of 1953 21522:Chinese Communist Revolution 21187: 20137:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 19529: 19438:twin towns and sister cities 18744:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 18621:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 18597:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 18417:Iran: Revolution and Beyond 18332:The New York Review of Books 17769:Women and revolution in Iran 17709:. Harvard University Press. 17690:. Harvard University Press. 17458:Arjomand, Said Amir (1988). 17398:. Columbia University Press. 17367:Iran Between Two Revolutions 16856:"An Interview With KHOMEINI" 16829:Harvard International Review 16343:Cecolin, Alessandra (2015). 16172:"Children of the Revolution" 15996:(in Persian). 21 June 2020. 15936:(in Persian). 24 June 2020. 15906:(in Persian). 23 June 2020. 15526:. Psychology Press. p. 14710:Journal of Genocide Research 14415:Manou & Associates Inc. 14201:. Harvard University Press. 14198:The Trail of Political Islam 14047:Democracy? I meant theocracy 12609:10.5040/9781350416093.ch-001 12122:. Cornell University Press. 10954:"Iran: The White Revolution" 10710:"Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi" 10387:Cooper, Andrew Scott. 2011. 9228: 9193:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 9076:Island of Stability (speech) 8602:2015 Doing Business Report. 7791:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 7467:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 7421:The Revolutionary Guard, or 7318:Republic without republicans 7063:11 September 1922 Revolution 7058:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 4903: 4863:Women's Organization of Iran 4576:on 22 January 1978 issue of 3929:and the establishment of an 3912:The 4th of September marked 3560:customs, memorial services ( 3337: 3307:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 3274:Iranian Constitution of 1906 2937:White Revolution (1963–1979) 2885:was born, in which the only 2873:and a "second China" (after 2160:[ʔeɴɢeˌlɒːbeʔiːɾɒːn] 506:Movement of Militant Muslims 433:Combatant Clergy Association 254:Persian Constitution of 1906 132:– 11 February 1979 7: 29486:Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani 28922:United Against Nuclear Iran 28501:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi 26878:1999 arrest of Iranian Jews 25834:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 25456:Islamic Revolutionary Court 25399:1963 demonstrations in Iran 24857:Militant Islamism based in 24500:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi 22727:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 22455:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 22200:Corrective Movement (Syria) 22164:New People's Army rebellion 22159:Sino-Soviet border conflict 21887:Angolan War of Independence 21750:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 21630:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 21275:Jamaican political conflict 21048:2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 20928:Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20416:Water supply and sanitation 20173: 20147:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 19786: 19206:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 18581:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 18535: 18279:The Story of the Revolution 18048:Legum, Colin, et al., eds. 18026:Memoirs of Shapour Bakhtiar 18024:Habib Ladjevardi (editor), 17633:Isfandiyārī, Hālāh (1997). 17606:Iran, the Illusion of Power 17466:. Oxford University Press. 17425:Amuzegar, Jahangir (1991). 17394:Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). 17385:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). 17364:Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). 16636:Ganji: Iran's Boris YELTSIN 16149:, Norton paperback, p. 156. 12036:. Oxford University Press. 11925:Ali, Luman (19 July 2018). 11757:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 11634:Ritter, Daniel (May 2010). 11453:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 11423:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 11203:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 11089:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 10654:University Press of America 10451:Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003). 9316:Journal of Conflict Studies 8872: 8790:Depictions in Western media 8119:European Economic Community 7538:Writing of the constitution 7053:Turkish War of Independence 6975: 5471:Militant Islamism based in 4993:revolutionary organizations 4771:Songs of Iranian Revolution 4376:Revolution (late 1978–1979) 3835:Cinema Rex fire (19 August) 3795:Ayatollah Jalaluddin Taheri 3693:officials in the city as a 3652:and were quickly released. 3452: 2352:aftermath of the revolution 2318: 2201:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 2179: 2154: 491:Party of the Iranian People 458:Islamic Coalition Societies 10: 29844: 29349:Not for the Faint of Heart 29324:Saint Peter Church, Tehran 29299:American School of Isfahan 29262:State Sponsor of Terrorism 28844:Dames & Moore v. Regan 28685:2022 Erbil missile attacks 28377:Operation Martyr Soleimani 28367:Thirteen revenge scenarios 28337:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 27815:Satanic Verses controversy 27758:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case 27281:2022 Erbil missile attacks 27261:2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 27035:2024 Haret Hreik airstrike 26852:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26794:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 26779:People's Mujahedin of Iran 26737:Arab League–Iran relations 26732:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26639:2018 Riyadh missile strike 26527:Operation Blow to the Head 26303:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 26246:Arab League–Iran relations 26241:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26143:2018 Riyadh missile strike 26031:Operation Blow to the Head 25682:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini 25311:Political aspects of Islam 24711:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 24297:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami 22923:Sino-Indian border dispute 22752:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 22682:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 22440:1976 Argentine coup d'état 22352:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 22302:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 21986:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 21954:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 21643:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 21410:Asian Relations Conference 19896:Economy of the Middle East 19273:2021–2022 Iranian protests 19263:2019–2020 Iranian protests 19243:2017–2018 Iranian protests 18704:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 18484:Iranian Revolution of 1979 18434:Islamic Revolution, Photos 18194:U.S. Department of State, 17947:Esposito, John L. (1990). 17564:; R. von den Hoff (eds.). 17356: 16445:Inside Iran: Women's Lives 16318:Baumer, Christoph (2016). 14797:Universiteit van Amsterdam 13550:. BRILL. pp. 142–43. 12595:Painter, David S. (2023). 12514:Ganji, Manouchehr (2002). 11754:Harmon, Daniel E. (2004). 10778:. Macmillan. p. 115. 10739:. Macmillan. p. 124. 10268:American Historical Review 10135:R. Newell, Walter (2019). 9358:Islamic Revolution of Iran 9345:." Iran Chamber Society. ( 9148:(OIPFG) and the breakaway 9086:People's Mujahedin of Iran 8634: 8596:Transparency International 8550: 8476: 8406: 8350: 8261: 8164: 8102: 8080: 7987: 7968:(the political arm of the 7912: 7903: 7836:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7805: 7723:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7665:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7639: 7591: 7541: 7515: 7512:Referendum of 12 Farvardin 7480: 7469:, and the secular leftist 7108:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 6857:The Commonwealth of Oceana 5792:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 5455:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 5114:Salafism by country/region 5014: 4907: 4743: 4557: 4539:, the Deputy Commander of 4424: 4409:barracks. Fearing further 3946:General Gholam-Ali Oveissi 3885: 3838: 3549: 3509: 3249: 3191:guardianship of the jurist 3118: 3112: 3048: 3042: 2951:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2940: 2900: 2897:Iranian coup d'état (1953) 2770: 2714: 2689:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 2644:, deposing the last Qajar 2621: 2589: 2531: 2415:Anger over a short, sharp 2365: 2297:; Khomeini emerged as the 2209:Iran's historical monarchy 2169:Islamic Revolution of 1979 288:Hijab for all women by law 171:Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini 40: 29: 29719: 29691:Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani 29673: 29638:Other political opponents 29637: 29614: 29514: 29434: 29416: 29358: 29187:1998 FIFA World Cup match 29179: 28889: 28794:Iran Nonproliferation Act 28745:Maximum pressure campaign 28730: 28643:2021 Erbil rocket attacks 28392: 28240: 28120: 28059: 27989: 27919:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 27911: 27903:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 27898:Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht 27850: 27722: 27677: 27621: 27580: 27568: 27498: 27466:Iranian support for Hamas 27391: 27304: 27286:2022 Istanbul terror plot 27234:Operation Outside the Box 27226: 27133: 27098: 27090:Operation Full Disclosure 27070: 27015:Operation Northern Shield 26936:Israeli–Lebanese conflict 26928:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 26926: 26913:Iranian strikes in Israel 26888:2024 Iran–Israel conflict 26886: 26858: 26802: 26719: 26677: 26602:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 26574: 26409: 26382:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 26367: 26311: 26223: 26181: 26106:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 26078: 25904:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 25889: 25873: 25847: 25779: 25721: 25712:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 25654: 25601: 25526: 25515: 25391: 25332: 25298: 25267: 25231: 25168:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization 25158: 25091: 25087: 25076: 25022: 24961: 24850: 24829: 24825: 24808: 24769: 24726:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 24701: 24647: 24616: 24609: 24605: 24592: 24410: 24380: 24267:Freedom and Justice Party 24257: 24192: 24185: 24073: 24026: 24022: 23959: 23908: 23830: 23807:William Appleman Williams 23752:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 23534: 23506: 23455: 23387: 23380: 23314: 23179: 23104: 23034: 23027: 22936: 22883: 22815: 22528: 22267:Bangladesh Liberation War 22257:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 22172: 22144:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 22132:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 21795: 21570:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 21547: 21257: 21195: 20989: 20936: 20920: 20869: 20848: 20817: 20796: 20727: 20693: 20639: 20442: 20433: 20363: 20315: 20247: 20194: 20185: 20181: 20168: 20129: 20121:National Development Fund 20084: 20041:Telecommunications and IT 20035:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 19964: 19861:Foreign direct investment 19806:Bonyad (charitable trust) 19798: 19794: 19781: 19740: 19699: 19541: 19537: 19524: 19418: 19405: 19285: 19152:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 19142:Interim Government (1979) 19121: 19069: 19062: 18958: 18868: 18785: 18776: 18753: 18670: 18563: 18556: 18547: 18543: 18530: 18489: 18062:, Mage Publishers, 2000, 17924:Daniel, Elton L. (2000). 17808:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 17705:Kurzman, Charles (2005). 17686:Kurzman, Charles (2004). 17662:. Yale University Press. 17523:Brumberg, Daniel (2001). 17410:. Yale University Press. 17042:Journal of Political Risk 16540:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16430:28 September 2013 at the 16145:. Molavi, Afshin (2005), 15787:. Third World Quarterly. 15571:10.1080/14682740903218854 15440:. Rosen Pub. p. 72. 14072:Iran Since the Revolution 13998:Moaddel, Mansoor (2013). 13678:10.1017/S0020743800052326 12843:The Ayatollah's Democracy 12438:Stanford University Press 12223:, pp. 510, 512, 513. 11818:10.1017/S0145553200012554 11800:Kurzman, Charles (2003). 11502:Gelvin, James L. (2008). 10983:Siavoshi, Sussan (1990). 10850:. John Wiley & Sons. 10207:M. Lüthi, Lorenz (2020). 9385:Vis à Vis Beyond the Veil 9356:Brumberg, Daniel. 2009." 9042:Kurdish Rebellion of 1983 8936:Revolution-related topics 8606:Islamic political culture 8292:, and the elimination of 8214:1979 Grand Mosque seizure 8105:Foreign relations of Iran 7752:National Democratic Front 7657:National Democratic Front 7636:Suppression of opposition 7528:National Democratic Front 7471:National Democratic Front 7281:The Emperor's New Clothes 7033:5 October 1910 revolution 7028:French Revolution of 1848 6051:Liberty as non-domination 5919:Islam and other religions 5872:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 5401:International propagation 5109:International propagation 4696:. A unit of the pro-Shah 4293:Khomeini returned to Iran 4123:British embassy in Tehran 3964:Reactions to Black Friday 3105:), until the revolution. 2984:; and the institution of 2783:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2777:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2736:, and installed his son, 2407:1973 oil revenue windfall 2350:doctrines abroad. In the 788: 780: 775: 594: 589: 338: 333: 235: 205: 194: 157: 145: 120: 105: 97: 92: 29798:20th-century revolutions 29304:Community School, Tehran 29064:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 28947:National Council of Iran 28942:Kingdom Assembly of Iran 28864:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 28623:2019 K-1 Air Base attack 28538:Strait of Hormuz dispute 28471:Beirut barracks bombings 28427:Operation Credible Sport 28303:Operation Praying Mantis 28143:1953 Iranian coup d'état 27764:1953 Iranian coup d'état 27752:1921 Persian coup d'état 27712:British support for Iraq 27649:Anglo-Russian Convention 27178:Operation House of Cards 26774:Gulf Cooperation Council 26554:Houthi takeover in Yemen 26522:Operation Scorched Earth 26441:2011 Egyptian revolution 26283:Gulf Cooperation Council 26058:Houthi takeover in Yemen 26026:Operation Scorched Earth 25952:2011 Egyptian revolution 25676:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 25142:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970) 24941:in the Arabian Peninsula 24782:Islamic religious police 24342:Prosperous Justice Party 24302:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan 22582:1980 Turkish coup d'état 22417:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 22387:1978 Somali coup attempt 22347:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 22312:1973 Chilean coup d'état 22137:Revolutionary Government 22031:South African Border War 21823:1960 Turkish coup d'état 21740:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 21595:1953 Iranian coup d'état 21575:1952 Egyptian revolution 21093:2018 university protests 19871:International oil bourse 19636:Ministry of Intelligence 19221:Syrian civil war (2011–) 19045:1921 Persian coup d'état 17893:Barthel, Günter (1983). 17827:Shirley, Edward (1997). 17810:The Constitution of Iran 17677:Khomeini; Algar (1981). 17624:Harney, Desmond (1998). 17566:Sakralität und Heldentum 17326:. Taylor & Francis. 16887:Iran: Islamic Penal Code 16682:. Beacon Press. p. 16141:Akhbar Ganji talking to 16132:, pp. 98, 104, 195. 15196:"The Iranian Revolution" 15124:, Norton, (2006), p. 138 15083:. Taylor & Francis. 13509:. ABC-CLIO. p. 439. 13193:"Demonstrations allowed" 12802:. Taylor & Francis. 12080:. Springer. p. 90. 11865:. Taylor & Francis. 11144:, pp. 215, 264–265. 10908:. Longman. p. 140. 10844:Kinzer, Stephen (2008). 10684:Rajaee, Farhang (2010). 10643:Rajaee, Farhang (1983). 9759:"The Iranian Revolution" 9379:27 February 2009 at the 9370:Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi 9097: 9032:1953 Iranian coup d'état 9008:Preference falsification 8841:The Septembers of Shiraz 8402: 8373:heretical and subversive 7876:Freedom Movement of Iran 7449:Revolutionary Committees 7400:Revolutionary Committees 7396:Islamic Republican Party 7123:1987 Fijian coups d'état 7083:1952 Egyptian revolution 6061:Political representation 5563:Governance of the Jurist 4652:and US embassy takeover. 4443:-like spiritual leader. 4437:Thinking the Unthinkable 4251:, the third Shia Muslim 3857:in history prior to the 3855:largest terrorist attack 3812:. He decided to appoint 3262:Freedom Movement of Iran 3230:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2974:enfranchisement of women 2903:1953 Iranian coup d'état 2693:Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi 2556:granted a concession to 2193:Islamic Republic of Iran 483:Freedom Movement of Iran 239:Revolutionaries victory 124:7 January 1978 29701:Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi 28814:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment 28561:Nuclear program of Iran 28298:Operation Nimble Archer 28283:Operation Eager Glacier 27939:Imperial Bank of Persia 27654:Anglo-Persian Agreement 27588:Embassy of Iran, London 27383:2023 Iran drone attacks 27306:Nuclear program of Iran 27266:2012 Burgas bus bombing 27227:International incidents 27208:2023 Damascus airstrike 27020:2019 Beirut drone crash 26918:Israeli strikes on Iran 26561:Second Libyan civil war 26500:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 26434:Qatar diplomatic crisis 26065:Second Libyan civil war 25945:Qatar diplomatic crisis 25739:Death and state funeral 24425:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 24337:Malaysian Islamic Party 24332:National Iraqi Alliance 24292:Islamic Salvation Front 24222:Islamic Defenders Front 22787:Fall of the Berlin Wall 22732:People Power Revolution 22717:Central American crisis 22657:1986 Black Sea incident 22307:1973 Afghan coup d'état 22205:Western Sahara conflict 22016:1966 Syrian coup d'état 21939:1963 Syrian coup d'état 21882:Portuguese Colonial War 21845:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 21610:1954 Syrian coup d'état 21487:Annexation of Hyderabad 21430:1947–1949 Palestine war 21031:2011 Khuzestan protests 20395:scientists and scholars 19901:Milad Tower and complex 19691:Women's rights movement 19686:White Revolution (1963) 19354:Peoples of the Caucasus 18696:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 18589:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 18443:Photos from Kave Kazemi 18248:28 October 2009 at the 18169:10 October 2016 at the 18164:The Islamic Revolution. 17976:. New York: Routledge. 17909:. London: John Murray. 17724:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 17603:Graham, Robert (1980). 17505:Reign of the Ayatollahs 17502:Bakhash, Shaul (1984). 16641:13 October 2006 at the 16176:BBC Radio World Service 16100:By Afshin Molavi p. 225 15874:خبرگزاری تسنیم – Tasnim 15646:The Middle East Journal 15604:Neville, Peter (2013). 14567:Guests of the Ayatollah 14513:"Into the Den of Spies" 14478:Guests of the Ayatollah 13424:"A Question of Numbers" 13138:Huyser, Robert (1986). 12116:Jervis, Robert (2011). 11696:Pahlavi, Farah (2004). 10902:Ansari, Ali M. (2003). 10715:Encyclopædia Britannica 9919:Islamic Republic | Iran 9881:24 October 2014 at the 9730:Oxford University Press 9217:It reached 66% in 2003. 8660:Protests in summer 1978 8499:) that the laws of the 8347:Politics and government 8225:attacked the US embassy 8218:Quaid-e-Azam University 8111:US unilateral sanctions 7483:1979 Khuzestan uprising 7392:Revolutionary Tribunals 7103:1969 Libyan coup d'état 6887:Discourse on Inequality 6036:Consent of the governed 5672:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 4995:implemented Khomeini's 4644:Iranian prime minister 4582:, during the revolution 4346:Ayatollah Shariatmadari 4068:Ayatollah Shariatmadari 3268:, and the more secular 2819:Frankfurter Neue Presse 2744:withdrew in June 1946. 2670:separation of the sexes 2642:constitutional monarchy 2634:Persian Cossack Brigade 2273:, the opposition-based 920:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 18:1979 Iranian Revolution 29329:Tehran American School 29212:CIA activities in Iran 28890:Groups and individuals 28869:Certain Iranian Assets 28859:United States v. Banki 28598:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou 28382:2020 Camp Taji attacks 28293:Operation Prime Chance 28288:Operation Earnest Will 28148:Abadan Crisis Timeline 27944:Persian Gulf Residency 27634:Treaty of Paris (1857) 27404:Russia–Hamas relations 26941:South Lebanon conflict 26634:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 26463:First Libyan civil war 26446:2011 Bahraini uprising 26422:Action of June 5, 1984 26138:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 25974:First Libyan civil war 25957:2011 Bahraini uprising 25933:Action of June 5, 1984 25490:Supreme Leader of Iran 24866:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 24580:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab 24505:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 24362:State of Law Coalition 24272:Green Algeria Alliance 23081:Neoclassical economics 22592:Gulf of Sidra incident 22149:1969 Libyan revolution 21840:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 21625:1954 Geneva Conference 21385:Turkish straits crisis 21380:Corfu Channel incident 20706:Anti-Iranian sentiment 20701:Science and technology 20526:Intellectual movements 20406:International rankings 20390:Intellectual movements 19876:International rankings 19369:Heads of state of Iran 19175:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 18736:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 18573:culture (3400–2000 BC) 18411:In pictures and videos 18373:The Islamic Revolution 18311:The Islamic revolution 18305:The Islamic revolution 18299:The Islamic Revolution 18108:Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza 18004:Kahlili, Reza (2010). 17874:Afshar, Haleh (1985). 17766:Nashat, Guity (1983). 17751:. Thomas Dunne Books. 17656:Keddie, Nikki (2003). 17609:. St. Martin's Press. 17408:Iran: A Modern History 17396:History of Modern Iran 16076:Norton, (2006), p. 141 16059:Harik, Judith Palmer, 15434:Karsh, Efraim (2009). 14195:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 14070:Zabih, Sepehr (1982). 14052:25 August 2010 at the 13887:In the shadow of Islam 11806:Social Science History 11583:15 August 2021 at the 11447:Wright, Robin (2000). 11205:, pp. 52, 54, 80. 11191:Theology of Discontent 9829:Milani, Abbas (2008). 9374:The Islamic Revolution 9115:Michael M. J. Fischer; 9091:Persecution of Baháʼís 8810:Iranian hostage crisis 8742:Ayatollah Khomeini at 8493:Outlines of Scepticism 8409:Women's rights in Iran 8285: 8153:. Iran also began its 7831: 7818:Islamic Republic Party 7782: 7781:and Ayatollah Khomeini 7760: 7694: 7651: 5737:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 5153:Islamic fundamentalism 4973:Islamic fundamentalist 4968: 4754:, a researcher at the 4750:Some sources (such as 4709: 4694:Doshan Tappeh Air Base 4677: 4668: 4653: 4602: 4583: 4529: 4505: 4489: 4398: 4228: 4215: 4195:and former SAVAK head 4048: 3976: 3909: 3901: 3782:Islamic holy month of 3628: 3399: 3226:Mohammad-Javad Bahonar 3134: 3064: 3051:Movement of 15 Khordad 2952: 2636:who seized power in a 2582:influence among them. 2528:Tobacco Protest (1891) 2362:Background (1891–1977) 2326:), straddling between 2299:Supreme Leader of Iran 2277:. On 1 February 1979, 2189:Imperial State of Iran 1459:Masmughans of Damavand 933:Zayandeh River Culture 354:Imperial State of Iran 267:Supreme Leader of Iran 29828:Civil wars by country 29813:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 29581:Mohammad Taghi Majidi 29247:Iranian frozen assets 29069:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan 28784:Executive Order 13876 28779:Executive Order 13780 28762:Executive Order 13769 28757:Executive Order 12172 28752:Executive Order 12170 28717:Tower 22 drone attack 28476:Khobar Towers bombing 28422:Guadeloupe Conference 27805:Iranian Embassy siege 27793:Guadeloupe Conference 27426:Arab–Israeli alliance 27339:Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan 27324:Massoud Ali-Mohammadi 27254:2012 Bangkok bombings 27239:2009 Sudan airstrikes 27218:Hezbollah involvement 26669:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 26587:Khobar Towers bombing 26473:Hezbollah involvement 26456:insurgency in Bahrain 26173:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 26091:Khobar Towers bombing 25984:Hezbollah involvement 25967:insurgency in Bahrain 24969:Hibatullah Akhundzada 24792:Sufi–Salafi relations 24435:Hibatullah Akhundzada 23931:Russia–NATO relations 23812:Jonathan Reed Winkler 23096:Democratic capitalism 23091:Supply-side economics 23059:American conservatism 22858:Breakup of Yugoslavia 22747:Bougainville conflict 22662:South Yemen civil war 22597:Martial law in Poland 22460:Nicaraguan Revolution 22435:Dirty War (Argentina) 22242:1971 JVP insurrection 22056:Years of Lead (Italy) 21934:North Yemen civil war 21852:Berlin Crisis of 1961 21828:Albanian–Soviet split 21760:1959 Tibetan uprising 21725:Syrian Crisis of 1957 21580:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 21440:1948 Arab–Israeli War 21088:2018 protest movement 21063:2018 Dervish protests 20997:2003 student protests 20981:1999 student protests 19994:Shetab Banking System 19984:Banking and insurance 19946:Tehran Stock Exchange 19866:Intellectual property 19211:PJAK conflict (2004–) 18984:Turcomans (1378–1508) 18976:Turcomans (1374–1468) 18925:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 18728:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 18328:"Islamic Revolution," 18263:– audio slideshow by 18191:(Ayatollah Khomeini). 17850:. Adler & Adler. 17846:Taheri, Amir (1985). 17787:Roy, Olivier (1994). 17574:10.5771/9783956503085 17481:Azari, Farah (1983). 17289:"Doing Business 2015" 15846:. 13 September 2016. 15780:Tarock, Adam (1997). 15472:Wright, Robin (1989) 15145:on 20 September 2010. 13461:4 August 2014 at the 13456:A Question of Numbers 13429:4 August 2014 at the 13311:13 April 2008 at the 12189:Eisenstadt, Michael. 11165:Wright, Robin (2000) 11102:"Emad Baghi: English" 11008:Bayar, Assef (1994). 10573:Lambton, Ann (1987). 10217:10.1017/9781108289825 9590:10.4324/9780203799451 8973:Guadeloupe conference 8672:Revolutionary victims 8541:Amnesty International 8279: 8262:Further information: 8095:Iran–Russia relations 8091:Iran–Israel relations 7966:Provisional Sinn Féin 7934:Irish Republican Army 7913:Further information: 7826: 7777: 7756: 7681: 7649: 7524:a referendum was held 7481:Further information: 7477:1979 ethnic uprisings 7384:Revolutionary Council 7271:Criticism of monarchy 7093:North Yemen civil war 6907:The Federalist Papers 6202:Federal parliamentary 5810:Criticism of Islamism 5804:Criticism of Islamism 5722:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 5639:Hibatullah Akhundzada 4958: 4744:Further information: 4707: 4672: 4655: 4643: 4600: 4567: 4511: 4495: 4480: 4433:Carter administration 4396: 4281:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 4226: 4210: 4077:In November, secular 4046: 3971: 3907: 3895: 3888:Jaleh Square massacre 3689:, the Shah fired all 3669:Carter administration 3618: 3586:Imperial Iranian Army 3404:oil boom of the 1970s 3377: 3282:groups—primarily the 3128: 3062: 2950: 2887:democratic government 2738:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2721:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2618:Reza Shah (1921–1941) 2467:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2197:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2163:), also known as the 1337:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 1291:3rd-century BC–132 BC 1257:Kingdom of Cappadocia 1213: 6th century BC 1195:Neo-Babylonian Empire 776:Casualties and losses 606:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 418:Revolutionary Council 244:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 229:Armed street fighting 165:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 29586:Manouchehr Khosrodad 29461:Abbas Ali Khalatbari 29169:Abdul Majid Muhammed 28902:Iran–America Society 28648:2021 Natanz incident 28638:2020 Iran explosions 28432:Operation Eagle Claw 28394:Incidents after 1979 28205:Joint Plan of Action 28133:Persian Gulf Command 27378:2021 Natanz incident 27373:2020 Iran explosions 27319:Ardeshir Hosseinpour 27108:Gaza War (2008–2009) 27100:Gaza–Israel conflict 26789:Shia–Sunni relations 26711:United Arab Emirates 26566:Western Iran clashes 26488:Spillover in Lebanon 26298:Shia–Sunni relations 26215:United Arab Emirates 26070:Western Iran clashes 25999:Spillover in Lebanon 25760:Homafaran Allegiance 25638:Islam and Revolution 25414:1978 Tabriz protests 25208:September 11 attacks 25178:Grand Mosque seizure 24984:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 24979:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 24741:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 24450:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 24367:Islamic Action Front 23352:Non-Aligned Movement 22974:Peaceful coexistence 22928:North Borneo dispute 22843:German reunification 22838:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 22536:Salvadoran Civil War 22485:Grand Mosque seizure 22480:Yemenite War of 1979 22372:Mozambican Civil War 22327:Carnation Revolution 22282:Yemenite War of 1972 22220:1970 Polish protests 22051:1967 Hong Kong riots 22026:Argentine Revolution 21976:Guatemalan Civil War 21904:Cuban Missile Crisis 21818:Bay of Pigs Invasion 21690:1956 Poznań protests 21668:Geneva Summit (1955) 21270:Hukbalahap Rebellion 21249:Non-Aligned Movement 21147:Mahsa Amini protests 21083:August 2018 uprising 21017:2009 Ashura protests 20959:1978 Tabriz protests 19955:Technology start-ups 19856:Environmental issues 19846:Economic Reform Plan 19760:Provincial governors 19450:Environmental issues 19198:Iran Air Flight 655 18939:Jalayirid Sultanate 18811:Caliphate (750–1258) 18653:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 18237:Iran Chamber Society 18227:The Iran Revolution. 18150:, Touchstone, 1989, 17991:Kapuściński, Ryszard 17968:Hiro, Dilip (1989). 17745:Moin, Baqer (2000). 17679:Islam and Revolution 17251:IMF (October 2010). 16890:. 20 November 1991. 16373:16 June 2006 at the 16116:12 June 2010 at the 16019:Fundamentalist Power 15757:. 15 November 2019. 15518:Hiro, Dilip (1991). 15496:, pp. 241, 251. 15109:The Shah's Last Ride 15107:Shawcross, William, 14980:, pp. 234, 239. 14760:Rastyad Collective. 13754:. 12 December 2012. 13544:Torab, Azam (2007). 13401:. 11 February 2004. 13383:on 13 February 2007. 12355:. Crown Publishing. 11237:. 12 November 2021. 11193:(1993), pp. 419, 443 11172:23 July 2016 at the 10395:Simon & Schuster 10342:, pp. 236, 260. 10171:on 24 February 2022. 9927:. Archived from the 9427:. Archived from the 9406:29 June 2010 at the 9349:29 June 2011 at the 8835:Septembers of Shiraz 8830:is based upon on it. 8729:University of Tehran 8566:Revolutionary Guards 8479:LGBT history in Iran 8385:Revolutionary Guards 8327:to receive "Islamic 8155:economic cooperation 8099:China–Iran relations 7909:International impact 7866:When leaders of the 7692:Manouchehr Khosrodad 7579:Council of Guardians 7431:Baseej-e Mostaz'afin 7388:Revolutionary Guards 7256:Classical radicalism 6998:Republic of Florence 6937:Democracy in America 6096:Separation of powers 6071:Public participation 5644:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 5604:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 5561:Islamic Government: 4112:University of Tehran 3859:September 11 attacks 3762:constitution of Iran 3641:democratic elections 3552:1978 Tabriz protests 3319:'), focusing on the 2959:launched in 1963 by 2843:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2524:could be sidelined. 2417:economic contraction 815:on 11 February 1979. 29706:Asadollah Lajevardi 29556:Seyyed Javad Zabihi 29536:Pervez Amini Afshar 29471:Gholamreza Kianpour 29217:Copyright relations 28556:2016 Naval incident 28412:Iran hostage crisis 28263:Iran Air Flight 655 28175:Island of Stability 28107:Iranian Directorate 27959:Tehran War Cemetery 27363:Bid Kaneh explosion 26582:1987 Mecca incident 26478:Iranian involvement 26397:1979 Qatif Uprising 26086:1987 Mecca incident 25989:Iranian involvement 25919:1979 Qatif Uprising 25588:Letter to Gorbachev 25441:Cultural Revolution 25419:Neauphle-le-Château 25140:Islamic Declaration 24689:Young Kashgar Party 23797:Alex von Tunzelmann 23787:Vladimir Tismăneanu 23712:Thomas J. McCormick 23707:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 23607:Robert Hugh Ferrell 23470:Crusade for Freedom 23267:Illiberal democracy 23151:Ho Chi Minh Thought 22954:Eisenhower Doctrine 22807:Peaceful Revolution 22802:Romanian Revolution 22782:Revolutions of 1989 22767:1988 Polish strikes 22677:Operation INFEKTION 22672:1987 Lieyu massacre 22577:Eritrean Civil Wars 22560:Peruvian Revolution 22510:1979 Herat uprising 22500:Sino-Vietnamese War 22465:Uganda–Tanzania War 22445:Egyptian–Libyan War 22412:Third Indochina War 22407:Sino-Albanian split 22397:Ethiopian Civil War 22297:Eritrean Civil Wars 22237:Ping-pong diplomacy 22210:Cambodian Civil War 22036:Korean DMZ Conflict 22021:Cultural Revolution 21991:Dominican Civil War 21969:Tlatelolco massacre 21755:1959 Mosul uprising 21745:1958 Lebanon crisis 21472:Al-Wathbah uprising 21395:First Indochina War 21365:Iran crisis of 1946 21135:2021 water protests 21078:2018 water protests 20964:Black Friday (1978) 20944:1963 demonstrations 20355:Freedom of religion 19941:Supreme Audit Court 19820:Automotive industry 19467:Iranian Balochistan 19193:1987 Mecca incident 19090:Iran crisis of 1946 19079:dynasty (1925–1979) 19008:Dynasty (1751–1794) 18949:dynasty (1338–1357) 18941:dynasty (1335–1432) 18933:dynasty (1314–1393) 18918:dynasty (1244–1381) 18902:dynasty (1077–1231) 18886:dynasty (1011–1215) 18803:Caliphate (661–750) 18795:Caliphate (632–661) 18763:Empire (AD 224–651) 18680:Empire (550–330 BC) 18661:Empire (626–539 BC) 18645:Empire (678–549 BC) 18629:Empire (911–609 BC) 18388:by Satya J. Gabriel 18318:Analytical articles 18273:Historical articles 18112:Response to History 17928:The History of Iran 17848:The Spirit of Allah 17556:Gölz, Olmo (2017). 16980:. Foreign Affairs. 16459:, pp. 287–288. 16046:Yaroslav Trofimov, 15679:The Washington Post 15508:, pp. 128–129. 15171:. 17 January 2019. 15067:, pp. 241–242. 15055:, pp. 158–159. 14968:, pp. 234–235. 14886:, p. 51, also 14870:, pp. 219–220. 14747:, pp. 221–222. 14544:, pp. 248–249. 14423:on 23 November 2010 14299:, pp. 210–211. 14185:, pp. 241–242. 13604:. 9 February 2013. 13356:. 31 January 1999. 13275:6 July 2010 at the 13198:10 May 2011 at the 12752:. Lexington Books. 11611:, pp. 182–183. 11599:, pp. 184–185. 11567:, pp. 501–503. 11413:, pp. 478–479. 11329:, pp. 145–146. 11274:, pp. 144–145. 11262:, pp. 502–503. 11156:, pp. 201–207. 10718:. 22 October 2023. 10486:, pp. 533–534. 10459:. Praeger. p. 10031:, pp. 4, 9–12. 9199:who urged a boycott 8993:Iran hostage crisis 8530:corporal punishment 8483:LGBT rights in Iran 8371:have been declared 8367:The members of the 8242:in Lebanon and the 8178:Saudi Arabia (1979) 8161:In the Muslim world 8070:Revolutionary Guard 7857:Cultural Revolution 7814:Abolhassan Banisadr 7779:Kazem Shariatmadari 7669:Abolhassan Banisadr 7594:Iran hostage crisis 7567:Assembly of Experts 7346:Politics portal 7151:Antigua and Barbuda 7098:Zanzibar Revolution 7008:American Revolution 6897:The Social Contract 6066:Popular sovereignty 5954:Politics portal 5907:Islam and modernity 5565:("Velayat-e faqih") 5547:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 4940:Abolhassan Banisadr 4928:Iran hostage crisis 4650:cultural revolution 4550:, never to return. 4502:Neauphle-le-Château 4481:Shah and his wife, 4448:Zbigniew Brzezinski 4249:Imam Husayn ibn Ali 4072:Ayatollah Taleghani 4034:Neauphle-le-Château 3713:Early summer (June) 3611:Government reaction 3396:Zbigniew Brzezinski 3357:Iranian Muslims by 3284:Tudeh Party of Iran 3095:diplomatic immunity 2796:In 1952, Mosaddegh 2600:(also known as the 2567:Mirza Hasan Shirazi 2388:A backlash against 2384:character include: 2191:by the present-day 1993:Contemporary period 1897:Early modern period 1799:Jalayirid Sultanate 1669:Khwarazmian dynasty 1098:Neo-Assyrian Empire 976:Kura–Araxes culture 894:Baradostian culture 427:Islamist Opposition 272:Iran hostage crisis 29793:Civil wars in Iran 29788:Rebellions in Iran 29748:Iranian Revolution 29696:Mohammad Reyshahri 29616:Left-wing politics 29606:Nematollah Nassiri 29571:Ali Hojjat Kashani 29526:Amir Hossein Rabii 29446:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda 29314:Iran Bethel School 29289:Alborz High School 29124:Abdolreza Shahlaei 29099:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh 29084:Mohammad Mosaddegh 29059:Amir Mirza Hekmati 29049:Mahmoud Reza Banki 28999:Erwin David Rabhan 28969:Howard Baskerville 28854:Oil Platforms case 28829:Public Law 113-100 28506:2008 Naval dispute 28407:Iranian Revolution 28273:Iran–Contra affair 28258:Bridgeton incident 27981:The New Great Game 27934:East India Company 27893:Fowzi Badavi Nejad 27788:Iranian Revolution 27421:Axis of Resistance 27416:Ahmad Reza Djalali 27344:Mohsen Fakhrizadeh 26868:Iranian Revolution 26784:Iran International 26624:2015 Mina stampede 26493:Axis of Resistance 26377:Iranian Revolution 26293:Iran International 26128:2015 Mina stampede 26004:Axis of Resistance 25899:Iranian Revolution 25744:Alef-Laam Khomeini 25729:Jamaran Hussainiya 25645:The Greatest Jihad 25546:Shiite clericalism 25461:Interim Government 25431:Iranian Revolution 25198:Algerian Civil War 25173:Iranian Revolution 25132:Islamic Government 25030:Islam and violence 25004:Juhayman al-Otaybi 24917:Sub-Saharan Africa 24662:Authenticity Party 24430:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 24237:Muslim Brotherhood 24086:Islamic governance 23951:Russian Revolution 23747:Mary Elise Sarotte 23732:William B. Pickett 23657:Patrick J. Hearden 23637:Gabriel Gorodetsky 23632:Timothy Garton Ash 23617:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 23212:Ethnic nationalism 22964:Hallstein Doctrine 22848:Yemeni unification 22637:1985 Geneva Summit 22602:Casamance conflict 22505:New Jewel Movement 22490:Iranian Revolution 22475:Chadian–Libyan War 22422:Cambodian conflict 22402:Lebanese Civil War 22392:Western Sahara War 22367:June 1976 protests 22362:Cambodian genocide 22127:17 July Revolution 22081:Nigerian Civil War 21996:Rhodesian Bush War 21981:Colombian conflict 21924:Ramadan Revolution 21663:Bandung Conference 21539:Operation Valuable 21420:Partition of India 21140:2022 food protests 21130:2021–2022 protests 21103:2019–2020 protests 21053:2017–2018 protests 21038:2015 Mahabad riots 21026:2011–2012 protests 20971:Women Day protests 20949:Iranian Revolution 20486:Persian New Year ( 19891:Main economic laws 19462:Iranian Azerbaijan 19364:Monarchs of Persia 19308:Persianate society 19016:Empire (1789–1925) 19000:Empire (1736–1796) 18992:Empire (1501–1736) 18968:Empire (1370–1507) 18894:Empire (1037–1194) 18859:dynasty (934–1062) 18851:dynasty (931–1090) 18843:dynasty (861–1003) 18712:Empire (312–63 BC) 18613:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 18428:iranrevolution.com 18384:2 May 2014 at the 18334:(21 January 1988). 18222:Islamic Revolution 18187:, 7 January 1980. 18144:Shawcross, William 18073:Munson, Henry Jr. 18034:"Letter from Iran" 17772:. Westview Press. 17196:data.worldbank.org 17166:data.worldbank.org 17074:IMF (March 2010). 16860:The New York Times 16786:Julia Annas (ed), 16494:on 13 August 2007. 16236:The New York Times 16178:. 1 October 2008. 15818:The New York Times 15712:Middle East Policy 15474:In the Name of God 15297:www.britannica.com 13872:Isfandiyārī (1997) 13707:Isfandiyārī (1997) 13503:Tucker, Spencer C. 12712:on 24 October 2014 12544:. iranrights.org. 12325:"Letter from Iran" 11298:10.1007/BF00158262 11286:Theory and Society 11178:The New York Times 10964:on 1 February 2011 10545:10.1007/BF01117556 10533:Sociological Forum 10498:, pp. 293–34. 10354:, pp. 19, 96. 10165:The Jerusalem Post 9714:Abrahamian, Ervand 9435:Hoveyda, Fereydoon 9013:Russian Revolution 8943:1979 energy crisis 8534:The New York Times 8467:Iranian parliament 8456:Ayatollah Khomeini 8395:is handled by the 8286: 8205:General Zia-ul-Haq 7932:in Nicaragua, the 7915:1979 energy crisis 7832: 7783: 7710:Amir Abbas Hoveida 7695: 7652: 7423:Pasdaran-e Enqelab 7312:Primus inter pares 7128:Nepalese Civil War 7118:Iranian Revolution 7088:14 July Revolution 7043:Russian Revolution 7038:Chinese Revolution 6988:Republic of Venice 6837:Discourses on Livy 5832:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 5677:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 5662:Abu Hamza al-Masri 5490:Sub-Saharan Africa 5450:Muslim Brotherhood 5425:Iranian Revolution 5335:Islamic Golden Age 5203:Islamic liberalism 5183:Islamic governance 4969: 4794:Ayatollah Khomeini 4756:Martyrs Foundation 4729:in 1991 in Paris. 4710: 4654: 4603: 4584: 4568:Cartoon depicting 4530: 4506: 4490: 4399: 4229: 4216: 4197:Nematollah Nassiri 4193:Amir Abbas-Hoveyda 4150:Gholam-Reza Azhari 4049: 4024:to expel him from 3977: 3920:. A permit for an 3910: 3902: 3814:Jafar Sharif-Emami 3699:Nematollah Nassiri 3629: 3400: 3296:People's Mujahedin 3288:Fedaian guerrillas 3209:Islamic Government 3135: 3093:, or extension of 3084:anti-revolutionary 3065: 2953: 2889:Iran ever had was 2851:John Foster Dulles 2791:petroleum reserves 2787:Mohammad Mosaddegh 2781:From 1901 on, the 2773:Mohammad Mosaddegh 2757:Iranian Azerbaijan 2514:Islamic socialists 2446:of U.S. President 2301:in December 1979. 2142:Iranian Revolution 2012:Interim Government 2002:Iranian Revolution 1789:Muzaffarid dynasty 1493:864 – 14th century 1483:791 – 11th century 1409:Rashidun Caliphate 1231:Kingdom of Armenia 880:Prehistoric period 709:Gholam Ali Oveissi 639:Gholam Reza Azhari 628:Jafar Sharif-Emami 525:Leftist Opposition 173:(religious sector) 93:Iranian Revolution 68:Iranian revolution 29818:Ruhollah Khomeini 29735: 29734: 29681:Ruhollah Khomeini 29655:Mona Mahmudnizhad 29650:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 29551:Hossein-Ali Bayat 29506:Manutchehr Salimi 29501:Manouchehr Azmoun 29476:Gholamreza Nikpey 29378: 29377: 29372: 29371: 29074:Mohammad Hosseini 28974:William J. Fallon 28897:Iran Action Group 28712:2024 Erbil attack 28518:Project Cassandra 28278:Operation Staunch 28165:Project Dark Gene 28005: 28004: 27798:Conspiracy theory 27685:Anglo-Persian War 27659:Tehran Conference 27644:D'Arcy Concession 27639:Reuter concession 27575: 27574: 27514: 27513: 26818: 26817: 26678:Iranian relations 26534:Yemeni revolution 26517:Houthi insurgency 26483:Saudi involvement 26327: 26326: 26182:Iranian relations 26038:Yemeni revolution 26021:Houthi insurgency 25994:Saudi involvement 25793: 25792: 25617:Tahrir al-Wasilah 25578:Islamic democracy 25385:Ruhollah Khomeini 25351: 25350: 25328: 25327: 25324: 25323: 25072: 25071: 25068: 25067: 25040:Islamic terrorism 25035:Islamic extremism 25014:Ayman al-Zawahiri 25009:Omar Abdel-Rahman 24815:Militant Islamism 24804: 24803: 24800: 24799: 24736:Rabee al-Madkhali 24697: 24696: 24588: 24587: 24555:Haji Shariatullah 24515:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 24495:Abul A'la Maududi 24490:Ruhollah Khomeini 24480:Alija Izetbegović 24465:Rached Ghannouchi 24455:Necmettin Erbakan 24412:Political leaders 24406: 24405: 24398:Islamic modernism 24327:National Congress 24259:Political parties 24172:Two-nation theory 24106:Islamic socialism 24096:Islamic democracy 23982: 23981: 23969:List of conflicts 23817:Rudolph Winnacker 23762:Giles Scott-Smith 23737:Ronald E. Powaski 23692:Melvyn P. Leffler 23622:John Lewis Gaddis 23597:Robert D. English 23562:Warren H. Carroll 23552:Michael Beschloss 23521:Nuclear arms race 23502: 23501: 23408:Neues Deutschland 23310: 23309: 23292:White nationalism 23262:Liberal democracy 22999:Ulbricht Doctrine 22989:Brezhnev Doctrine 22797:Velvet Revolution 22541:Soviet–Afghan War 22357:Angolan Civil War 22154:Goulash Communism 22011:ASEAN Declaration 21964:Mexican Dirty War 21862:Annexation of Goa 21813:1960 U-2 incident 21787:Sino-Soviet split 21765:Laotian Civil War 21605:Bricker Amendment 21585:Mau Mau rebellion 21529:Malayan Emergency 21517:Chinese Civil War 21477:Tito–Stalin split 21331:Division of Korea 21155: 21154: 21108:Mahshahr massacre 21002:2005 Ahvaz unrest 20882: 20881: 20755: 20754: 20723: 20722: 20719: 20718: 20689: 20688: 20596:Opium consumption 20429: 20428: 20265:Ethnic minorities 20239:Iranian languages 20164: 20163: 20160: 20159: 19777: 19776: 19773: 19772: 19656:Political parties 19594:Children's rights 19579:Foreign relations 19573:2009 presidential 19520: 19519: 19482:Iranian Kurdistan 19401: 19400: 19397: 19396: 19281: 19280: 19253:COVID-19 pandemic 19112:Revolution (1979) 19058: 19057: 18878:Empire (977–1186) 18835:dynasty (864–928) 18827:dynasty (821–873) 18819:dynasty (819–999) 18772: 18771: 18688:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 18283:BBC World Service 18017:978-1-4391-8903-0 17916:978-1-848-54066-8 17716:978-0-674-01843-3 17648:978-0-8018-5618-1 17583:978-3-95650-308-5 17560:. In F. Heinzer; 17536:978-0-226-07758-1 17438:978-0-7914-0731-8 17417:978-0-300-11254-2 17333:978-0-203-99351-4 17132:"Iran per capita" 16741:978-0-8156-2634-3 16354:978-0-85772-788-6 16329:978-1-83860-934-4 16212:on 5 October 2010 15964:Financial Tribune 15617:978-0-8108-7173-1 15537:978-0-415-90407-0 15447:978-1-4358-7499-2 15437:The Iran-Iraq War 15374:www.sanews.gov.za 15090:978-0-203-33523-9 14944:, pp. 89–90. 14660:978-0-19-046896-5 14647:Axworthy, Michael 14405:, pp. 74–82. 14381:, pp. 22–23. 14149:, pp. 24–32. 14124:, pp. 78–82. 14011:978-0-231-51607-5 13984:978-0-02-865603-8 13897:978-0-86232-022-5 13557:978-90-04-15295-3 13532:Abrahamian (2008) 13520:Mojahedin-e Khalq 13337:Abrahamian (1982) 13234:Abrahamian (2008) 13153:978-0-06-039053-2 13146:. Andre Deutsch. 13142:Mission to Tehran 13009:978-0-8078-7761-6 12853:978-0-393-08039-1 12809:978-1-136-81270-5 12759:978-0-7391-3340-8 12618:978-1-350-41609-3 12527:978-0-275-97187-8 12477:Abrahamian (1982) 12446:978-0-8047-9336-0 12421:978-0-553-05023-3 12362:978-0-307-45370-9 12221:Abrahamian (1982) 12162:Abrahamian (1982) 12129:978-0-8014-5761-6 12087:978-1-4039-7710-6 12043:978-0-19-932226-8 12028:Axworthy, Michael 11938:978-3-319-94406-7 11899:978-1-317-60582-9 11872:978-1-136-82089-2 11767:978-1-4381-0656-4 11736:978-967-5062-25-4 11565:Abrahamian (1982) 11478:Abrahamian (1982) 11411:Abrahamian (1982) 11399:Abrahamian (1993) 11370:978-0-299-18474-2 11339:Abrahamian (1982) 11260:Abrahamian (1982) 11061:Abrahamian (2008) 11049:Abrahamian (2008) 11023:978-0-7914-1665-5 10994:978-0-8133-7413-0 10943:, pp. 72–73. 10915:978-0-582-35685-6 10857:978-0-470-18549-0 10785:978-0-230-34038-1 10746:978-0-230-34038-1 10695:978-0-292-77436-0 10673:on 26 March 2009. 10633:, pp. 94–95. 10484:Abrahamian (1982) 10328:Abrahamian (1982) 10226:978-1-108-41833-1 10193:978-0-393-32968-1 10146:978-1-108-71391-7 10117:978-1-4522-6649-7 9931:on 16 March 2006. 9842:978-0-8156-0907-0 9688:978-0-520-94216-5 9628:Abrahamian (1982) 9599:978-0-415-70134-1 9554:978-0-230-34038-1 9431:on 6 August 2006. 9293:978-1-107-00750-5 9264:978-0-933273-89-4 9025:Related conflicts 8861:Iran and the West 8624:Mahmoud Taleghani 8620:Muhammad Beheshti 8616:Murtaza Mutahhari 8425:, the government 8317:economic equality 8305:political freedom 8233:Yaroslav Trofimov 8077:Foreign relations 7961:Mojahedin-e-Khalq 7942:Afghan Mujahideen 7898:Morteza Motahhari 7888:In May 1979, the 7883:Mohammad Beheshti 7844:(hypocrites) and 7812:In January 1980, 7808:Socialism in Iran 7716:The 1981 massacre 7556:In June 1979 the 7380: 7379: 7323:Republican empire 7296:List of republics 7145:National variants 7073:Spanish Civil War 7013:French Revolution 6993:Republic of Genoa 6877:The Spirit of Law 6810:Theoretical works 6154:Neo-republicanism 5988: 5987: 5842:Abdelwahab Meddeb 5777:Haji Shariatullah 5742:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 5727:Abul A'la Maududi 5717:Ruhollah Khomeini 5697:Rached Ghannouchi 5609:Ruhollah Khomeini 5516:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 5406:by country/region 5295:Two-nation theory 5247:Islamic terrorism 5208:Islamic socialism 5193:Islamic democracy 5169:Apostasy in Islam 5126:Deobandi jihadism 5121:Deobandi movement 4920:despotic monarchy 4854:Fida'iyan-i Khalq 4765:Ervand Abrahamian 4760:Spencer C. Tucker 4598: 4535:American General 4467:Shahpour Bakhtiar 4224: 4212:Mohammad Beheshti 4092:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 4090:figures (such as 4055:, especially the 4036:, a village near 3927:Khomeini's return 3754:Shahpour Bakhtiar 3605:1906 Constitution 3582:state-owned banks 3482:Ruhollah Khomeini 3361:from the Islamic 3303:Mahmoud Taleghani 3258:constitutionalist 3234:Mohammad Mofatteh 3222:Mohammad Beheshti 3218:Morteza Motahhari 3173:Morteza Motahhari 3076:Ruhollah Khomeini 3045:Ruhollah Khomeini 3029:Ervand Abrahamian 2879:Chinese Civil War 2853:and his brother, 2824:Winston Churchill 2802:sought punishment 2761:Iranian Kurdistan 2554:Nasir al-Din Shah 2419:in 1977–1978; and 2306:peasant rebellion 2279:Khomeini returned 2138: 2137: 2030: 2029: 1983: 1982: 1946: 1945: 1887: 1886: 1829:Afrasiyab dynasty 1729:Khorshidi dynasty 1719:Pishkinid dynasty 1609:Ghaznavid dynasty 1429:Abbasid Caliphate 1419:Umayyad Caliphate 1385: 1384: 1381:550s–11th century 1277:Kingdom of Pontus 1221:Achaemenid Empire 1185:Anshanite Kingdom 1146: 1145: 1049:Oxus Civilization 957: 956: 842: 841: 800:Ruhollah Khomeini 756:Mohammad Beheshti 744:Morteza Motahhari 722:Ruhollah Khomeini 662:Nematollah Nasiri 617:Jamshid Amouzegar 585: 584: 281:Beginning of the 263:Ruhollah Khomeini 198:Overthrow of the 86: 85: 16:(Redirected from 29835: 29783:Protests in Iran 29773:1979 in politics 29726: 29725: 29686:Sadegh Khalkhali 29601:Nasser Moghaddam 29515:Soldiers of the 29491:Mahmoud Jafarian 29481:Farrokhroo Parsa 29405: 29398: 29391: 29382: 29381: 29364: 29363: 29319:Iranzamin School 29309:Damavand College 29282:Alavi Foundation 29277:650 Fifth Avenue 29227:Dual containment 29222:Death to America 29134:Masoud Soleimani 29054:Haleh Esfandiari 29019:Michael R. White 28772:Trump travel ban 28576:Operation Merlin 28315:Yemeni Civil War 28310:Syrian civil war 28160:Exercise Delawar 28128:Persian Corridor 28060:Diplomatic posts 28054: 28053: 28044: 28043: 28032: 28025: 28018: 28009: 28008: 27996: 27995: 27924:Bahrain province 27888:Ghoncheh Ghavami 27863:Anoosheh Ashoori 27690:Persian Campaign 27581:Diplomatic posts 27571: 27570: 27563: 27562: 27553: 27552: 27541: 27534: 27527: 27518: 27517: 27505: 27504: 27334:Fereydoon Abbasi 27135:Syrian civil war 27118:Israel–Hamas war 26985:2006 Lebanon War 26845: 26838: 26831: 26822: 26821: 26809: 26808: 26659:2019 Afif attack 26539:Yemeni civil war 26468:Syrian civil war 26354: 26347: 26340: 26331: 26330: 26318: 26317: 26163:2019 Afif attack 26043:Yemeni civil war 25979:Syrian civil war 25848:Diplomatic posts 25842: 25841: 25832: 25831: 25820: 25813: 25806: 25797: 25796: 25785: 25784: 25694:Hussein Khomeini 25670:Mostafa Khomeini 25571:compulsory hijab 25551:Death to America 25521: 25409:1978 Qom protest 25378: 25371: 25364: 25355: 25354: 25239:Anti-imperialism 25134:(Khomeini, 1970) 25110:(Khomeini, 1940) 25089: 25088: 25078: 25077: 24827: 24826: 24810: 24809: 24614: 24613: 24607: 24606: 24594: 24593: 24560:Hassan Al-Turabi 24372:United Arab List 24190: 24189: 24121:Islamic republic 24116:Islamic monarchy 24101:Islamic feminism 24024: 24023: 24009: 24002: 23995: 23986: 23985: 23727:David S. Painter 23652:John Earl Haynes 23582:Nicholas J. Cull 23567:Adrian Cioroianu 23547:Thomas A. Bailey 23494:Voice of America 23385: 23384: 23297:White separatism 23277:Social democracy 23272:Guided democracy 23252:Authoritarianism 23202:Ultranationalism 23192:Anti-imperialism 23119:Marxism–Leninism 23032: 23031: 23019:Kinmen Agreement 22984:Johnson Doctrine 22969:Kennedy Doctrine 22885:Frozen conflicts 22868:1991 August Coup 22757:Afghan Civil War 22652:Reykjavík Summit 22647:Somali Rebellion 22587:Ugandan Bush War 22565:Gdańsk Agreement 22086:Protests of 1968 22066:War of Attrition 21775:Cuban Revolution 21711:We will bury you 21678:Cyprus Emergency 21658:Kashmir Princess 21648:Jebel Akhdar War 21497:Western betrayal 21182: 21175: 21168: 21159: 21158: 20954:1978 Qom protest 20915:Protests in Iran 20909: 20902: 20895: 20886: 20885: 20874:Politics of Iran 20782: 20775: 20768: 20759: 20758: 20745: 20735: 20734: 20586:National symbols 20440: 20439: 20255:Iranian citizens 20192: 20191: 20183: 20182: 20170: 20169: 20152:Research centers 19841:Economic history 19796: 19795: 19783: 19782: 19717:Guardian Council 19539: 19538: 19526: 19525: 19407: 19406: 19384:Electric history 19379:Military history 19293:Ancient Persians 19201: 19200:shootdown (1988) 19183: 19170: 19167:Iranian Embassy 19137: 19126: 19124:Islamic Republic 19113: 19105:1953 coup d'état 19080: 19067: 19066: 19025: 19022:Khanates of the 19017: 19009: 19001: 18993: 18985: 18977: 18969: 18950: 18942: 18934: 18926: 18919: 18911: 18903: 18895: 18887: 18879: 18860: 18852: 18844: 18836: 18828: 18820: 18812: 18804: 18796: 18783: 18782: 18764: 18745: 18737: 18729: 18721: 18713: 18705: 18697: 18689: 18681: 18662: 18654: 18646: 18638: 18630: 18622: 18614: 18606: 18598: 18590: 18582: 18574: 18561: 18560: 18545: 18544: 18532: 18531: 18516: 18509: 18502: 18493: 18492: 18480: 18479: 18161:Smith, Frank E. 18084:Nobari, Ali Reza 18045: 18021: 17987: 17964: 17943: 17931: 17920: 17898: 17889: 17861: 17842: 17829:Know Thine Enemy 17823: 17804: 17783: 17762: 17741: 17720: 17701: 17682: 17673: 17652: 17640: 17629: 17620: 17599: 17597: 17595: 17552: 17550: 17548: 17519: 17498: 17487:. 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Archived from 17293: 17285: 17279: 17278: 17276: 17274: 17268: 17257: 17248: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17237: 17226:www.farsinet.com 17218: 17212: 17211: 17209: 17207: 17188: 17182: 17181: 17179: 17177: 17158: 17152: 17151: 17149: 17147: 17128: 17122: 17121: 17119: 17117: 17098: 17092: 17091: 17089: 17087: 17071: 17062: 17061: 17059: 17057: 17033: 17027: 17026: 17024: 17022: 17013:. 7 March 2015. 17003: 16994: 16993: 16991: 16989: 16973: 16967: 16966: 16964: 16962: 16947: 16941: 16940: 16938: 16936: 16930: 16919: 16910: 16904: 16903: 16901: 16899: 16882: 16876: 16875: 16873: 16871: 16851: 16845: 16844: 16824: 16818: 16815: 16809: 16808: 16800: 16791: 16784: 16778: 16772: 16766: 16760: 16754: 16753: 16727: 16698: 16697: 16673: 16667: 16666: 16655: 16649: 16632: 16626: 16620: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16609: 16593: 16587: 16586: 16580: 16572: 16570: 16568: 16552: 16546: 16545: 16539: 16531: 16520: 16514: 16513: 16502: 16496: 16495: 16490:. Archived from 16484: 16478: 16477: 16476:on 13 July 2007. 16472:. Archived from 16466: 16460: 16454: 16448: 16441: 16435: 16422: 16416: 16415: 16400: 16394: 16388: 16382: 16365: 16359: 16358: 16340: 16334: 16333: 16315: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16304: 16295:. MSN. Reuters. 16289: 16283: 16282: 16280: 16278: 16258: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16247: 16228: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16217: 16208:. Archived from 16198: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16187: 16168: 16162: 16156: 16150: 16147:The Soul of Iran 16139: 16133: 16127: 16121: 16107: 16101: 16095: 16089: 16083: 16077: 16074:The Shia Revival 16070: 16064: 16057: 16051: 16044: 16038: 16028: 16022: 16021:, Martin Kramer. 16016: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16005: 15986: 15980: 15979: 15977: 15975: 15966:. 22 June 2020. 15956: 15950: 15949: 15947: 15945: 15926: 15920: 15919: 15917: 15915: 15896: 15890: 15889: 15887: 15885: 15866: 15860: 15859: 15857: 15855: 15840: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15810: 15804: 15803: 15801: 15799: 15793: 15786: 15777: 15771: 15770: 15768: 15766: 15747: 15741: 15740: 15738: 15736: 15702: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15691: 15669: 15663: 15662: 15640: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15629: 15601: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15590: 15558:Cold War History 15548: 15542: 15541: 15525: 15515: 15509: 15503: 15497: 15491: 15485: 15470: 15464: 15463: 15461: 15459: 15431: 15425: 15424: 15392: 15386: 15385: 15383: 15381: 15366: 15360: 15357: 15351: 15350: 15318: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15304: 15289: 15283: 15282: 15258: 15247: 15246: 15222: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15191: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15165: 15159: 15153: 15147: 15146: 15131: 15125: 15122:The Shia Revival 15118: 15112: 15105: 15099: 15098: 15074: 15068: 15062: 15056: 15050: 15044: 15038: 15029: 15023: 15017: 15011: 15005: 14999: 14993: 14987: 14981: 14975: 14969: 14963: 14957: 14951: 14945: 14939: 14933: 14927: 14918: 14912: 14906: 14900: 14891: 14877: 14871: 14865: 14856: 14850: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14839: 14819: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14808: 14788: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14777: 14757: 14748: 14742: 14736: 14735: 14725: 14701: 14690: 14684: 14678: 14671: 14665: 14664: 14643: 14637: 14631: 14625: 14619: 14613: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14596: 14576: 14570: 14563: 14557: 14551: 14545: 14539: 14533: 14532: 14530: 14528: 14508: 14502: 14496: 14490: 14470: 14464: 14463: 14448: 14442: 14439: 14433: 14432: 14430: 14428: 14412: 14406: 14400: 14394: 14388: 14382: 14376: 14370: 14364: 14358: 14352: 14339: 14333: 14324: 14318: 14312: 14306: 14300: 14294: 14285: 14279: 14273: 14267: 14261: 14255: 14249: 14243: 14237: 14231: 14225: 14219: 14213: 14212: 14192: 14186: 14180: 14174: 14168: 14162: 14156: 14150: 14144: 14138: 14131: 14125: 14119: 14113: 14112: 14104: 14098: 14097:, p. 93–94. 14092: 14086: 14085: 14067: 14061: 14044: 14035: 14029: 14020: 14019: 13995: 13989: 13988: 13970: 13961: 13951: 13945: 13935: 13929: 13919: 13910: 13909: 13881: 13875: 13869: 13852: 13846: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13832: 13814: 13801: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13744: 13735: 13729: 13710: 13704: 13691: 13690: 13680: 13656: 13650: 13640: 13634: 13624: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13613: 13602:"Iran Iran song" 13598: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13587: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13541: 13535: 13529: 13523: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13499: 13488: 13487: 13472: 13466: 13453: 13447: 13440: 13434: 13421: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13410: 13391: 13385: 13384: 13379:. Archived from 13368: 13362: 13361: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13303: 13297: 13286: 13280: 13267: 13261: 13255: 13249: 13243: 13237: 13231: 13225: 13224: 13209: 13203: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13145: 13135: 13124: 13123: 13105: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13032: 13026: 13025: 13023: 13021: 12993: 12978: 12972: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12942: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12928: 12908: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12879: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12837: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12793: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12743: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12717: 12698: 12692: 12691: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12592: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12511: 12502: 12501: 12489: 12480: 12474: 12461: 12455: 12449: 12430: 12424: 12400: 12394: 12388: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12346: 12337: 12336: 12320: 12281: 12275: 12224: 12218: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12195: 12186: 12165: 12159: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12113: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12071: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12024: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11922: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11856: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11797: 11788: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11720: 11714: 11713: 11693: 11646: 11645: 11631: 11612: 11606: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11499: 11493: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11469: 11468: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11358: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11281: 11275: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11187: 11181: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11130: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11108:on 4 August 2014 11098: 11092: 11086: 11080: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10980: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10950: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10927: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10841: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10818:. 30 June 2010. 10808: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10681: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10666:. Archived from 10651: 10640: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10584: 10578: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10528: 10522: 10508: 10499: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10474: 10458: 10448: 10442: 10436: 10430: 10424: 10418: 10412: 10406: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10263: 10257: 10250: 10244: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10184:The Shia Revival 10179: 10173: 10172: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10103: 10097: 10096:19, 1987, p. 261 10089: 10083: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10015: 9995: 9989: 9980: 9959: 9953: 9932: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9885: 9874:BBC: On This Day 9865: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9832:Eminent Persians 9826: 9789: 9788: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9755: 9749: 9739: 9733: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9672: 9631: 9625: 9612: 9611: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9538: 9467: 9461: 9452: 9425:Jubilee Campaign 9338: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9251:Yarshater, Ehsan 9243:Yarshater, Ehsan 9239: 9218: 9215: 9209: 9206: 9200: 9189: 9183: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118:Nikkie R. Keddie 9107: 8963:Civil resistance 8958:White Revolution 8931: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8781: 8769: 8754: 8744:Mehrabad Airport 8739: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8645: 8495:(written c. 200 8489:Sextus Empiricus 8353:Politics of Iran 8321:self-sufficiency 8268:Politics of Iran 8207:, himself on an 8151:Syrian civil war 8014: 8002: 7700:Sadegh Khalkhali 7605:seized its staff 7562:Guardian Council 7558:Freedom Movement 7372: 7365: 7358: 7344: 7343: 7328:Republican Party 7306:Peasant republic 7266:Communitarianism 6983:Classical Athens 6978: 6952: 6942: 6932: 6922: 6912: 6902: 6892: 6882: 6872: 6862: 6852: 6842: 6832: 6822: 6056:Mixed government 5990: 5989: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5952: 5951: 5943:Islam portal 5941: 5940: 5939: 5825:in North America 5782:Hassan Al-Turabi 5732:Abul Hasan Nadwi 5325:Anti-imperialism 5223:Islamic republic 5218:Islamic monarchy 5198:Islamic feminism 5038: 5032: 5031: 5021: 5020: 4986:fifth columnists 4932:invasion of Iran 4872:Marzieh Hadidchi 4840:The presence of 4837: 4826: 4727:Islamic republic 4635:Freedom Movement 4599: 4570:Shapour Bakhtiar 4520:The Shah Is Gone 4326: 4315: 4225: 4127:American embassy 4028:. Khomeini left 4022:Iraqi government 3931:Islamic republic 3875:Islamic republic 3758:Dariush Forouhar 3703:Nasser Moghaddam 3621:Resurgence Party 3528:neo-colonialists 3512:1978 Qom protest 3494:Iraqi government 3478:Mostafa Khomeini 3467:Goethe Institute 3463:Saeed Soltanpour 3436:Goethe-Institute 3384:William Sullivan 3159:from oppressive 3143:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 3080:White Revolution 2968:; sales of some 2943:White Revolution 2910:Fazlollah Zahedi 2751:, the communist 2666:Islamic clothing 2328:authoritarianism 2321: 2310:Iranian diaspora 2291:Islamic republic 2271:Shapour Bakhtiar 2236:White Revolution 2182: 2180:Enqelâb-e Eslâmī 2176: 2175: 2165:1979 Revolution, 2162: 2157: 2151: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2071:Military history 2061:Economic history 2039:Related articles 2022:Islamic Republic 1998: 1997: 1961: 1960: 1902: 1901: 1859:Kar-Kiya dynasty 1779:Chobanid dynasty 1769:Ilkhanate Empire 1549:Sallarid dynasty 1519:Saffarid dynasty 1405: 1404: 1250: 1247: 1215:–11th century AD 1214: 1211: 1175:Scythian Kingdom 1161: 1160: 1091: 1078: 1055: 1042: 1019: 1002: 972: 971: 952: 939: 926: 913: 900: 890: 889: 872: 862: 844: 843: 834: 831: 825: 822: 816: 809: 803: 796: 765: 764: 763: 754: 753: 752: 742: 741: 740: 731: 730: 729: 720: 719: 718: 707: 706: 698:Abbas Gharabaghi 696: 695: 687: 680:Nasser Moghaddam 678: 677: 670: 669: 660: 659: 650:Shapour Bakhtiar 648: 647: 637: 636: 626: 625: 615: 614: 604: 603: 536:Fadaiyan-e-Khalq 463:Fadaiyan-e-Islam 421: 415: 414: 413: 351: 350: 349: 340: 339: 315:Anti-Americanist 299:Iranian diaspora 265:becomes the new 222:Civil resistance 163:Discontent with 139: 137: 131: 129: 110: 90: 89: 74:under discussion 70: 58: 57: 50: 36:White Revolution 21: 29843: 29842: 29838: 29837: 29836: 29834: 29833: 29832: 29738: 29737: 29736: 29731: 29715: 29669: 29665:Sirous Rowshani 29645:Khosrow Qashqai 29633: 29610: 29596:Nader Jahanbani 29566:Saeed Mehdiyoun 29546:Hassan Pakravan 29541:Habib Elghanian 29510: 29496:Mansour Rouhani 29430: 29412: 29409: 29379: 29374: 29373: 29368: 29354: 29175: 29034:Saeid Aboutaleb 29014:Craig Wadsworth 28994:Stephen D. Mull 28984:Joseph Macmanus 28885: 28726: 28581:Charming Kitten 28543:RQ-170 incident 28511:Filipino Monkey 28457:Algiers Accords 28388: 28325:Abraham Accords 28236: 28230:U.S. withdrawal 28116: 28055: 28048: 28038: 28036: 28006: 28001: 27985: 27907: 27846: 27740:Tobacco Protest 27718: 27673: 27617: 27576: 27564: 27557: 27547: 27545: 27515: 27510: 27494: 27431:Abraham Accords 27387: 27329:Majid Shahriari 27300: 27222: 27129: 27094: 27085:Victoria Affair 27080:Karine A affair 27066: 26922: 26882: 26854: 26849: 26819: 26814: 26798: 26715: 26679: 26673: 26570: 26405: 26363: 26358: 26328: 26323: 26307: 26219: 26183: 26177: 26074: 25885: 25869: 25843: 25836: 25826: 25824: 25794: 25789: 25775: 25717: 25708:(granddaughter) 25700:Hassan Khomeini 25664:Khadijeh Saqafi 25650: 25597: 25566:Sex segregation 25522: 25513: 25500:Israeli support 25466:1979 Referendum 25446:Supreme Council 25387: 25382: 25352: 25347: 25320: 25316:Political Islam 25294: 25263: 25259:Islamic revival 25227: 25160: 25154: 25150:(Gaddafi, 1975) 25083: 25064: 25018: 24989:Osama bin Laden 24974:Anwar al-Awlaki 24957: 24951:in North Africa 24898:Lashkar-e-Taiba 24846: 24842:Salafi jihadism 24821: 24796: 24765: 24731:Safar al-Hawali 24693: 24643: 24601: 24599:Salafi movement 24584: 24460:Muammar Gaddafi 24445:Hassan al-Banna 24413: 24402: 24376: 24307:Jamiat-e Islami 24253: 24227:Jamaat-e-Islami 24215:in Central Asia 24193:Socio-political 24181: 24069: 24058:Salafi jihadism 24018: 24013: 23983: 23978: 23955: 23946:Second Cold War 23904: 23832: 23826: 23802:Odd Arne Westad 23792:Patrick Vaughan 23777:Athan Theoharis 23757:Ellen Schrecker 23742:Yakov M. Rabkin 23717:Timothy Naftali 23662:Tvrtko Jakovina 23647:Jussi Hanhimäki 23530: 23508: 23498: 23476:Paix et Liberté 23451: 23395:Active measures 23376: 23306: 23287:White supremacy 23247:Totalitarianism 23175: 23100: 23023: 23009:Reagan Doctrine 23004:Carter Doctrine 22944:Truman Doctrine 22932: 22879: 22811: 22706:Soviet reaction 22617:Ndogboyosoi War 22524: 22495:Saur Revolution 22322:1973 oil crisis 22287:Munich massacre 22195:Alcora Exercise 22190:Black September 22168: 21914:Sino-Indian War 21808:Simba rebellion 21791: 21635:Capture of the 21543: 21482:Berlin Blockade 21415:May 1947 crises 21405:Truman Doctrine 21370:Greek Civil War 21359:Blacklist Forty 21326:Gouzenko Affair 21313:Cursed soldiers 21265:Morgenthau Plan 21253: 21191: 21186: 21156: 21151: 20985: 20932: 20916: 20913: 20883: 20878: 20865: 20844: 20813: 20792: 20786: 20756: 20751: 20715: 20685: 20664:Rap and hip-hop 20635: 20616:Public holidays 20601:Persian gardens 20590:Imperial Anthem 20581:National Jewels 20536:Iranian studies 20425: 20359: 20311: 20243: 20204:Persian (Farsi) 20177: 20156: 20125: 20087: 20080: 20015:Pharmaceuticals 19960: 19951:Venture capital 19926:Rial (currency) 19911:Nuclear program 19790: 19769: 19736: 19695: 19646:Nuclear program 19611:Judicial system 19533: 19516: 19487:Iranian plateau 19414: 19393: 19277: 19199: 19181: 19168: 19136:History (1979–) 19135: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19111: 19078: 19054: 19023: 19015: 19007: 18999: 18991: 18983: 18975: 18967: 18954: 18948: 18940: 18932: 18924: 18917: 18909: 18901: 18893: 18885: 18877: 18864: 18858: 18850: 18842: 18834: 18826: 18818: 18810: 18802: 18794: 18778: 18768: 18762: 18749: 18743: 18735: 18727: 18719: 18711: 18703: 18695: 18687: 18679: 18666: 18660: 18659:Neo-Babylonian 18652: 18644: 18637:(860 BC–590 BC) 18636: 18628: 18620: 18612: 18605:(c.2300–675 BC) 18604: 18596: 18588: 18580: 18572: 18552: 18539: 18526: 18520: 18485: 18430:by Akbar Nazemi 18419:– slideshow by 18413: 18386:Wayback Machine 18352:Michel Foucault 18320: 18275: 18250:Wayback Machine 18218: 18213: 18189:Man of the Year 18171:Wayback Machine 18018: 17984: 17961: 17940: 17917: 17886: 17869: 17867:Further reading 17864: 17858: 17839: 17820: 17801: 17780: 17759: 17738: 17717: 17698: 17670: 17649: 17617: 17593: 17591: 17584: 17546: 17544: 17537: 17516: 17508:. Basic Books. 17495: 17474: 17448: 17446: 17439: 17418: 17378: 17359: 17354: 17353: 17343: 17341: 17334: 17318: 17314: 17304: 17302: 17298: 17291: 17287: 17286: 17282: 17272: 17270: 17266: 17255: 17249: 17245: 17235: 17233: 17220: 17219: 17215: 17205: 17203: 17190: 17189: 17185: 17175: 17173: 17160: 17159: 17155: 17145: 17143: 17130: 17129: 17125: 17115: 17113: 17100: 17099: 17095: 17085: 17083: 17072: 17065: 17055: 17053: 17034: 17030: 17020: 17018: 17005: 17004: 16997: 16987: 16985: 16974: 16970: 16960: 16958: 16949: 16948: 16944: 16934: 16932: 16928: 16917: 16911: 16907: 16897: 16895: 16884: 16883: 16879: 16869: 16867: 16852: 16848: 16825: 16821: 16816: 16812: 16801: 16794: 16785: 16781: 16773: 16769: 16761: 16757: 16742: 16728: 16701: 16694: 16674: 16670: 16657: 16656: 16652: 16643:Wayback Machine 16633: 16629: 16621: 16617: 16607: 16605: 16594: 16590: 16574: 16573: 16566: 16564: 16553: 16549: 16533: 16532: 16522: 16521: 16517: 16504: 16503: 16499: 16486: 16485: 16481: 16468: 16467: 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14552: 14548: 14540: 14536: 14526: 14524: 14509: 14505: 14497: 14493: 14471: 14467: 14456:iranchamber.com 14450: 14449: 14445: 14440: 14436: 14426: 14424: 14413: 14409: 14401: 14397: 14389: 14385: 14379:Schirazi (1997) 14377: 14373: 14365: 14361: 14353: 14342: 14336:Schirazi (1997) 14334: 14327: 14319: 14315: 14307: 14303: 14295: 14288: 14280: 14276: 14270:Schirazi (1997) 14268: 14264: 14256: 14252: 14244: 14240: 14232: 14228: 14222:Arjomand (1988) 14220: 14216: 14209: 14193: 14189: 14181: 14177: 14169: 14165: 14157: 14153: 14147:Schirazi (1997) 14145: 14141: 14133:Ansari, Hamid, 14132: 14128: 14120: 14116: 14105: 14101: 14095:Schirazi (1997) 14093: 14089: 14082: 14068: 14064: 14054:Wayback Machine 14045: 14038: 14030: 14023: 14012: 13996: 13992: 13985: 13971: 13964: 13952: 13948: 13936: 13932: 13920: 13913: 13898: 13882: 13878: 13870: 13855: 13847: 13840: 13830: 13828: 13815: 13804: 13792: 13788: 13780: 13771: 13761: 13759: 13746: 13745: 13738: 13730: 13713: 13705: 13694: 13657: 13653: 13641: 13637: 13625: 13621: 13611: 13609: 13600: 13599: 13595: 13585: 13583: 13574: 13573: 13569: 13558: 13542: 13538: 13530: 13526: 13518: 13514: 13500: 13491: 13480:iranchamber.com 13474: 13473: 13469: 13463:Wayback Machine 13454: 13450: 13446:, 30 July 2003. 13441: 13437: 13431:Wayback Machine 13422: 13418: 13408: 13406: 13393: 13392: 13388: 13369: 13365: 13348: 13347: 13343: 13335: 13331: 13323: 13319: 13313:Wayback Machine 13304: 13300: 13287: 13283: 13277:Wayback Machine 13268: 13264: 13256: 13252: 13244: 13240: 13232: 13228: 13223:on 4 June 2011. 13211: 13210: 13206: 13200:Wayback Machine 13191: 13187: 13177: 13175: 13166: 13165: 13161: 13154: 13136: 13127: 13106: 13091: 13081: 13079: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13033: 13029: 13019: 13017: 13010: 12994: 12981: 12973: 12969: 12959: 12957: 12944: 12943: 12936: 12926: 12924: 12909: 12902: 12892: 12890: 12881: 12880: 12873: 12863: 12861: 12854: 12838: 12829: 12819: 12817: 12810: 12794: 12779: 12769: 12767: 12760: 12744: 12725: 12715: 12713: 12706:Telegraph Blogs 12700: 12699: 12695: 12672:10.2307/3011472 12656: 12652: 12642: 12640: 12630: 12626: 12619: 12593: 12586: 12576: 12574: 12566: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12549: 12540: 12539: 12535: 12528: 12512: 12505: 12490: 12483: 12475: 12464: 12456: 12452: 12431: 12427: 12401: 12397: 12389: 12382: 12372: 12370: 12363: 12347: 12340: 12321: 12284: 12276: 12227: 12219: 12208: 12200: 12193: 12187: 12168: 12160: 12149: 12139: 12137: 12130: 12114: 12107: 12097: 12095: 12088: 12072: 12063: 12053: 12051: 12044: 12025: 11958: 11948: 11946: 11939: 11923: 11919: 11909: 11907: 11900: 11884: 11880: 11873: 11857: 11853: 11843: 11841: 11798: 11791: 11781:Brumberg (2001) 11779: 11775: 11768: 11752: 11748: 11737: 11721: 11717: 11710: 11694: 11649: 11632: 11615: 11607: 11603: 11595: 11591: 11585:Wayback Machine 11575: 11571: 11563: 11559: 11551: 11547: 11539: 11535: 11527: 11523: 11515: 11511: 11500: 11496: 11488: 11484: 11476: 11472: 11465: 11445: 11441: 11433: 11429: 11421: 11417: 11409: 11405: 11397: 11390: 11382: 11378: 11371: 11349: 11345: 11337: 11333: 11325: 11321: 11282: 11278: 11270: 11266: 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11229: 11228: 11224: 11216: 11209: 11201: 11197: 11188: 11184: 11174:Wayback Machine 11164: 11160: 11152: 11148: 11140: 11133: 11125: 11121: 11111: 11109: 11100: 11099: 11095: 11087: 11083: 11071: 11067: 11059: 11055: 11047: 11043: 11033: 11031: 11024: 11006: 11002: 10995: 10981: 10977: 10967: 10965: 10952: 10951: 10947: 10941:Arjomand (1988) 10939: 10935: 10925: 10923: 10916: 10900: 10896: 10886: 10884: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10842: 10835: 10825: 10823: 10816:www.cbsnews.com 10810: 10809: 10805: 10795: 10793: 10786: 10770: 10766: 10756: 10754: 10747: 10731: 10727: 10708: 10707: 10703: 10696: 10682: 10678: 10670: 10664: 10649: 10641: 10637: 10629: 10625: 10617: 10613: 10605: 10601: 10587:Mottahedeh, Roy 10585: 10581: 10572: 10568: 10529: 10525: 10509: 10502: 10496:Schirazi (1997) 10494: 10490: 10482: 10478: 10471: 10449: 10445: 10437: 10433: 10425: 10421: 10413: 10409: 10386: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10364:Brumberg (2001) 10362: 10358: 10350: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10307: 10299: 10295: 10280:10.2307/1864588 10264: 10260: 10251: 10247: 10238: 10234: 10227: 10205: 10201: 10194: 10180: 10176: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10147: 10133: 10129: 10118: 10104: 10100: 10090: 10086: 10078: 10074: 10066: 10059: 10053:Amuzegar (1991) 10051: 10047: 10041:Arjomand (1988) 10039: 10035: 10029:Amuzegar (1991) 10027: 10023: 10013: 10011: 9996: 9992: 9983:Amuzegar (1991) 9981: 9962: 9954: 9935: 9916: 9912: 9904: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9883:Wayback Machine 9866: 9862: 9852: 9850: 9843: 9827: 9792: 9778: 9774: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9742:Mottahedeh, Roy 9740: 9736: 9712: 9708: 9698: 9696: 9689: 9673: 9634: 9626: 9615: 9600: 9578: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9555: 9539: 9470: 9462: 9455: 9408:Wayback Machine 9381:Wayback Machine 9351:Wayback Machine 9339: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9308: 9304: 9294: 9280: 9276: 9265: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9190: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9143: 9139: 9131: 9127: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9056: 9022: 8978:History of Iran 8927: 8922: 8920: 8915:Politics portal 8913: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8885: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8822:Marjane Satrapi 8792: 8785: 8782: 8773: 8770: 8761: 8755: 8746: 8740: 8731: 8725: 8716: 8713: 8704: 8701: 8692: 8682: 8673: 8670: 8661: 8658: 8649: 8646: 8637: 8608: 8555: 8553:Economy of Iran 8549: 8547:Economic impact 8501:Parthian Empire 8491:asserts in his 8485: 8475: 8460:Pahlavi dynasty 8419: 8405: 8355: 8349: 8307:, governmental 8270: 8260: 8258:Domestic impact 8173: 8163: 8107: 8101: 8081:Main articles: 8079: 8063:invaded by Iraq 8027: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8015: 8007: 8006: 8003: 7992: 7986: 7970:Provisional IRA 7917: 7911: 7906: 7850:(unbelievers). 7810: 7804: 7772: 7747: 7718: 7644: 7642:Nojeh coup plot 7638: 7626:Algiers Accords 7596: 7590: 7554: 7542:Main articles: 7540: 7520: 7514: 7509: 7489: 7479: 7437:velayat-e faqih 7376: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7251: 7243: 7242: 7146: 7138: 7137: 7023:Trienio Liberal 6964: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6940: 6930: 6920: 6910: 6900: 6890: 6880: 6870: 6860: 6850: 6840: 6830: 6820: 6811: 6803: 6802: 6538:Flynn (Stephen) 6423: 6415: 6414: 6255: 6247: 6246: 6172: 6164: 6163: 6119: 6111: 6110: 6106:Social equality 6101:Social contract 6091:Self-governance 6046:Democratization 6021:Anti-corruption 6016:Anti-monarchism 6011: 5995:Politics series 5984: 5946: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5902: 5892: 5891: 5887:Magnus Ranstorp 5805: 5797: 5796: 5692:Hassan al-Banna 5657: 5649: 5648: 5599:Muammar Gaddafi 5584: 5576: 5575: 5562: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5430:Jamaat-e-Islami 5353: 5345: 5344: 5340:Islamic revival 5315: 5307: 5306: 5264:Political Islam 5164: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5104:Salafi jihadism 5099:Salafi movement 5089: 5081: 5080: 5046: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5013: 4997:velayat-e faqih 4953: 4948: 4912: 4906: 4884: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4816: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4752:Emadeddin Baghi 4748: 4742: 4723:Pahlavi dynasty 4698:Immortal Guards 4687:Regency Council 4682: 4590: 4562: 4556: 4512:Front cover of 4475: 4429: 4423: 4391: 4378: 4336:As the days of 4334: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4218: 4205: 4143: 4108: 4018: 3993: 3966: 3890: 3884: 3863:burned to death 3843: 3841:Cinema Rex fire 3837: 3821:Rastakhiz Party 3803:Western culture 3775: 3770: 3715: 3613: 3599:opened fire on 3554: 3548: 3514: 3508: 3503: 3455: 3412:Rastakhiz Party 3380:Alfred Atherton 3369:Cyrus the Great 3340: 3254: 3248: 3242:) inside Iran. 3187:velayat-e faqih 3165:neo-colonialism 3123: 3117: 3111: 3099:sent into exile 3057: 3047: 3041: 3016:social tensions 3001:Pahlavi dynasty 2978:nationalization 2945: 2939: 2933:secret police. 2905: 2899: 2836:British embassy 2828:Harry S. Truman 2779: 2771:Main articles: 2769: 2723: 2715:Main articles: 2713: 2654:Pahlavi dynasty 2626: 2620: 2594: 2588: 2550:Tobacco protest 2546:Iranian society 2536: 2534:Tobacco Protest 2530: 2483:Islamic revival 2481:version of the 2370: 2364: 2332:totalitarianism 2319:Velâyat-e Faqih 2267:Regency Council 2256:Cinema Rex fire 2185:Pahlavi dynasty 2134: 2104:Iran portal 2098: 2096: 2095: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2076:Women's history 2040: 2032: 2031: 1995: 1985: 1984: 1958: 1948: 1947: 1899: 1889: 1888: 1739:Qutlugh-Khanids 1689:Atabegs of Yazd 1589:Rawadid dynasty 1559:Ziyarid dynasty 1499:Tahirid dynasty 1397: 1395:Medieval period 1387: 1386: 1371:6th century–785 1357:Sasanian Empire 1327:Kings of Persis 1297:Parthian Empire 1267:Seleucid Empire 1248: 1212: 1158: 1156:Imperial period 1148: 1147: 1062:Akkadian Empire 1009:Lullubi Kingdom 969: 959: 958: 907:Zarzian culture 882: 860: 853: 838: 837: 832: 828: 823: 819: 810: 806: 797: 793: 771: 770: 761: 759: 758: 750: 748: 746: 738: 736: 735: 727: 725: 724: 716: 714: 711: 701: 700: 690: 689: 688: 672: 671: 654: 653: 652: 642: 641: 631: 630: 620: 619: 609: 608: 598: 581: 580: 527: 526: 521: 520: 479: 478: 473: 472: 429: 428: 423: 422: 411: 409: 408: 403: 402: 373:Rastakhiz Party 368:Regency Council 364: 363: 362:Pro-Shah Groups 358: 357: 347: 345: 326:Nojeh coup plot 304:Islamic revival 293:1979 oil crisis 200:Pahlavi dynasty 153: 140: 135: 133: 127: 125: 116: 82: 66: 59: 55: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 29841: 29831: 29830: 29825: 29820: 29815: 29810: 29805: 29800: 29795: 29790: 29785: 29780: 29775: 29770: 29765: 29760: 29755: 29750: 29733: 29732: 29720: 29717: 29716: 29714: 29713: 29708: 29703: 29698: 29693: 29688: 29683: 29677: 29675: 29671: 29670: 29668: 29667: 29662: 29657: 29652: 29647: 29641: 29639: 29635: 29634: 29632: 29631: 29629:Hassan Azarfar 29626: 29620: 29618: 29612: 29611: 29609: 29608: 29603: 29598: 29593: 29588: 29583: 29578: 29573: 29568: 29563: 29558: 29553: 29548: 29543: 29538: 29533: 29528: 29522: 29520: 29512: 29511: 29509: 29508: 29503: 29498: 29493: 29488: 29483: 29478: 29473: 29468: 29466:Abdollah Riazi 29463: 29458: 29453: 29451:Parviz Nikkhah 29448: 29442: 29440: 29432: 29431: 29429: 29428: 29423: 29417: 29414: 29413: 29408: 29407: 29400: 29393: 29385: 29376: 29375: 29370: 29369: 29359: 29356: 29355: 29353: 29352: 29345: 29338: 29331: 29326: 29321: 29316: 29311: 29306: 29301: 29296: 29291: 29286: 29285: 29284: 29274: 29269: 29264: 29259: 29254: 29249: 29244: 29239: 29234: 29229: 29224: 29219: 29214: 29209: 29204: 29199: 29197:American Islam 29194: 29189: 29183: 29181: 29177: 29176: 29174: 29173: 29172: 29171: 29161: 29156: 29151: 29149:Karan Vafadari 29146: 29144:Kian Tajbakhsh 29141: 29136: 29131: 29126: 29121: 29116: 29111: 29106: 29101: 29096: 29091: 29086: 29081: 29076: 29071: 29066: 29061: 29056: 29051: 29046: 29041: 29036: 29031: 29026: 29021: 29016: 29011: 29006: 29001: 28996: 28991: 28986: 28981: 28976: 28971: 28966: 28964:Elliott Abrams 28961: 28960: 28959: 28949: 28944: 28939: 28934: 28929: 28924: 28919: 28914: 28909: 28904: 28899: 28893: 28891: 28887: 28886: 28884: 28883: 28878: 28871: 28866: 28861: 28856: 28851: 28846: 28841: 28836: 28831: 28826: 28821: 28816: 28811: 28806: 28801: 28796: 28791: 28786: 28781: 28776: 28775: 28774: 28769: 28759: 28754: 28749: 28748: 28747: 28736: 28734: 28728: 28727: 28725: 28724: 28719: 28714: 28709: 28704: 28692: 28687: 28682: 28677: 28672: 28667: 28662: 28657: 28656: 28655: 28645: 28640: 28635: 28630: 28625: 28620: 28615: 28610: 28605: 28600: 28595: 28590: 28589: 28588: 28583: 28578: 28573: 28568: 28558: 28553: 28545: 28540: 28535: 28530: 28525: 28520: 28515: 28514: 28513: 28503: 28498: 28493: 28488: 28483: 28478: 28473: 28468: 28467: 28466: 28459: 28454: 28449: 28444: 28439: 28437:Canadian Caper 28434: 28429: 28424: 28419: 28409: 28404: 28398: 28396: 28390: 28389: 28387: 28386: 28385: 28384: 28379: 28374: 28369: 28364: 28354: 28349: 28344: 28339: 28334: 28333: 28332: 28327: 28317: 28312: 28307: 28306: 28305: 28300: 28295: 28290: 28285: 28280: 28275: 28270: 28265: 28260: 28255: 28244: 28242: 28238: 28237: 28235: 28234: 28233: 28232: 28227: 28222: 28217: 28212: 28207: 28202: 28192: 28187: 28182: 28177: 28172: 28167: 28162: 28157: 28152: 28151: 28150: 28140: 28135: 28130: 28124: 28122: 28118: 28117: 28115: 28114: 28109: 28104: 28099: 28094: 28089: 28084: 28079: 28074: 28069: 28063: 28061: 28057: 28056: 28035: 28034: 28027: 28020: 28012: 28003: 28002: 27990: 27987: 27986: 27984: 27983: 27978: 27973: 27968: 27963: 27962: 27961: 27954:Gholhak Garden 27951: 27946: 27941: 27936: 27931: 27926: 27921: 27915: 27913: 27909: 27908: 27906: 27905: 27900: 27895: 27890: 27885: 27883:Kamal Foroughi 27880: 27878:Arthur Edwards 27875: 27870: 27865: 27860: 27854: 27852: 27848: 27847: 27845: 27844: 27839: 27834: 27829: 27824: 27819: 27818: 27817: 27810:Salman Rushdie 27807: 27802: 27801: 27800: 27795: 27785: 27784: 27783: 27773: 27772: 27771: 27761: 27754: 27749: 27748: 27747: 27737: 27732: 27726: 27724: 27720: 27719: 27717: 27716: 27715: 27714: 27704: 27703: 27702: 27692: 27687: 27681: 27679: 27675: 27674: 27672: 27671: 27666: 27661: 27656: 27651: 27646: 27641: 27636: 27631: 27625: 27623: 27619: 27618: 27616: 27615: 27610: 27605: 27600: 27595: 27590: 27584: 27582: 27578: 27577: 27573: 27569: 27566: 27565: 27544: 27543: 27536: 27529: 27521: 27512: 27511: 27499: 27496: 27495: 27493: 27492: 27485: 27480: 27475: 27470: 27469: 27468: 27458: 27453: 27448: 27443: 27438: 27433: 27428: 27423: 27418: 27413: 27408: 27407: 27406: 27395: 27393: 27389: 27388: 27386: 27385: 27380: 27375: 27370: 27365: 27360: 27359: 27358: 27348: 27347: 27346: 27341: 27336: 27331: 27326: 27321: 27310: 27308: 27302: 27301: 27299: 27298: 27293: 27288: 27283: 27278: 27273: 27268: 27263: 27258: 27257: 27256: 27246: 27241: 27236: 27230: 27228: 27224: 27223: 27221: 27220: 27215: 27210: 27205: 27200: 27195: 27190: 27185: 27180: 27175: 27170: 27165: 27160: 27155: 27150: 27145: 27139: 27137: 27131: 27130: 27128: 27127: 27126: 27125: 27115: 27110: 27104: 27102: 27096: 27095: 27093: 27092: 27087: 27082: 27076: 27074: 27068: 27067: 27065: 27064: 27059: 27058: 27057: 27052: 27047: 27042: 27037: 27027: 27022: 27017: 27012: 27007: 27005:Francop Affair 27002: 26997: 26992: 26987: 26982: 26981: 26980: 26975: 26965: 26964: 26963: 26958: 26953: 26948: 26943: 26932: 26930: 26924: 26923: 26921: 26920: 26915: 26910: 26905: 26904: 26903: 26892: 26890: 26884: 26883: 26881: 26880: 26875: 26870: 26864: 26862: 26856: 26855: 26848: 26847: 26840: 26833: 26825: 26816: 26815: 26803: 26800: 26799: 26797: 26796: 26791: 26786: 26781: 26776: 26771: 26766: 26761: 26756: 26751: 26750: 26749: 26739: 26734: 26729: 26723: 26721: 26720:Related topics 26717: 26716: 26714: 26713: 26708: 26703: 26698: 26693: 26687: 26685: 26675: 26674: 26672: 26671: 26666: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26641: 26636: 26631: 26626: 26621: 26616: 26615: 26614: 26609: 26604: 26599: 26589: 26584: 26578: 26576: 26572: 26571: 26569: 26568: 26563: 26558: 26557: 26556: 26551: 26546: 26541: 26536: 26531: 26530: 26529: 26524: 26509: 26508: 26507: 26497: 26496: 26495: 26490: 26485: 26480: 26475: 26465: 26460: 26459: 26458: 26453: 26443: 26438: 26437: 26436: 26426: 26425: 26424: 26413: 26411: 26407: 26406: 26404: 26403: 26402: 26401: 26400: 26399: 26392:Qatif conflict 26389: 26384: 26373: 26371: 26365: 26364: 26357: 26356: 26349: 26342: 26334: 26325: 26324: 26312: 26309: 26308: 26306: 26305: 26300: 26295: 26290: 26285: 26280: 26275: 26270: 26265: 26260: 26259: 26258: 26248: 26243: 26238: 26233: 26227: 26225: 26221: 26220: 26218: 26217: 26212: 26207: 26202: 26197: 26191: 26189: 26179: 26178: 26176: 26175: 26170: 26165: 26160: 26155: 26150: 26145: 26140: 26135: 26130: 26125: 26120: 26119: 26118: 26113: 26108: 26103: 26093: 26088: 26082: 26080: 26076: 26075: 26073: 26072: 26067: 26062: 26061: 26060: 26055: 26050: 26045: 26040: 26035: 26034: 26033: 26028: 26013: 26008: 26007: 26006: 26001: 25996: 25991: 25986: 25976: 25971: 25970: 25969: 25964: 25954: 25949: 25948: 25947: 25937: 25936: 25935: 25925: 25924: 25923: 25922: 25921: 25914:Qatif conflict 25911: 25906: 25895: 25893: 25887: 25886: 25884: 25883: 25877: 25875: 25871: 25870: 25868: 25867: 25862: 25857: 25851: 25849: 25845: 25844: 25823: 25822: 25815: 25808: 25800: 25791: 25790: 25780: 25777: 25776: 25774: 25773: 25768: 25763: 25756: 25751: 25746: 25741: 25736: 25731: 25725: 25723: 25719: 25718: 25716: 25715: 25709: 25706:Zahra Eshraghi 25703: 25697: 25691: 25688:Ahmad Khomeini 25685: 25679: 25673: 25667: 25660: 25658: 25652: 25651: 25649: 25648: 25641: 25634: 25627: 25624:Kashf al-Asrar 25620: 25613: 25605: 25603: 25599: 25598: 25596: 25595: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25575: 25574: 25573: 25563: 25558: 25553: 25548: 25543: 25538: 25536:American Islam 25532: 25530: 25524: 25523: 25516: 25514: 25512: 25511: 25510: 25509: 25504: 25503: 25502: 25487: 25486: 25485: 25478: 25473: 25468: 25463: 25458: 25453: 25448: 25443: 25438: 25428: 25426:Return to Iran 25423: 25422: 25421: 25416: 25411: 25401: 25395: 25393: 25389: 25388: 25381: 25380: 25373: 25366: 25358: 25349: 25348: 25346: 25345: 25340: 25333: 25330: 25329: 25326: 25325: 25322: 25321: 25319: 25318: 25313: 25308: 25302: 25300: 25299:Related topics 25296: 25295: 25293: 25292: 25290:United Kingdom 25287: 25282: 25277: 25271: 25269: 25265: 25264: 25262: 25261: 25256: 25251: 25246: 25241: 25235: 25233: 25229: 25228: 25226: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25210: 25205: 25203:Faith campaign 25200: 25195: 25190: 25185: 25180: 25175: 25170: 25164: 25162: 25156: 25155: 25153: 25152: 25148:The Green Book 25144: 25136: 25128: 25120: 25112: 25104: 25102:(Iqbal, 1930s) 25100:Reconstruction 25095: 25093: 25085: 25084: 25074: 25073: 25070: 25069: 25066: 25065: 25063: 25062: 25060:Talibanization 25057: 25052: 25047: 25042: 25037: 25032: 25026: 25024: 25020: 25019: 25017: 25016: 25011: 25006: 25001: 24996: 24994:Akhtar Mansour 24991: 24986: 24981: 24976: 24971: 24965: 24963: 24959: 24958: 24956: 24955: 24954: 24953: 24948: 24943: 24933: 24932: 24931: 24930: 24929: 24924: 24914: 24913: 24912: 24905:Southeast Asia 24902: 24901: 24900: 24895: 24885: 24884: 24883: 24878: 24873: 24871:Fatah al-Islam 24868: 24854: 24852: 24848: 24847: 24845: 24844: 24839: 24833: 24831: 24823: 24822: 24806: 24805: 24802: 24801: 24798: 24797: 24795: 24794: 24789: 24784: 24779: 24773: 24771: 24767: 24766: 24764: 24763: 24758: 24753: 24751:Salman al-Ouda 24748: 24743: 24738: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24713: 24707: 24705: 24699: 24698: 24695: 24694: 24692: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24680: 24679: 24669: 24664: 24659: 24653: 24651: 24645: 24644: 24642: 24641: 24636: 24634:Sahwa movement 24631: 24626: 24620: 24618: 24611: 24603: 24602: 24590: 24589: 24586: 24585: 24583: 24582: 24577: 24572: 24567: 24562: 24557: 24552: 24547: 24542: 24537: 24532: 24530:Ata Abu Rashta 24527: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24492: 24487: 24482: 24477: 24475:Muhammad Iqbal 24472: 24467: 24462: 24457: 24452: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24432: 24427: 24422: 24420:Muhammad Abduh 24416: 24414: 24411: 24408: 24407: 24404: 24403: 24401: 24400: 24395: 24390: 24384: 24382: 24378: 24377: 24375: 24374: 24369: 24364: 24359: 24357:Fatah Alliance 24354: 24349: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24304: 24299: 24294: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24274: 24269: 24263: 24261: 24255: 24254: 24252: 24251: 24250: 24249: 24244: 24234: 24229: 24224: 24219: 24218: 24217: 24212: 24205:Hizb ut-Tahrir 24202: 24196: 24194: 24187: 24183: 24182: 24180: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24164: 24157: 24152: 24147: 24142: 24141: 24140: 24130: 24125: 24124: 24123: 24118: 24108: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24088: 24083: 24077: 24075: 24071: 24070: 24068: 24067: 24062: 24061: 24060: 24050: 24049: 24048: 24038: 24032: 24030: 24020: 24019: 24012: 24011: 24004: 23997: 23989: 23980: 23979: 23977: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23960: 23957: 23956: 23954: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23938: 23933: 23928: 23923: 23918: 23912: 23910: 23906: 23905: 23903: 23902: 23897: 23892: 23887: 23882: 23877: 23872: 23867: 23862: 23857: 23852: 23847: 23842: 23836: 23834: 23828: 23827: 23825: 23824: 23819: 23814: 23809: 23804: 23799: 23794: 23789: 23784: 23779: 23774: 23772:Timothy Snyder 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23709: 23704: 23702:Vojtech Mastny 23699: 23697:Geir Lundestad 23694: 23689: 23687:Walter Laqueur 23684: 23682:Walter LaFeber 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23659: 23654: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23634: 23629: 23624: 23619: 23614: 23612:André Fontaine 23609: 23604: 23599: 23594: 23589: 23584: 23579: 23574: 23569: 23564: 23559: 23554: 23549: 23544: 23542:Gar Alperovitz 23538: 23536: 23532: 23531: 23529: 23528: 23523: 23518: 23512: 23510: 23504: 23503: 23500: 23499: 23497: 23496: 23491: 23485: 23484: 23479: 23472: 23467: 23459: 23457: 23453: 23452: 23450: 23449: 23442: 23437: 23430: 23423: 23418: 23411: 23404: 23397: 23391: 23389: 23382: 23378: 23377: 23375: 23374: 23369: 23364: 23359: 23354: 23349: 23344: 23339: 23334: 23329: 23324: 23318: 23316: 23312: 23311: 23308: 23307: 23305: 23304: 23299: 23294: 23289: 23284: 23282:Third-Worldism 23279: 23274: 23269: 23264: 23259: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23214: 23209: 23204: 23199: 23194: 23189: 23183: 23181: 23177: 23176: 23174: 23173: 23168: 23163: 23158: 23153: 23148: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23110: 23108: 23102: 23101: 23099: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23078: 23073: 23071:Libertarianism 23068: 23063: 23062: 23061: 23051: 23049:Chicago school 23046: 23040: 23038: 23029: 23025: 23024: 23022: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22994:Nixon Doctrine 22991: 22986: 22981: 22976: 22971: 22966: 22961: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22940: 22938: 22937:Foreign policy 22934: 22933: 22931: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22889: 22887: 22881: 22880: 22878: 22877: 22872: 22871: 22870: 22860: 22855: 22850: 22845: 22840: 22835: 22830: 22825: 22819: 22817: 22813: 22812: 22810: 22809: 22804: 22799: 22794: 22789: 22784: 22779: 22774: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22734: 22729: 22724: 22722:Operation RYAN 22719: 22714: 22709: 22699: 22694: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22674: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22629: 22627:Able Archer 83 22624: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22573: 22572: 22562: 22557: 22552: 22543: 22538: 22532: 22530: 22526: 22525: 22523: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22424: 22419: 22414: 22409: 22404: 22399: 22394: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22377:Oromo conflict 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22317:Yom Kippur War 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22176: 22174: 22170: 22169: 22167: 22166: 22161: 22156: 22151: 22146: 22141: 22140: 22139: 22129: 22124: 22119: 22114: 22109: 22100: 22095: 22094: 22093: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21972: 21971: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21949:Aden Emergency 21946: 21941: 21936: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21916: 21911: 21906: 21901: 21900: 21899: 21894: 21889: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21867:Papua conflict 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21848: 21847: 21837: 21836: 21835: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21799: 21797: 21793: 21792: 21790: 21789: 21784: 21783: 21782: 21772: 21770:Kitchen Debate 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21732: 21730:Sputnik crisis 21727: 21722: 21714: 21707: 21702: 21700:Polish October 21697: 21692: 21687: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21607: 21602: 21600:Pact of Madrid 21597: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21555:Bamboo Curtain 21551: 21549: 21545: 21544: 21542: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21525: 21524: 21514: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21448: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21427: 21422: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21354: 21346: 21338: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21315: 21310: 21309: 21308: 21303: 21295: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21261: 21259: 21255: 21254: 21252: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21204: 21196: 21193: 21192: 21185: 21184: 21177: 21170: 21162: 21153: 21152: 21150: 21149: 21144: 21143: 21142: 21137: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21111: 21110: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21034: 21033: 21023: 21022: 21021: 21020: 21019: 21007:Green Movement 21004: 20999: 20993: 20991: 20987: 20986: 20984: 20983: 20978: 20973: 20968: 20967: 20966: 20961: 20956: 20946: 20940: 20938: 20934: 20933: 20931: 20930: 20924: 20922: 20918: 20917: 20912: 20911: 20904: 20897: 20889: 20880: 20879: 20877: 20876: 20870: 20867: 20866: 20864: 20863: 20858: 20852: 20850: 20846: 20845: 20843: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20821: 20819: 20815: 20814: 20812: 20811: 20806: 20800: 20798: 20794: 20793: 20785: 20784: 20777: 20770: 20762: 20753: 20752: 20750: 20749: 20739: 20728: 20725: 20724: 20721: 20720: 20717: 20716: 20714: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20697: 20695: 20691: 20690: 20687: 20686: 20684: 20683: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20645: 20643: 20637: 20636: 20634: 20633: 20623: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20598: 20593: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20567: 20553: 20548: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20518: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20479: 20474: 20469: 20459: 20453: 20443: 20437: 20431: 20430: 20427: 20426: 20424: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20397: 20392: 20387: 20378: 20373: 20367: 20365: 20361: 20360: 20358: 20357: 20352: 20342: 20337: 20327: 20321: 20319: 20313: 20312: 20310: 20309: 20308: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20277: 20272: 20262: 20251: 20249: 20245: 20244: 20242: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20200: 20198: 20189: 20179: 20178: 20166: 20165: 20162: 20161: 20158: 20157: 20155: 20154: 20149: 20144: 20139: 20133: 20131: 20127: 20126: 20124: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20092: 20090: 20082: 20081: 20079: 20078: 20073: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20048: 20038: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19997: 19996: 19991: 19981: 19970: 19968: 19962: 19961: 19959: 19958: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19813: 19808: 19802: 19800: 19792: 19791: 19779: 19778: 19775: 19774: 19771: 19770: 19768: 19767: 19765:Supreme Leader 19762: 19757: 19752: 19746: 19744: 19738: 19737: 19735: 19734: 19729: 19727:Local councils 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19703: 19701: 19697: 19696: 19694: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19627: 19622: 19613: 19608: 19607: 19606: 19604:Women's rights 19601: 19596: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19566: 19561: 19551: 19545: 19543: 19535: 19534: 19522: 19521: 19518: 19517: 19515: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19458: 19457: 19455:Climate change 19447: 19442: 19441: 19440: 19435: 19425: 19419: 19416: 19415: 19403: 19402: 19399: 19398: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19339:Jiroft culture 19336: 19335: 19334: 19327:Iranic peoples 19324: 19323: 19322: 19321: 19320: 19315: 19303:Persianization 19300: 19295: 19289: 19287: 19283: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19276: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19239: 19238: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19177: 19172: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19139: 19131: 19129: 19119: 19118: 19116: 19115: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19073: 19071: 19064: 19060: 19059: 19056: 19055: 19053: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19019: 19011: 19003: 18995: 18987: 18979: 18971: 18962: 18960: 18956: 18955: 18953: 18952: 18944: 18936: 18928: 18921: 18913: 18910:(1135/36-1225) 18905: 18897: 18889: 18881: 18872: 18870: 18866: 18865: 18863: 18862: 18854: 18846: 18838: 18830: 18822: 18814: 18806: 18798: 18789: 18787: 18780: 18774: 18773: 18770: 18769: 18767: 18766: 18757: 18755: 18751: 18750: 18748: 18747: 18739: 18731: 18723: 18720:(c.295–220 BC) 18715: 18707: 18699: 18691: 18683: 18674: 18672: 18668: 18667: 18665: 18664: 18656: 18648: 18640: 18632: 18624: 18616: 18608: 18600: 18592: 18584: 18579:Proto-Elamite 18576: 18567: 18565: 18558: 18554: 18553: 18541: 18540: 18528: 18527: 18519: 18518: 18511: 18504: 18496: 18490: 18487: 18486: 18477: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18438:Kaveh Golestan 18431: 18425: 18412: 18409: 18408: 18407: 18401: 18395: 18389: 18376: 18370: 18366:Moojan Momen, 18364: 18354: 18345: 18335: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18314: 18308: 18302: 18296: 18286: 18285:Persian Branch 18274: 18271: 18270: 18269: 18258: 18253: 18239: 18230: 18217: 18216:External links 18214: 18212: 18211: 18208: 18199: 18192: 18182: 18175: 18159: 18141: 18134: 18123: 18105: 18091: 18081: 18078: 18071: 18053: 18046: 18038:The New Yorker 18029: 18022: 18016: 18001: 17988: 17982: 17965: 17959: 17944: 17938: 17921: 17915: 17899: 17890: 17884: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17862: 17856: 17843: 17837: 17824: 17818: 17805: 17799: 17784: 17778: 17763: 17757: 17742: 17736: 17721: 17715: 17702: 17696: 17683: 17674: 17668: 17653: 17647: 17630: 17628:. I.B. Tauris. 17621: 17615: 17600: 17582: 17553: 17535: 17520: 17514: 17499: 17493: 17478: 17472: 17455: 17437: 17431:. SUNY Press. 17422: 17416: 17400: 17391: 17382: 17376: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17352: 17351: 17332: 17312: 17301:on 18 May 2015 17280: 17243: 17213: 17183: 17153: 17123: 17093: 17063: 17028: 16995: 16968: 16942: 16905: 16877: 16846: 16819: 16810: 16792: 16779: 16777:, p. 286. 16767: 16765:, p. 227. 16755: 16740: 16699: 16692: 16668: 16650: 16627: 16623:Shirley (1997) 16615: 16588: 16547: 16515: 16497: 16479: 16461: 16449: 16443:Howard, Jane. 16436: 16417: 16395: 16383: 16360: 16353: 16335: 16328: 16310: 16284: 16253: 16223: 16193: 16163: 16161:, p. 199. 16151: 16134: 16130:Shirley (1997) 16122: 16102: 16090: 16088:, p. 193. 16078: 16065: 16052: 16039: 16023: 16011: 15981: 15951: 15921: 15891: 15861: 15835: 15805: 15772: 15742: 15719:(3): 153–174. 15697: 15664: 15653:(2): 309–326. 15635: 15616: 15596: 15565:(3): 371–393. 15543: 15536: 15510: 15506:Bakhash (1984) 15498: 15486: 15465: 15446: 15426: 15407:(2): 252–267. 15387: 15361: 15352: 15333:(4): 687–709. 15310: 15299:. 4 April 2024 15284: 15273:(3): 293–331. 15267:Social History 15248: 15237:(3): 293–331. 15231:Social History 15217: 15186: 15160: 15158:, p. 175. 15148: 15126: 15113: 15100: 15089: 15069: 15057: 15053:Bakhash (1984) 15045: 15043:, p. 127. 15030: 15028:, p. 238. 15018: 15016:, p. 153. 15014:Bakhash (1984) 15006: 15004:, p. 144. 14994: 14992:, p. 123. 14990:Bakhash (1984) 14982: 14970: 14958: 14956:, p. 156. 14946: 14942:Bakhash (1984) 14934: 14932:, p. 232. 14919: 14915:Bakhash (1984) 14907: 14905:, p. 219. 14892: 14872: 14857: 14845: 14814: 14783: 14749: 14745:Bakhash (1984) 14737: 14716:(2): 164–187. 14691: 14689:, p. 111. 14687:Bakhash (1984) 14679: 14675:Bakhash (1984) 14666: 14659: 14638: 14636:, p. 291. 14626: 14622:Bakhash (1984) 14614: 14612:, p. 208. 14602: 14571: 14565:Bowden, Mark, 14558: 14556:, p. 249. 14546: 14534: 14503: 14501:, p. 228. 14491: 14465: 14443: 14434: 14407: 14403:Bakhash (1984) 14395: 14393:, p. 218. 14383: 14371: 14369:, p. 217. 14359: 14355:Bakhash (1984) 14340: 14338:, p. 153. 14325: 14323:, p. 211. 14313: 14309:Bakhash (1984) 14301: 14286: 14284:, p. 275. 14274: 14272:, p. 151. 14262: 14260:, p. 371. 14250: 14248:, p. 222. 14238: 14236:, p. 245. 14226: 14224:, p. 135. 14214: 14207: 14187: 14175: 14173:, p. 203. 14163: 14161:, p. 224. 14151: 14139: 14126: 14122:Bakhash (1984) 14114: 14099: 14087: 14080: 14062: 14036: 14034:, p. 241. 14021: 14010: 13990: 13983: 13962: 13946: 13930: 13911: 13896: 13876: 13853: 13851:, p. 152. 13849:Kurzman (2005) 13838: 13802: 13786: 13784:, p. 151. 13782:Kurzman (2005) 13769: 13736: 13711: 13692: 13671:(2): 283–298. 13651: 13635: 13619: 13593: 13567: 13556: 13536: 13534:, p. 181. 13524: 13512: 13489: 13467: 13448: 13435: 13416: 13386: 13363: 13341: 13339:, p. 529. 13329: 13327:, p. 206. 13317: 13298: 13290:Sahifeh-ye Nur 13281: 13262: 13260:, p. 200. 13250: 13248:, p. 146. 13238: 13236:, p. 161. 13226: 13204: 13185: 13159: 13152: 13125: 13089: 13058: 13027: 13008: 12979: 12977:, p. 122. 12975:Kurzman (2004) 12967: 12934: 12900: 12871: 12852: 12827: 12808: 12777: 12758: 12723: 12693: 12650: 12624: 12617: 12584: 12559: 12533: 12526: 12503: 12481: 12479:, p. 515. 12462: 12458:Kurzman (2004) 12450: 12425: 12395: 12393:, p. 117. 12391:Kurzman (2004) 12380: 12361: 12338: 12329:The New Yorker 12282: 12225: 12206: 12166: 12147: 12128: 12105: 12086: 12061: 12042: 11956: 11937: 11917: 11898: 11878: 11871: 11851: 11812:(3): 287–325. 11789: 11773: 11766: 11746: 11735: 11715: 11708: 11647: 11640:(PhD thesis). 11613: 11601: 11589: 11569: 11557: 11545: 11543:, p. 174. 11533: 11531:, p. 226. 11521: 11519:, p. 163. 11509: 11494: 11482: 11480:, p. 444. 11470: 11463: 11439: 11437:, p. 240. 11427: 11415: 11403: 11388: 11386:, p. 276. 11376: 11369: 11343: 11341:, p. 495. 11331: 11327:Kurzman (2004) 11319: 11292:(3): 349–388. 11276: 11272:Kurzman (2004) 11264: 11252: 11222: 11220:, p. 196. 11207: 11195: 11182: 11158: 11146: 11131: 11119: 11093: 11081: 11065: 11063:, p. 140. 11053: 11051:, p. 143. 11041: 11022: 11000: 10993: 10975: 10945: 10933: 10914: 10894: 10863: 10856: 10833: 10803: 10784: 10764: 10745: 10725: 10701: 10694: 10676: 10662: 10635: 10623: 10619:Bakhash (1984) 10611: 10609:, p. 184. 10599: 10579: 10566: 10523: 10500: 10488: 10476: 10469: 10443: 10441:, p. 178. 10431: 10429:, p. 238. 10419: 10417:, p. 214. 10407: 10380: 10378:, p. 207. 10376:Shirley (1997) 10368: 10356: 10344: 10332: 10330:, p. 437. 10320: 10305: 10301:Bakhash (1984) 10293: 10258: 10245: 10232: 10225: 10199: 10192: 10174: 10152: 10145: 10127: 10116: 10098: 10084: 10082:, p. 897. 10072: 10070:, p. 121. 10068:Kurzman (2004) 10057: 10045: 10043:, p. 191. 10033: 10021: 9990: 9960: 9956:Kurzman (2004) 9933: 9910: 9908:, p. 111. 9906:Kurzman (2004) 9898: 9896:, p. 228. 9886: 9860: 9841: 9790: 9772: 9750: 9734: 9706: 9687: 9632: 9630:, p. 479. 9613: 9598: 9572: 9553: 9468: 9466:, p. 229. 9453: 9451: 9450: 9432: 9417: 9396: 9367: 9354: 9333: 9302: 9292: 9274: 9263: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9210: 9201: 9197:National Front 9184: 9175: 9166: 9154: 9137: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8918: 8904: 8901:History portal 8890: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8857: 8849: 8831: 8813: 8806:Canadian Caper 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8764: 8762: 8756: 8749: 8747: 8741: 8734: 8732: 8726: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8695: 8693: 8683: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8607: 8604: 8548: 8545: 8474: 8471: 8448:Mahnaz Afkhami 8404: 8401: 8351:Main article: 8348: 8345: 8259: 8256: 8190:Lebanon (1983) 8162: 8159: 8078: 8075: 8039:Saddam Hussein 8022: 8021: 8016: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7988:Main article: 7985: 7982: 7977:third worldist 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7894:Guruh-i Furqan 7868:National Front 7806:Main article: 7803: 7800: 7771: 7768: 7746: 7743: 7735:ifsad-fi-alarz 7727:ifsad-fi-alarz 7717: 7714: 7675:in June 1981. 7637: 7634: 7592:Main article: 7589: 7588:Hostage crisis 7586: 7539: 7536: 7516:Main article: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7501:Gonbad-e Qabus 7478: 7475: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7276:Egalitarianism 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250:Related topics 7249: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7221:United Kingdom 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7003:Dutch Republic 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6971: 6969:Roman Republic 6965: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6943: 6933: 6923: 6913: 6903: 6893: 6883: 6873: 6863: 6853: 6843: 6833: 6823: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410:Wollstonecraft 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5903: 5900:Related topics 5898: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5847:Maryam Namazie 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5757:Ata Abu Rashta 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Muhammad Iqbal 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5667:Muhammad Abduh 5664: 5658: 5656:Key ideologues 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5634:House of Thani 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5594:Omar al-Bashir 5591: 5585: 5583:Heads of state 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5556: 5549:("Milestones") 5543: 5531: 5519: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5485:Southeast Asia 5482: 5477: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5440:Salafist Front 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5420:Hizb ut-Tahrir 5411: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5393: 5391:Sahwa movement 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5366:Dawat-e-Islami 5363: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320:Anti-communism 5316: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5237: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5015:Main article: 5012: 5009: 5001:Supreme Leader 4965:Oriana Fallaci 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4936:Saddam Hussein 4908:Main article: 4905: 4902: 4883: 4880: 4839: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4741: 4738: 4734:Decade of Fajr 4681: 4678: 4646:Mehdi Bazargan 4631:Mehdi Bazargan 4558:Main article: 4555: 4552: 4474: 4471: 4425:Main article: 4422: 4419: 4390: 4387: 4377: 4374: 4372:percent mark. 4328: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4268:Shahyad Square 4204: 4201: 4178:strikebreakers 4142: 4139: 4107: 4104: 4079:National Front 4017: 4014: 4005:general strike 3992: 3989: 3965: 3962: 3886:Main article: 3883: 3880: 3839:Main article: 3836: 3833: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3746:National Front 3714: 3711: 3680:rubber bullets 3650:courts-martial 3637:liberalization 3612: 3609: 3547: 3544: 3510:Main article: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3459:liberalization 3454: 3451: 3339: 3336: 3321:socio-economic 3270:National Front 3266:Mehdi Bazargan 3250:Main article: 3247: 3244: 3139:Westernization 3113:Main article: 3110: 3107: 3043:Main article: 3040: 3037: 3033:Red Revolution 3023:and the urban 3021:intelligentsia 2993:westernization 2986:profit-sharing 2941:Main article: 2938: 2935: 2901:Main article: 2898: 2895: 2883:Operation Ajax 2768: 2765: 2712: 2709: 2622:Main article: 2619: 2616: 2590:Main article: 2587: 2584: 2532:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2498:Husayn ibn Ali 2487:westernization 2485:. It resisted 2444:administration 2424: 2423: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2403: 2393: 2366:Main article: 2363: 2360: 2275:prime minister 2216:1953 Iran coup 2155:Enqelâb-e Irân 2136: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2056:Heads of state 2053: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2004: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1849:Timurid Empire 1845: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1639:Nasrid dynasty 1635: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1533:pre-879 – 1215 1531: 1529:Ghurid dynasty 1525: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1509:Samanid Empire 1505: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1489:Alid dynasties 1485: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1085:Avestan period 1081: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1005: 1004: 998: 996:Jiroft culture 992: 991: 988: 982: 981: 978: 970: 967:Ancient period 965: 964: 961: 960: 955: 954: 953:5th millennium 948: 942: 941: 940:6th millennium 935: 929: 928: 922: 916: 915: 909: 903: 902: 896: 883: 878: 877: 874: 873: 865: 864: 855: 854: 847: 840: 839: 836: 835: 826: 817: 804: 790: 789: 786: 785: 778: 777: 773: 772: 733:Mehdi Bazargan 713: 712: 597: 596: 595: 592: 591: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 524: 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 476: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 426: 425: 424: 407: 406: 404: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 383:Imperial Guard 380: 375: 370: 361: 360: 359: 344: 343: 336: 335: 331: 330: 329: 328: 323: 318: 312: 307: 301: 295: 290: 285: 279: 274: 269: 260: 247: 237: 233: 232: 231: 230: 227: 224: 219: 214: 212:Demonstrations 207: 203: 202: 196: 192: 191: 190: 189: 182: 174: 168: 159: 155: 154: 149: 147: 143: 142: 122: 118: 117: 111: 103: 102: 95: 94: 84: 83: 80: 62: 60: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29840: 29829: 29826: 29824: 29821: 29819: 29816: 29814: 29811: 29809: 29806: 29804: 29801: 29799: 29796: 29794: 29791: 29789: 29786: 29784: 29781: 29779: 29778:1979 in Islam 29776: 29774: 29771: 29769: 29766: 29764: 29763:1979 protests 29761: 29759: 29756: 29754: 29753:1978 protests 29751: 29749: 29746: 29745: 29743: 29730: 29729: 29718: 29712: 29709: 29707: 29704: 29702: 29699: 29697: 29694: 29692: 29689: 29687: 29684: 29682: 29679: 29678: 29676: 29672: 29666: 29663: 29661: 29660:Kamran Samimi 29658: 29656: 29653: 29651: 29648: 29646: 29643: 29642: 29640: 29636: 29630: 29627: 29625: 29624:Bahram Afzali 29622: 29621: 29619: 29617: 29613: 29607: 29604: 29602: 29599: 29597: 29594: 29592: 29589: 29587: 29584: 29582: 29579: 29577: 29574: 29572: 29569: 29567: 29564: 29562: 29559: 29557: 29554: 29552: 29549: 29547: 29544: 29542: 29539: 29537: 29534: 29532: 29531:Ayat Mohaqeqi 29529: 29527: 29524: 29523: 29521: 29518: 29513: 29507: 29504: 29502: 29499: 29497: 29494: 29492: 29489: 29487: 29484: 29482: 29479: 29477: 29474: 29472: 29469: 29467: 29464: 29462: 29459: 29457: 29454: 29452: 29449: 29447: 29444: 29443: 29441: 29438: 29433: 29427: 29424: 29422: 29419: 29418: 29415: 29406: 29401: 29399: 29394: 29392: 29387: 29386: 29383: 29367: 29357: 29351: 29350: 29346: 29344: 29343: 29339: 29336: 29332: 29330: 29327: 29325: 29322: 29320: 29317: 29315: 29312: 29310: 29307: 29305: 29302: 29300: 29297: 29295: 29292: 29290: 29287: 29283: 29280: 29279: 29278: 29275: 29273: 29270: 29268: 29265: 29263: 29260: 29258: 29255: 29253: 29250: 29248: 29245: 29243: 29240: 29238: 29235: 29233: 29230: 29228: 29225: 29223: 29220: 29218: 29215: 29213: 29210: 29208: 29205: 29203: 29200: 29198: 29195: 29193: 29190: 29188: 29185: 29184: 29182: 29178: 29170: 29167: 29166: 29165: 29162: 29160: 29157: 29155: 29152: 29150: 29147: 29145: 29142: 29140: 29137: 29135: 29132: 29130: 29127: 29125: 29122: 29120: 29119:Maryam Rajavi 29117: 29115: 29112: 29110: 29107: 29105: 29102: 29100: 29097: 29095: 29094:Siamak Namazi 29092: 29090: 29089:Baquer Namazi 29087: 29085: 29082: 29080: 29077: 29075: 29072: 29070: 29067: 29065: 29062: 29060: 29057: 29055: 29052: 29050: 29047: 29045: 29044:Sirous Asgari 29042: 29040: 29039:Shahram Amiri 29037: 29035: 29032: 29030: 29029:Saeed Abedini 29027: 29025: 29024:Roxana Saberi 29022: 29020: 29017: 29015: 29012: 29010: 29007: 29005: 29004:Jason Rezaian 29002: 29000: 28997: 28995: 28992: 28990: 28989:Robert Malley 28987: 28985: 28982: 28980: 28977: 28975: 28972: 28970: 28967: 28965: 28962: 28958: 28955: 28954: 28953: 28950: 28948: 28945: 28943: 28940: 28938: 28935: 28933: 28930: 28928: 28925: 28923: 28920: 28918: 28915: 28913: 28910: 28908: 28905: 28903: 28900: 28898: 28895: 28894: 28892: 28888: 28882: 28879: 28877: 28876: 28872: 28870: 28867: 28865: 28862: 28860: 28857: 28855: 28852: 28850: 28847: 28845: 28842: 28840: 28837: 28835: 28832: 28830: 28827: 28825: 28822: 28820: 28817: 28815: 28812: 28810: 28807: 28805: 28802: 28800: 28797: 28795: 28792: 28790: 28787: 28785: 28782: 28780: 28777: 28773: 28770: 28768: 28765: 28764: 28763: 28760: 28758: 28755: 28753: 28750: 28746: 28743: 28742: 28741: 28738: 28737: 28735: 28733: 28729: 28723: 28720: 28718: 28715: 28713: 28710: 28708: 28705: 28703: 28702: 28698: 28693: 28691: 28688: 28686: 28683: 28681: 28678: 28676: 28673: 28671: 28668: 28666: 28663: 28661: 28658: 28654: 28651: 28650: 28649: 28646: 28644: 28641: 28639: 28636: 28634: 28631: 28629: 28626: 28624: 28621: 28619: 28616: 28614: 28611: 28609: 28606: 28604: 28601: 28599: 28596: 28594: 28591: 28587: 28584: 28582: 28579: 28577: 28574: 28572: 28569: 28567: 28564: 28563: 28562: 28559: 28557: 28554: 28552: 28551: 28550:Maersk Tigris 28546: 28544: 28541: 28539: 28536: 28534: 28531: 28529: 28526: 28524: 28521: 28519: 28516: 28512: 28509: 28508: 28507: 28504: 28502: 28499: 28497: 28494: 28492: 28489: 28487: 28484: 28482: 28479: 28477: 28474: 28472: 28469: 28465: 28464: 28460: 28458: 28455: 28453: 28450: 28448: 28445: 28443: 28440: 28438: 28435: 28433: 28430: 28428: 28425: 28423: 28420: 28418: 28415: 28414: 28413: 28410: 28408: 28405: 28403: 28400: 28399: 28397: 28395: 28391: 28383: 28380: 28378: 28375: 28373: 28370: 28368: 28365: 28363: 28360: 28359: 28358: 28355: 28353: 28350: 28348: 28345: 28343: 28340: 28338: 28335: 28331: 28328: 28326: 28323: 28322: 28321: 28318: 28316: 28313: 28311: 28308: 28304: 28301: 28299: 28296: 28294: 28291: 28289: 28286: 28284: 28281: 28279: 28276: 28274: 28271: 28269: 28266: 28264: 28261: 28259: 28256: 28254: 28251: 28250: 28249: 28248:Iran–Iraq War 28246: 28245: 28243: 28239: 28231: 28228: 28226: 28223: 28221: 28218: 28216: 28213: 28211: 28208: 28206: 28203: 28201: 28198: 28197: 28196: 28193: 28191: 28188: 28186: 28183: 28181: 28178: 28176: 28173: 28171: 28168: 28166: 28163: 28161: 28158: 28156: 28153: 28149: 28146: 28145: 28144: 28141: 28139: 28136: 28134: 28131: 28129: 28126: 28125: 28123: 28119: 28113: 28110: 28108: 28105: 28103: 28100: 28098: 28095: 28093: 28090: 28088: 28085: 28083: 28080: 28078: 28075: 28073: 28070: 28068: 28065: 28064: 28062: 28058: 28052: 28047: 28042: 28033: 28028: 28026: 28021: 28019: 28014: 28013: 28010: 28000: 27999: 27988: 27982: 27979: 27977: 27974: 27972: 27969: 27967: 27964: 27960: 27957: 27956: 27955: 27952: 27950: 27949:Rhum gasfield 27947: 27945: 27942: 27940: 27937: 27935: 27932: 27930: 27927: 27925: 27922: 27920: 27917: 27916: 27914: 27910: 27904: 27901: 27899: 27896: 27894: 27891: 27889: 27886: 27884: 27881: 27879: 27876: 27874: 27871: 27869: 27866: 27864: 27861: 27859: 27858:Kameel Ahmady 27856: 27855: 27853: 27849: 27843: 27840: 27838: 27835: 27833: 27830: 27828: 27825: 27823: 27820: 27816: 27813: 27812: 27811: 27808: 27806: 27803: 27799: 27796: 27794: 27791: 27790: 27789: 27786: 27782: 27779: 27778: 27777: 27776:Abadan Crisis 27774: 27770: 27767: 27766: 27765: 27762: 27760: 27759: 27755: 27753: 27750: 27746: 27743: 27742: 27741: 27738: 27736: 27733: 27731: 27728: 27727: 27725: 27721: 27713: 27710: 27709: 27708: 27707:Iran–Iraq War 27705: 27701: 27698: 27697: 27696: 27693: 27691: 27688: 27686: 27683: 27682: 27680: 27676: 27670: 27667: 27665: 27662: 27660: 27657: 27655: 27652: 27650: 27647: 27645: 27642: 27640: 27637: 27635: 27632: 27630: 27627: 27626: 27624: 27620: 27614: 27611: 27609: 27606: 27604: 27601: 27599: 27596: 27594: 27591: 27589: 27586: 27585: 27583: 27579: 27572: 27567: 27561: 27556: 27551: 27542: 27537: 27535: 27530: 27528: 27523: 27522: 27519: 27509: 27508: 27497: 27491: 27490: 27486: 27484: 27481: 27479: 27476: 27474: 27471: 27467: 27464: 27463: 27462: 27459: 27457: 27454: 27452: 27449: 27447: 27444: 27442: 27439: 27437: 27434: 27432: 27429: 27427: 27424: 27422: 27419: 27417: 27414: 27412: 27409: 27405: 27402: 27401: 27400: 27397: 27396: 27394: 27390: 27384: 27381: 27379: 27376: 27374: 27371: 27369: 27366: 27364: 27361: 27357: 27354: 27353: 27352: 27349: 27345: 27342: 27340: 27337: 27335: 27332: 27330: 27327: 27325: 27322: 27320: 27317: 27316: 27315: 27312: 27311: 27309: 27307: 27303: 27297: 27294: 27292: 27289: 27287: 27284: 27282: 27279: 27277: 27274: 27272: 27269: 27267: 27264: 27262: 27259: 27255: 27252: 27251: 27250: 27247: 27245: 27242: 27240: 27237: 27235: 27232: 27231: 27229: 27225: 27219: 27216: 27214: 27211: 27209: 27206: 27204: 27201: 27199: 27196: 27194: 27191: 27189: 27186: 27184: 27181: 27179: 27176: 27174: 27171: 27169: 27166: 27164: 27161: 27159: 27156: 27154: 27151: 27149: 27146: 27144: 27141: 27140: 27138: 27136: 27132: 27124: 27121: 27120: 27119: 27116: 27114: 27113:2014 Gaza War 27111: 27109: 27106: 27105: 27103: 27101: 27097: 27091: 27088: 27086: 27083: 27081: 27078: 27077: 27075: 27073: 27069: 27063: 27060: 27056: 27053: 27051: 27048: 27046: 27043: 27041: 27038: 27036: 27033: 27032: 27031: 27028: 27026: 27023: 27021: 27018: 27016: 27013: 27011: 27008: 27006: 27003: 27001: 26998: 26996: 26993: 26991: 26988: 26986: 26983: 26979: 26976: 26974: 26971: 26970: 26969: 26966: 26962: 26959: 26957: 26954: 26952: 26949: 26947: 26944: 26942: 26939: 26938: 26937: 26934: 26933: 26931: 26929: 26925: 26919: 26916: 26914: 26911: 26909: 26906: 26902: 26899: 26898: 26897: 26894: 26893: 26891: 26889: 26885: 26879: 26876: 26874: 26873:Iran–Iraq war 26871: 26869: 26866: 26865: 26863: 26861: 26857: 26853: 26846: 26841: 26839: 26834: 26832: 26827: 26826: 26823: 26813: 26812: 26801: 26795: 26792: 26790: 26787: 26785: 26782: 26780: 26777: 26775: 26772: 26770: 26767: 26765: 26762: 26760: 26757: 26755: 26752: 26748: 26745: 26744: 26743: 26740: 26738: 26735: 26733: 26730: 26728: 26725: 26724: 26722: 26718: 26712: 26709: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26688: 26686: 26684:member states 26683: 26676: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26625: 26622: 26620: 26617: 26613: 26610: 26608: 26605: 26603: 26600: 26598: 26595: 26594: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26580: 26579: 26577: 26573: 26567: 26564: 26562: 26559: 26555: 26552: 26550: 26547: 26545: 26542: 26540: 26537: 26535: 26532: 26528: 26525: 26523: 26520: 26519: 26518: 26515: 26514: 26513: 26512:Yemeni crisis 26510: 26506: 26503: 26502: 26501: 26498: 26494: 26491: 26489: 26486: 26484: 26481: 26479: 26476: 26474: 26471: 26470: 26469: 26466: 26464: 26461: 26457: 26454: 26452: 26449: 26448: 26447: 26444: 26442: 26439: 26435: 26432: 26431: 26430: 26427: 26423: 26420: 26419: 26418: 26417:Iran–Iraq War 26415: 26414: 26412: 26408: 26398: 26395: 26394: 26393: 26390: 26388: 26385: 26383: 26380: 26379: 26378: 26375: 26374: 26372: 26370: 26366: 26362: 26355: 26350: 26348: 26343: 26341: 26336: 26335: 26332: 26322: 26321: 26310: 26304: 26301: 26299: 26296: 26294: 26291: 26289: 26286: 26284: 26281: 26279: 26276: 26274: 26271: 26269: 26266: 26264: 26261: 26257: 26254: 26253: 26252: 26249: 26247: 26244: 26242: 26239: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26228: 26226: 26222: 26216: 26213: 26211: 26208: 26206: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26196: 26193: 26192: 26190: 26188:member states 26187: 26180: 26174: 26171: 26169: 26166: 26164: 26161: 26159: 26156: 26154: 26151: 26149: 26146: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26134: 26131: 26129: 26126: 26124: 26121: 26117: 26114: 26112: 26109: 26107: 26104: 26102: 26099: 26098: 26097: 26094: 26092: 26089: 26087: 26084: 26083: 26081: 26077: 26071: 26068: 26066: 26063: 26059: 26056: 26054: 26051: 26049: 26046: 26044: 26041: 26039: 26036: 26032: 26029: 26027: 26024: 26023: 26022: 26019: 26018: 26017: 26016:Yemeni crisis 26014: 26012: 26009: 26005: 26002: 26000: 25997: 25995: 25992: 25990: 25987: 25985: 25982: 25981: 25980: 25977: 25975: 25972: 25968: 25965: 25963: 25960: 25959: 25958: 25955: 25953: 25950: 25946: 25943: 25942: 25941: 25938: 25934: 25931: 25930: 25929: 25928:Iran–Iraq War 25926: 25920: 25917: 25916: 25915: 25912: 25910: 25907: 25905: 25902: 25901: 25900: 25897: 25896: 25894: 25892: 25888: 25882: 25879: 25878: 25876: 25872: 25866: 25863: 25861: 25858: 25856: 25853: 25852: 25850: 25846: 25840: 25835: 25830: 25821: 25816: 25814: 25809: 25807: 25802: 25801: 25798: 25788: 25778: 25772: 25769: 25767: 25764: 25762: 25761: 25757: 25755: 25752: 25750: 25747: 25745: 25742: 25740: 25737: 25735: 25732: 25730: 25727: 25726: 25724: 25720: 25714:(grandfather) 25713: 25710: 25707: 25704: 25701: 25698: 25695: 25692: 25689: 25686: 25683: 25680: 25677: 25674: 25671: 25668: 25665: 25662: 25661: 25659: 25657: 25653: 25647: 25646: 25642: 25640: 25639: 25635: 25633: 25632: 25628: 25626: 25625: 25621: 25619: 25618: 25614: 25612: 25611: 25607: 25606: 25604: 25600: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25572: 25569: 25568: 25567: 25564: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25554: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25533: 25531: 25529: 25525: 25520: 25508: 25505: 25501: 25498: 25497: 25496: 25495:Iran–Iraq War 25493: 25492: 25491: 25488: 25484: 25483: 25479: 25477: 25474: 25472: 25469: 25467: 25464: 25462: 25459: 25457: 25454: 25452: 25449: 25447: 25444: 25442: 25439: 25437: 25434: 25433: 25432: 25429: 25427: 25424: 25420: 25417: 25415: 25412: 25410: 25407: 25406: 25405: 25404:Life in exile 25402: 25400: 25397: 25396: 25394: 25390: 25386: 25379: 25374: 25372: 25367: 25365: 25360: 25359: 25356: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25335: 25334: 25331: 25317: 25314: 25312: 25309: 25307: 25304: 25303: 25301: 25297: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25283: 25281: 25278: 25276: 25273: 25272: 25270: 25266: 25260: 25257: 25255: 25252: 25250: 25247: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25236: 25234: 25230: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25213:War on terror 25211: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25201: 25199: 25196: 25194: 25191: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25181: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25169: 25166: 25165: 25163: 25157: 25151: 25149: 25145: 25143: 25141: 25137: 25135: 25133: 25129: 25127: 25125: 25121: 25119: 25117: 25113: 25111: 25109: 25105: 25103: 25101: 25097: 25096: 25094: 25090: 25086: 25079: 25075: 25061: 25058: 25056: 25053: 25051: 25048: 25046: 25043: 25041: 25038: 25036: 25033: 25031: 25028: 25027: 25025: 25021: 25015: 25012: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25000: 24997: 24995: 24992: 24990: 24987: 24985: 24982: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24972: 24970: 24967: 24966: 24964: 24962:Major figures 24960: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24938: 24937: 24934: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24919: 24918: 24915: 24911: 24908: 24907: 24906: 24903: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24890: 24889: 24886: 24882: 24879: 24877: 24874: 24872: 24869: 24867: 24864: 24863: 24862: 24859: 24858: 24856: 24855: 24853: 24849: 24843: 24840: 24838: 24835: 24834: 24832: 24828: 24824: 24820: 24816: 24811: 24807: 24793: 24790: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24774: 24772: 24768: 24762: 24759: 24757: 24756:Ali al-Tamimi 24754: 24752: 24749: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24709: 24708: 24706: 24704: 24703:Major figures 24700: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24678: 24677:Islamist Bloc 24675: 24674: 24673: 24672:Al-Nour Party 24670: 24668: 24665: 24663: 24660: 24658: 24655: 24654: 24652: 24650: 24646: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24630: 24627: 24625: 24622: 24621: 24619: 24615: 24612: 24608: 24604: 24600: 24595: 24591: 24581: 24578: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24551: 24548: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24540:Navvab Safavi 24538: 24536: 24533: 24531: 24528: 24526: 24525:Tariq Ramadan 24523: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24483: 24481: 24478: 24476: 24473: 24471: 24470:Safwat Hegazi 24468: 24466: 24463: 24461: 24458: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24440:Muhammad Asad 24438: 24436: 24433: 24431: 24428: 24426: 24423: 24421: 24418: 24417: 24415: 24409: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24385: 24383: 24379: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24360: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24352:Welfare Party 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24305: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24268: 24265: 24264: 24262: 24260: 24256: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24239: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24207: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24197: 24195: 24191: 24188: 24184: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24167:Turkish model 24165: 24163: 24162: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24151: 24150:Post-Islamism 24148: 24146: 24143: 24139: 24136: 24135: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24122: 24119: 24117: 24114: 24113: 24112: 24111:Islamic state 24109: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24079: 24078: 24076: 24072: 24066: 24065:Shia Islamism 24063: 24059: 24056: 24055: 24054: 24051: 24047: 24044: 24043: 24042: 24039: 24037: 24034: 24033: 24031: 24029: 24025: 24021: 24017: 24010: 24005: 24003: 23998: 23996: 23991: 23990: 23987: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23961: 23958: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23937: 23936:War on terror 23934: 23932: 23929: 23927: 23924: 23922: 23919: 23917: 23914: 23913: 23911: 23907: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23866: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23856: 23853: 23851: 23848: 23846: 23843: 23841: 23838: 23837: 23835: 23831:Espionage and 23829: 23823: 23820: 23818: 23815: 23813: 23810: 23808: 23805: 23803: 23800: 23798: 23795: 23793: 23790: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23782:Andrew Thorpe 23780: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23677:Gabriel Kolko 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23642:Fred Halliday 23640: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23627:Lloyd Gardner 23625: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23615: 23613: 23610: 23608: 23605: 23603: 23600: 23598: 23595: 23593: 23590: 23588: 23587:Norman Davies 23585: 23583: 23580: 23578: 23575: 23573: 23572:John Costello 23570: 23568: 23565: 23563: 23560: 23558: 23555: 23553: 23550: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23540: 23539: 23537: 23533: 23527: 23524: 23522: 23519: 23517: 23514: 23513: 23511: 23507:Technological 23505: 23495: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23486: 23483: 23480: 23478: 23477: 23473: 23471: 23468: 23466: 23465: 23461: 23460: 23458: 23454: 23448: 23447: 23443: 23441: 23438: 23436: 23435: 23431: 23429: 23428: 23424: 23422: 23419: 23417: 23416: 23412: 23410: 23409: 23405: 23403: 23402: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23392: 23390: 23388:Pro-communist 23386: 23383: 23379: 23373: 23370: 23368: 23365: 23363: 23360: 23358: 23355: 23353: 23350: 23348: 23345: 23343: 23340: 23338: 23335: 23333: 23330: 23328: 23325: 23323: 23320: 23319: 23317: 23315:Organizations 23313: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23273: 23270: 23268: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23258: 23255: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23213: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23203: 23200: 23198: 23195: 23193: 23190: 23188: 23185: 23184: 23182: 23178: 23172: 23169: 23167: 23164: 23162: 23159: 23157: 23154: 23152: 23149: 23147: 23146: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23129:Eurocommunism 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23111: 23109: 23107: 23103: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23060: 23057: 23056: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23041: 23039: 23037: 23033: 23030: 23026: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22967: 22965: 22962: 22960: 22959:Domino theory 22957: 22955: 22952: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22941: 22939: 22935: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22913:South Ossetia 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22890: 22888: 22886: 22882: 22876: 22873: 22869: 22866: 22865: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22849: 22846: 22844: 22841: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22829: 22826: 22824: 22821: 22820: 22818: 22814: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22788: 22785: 22783: 22780: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22720: 22718: 22715: 22713: 22710: 22707: 22703: 22700: 22698: 22697:8888 Uprising 22695: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22642:Iran–Iraq War 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22607:Falklands War 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22571: 22568: 22567: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22533: 22531: 22527: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22470:NDF Rebellion 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22450:German Autumn 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22430: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22337:Metapolitefsi 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22232: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22177: 22175: 22171: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22145: 22142: 22138: 22135: 22134: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22120: 22118: 22115: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22106: 22101: 22099: 22098:Prague Spring 22096: 22092: 22089: 22088: 22087: 22084: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22076:Al-Wadiah War 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22041:12-3 incident 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21970: 21967: 21966: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21942: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21922: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21910: 21907: 21905: 21902: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21884: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21846: 21843: 21842: 21841: 21838: 21834: 21831: 21830: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21800: 21798: 21794: 21788: 21785: 21781: 21778: 21777: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21720: 21715: 21712: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21685: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21638: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21621: 21620:Domino theory 21618: 21616: 21615:Petrov Affair 21613: 21611: 21608: 21606: 21603: 21601: 21598: 21596: 21593: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21552: 21550: 21546: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21523: 21520: 21519: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21492:Madiun Affair 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21452:Marshall Plan 21450: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21432: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21360: 21355: 21353: 21352: 21347: 21345: 21344: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21321: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21301: 21296: 21294: 21293: 21288: 21287: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21262: 21260: 21256: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21209: 21205: 21203: 21202: 21201:United States 21198: 21197: 21194: 21190: 21183: 21178: 21176: 21171: 21169: 21164: 21163: 21160: 21148: 21145: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21132: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21109: 21106: 21105: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21098:2019 protests 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21068:2018 protests 21066: 21064: 21061: 21059: 21056: 21054: 21051: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21032: 21029: 21028: 21027: 21024: 21018: 21015: 21014: 21013: 21010: 21009: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20994: 20992: 20988: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20976:1981 protests 20974: 20972: 20969: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20951: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20941: 20939: 20935: 20929: 20926: 20925: 20923: 20919: 20910: 20905: 20903: 20898: 20896: 20891: 20890: 20887: 20875: 20872: 20871: 20868: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20853: 20851: 20847: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20822: 20820: 20816: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20801: 20799: 20795: 20791: 20783: 20778: 20776: 20771: 20769: 20764: 20763: 20760: 20748: 20744: 20740: 20738: 20730: 20729: 20726: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20698: 20696: 20692: 20682: 20681: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20646: 20644: 20642: 20638: 20631: 20627: 20624: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20591: 20587: 20584: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20571: 20568: 20565: 20561: 20560:news agencies 20557: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20546: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20516: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 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20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20052: 20049: 20046: 20042: 20039: 20036: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20016: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19986: 19985: 19982: 19979: 19975: 19972: 19971: 19969: 19967: 19963: 19956: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19921:Privatization 19919: 19916: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19821: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19801: 19797: 19793: 19789: 19784: 19780: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19747: 19745: 19743: 19739: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19704: 19702: 19698: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19681: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19651: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19591: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19574: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19559: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19546: 19544: 19540: 19536: 19532: 19527: 19523: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19456: 19453: 19452: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19430: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19420: 19417: 19413: 19408: 19404: 19390: 19389:Years in Iran 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19333: 19330: 19329: 19328: 19325: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19313:Turco-Persian 19311: 19310: 19309: 19306: 19305: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19290: 19288: 19284: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19237: 19234: 19233: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19182:War (1980–88) 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19133: 19132: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19114: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19075: 19074: 19072: 19068: 19065: 19061: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19020: 19018: 19012: 19010: 19004: 19002: 18996: 18994: 18988: 18986: 18980: 18978: 18974:Qara Qoyunlu 18972: 18970: 18964: 18963: 18961: 18957: 18951: 18945: 18943: 18937: 18935: 18929: 18927: 18922: 18920: 18914: 18912: 18906: 18904: 18898: 18896: 18890: 18888: 18882: 18880: 18874: 18873: 18871: 18867: 18861: 18855: 18853: 18847: 18845: 18839: 18837: 18831: 18829: 18823: 18821: 18815: 18813: 18807: 18805: 18799: 18797: 18791: 18790: 18788: 18784: 18781: 18775: 18765: 18759: 18758: 18756: 18752: 18746: 18740: 18738: 18732: 18730: 18724: 18722: 18716: 18714: 18708: 18706: 18700: 18698: 18692: 18690: 18684: 18682: 18676: 18675: 18673: 18671:550 BC–AD 224 18669: 18663: 18657: 18655: 18649: 18647: 18641: 18639: 18633: 18631: 18627:Neo-Assyrian 18625: 18623: 18617: 18615: 18609: 18607: 18601: 18599: 18593: 18591: 18585: 18583: 18577: 18575: 18569: 18568: 18566: 18562: 18559: 18555: 18551: 18546: 18542: 18538: 18533: 18529: 18524: 18517: 18512: 18510: 18505: 18503: 18498: 18497: 18494: 18488: 18481: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18435: 18432: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18423: 18422:Life magazine 18418: 18415: 18414: 18405: 18402: 18399: 18396: 18393: 18390: 18387: 18383: 18380: 18377: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18365: 18362: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18349: 18346: 18343: 18339: 18336: 18333: 18329: 18325: 18324:Bernard Lewis 18322: 18321: 18312: 18309: 18306: 18303: 18300: 18297: 18294: 18290: 18287: 18284: 18280: 18277: 18276: 18268: 18267: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18251: 18247: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18228: 18223: 18220: 18219: 18209: 18206: 18203: 18200: 18197: 18193: 18190: 18186: 18185:Time magazine 18183: 18180: 18176: 18173: 18172: 18168: 18165: 18160: 18157: 18156:0-671-68745-X 18153: 18149: 18145: 18142: 18139: 18135: 18132: 18128: 18124: 18121: 18120:0-8128-2755-4 18117: 18113: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18103:0-8156-3094-8 18100: 18096: 18092: 18089: 18085: 18082: 18079: 18076: 18072: 18069: 18068:0-934211-61-2 18065: 18061: 18057: 18056:Milani, Abbas 18054: 18051: 18047: 18043: 18039: 18035: 18030: 18027: 18023: 18019: 18013: 18009: 18008: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17996:Shah of Shahs 17992: 17989: 17985: 17983:0-415-90208-8 17979: 17975: 17971: 17966: 17962: 17960:0-8130-0998-7 17956: 17952: 17951: 17945: 17941: 17939:0-313-30731-8 17935: 17930: 17929: 17922: 17918: 17912: 17908: 17904: 17903:Buchan, James 17900: 17896: 17891: 17887: 17885:0-333-36947-5 17881: 17877: 17872: 17871: 17859: 17857:0-09-160320-X 17853: 17849: 17844: 17840: 17838:0-8133-3588-4 17834: 17830: 17825: 17821: 17819:1-86064-253-5 17815: 17811: 17806: 17802: 17800:0-674-29140-9 17796: 17792: 17791: 17785: 17781: 17779:0-86531-931-6 17775: 17771: 17770: 17764: 17760: 17758:0-312-26490-9 17754: 17750: 17749: 17743: 17739: 17737:0-452-27563-6 17733: 17729: 17728: 17722: 17718: 17712: 17708: 17703: 17699: 17697:0-674-01328-X 17693: 17689: 17684: 17680: 17675: 17671: 17669:0-300-09856-1 17665: 17661: 17660: 17654: 17650: 17644: 17639: 17638: 17631: 17627: 17622: 17618: 17616:0-312-43588-6 17612: 17608: 17607: 17601: 17589: 17585: 17579: 17575: 17571: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17554: 17542: 17538: 17532: 17528: 17527: 17521: 17517: 17515:0-465-06888-X 17511: 17507: 17506: 17500: 17496: 17494:0-903729-95-4 17490: 17486: 17485: 17479: 17475: 17473:0-19-504257-3 17469: 17464: 17463: 17456: 17444: 17440: 17434: 17430: 17429: 17423: 17419: 17413: 17409: 17405: 17404:Amanat, Abbas 17401: 17397: 17392: 17388: 17383: 17379: 17377:0-691-00790-X 17373: 17369: 17368: 17362: 17361: 17339: 17335: 17329: 17325: 17324: 17316: 17297: 17290: 17284: 17265: 17261: 17254: 17247: 17231: 17227: 17223: 17217: 17201: 17197: 17193: 17187: 17171: 17167: 17163: 17157: 17141: 17137: 17133: 17127: 17111: 17107: 17103: 17097: 17081: 17077: 17070: 17068: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17032: 17016: 17012: 17011:The Economist 17008: 17007:"Fading hope" 17002: 17000: 16983: 16979: 16972: 16956: 16952: 16946: 16927: 16923: 16916: 16909: 16893: 16889: 16888: 16881: 16865: 16861: 16857: 16850: 16842: 16838: 16834: 16830: 16823: 16814: 16806: 16799: 16797: 16789: 16783: 16776: 16775:Keddie (2003) 16771: 16764: 16763:Graham (1980) 16759: 16751: 16747: 16743: 16737: 16733: 16726: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16718: 16716: 16714: 16712: 16710: 16708: 16706: 16704: 16695: 16693:0-8070-0463-4 16689: 16685: 16681: 16680: 16672: 16664: 16660: 16654: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16637: 16631: 16624: 16619: 16603: 16599: 16592: 16584: 16578: 16562: 16558: 16551: 16543: 16537: 16529: 16525: 16519: 16511: 16507: 16501: 16493: 16489: 16483: 16475: 16471: 16465: 16458: 16457:Keddie (2003) 16453: 16446: 16440: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16421: 16413: 16409: 16405: 16399: 16392: 16387: 16380: 16376: 16372: 16369: 16364: 16356: 16350: 16346: 16339: 16331: 16325: 16321: 16314: 16298: 16294: 16288: 16272: 16268: 16264: 16257: 16241: 16237: 16233: 16227: 16211: 16207: 16203: 16197: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16167: 16160: 16155: 16148: 16144: 16143:Afshin Molavi 16138: 16131: 16126: 16119: 16115: 16112: 16106: 16099: 16094: 16087: 16082: 16075: 16069: 16063:(2004), p. 40 16062: 16056: 16049: 16043: 16036: 16032: 16027: 16020: 16015: 15999: 15995: 15991: 15985: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15955: 15939: 15935: 15931: 15925: 15909: 15905: 15901: 15895: 15879: 15875: 15871: 15865: 15849: 15845: 15839: 15823: 15819: 15816: 15809: 15790: 15783: 15776: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15746: 15730: 15726: 15722: 15718: 15714: 15713: 15708: 15701: 15685: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15668: 15660: 15656: 15652: 15648: 15647: 15639: 15623: 15619: 15613: 15609: 15608: 15600: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15547: 15539: 15533: 15529: 15524: 15523: 15514: 15507: 15502: 15495: 15494:Keddie (2003) 15490: 15483: 15482:0-671-67235-5 15479: 15475: 15469: 15453: 15449: 15443: 15439: 15438: 15430: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15410: 15406: 15402: 15398: 15391: 15376:. 12 May 2015 15375: 15371: 15365: 15356: 15348: 15344: 15340: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15324: 15317: 15315: 15298: 15294: 15288: 15280: 15276: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15244: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15221: 15205: 15201: 15200:History Guild 15197: 15190: 15174: 15170: 15164: 15157: 15152: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15130: 15123: 15117: 15110: 15104: 15096: 15092: 15086: 15082: 15081: 15073: 15066: 15061: 15054: 15049: 15042: 15037: 15035: 15027: 15022: 15015: 15010: 15003: 14998: 14991: 14986: 14979: 14974: 14967: 14962: 14955: 14950: 14943: 14938: 14931: 14926: 14924: 14917:, p. 89. 14916: 14911: 14904: 14899: 14897: 14890:8 August 1979 14889: 14885: 14881: 14876: 14869: 14864: 14862: 14855:, p. 51. 14854: 14849: 14833: 14829: 14825: 14818: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14787: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14756: 14754: 14746: 14741: 14733: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14707: 14700: 14698: 14696: 14688: 14683: 14677:, p. 111 14676: 14670: 14662: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14642: 14635: 14634:Mackey (1996) 14630: 14624:, p. 61. 14623: 14618: 14611: 14606: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14575: 14568: 14562: 14555: 14554:Keddie (2003) 14550: 14543: 14538: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14507: 14500: 14495: 14489: 14488:0-87113-925-1 14485: 14481: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14447: 14438: 14422: 14418: 14411: 14404: 14399: 14392: 14387: 14380: 14375: 14368: 14363: 14357:, p. 73. 14356: 14351: 14349: 14347: 14345: 14337: 14332: 14330: 14322: 14317: 14311:, p. 56. 14310: 14305: 14298: 14293: 14291: 14283: 14282:Keddie (2003) 14278: 14271: 14266: 14259: 14258:Mackey (1996) 14254: 14247: 14242: 14235: 14234:Keddie (2003) 14230: 14223: 14218: 14210: 14208:0-674-00877-4 14204: 14200: 14199: 14191: 14184: 14183:Keddie (2003) 14179: 14172: 14167: 14160: 14155: 14148: 14143: 14136: 14130: 14123: 14118: 14110: 14103: 14096: 14091: 14083: 14081:0-8018-2888-0 14077: 14073: 14066: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14048: 14043: 14041: 14033: 14032:Keddie (2003) 14028: 14026: 14017: 14013: 14007: 14003: 14002: 13994: 13986: 13980: 13976: 13969: 13967: 13959: 13955: 13954:Nashat (1983) 13950: 13943: 13939: 13938:Nashat (1983) 13934: 13927: 13923: 13922:Nashat (1983) 13918: 13916: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13893: 13889: 13888: 13880: 13873: 13868: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13860: 13858: 13850: 13845: 13843: 13826: 13822: 13821: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13807: 13799: 13795: 13794:Nashat (1983) 13790: 13783: 13778: 13776: 13774: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13743: 13741: 13733: 13732:Nashat (1983) 13728: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13708: 13703: 13701: 13699: 13697: 13688: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13655: 13648: 13644: 13639: 13632: 13628: 13623: 13607: 13603: 13597: 13581: 13577: 13571: 13563: 13559: 13553: 13549: 13548: 13540: 13533: 13528: 13521: 13516: 13508: 13504: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13485: 13481: 13477: 13471: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13452: 13445: 13439: 13432: 13428: 13425: 13420: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13367: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13345: 13338: 13333: 13326: 13321: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13302: 13296:, p. 204 13295: 13291: 13285: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13266: 13259: 13254: 13247: 13246:Taheri (1985) 13242: 13235: 13230: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13208: 13201: 13197: 13194: 13189: 13173: 13169: 13163: 13155: 13149: 13144: 13143: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13121: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13104: 13102: 13100: 13098: 13096: 13094: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13062: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13031: 13015: 13011: 13005: 13001: 13000: 12992: 12990: 12988: 12986: 12984: 12976: 12971: 12955: 12951: 12950:Biography.com 12947: 12941: 12939: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12907: 12905: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12876: 12859: 12855: 12849: 12845: 12844: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12815: 12811: 12805: 12801: 12800: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12765: 12761: 12755: 12751: 12750: 12742: 12740: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12666:(34): 17–22. 12665: 12664:MERIP Reports 12661: 12654: 12639: 12635: 12628: 12620: 12614: 12610: 12606: 12602: 12598: 12591: 12589: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12547: 12543: 12537: 12529: 12523: 12519: 12518: 12510: 12508: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12486: 12478: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12460:, p. 61. 12459: 12454: 12448:. pp. 80–101. 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12403:Carter, Jimmy 12399: 12392: 12387: 12385: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12354: 12353: 12345: 12343: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12279: 12278:Harney (1998) 12274: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12230: 12222: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12163: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12135: 12131: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12112: 12110: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12079: 12078: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12049: 12045: 12039: 12035: 12034: 12029: 12023: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12009: 12007: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11944: 11940: 11934: 11930: 11929: 11921: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11892:. Routledge. 11891: 11890: 11882: 11874: 11868: 11864: 11863: 11855: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11796: 11794: 11786: 11782: 11777: 11769: 11763: 11759: 11758: 11750: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11728: 11727: 11719: 11711: 11709:1-4013-5209-X 11705: 11701: 11700: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11643: 11639: 11638: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11610: 11609:Taheri (1985) 11605: 11598: 11593: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11573: 11566: 11561: 11555:, p. 96. 11554: 11553:Graham (1980) 11549: 11542: 11537: 11530: 11529:Graham (1980) 11525: 11518: 11513: 11505: 11498: 11492:, p. 94. 11491: 11490:Graham (1980) 11486: 11479: 11474: 11466: 11464:0-375-40639-5 11460: 11456: 11452: 11451: 11443: 11436: 11435:Keddie (2003) 11431: 11425:, p. 34. 11424: 11419: 11412: 11407: 11401:, p. 30. 11400: 11395: 11393: 11385: 11384:Mackey (1996) 11380: 11372: 11366: 11362: 11357: 11356: 11347: 11340: 11335: 11328: 11323: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11273: 11268: 11261: 11256: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11219: 11218:Taheri (1985) 11214: 11212: 11204: 11199: 11192: 11186: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11168: 11162: 11155: 11154:Keddie (2003) 11150: 11143: 11142:Mackey (1996) 11138: 11136: 11129:, p. 69. 11128: 11127:Graham (1980) 11123: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11091:, p. 17. 11090: 11085: 11078: 11074: 11069: 11062: 11057: 11050: 11045: 11029: 11025: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11004: 10996: 10990: 10986: 10979: 10963: 10959: 10958:Time Magazine 10955: 10949: 10942: 10937: 10921: 10917: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10898: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10867: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10840: 10838: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10807: 10791: 10787: 10781: 10777: 10776: 10768: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10729: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10697: 10691: 10687: 10680: 10669: 10665: 10663:0-8191-3578-X 10659: 10655: 10648: 10647: 10639: 10632: 10631:Taheri (1985) 10627: 10621:, p. 22. 10620: 10615: 10608: 10607:Mackey (1996) 10603: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10511:Keddie, Nikki 10507: 10505: 10497: 10492: 10485: 10480: 10472: 10470:0-275-97858-3 10466: 10462: 10457: 10456: 10447: 10440: 10435: 10428: 10427:Taheri (1985) 10423: 10416: 10415:Keddie (2003) 10411: 10404: 10403:1-4391-5517-8 10400: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10384: 10377: 10372: 10365: 10360: 10353: 10352:Graham (1980) 10348: 10341: 10340:Mackey (1996) 10336: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10316:Harney (1998) 10312: 10310: 10303:, p. 13. 10302: 10297: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10249: 10242: 10241:All Fall Down 10236: 10228: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10203: 10195: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10156: 10148: 10142: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10119: 10113: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10094: 10088: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10064: 10062: 10055:, p. 10. 10054: 10049: 10042: 10037: 10030: 10025: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9957: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9914: 9907: 9902: 9895: 9894:Graham (1980) 9890: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9864: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9834: 9833: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9787: 9783: 9776: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9710: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9629: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9547:. Macmillan. 9546: 9545: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9465: 9460: 9458: 9448: 9447:0-275-97858-3 9444: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9234: 9214: 9205: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9179: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9121:Shaul Bakhash 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9037:Iran–Iraq War 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8919: 8916: 8910: 8905: 8902: 8891: 8888: 8877: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8780: 8775: 8768: 8763: 8760: 8759:Behesht Zahra 8753: 8748: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8730: 8723: 8718: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8644: 8639: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8572:foundations. 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8544: 8542: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8522: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8484: 8480: 8473:Homosexuality 8470: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8354: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8252:Iran–Iraq War 8247: 8245: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8074: 8071: 8066: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8013: 8001: 7991: 7990:Iran–Iraq War 7981: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7916: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7884: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7858: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7802:Islamist left 7799: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7767: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7753: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7630:Ronald Reagan 7627: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7613: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7457: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7443:Thousands of 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7419: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7373: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7238:United States 7236: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113:Metapolitefsi 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6949: 6948: 6947:On Revolution 6944: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6917:Rights of Man 6914: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6827:De re publica 6824: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6633:Jones (Lynne) 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:Adams (Gerry) 6426: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:Revolutionary 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:Parliamentary 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6026:Civil society 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6002:Republicanism 6000: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5895: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852:Maajid Nawaaz 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5767:Navvab Safavi 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5752:Tariq Ramadan 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Safwat Hegazi 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Muhammad Asad 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:House of Saud 5627: 5625: 5624:Mohammed Omar 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5614:Mohamed Morsi 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5570:Khomeini 1970 5567: 5566: 5564: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5435:Salafist Call 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5276:Post-Islamism 5274: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213:Islamic state 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5147:Shia Islamism 5145: 5144: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4843: 4836: 4825: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4588: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4537:Robert Huyser 4533: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4395: 4386: 4383: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4350:Karim Sanjabi 4347: 4343: 4339: 4325: 4314: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4182:Karim Sanjabi 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4096:Ebrahim Yazdi 4093: 4089: 4084: 4083:Karim Sanjabi 4080: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053:Western media 4045: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3953:warning shots 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3825:Karim Sanjabi 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750:Karim Sanjabi 3747: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3707:Shariatmadari 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3601:Shariatmadari 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 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Tauris. 17730:. Dutton. 17236:28 January 17102:"Iran GDP" 16608:4 December 16528:atimes.com 16408:accu.or.jp 16303:8 February 16277:8 February 16246:7 February 16206:Qantara.de 16159:Roy (1994) 16086:Roy (1994) 15934:Iran Press 15628:2 February 15210:9 November 15179:14 January 15156:Roy (1994) 14427:18 October 13956:, p. 13940:, p. 13924:, p. 13796:, p. 13645:, p. 13629:, p. 13612:26 January 13586:26 January 13409:26 January 13288:Khomeini, 13178:18 October 12893:18 October 12716:18 October 12552:18 October 11783:, p. 11112:18 October 10926:22 October 10887:18 October 10539:(3): 459. 10519:Frank Cass 10274:(3): 589. 9985:, p. 9728:. Oxford: 9722:A. 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Farra. 17136:worldbank 17106:worldbank 16988:5 January 16961:5 January 16898:5 January 16870:5 January 16835:(2): 53. 16750:925271105 16647:Arab News 16186:3 October 15755:France 24 15579:154102471 15421:1466-2043 15347:0305-7070 14838:25 August 14807:25 August 14776:25 August 14732:251185903 14595:27 August 13906:251722861 12680:0047-7265 12603:: 17–56. 12572:Brookings 12423:. p. 438. 11949:9 January 11910:8 January 11844:8 January 11834:144804416 11826:1527-8034 11314:144151974 11189:Dabashi, 10597:. p. 218. 10561:145696393 10252:Fischer, 9748:. p. 375. 9726:T. G. 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Please 29421:Timeline 29366:Category 28566:Timeline 28548:MV 28417:Timeline 28268:Iran Ajr 27781:Timeline 27478:Quds Day 25787:Category 25392:Politics 24936:al-Qaeda 24830:Ideology 24819:Jihadism 24667:Al-Islah 24347:Al Wefaq 24247:in Syria 24242:in Egypt 24200:Deobandi 24074:Concepts 24053:Salafism 24036:Islamism 24016:Islamism 23974:Timeline 23964:Category 23909:See also 23401:Izvestia 23242:Islamism 23139:Hoxhaism 23014:Rollback 22893:Abkhazia 22833:Gulf War 22737:Glasnost 22107:incident 21877:Sand War 21735:Ifni War 21244:Rio Pact 21189:Cold War 20737:Category 20630:football 20621:Scouting 20531:Iranians 20521:Folklore 20317:Religion 20229:Georgian 20209:Armenian 20070:shipping 20065:railways 20055:airlines 20021:Industry 19886:Taxation 19700:Councils 19616:Military 19531:Politics 19512:Wildlife 19477:Caucasus 19359:Persians 19286:See also 19110:Iranian 19077:Pahlavi 18990:Safavid 18966:Timurid 18869:977–1432 18849:Ziyarid 18825:Tahirid 18817:Samanid 18809:Abbasid 18801:Umayyad 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10720:Archived 10595:Oneworld 10589:. 2000. 10521:. p. 38. 10513:. 1966. 10243:, p. 187 10014:20 March 10008:Archived 10004:TIME.com 9929:original 9879:Archived 9877:. 2007. 9847:Archived 9767:Archived 9744:. 2004. 9693:Archived 9559:Archived 9544:The Shah 9429:original 9404:Archived 9393:Original 9377:Archived 9372:. 1998." 9347:Archived 9320:Archived 9245:(2004). 8873:See also 8329:clemency 8298:American 8201:Islamist 8197:Pakistan 7872:apostasy 7828:Banisadr 7612:Banisadr 7404:komitehs 7226:Scotland 7166:Barbados 6817:Republic 6733:Prescott 6703:Naysmith 6693:McKechin 6653:La Malfa 6648:Khomeini 6608:Iorwerth 6573:Griffith 6548:Gambetta 6543:Galloway 6528:Ferguson 6508:Davidson 6503:Cromwell 6498:Connolly 6478:Campbell 6395:Sunstein 6380:Rousseau 6375:Polybius 6310:Franklin 6290:Chappell 6285:Cattaneo 6222:People's 6207:Imperial 6139:Kemalism 6076:Republic 6010:Concepts 5466:Militant 5376:Deobandi 5252:Jihadism 5163:Concepts 5094:Islamism 5071:Politics 5036:Islamism 5028:a series 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