1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike

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pits, most miners initially refused to cross picket lines formed by Welsh miners but returned to work when more aggressive pickets arrived from Yorkshire. After the strike, Mick McGahey, one of the most prominent voices against a national ballot, said that he accepted "some responsibility" for alienating the Nottinghamshire miners through aggressive picketing. Jonathan and Ruth Winterton have suggested that the greater success of picketing in Lancashire, a region with little tradition of mining militancy but where the majority of its miners were on strike for the majority of the 1984–85 national strike, might be ascribed to the more diplomatic tactics of the North Yorkshire NUM pickets that went to Lancashire, and to the North Yorkshire NUM officials who worked with the Lancashire NUM to coordinate more respectful picketing, in contrast to the aggressive tactics adopted by South Yorkshire pickets in Nottinghamshire. The Marxist academic

1944: 733:"A fight back against this Government's policies will inevitably take place outside rather than inside Parliament. When I talk about 'extra-parliamentary action' there is a great outcry in the press and from leading Tories about my refusal to accept the democratic will of the people. I am not prepared to accept policies elected by a minority of the British electorate. I am not prepared quietly to accept the destruction of the coal industry, nor am I willing to see our social services decimated. This totally undemocratic Government can now easily push through whatever laws it chooses. Faced with possible parliamentary destruction of all that is good and compassionate in our society, extra-parliamentary action will be the only course open to the working class and the Labour movement." 1945: 807:

and nuclear. She appointed hardliners to key positions, set up a high level planning committee, and allocated funds from the highly profitable electrical supply system to stockpile at least six months’ worth of coal. Thatcher's team set up mobile police units so that forces from outside the strike areas could neutralise efforts by flying pickets to stop the transport of coal to power stations. It used the National Recording Centre (NRC), set up in 1972 by the Association of Chief Police Officers for England and Wales linking 43 police forces to enable police forces to travel to assist in major disturbances. Scargill played into her hands by ignoring the buildup of coal stocks and calling the strike at the end of winter when demand for coal was declining.

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raised tensions between strikers and those who continued to work. On 15 March 1984, he was hit in the chest by a half-brick thrown by a youth who opposed the strike when he confronted him for vandalising his car, but the post-mortem ruled that this had not caused his death and it was more likely to have been caused by being pressed against the pit gates earlier in the day. News of his death led to hundreds of pickets staying in Ollerton town centre overnight. At the request of Nottinghamshire Police, Scargill appeared and called for calm in the wake of the tragedy. Several working miners in Ollerton reported that their gardens and cars had been vandalised during the night. Ollerton Colliery closed for a few days as a mark of respect for Jones.

750:(NACODS) with 17,000 members in 1984, was less willing to take industrial action. Its constitution required a two-thirds majority for a national strike. During the 1972 strike, violent confrontations between striking NUM and non-striking NACODS members led to an agreement that NACODS members could stay off work without loss of pay if they were faced with aggressive picketing. Thus solidarity with striking NUM members could be shown by claims of violence preventing the crossing of picket lines even without a NACODS union vote for strike action. Initially the threshold for striking was not met; although a majority had voted for strike action, it was not enough. However, later during the strike 82% did vote for strike action. 144: 1994: 2876:, whose late father had been a miner, was critical of the government's handling of the strike, but distanced himself from the leadership of the NUM over the issues of the ballot and violence against strikebreakers. Kinnock later said that it was "the greatest regret of whole life" that he did not call for a national ballot at an earlier stage. He condemned the actions of pickets and police as "violence", which prompted a statement from the Police Federation that some officers would struggle to work under a Labour government. He appeared on a picket line on 3 January 1985, after having said in November that he was "too busy". 671:(NUM) came into being in 1945 and in 1947 most collieries in Britain were nationalised (958 nationalised, 400 private). Demand for coal was high in the years following the Second World War, and Polish refugees were drafted to work in the pits. Over time, coal's share in the energy market declined relative to oil and nuclear. Large-scale closures of collieries occurred in the 1960s, which led to migration of miners from the run-down coalfields (Scotland, Wales, Lancashire, the north-east of England) to Yorkshire and the Midlands coalfields. After a period of inaction from the NUM leadership over employment cuts, there was an 1946: 1385:

country as a whole, as a Gallup poll showed 79% disapproval of NUM methods. While it was now clear that the government had the equipment, the forces, the organisation, and the will to prevail against pickets, the strong pro-strike solidarity outside of the Midlands and the possibility of extended strike action by other trade unions, especially the NACODS which could shut down every pit in the country if NACODS members went on strike, was a constant threat for the government and had the outcome of who would be likely to win the miners' strike dispute hanging in the balance for many months.

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neither and 5% did not know. When asked in July 1984 whether they approved or disapproved of the methods used by the miners, 15% approved; 79% disapproved and 6% did not know. When asked the same question during 5–10 December 1984, 7% approved; 88% disapproved and 5% did not know. In July 1984, when asked whether they thought the miners were using responsible or irresponsible methods, 12% said responsible; 78% said irresponsible and 10% did not know. When asked the same question in August 1984, 9% said responsible; 84% said irresponsible and 7% did not know.

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the decision in Yorkshire to invoke the ballot result as binding on 8 March 1984. Nicholls ruled that the 1981 ballot result was "too remote in time ... too much change in the branch membership of the Area since then for that ballot to be capable of justifying a call to strike action two and a half years later." He ruled that the Yorkshire area could not refer to the strike as "official", although he did not condemn the strike as "illegal" as he did in the case of the national strike and the North Derbyshire strike.

12327: 646: 721:: "Waiting in the wings, wishing to chop us to pieces, is Yankee steel butcher MacGregor. This 70-year-old multi-millionaire import, who massacred half the steel workforce in less than three years, is almost certainly brought in to wield the axe on pits. It's now or never for Britain's mineworkers. This is the final chance – while we still have the strength – to save our industry". On 12 May 1983, in response to being questioned on how he would respond if the Conservatives were re-elected in the 2884:

the hecklers of "living like parasites off the struggle of the miners." As Kinnock denounced the lack of the ballot, violence against strikebreakers and Scargill's tactical approach, he was asked by hecklers what he had done for the striking miners. Kinnock shouted back, "Well, I was not telling them lies. That's what I was not doing during that period." It was a thinly-veiled attack on Scargill, whom he later admitted he detested. Kinnock later blamed Scargill for the failure of the strike.

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many Yorkshire strikers were living in poverty by the winter of 1984. A soup kitchen opened in Yorkshire in April 1984, for the first time since the 1920s. Wakefield Council provided free meals for children during school holidays. The Labour-dominated councils of Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Wakefield reduced council-house rents and local tax rates for striking miners, but the Conservative Selby Council refused any assistance, although the Selby pits had higher numbers of commuters.

13068: 2061: 3807: 2203: 2161: 2100: 2058: 1990: 1941: 571: 869: 3164: 38: 1212:. Kent NUM leader Jack Collins said after the decision to go back without any agreement of amnesty for the sacked men, "The people who have decided to go back to work and leave men on the sidelines are traitors to the trade-union movement." The Kent NUM continued picketing across the country, delaying the return to work at many pits for two weeks. Some sources claim that the Scottish NUM continued the strike alongside Kent. 12201: 3793: 611:

and 1967 in cooperation with the unions, with a halving of the workforce; offset by government and industry initiatives to provide alternative employment. Stabilisation occurred between 1968 and 1977, when closures were minimised with the support of the unions even though the broader economy slowed. The accelerated contraction imposed by Thatcher after 1979 was strenuously opposed by the unions. In the

2164: 1087:, a farmer and property developer with libertarian political beliefs, did much to organise and fund working miners. On 25 May, a writ issued in the High Court by Colin Clark from Pye Hill Colliery, sponsored by Hart, was successful in forbidding the Nottinghamshire area from instructing that the strike was official and to be obeyed. Similar actions were successful in Lancashire and South Wales. 3335:. The father and brother of the title character are striking miners. Several scenes depict the chaos at picket lines, clashes between armies of police and striking miners, and the shame associated with crossing the picket line. It showed the abject poverty associated with the strike and the harshness and desperation of not having coal for heat in winter. The film was turned into a musical, 2166: 885:

2014 indicate that MacGregor wished to close 75 pits over a three-year period. Meanwhile, the Thatcher government had prepared against a repeat of the effective 1974 industrial action by stockpiling coal, converting some power stations to burn heavy fuel oil, and recruiting fleets of road hauliers to transport coal in case sympathetic railwaymen went on strike to support the miners.

725:, Scargill replied: "My attitude would be the same as the attitude of the working class in Germany when the Nazis came to power. It does not mean that because at some stage you elect a government that you tolerate its existence. You oppose it". He also said he would oppose a second-term Thatcher government "as vigorously as I possibly can". After the election, Scargill called for 3112:

executive into a reliably militant group.... By adopting a position that no pits should be closed on economic grounds, even if the coal was exhausted...he made sure confrontation would not be avoided. Exciting, witty Arthur Scargill brought coalmining to a close in Britain far faster than would have happened had the NUM been led by some prevaricating, dreary old-style union hack.

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interpreted as an act of retaliation for a lack of support from Yorkshire in years when numerous pits in Wales were closing, especially following the closure of the Lewis Merthyr colliery in March 1983 and only 54% of Yorkshire miners voting for a national strike that month, a full 14% below the vote for a national strike in both South Wales and Kent.

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ballot, but the proposal was rejected. As the strike began in 1984 with unofficial action in Yorkshire, there was pressure from strikers to make it official, and NUM executives who insisted on a ballot were attacked by pickets at an executive meeting in Sheffield in April. In contrast, a sit-in down the pit was held by supporters of a ballot at

1197:, increased from the start of January, as the strikers struggled to pay for food as union pay ran out. They were not treated with the same contempt by strikers as those who had returned to work earlier, but in some collieries, fights broke out between hunger scabs who had been active pickets, and those who had broken the strike earlier. 1947: 2206: 1051:. In September, for the first time, NACODS voted to strike with a vote of 81% in favour. The government then made concessions over the review procedure for unprofitable collieries, much to the anger of MacGregor, and a deal negotiated by North Yorkshire NCB Director Michael Eaton persuaded NACODS to call off the strike action. 706:, miners showed a high degree of solidarity, as they came from isolated villages where most workers were employed in the pits, had similar lifestyles, and had an evangelical religious style based on Methodism that led to an ideology of egalitarianism. The dominance of mining in these local economies led Oxford professor 2933:, actively opposed the strike; Ian MacGregor's autobiography detailed how its leaders supplied the government with information that allowed the strike to be defeated. The EETPU was supportive of the breakaway Union of Democratic Mineworkers and met with its leaders before the TUC had extended formal recognition. 4477: 1871:

trade unions" by increasing the necessity to return to work. The Department of Social Security assumed that striking miners were receiving £15 per week from the union (equivalent to £49 in 2019), based on payments early in the strike that were not made in the later months when funds had become exhausted.

1099:, in the Yorkshire area but geographically in North Nottinghamshire, argued that the area-level strike in Yorkshire was illegal. Miners at Manton had overwhelmingly voted against the strike, but police had advised that their safety could not be guaranteed. The NUM was not represented at the hearing. The 2208: 3358:

was set 10 years after the strike in the era when numerous pits closed before the privatisation of British Coal. The film refers to the strike and some of the dialogue contrasts the resistance in 1984 with the resignation with which most miners responded to the pit closures of the early 1990s. It was

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stated, "I think if anyone needs to make an apology for their role in the miners' strike it should be Arthur Scargill for the appalling way that he led the union." This was in the Prime Minister's rejection of Labour calls for an apology for government actions during the 1984–1985 miners' strike. His

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Many found Scargill inspiring; many others found him frankly scary. He had been a Communist and retained strong Marxist views and a penchant for denouncing anyone who disagreed with him as a traitor.... Scargill had indeed been elected by a vast margin and he set about turning the NUM's once moderate

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Nottinghamshire NUM executive Henry Richardson argued that the Nottinghamshire miners would have probably voted for strike had they not been subjected to so much intimidation within days of the walk-out in Yorkshire, which prompted many to defy the Yorkshire pickets as a matter of principle. At some

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David Amos noted that some pits in Nottinghamshire closed in the early 1980s. He argues that Nottinghamshire miners reacted in the same way in 1984 as they did to the unofficial strikes in 1969 and 1970, both of which saw blockading of Nottinghamshire pits by striking miners from South Yorkshire and

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In Leicestershire, the area's NUM made no payments to the few who went on strike, on the grounds that the area had voted against industrial action. Fundraising for the so-called "Dirty Thirty" striking Leicestershire miners was extensive and they redirected some of their excess aid to other parts of

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Union funds struggled to cover the year-long strike, so strikers had to raise their own funds. The Kent area's effective fundraising from sympathisers in London and in continental Europe was resented by other areas. The Yorkshire area's reliance on mass picketing led to a neglect of fundraising, and

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criticised Scargill for "going too far and threatening the elected government", which influenced some Polish miners in Britain to oppose the strike. Scargill opposed Solidarity as an "anti-socialist organisation which desires the overthrow of a socialist state". The supply of Polish coal to British

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in an attempt to stop pickets preventing strikebreakers from working. They attempted to stop pickets travelling from Yorkshire to Nottinghamshire which led to many protests. On 26 March 1984, pickets protested against the police powers by driving very slowly on the M1 and the A1 around Doncaster. The

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The table shows a breakdown by area of the results of strike ballots of January 1982, October 1982 and March 1983, and the results of area ballots in March 1984. The table is taken from Callinicos & Simons (1985). Cases from 1984 where lodges voted separately (as in South Wales and Scotland) are

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and in North Wales. Nottinghamshire became a target for aggressive and sometimes violent picketing as Scargill's pickets tried to stop local miners from working. Lancashire miners were reluctant to strike, but most refused to cross picket lines formed by the Yorkshire NUM. Picketing in Lancashire was

610:

By 1984, the richest seams of coal had been increasingly worked out and the remaining coal was more and more expensive to reach. The solution was mechanisation and greater efficiency per worker, making many miners redundant due to overcapacity of production. The industry was restructured between 1958

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travelled on their "battle bus" to Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Paddington and Glasgow. They filmed images of the strike in one town and showed at their next gig, where they met the miners, joined pickets and raised funds. The songs of the South Wales Striking Miners' Choir and the speeches of

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Numerous scholars have concluded that Scargill's decisive tactical error was to substitute his famous flying picket for the holding of a national strike ballot. His policy divided the NUM membership, undermined his position with the leaders of the trade union movement, hurt the union's reputation in

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from its membership, the violence had gone too far and argued for reconciliation with the UDM. Scargill said that it was a "tragedy that people from the far north should pontificate about what we should be doing to win back members for the NUM." Scargill became president of the NUM for life in 1985.

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at South Kirkby Colliery was supported by neighbouring Ferrymoor-Riddings on 30 April 1985 after four men were dismissed for attacks on strikebreakers, and another wildcat strike occurred at Hatfield Colliery in April 1986 after it emerged that there was a strikebreaker had not been transferred away

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The Communist Party supported the strike and opposed Thatcher's government, but expressed reservations about Scargill's tactics. Peter Carter said that Scargill had "the idea that the miners could win the strike alone through a re-run of Saltley Gate". The 39th congress of the party passed a motion

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in Nottinghamshire during the 1926 coal strike, but Nottinghamshire had gone on strike alongside other regions in 1972 and 1974. Other explanations include the perception that Nottinghamshire pits were safe from the threat of closure, as they had large reserves, and the area-level incentive scheme

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conference, Ronald Carroll from West Yorkshire Police argued that, "The police were used by the Coal Board to do all their dirty work. Instead of seeking the civil remedies under the existing civil law, they relied completely on the police to solve their problems by implementing the criminal law." A

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Even amongst supporters, picketing steel plants to prevent deliveries of coal and coke caused great divisions. Local branches agreed to deals with local steel plants on the amounts to be delivered. In June 1984, the NUM area leader for South Wales, Emlyn Williams, defied orders from Scargill to stop

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As the courts seized the NUM's assets, it began to look abroad for money, and found supplies in the Soviet bloc and, it was mistakenly thought, also from Libya. These countries were highly unpopular with the British public. The Soviet Union's official trade union federation donated £1.5 million

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commented on the way the media had portrayed strikers, stating that there had been "the obsessive reporting of the 'violence' of generally relatively unarmed men and some women who, in the end, offered no serious challenge to the truncheons, shields and horses of a well-organised, optimally deployed

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Area ballots on 15 and 16 March 1984 saw verdicts against a strike in Cumberland, Midlands, North Derbyshire (narrowly), South Derbyshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire (with around 90% against), Nottinghamshire and North Wales. The Northumberland NUM voted by a small majority in favour, but below the

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The results of the review procedure were not binding on the NCB, and the NUM rejected the agreement. Reviews for Cadeby in Yorkshire and Bates in Northumberland concluded that the pits could stay open but the NCB overruled and closed them. The abandonment of strike plans when most of their demands

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During the strike, 11,291 people were arrested, mostly for breach of the peace or obstructing roads whilst picketing, of whom 8,392 were charged and between 150 and 200 were imprisoned. At least 9,000 mineworkers were dismissed after being arrested whilst picketing even when no charges were brought.

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The NUM had a decentralised regional structure and certain regions were seen as more militant than others. Scotland, South Wales and Kent were militant and had some communist officials, whereas the Midlands were much less militant. The only nationally coordinated actions in the 1984–1985 strike were

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In 1984 this tradition derived not from 1926, but from more recent unofficial disputes of 1969, 1970 and to some extent 1981. As the evidence in Chapter 5 shows, the reaction in many parts of the Nottingham Area of the NUM to the 1984–85 strike was the same as it had been to the unofficial disputes

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In the aftermath of the strike, miners were offered large redundancy payments in ballots organised by the NCB and the offers were accepted even at the most militant pits. The manager of the militant Yorkshire Main Colliery said at the time of the pit's vote to close in October 1985, "I know people

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Miners were demoralised and sought work in other industries. Scargill's authority in the NUM was challenged and his calls for another strike in 1986 were ignored. Mick McGahey, who was loyal to Scargill during the strike, became critical of him. McGahey claimed the leadership was becoming separated

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The NUM had a "Triple Alliance" with the ISTC and the railway unions. Solidarity action was taken by railway workers and few crossed picket lines, but the NUM never asked the railway unions to strike. In contrast, Scargill demanded that steel workers not cross miners' picket lines and only work to

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As the Nottinghamshire collieries had attracted displaced miners from Scotland and the north-east in the 1960s, it has been argued that they were reluctant to strike to stop pit closures when there had been no action to save their home pits from closure. A large Polish community in Nottinghamshire

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in subsequent years. Some groups prioritised aid to pits in South Wales, as they felt that Scargill was distributing donations to his most favoured pits in Kent and Yorkshire. The ISTC donated food parcels and toys during the summer, but gave no money as they did not want to be accused of financing

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Two pickets, David Jones and Joe Green, were killed in separate incidents, and three teenagers (Darren Holmes, aged 15, and Paul Holmes and Paul Womersley, both aged 14) died picking coal from a colliery waste heap in the winter. The NUM names its memorial lectures after the pickets. Jones's death

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Although most Leicestershire miners continued working, they voted to stay in the NUM. Unlike Nottinghamshire, the leadership in Leicestershire never attempted to enforce the strike, and an official, Jack Jones, had publicly criticised Scargill. At some pits in Nottinghamshire – Ollerton, Welbeck

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The Nottinghamshire NUM supported the strike, but most of its members continued to work and many considered the strike unconstitutional given their majority vote against a strike and absence of a ballot for a national strike. As many working miners felt the NUM was not doing enough to protect them

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the union's assets, but they had been transferred abroad. In October 1984, the NUM executive voted to cooperate with the court to recover the funds, despite opposition from Scargill, who stated in court that he was only apologising for his contempt of court because the executive voted for him to do

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The strike in Yorkshire relied on a ballot from January 1981, in which 85.6% of the members voted to strike if any pit was threatened with closure on economic grounds. The motion was passed with regard to the closure of Orgreave Colliery, which prompted a two-week strike. The NUM executive approved

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and Bullcliffe Wood, near Wakefield. Neither pit's reserves were exhausted. Bullcliffe Wood had been under threat, but Cortonwood had been considered safe. Action was prompted on 5 March by the NCB's announcement that five pits would be subject to "accelerated closure" in just five weeks; the other

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Robert Taylor depicts Scargill as an 'industrial Napoleon' who called a strike 'at the wrong time' on the 'wrong issue', and adopted strategies and tactics that were 'impossibilist', with 'an inflexible list of extravagant non-negotiable demands' that amounted to 'reckless adventurism' that was 'a

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on 30 November 1984 – the day of the killing of David Wilkie. His speech developed into an argument with hecklers who saw him as having betrayed the NUM by failing to support the strike. Kinnock began by saying, "We meet here tonight in the shadow of an outrage." When interrupted, Kinnock accused

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Scargill said in December 1984 that those who returned to work after taking the NCB's incentives for strikebreaking should be treated as "lost lambs" rather than traitors. When questioned by the media, Scargill refused to condemn the violence, which he attributed to the hardship and frustration of

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where most miners were on strike, a working miner, Michael Fletcher, was savagely beaten in November 1984. A masked gang waving baseball bats invaded his house and beat him for five minutes, whilst his pregnant wife and children hid upstairs. Fletcher suffered a broken shoulder blade, dislocated

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In ballots in South Wales on 10 March 1984, only 10 of the 28 pits voted in favour of striking, but the arrival of pickets from Yorkshire the next day led to virtually all miners in South Wales going on strike in solidarity. The initial vote against strike action by most lodges in South Wales was

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The strike ended on 3 March 1985, nearly a year after it had begun. The South Wales area called for a return to work on condition that men sacked during the strike would be reinstated, but the NCB rejected the proposal when its bargaining position was improved by miners returning to work. Only the

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On 19 April 1984 a Special National Delegate Conference was held where there was a vote on whether to hold a national ballot or not. The NUM delegates voted 69–54 not to have a national ballot, a position argued for by Arthur Scargill. Scargill states: "Our special conference was held on 19 April.

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from one of the least efficient steel-makers in Europe to one of the most efficient, bringing the company into near profit. Success was achieved at the expense of halving the workforce in two years and he had overseen a 14-week national strike in 1980. His tough reputation raised expectations that

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Thatcher expected Scargill to force a confrontation, and in response she set up a defence in depth. She believed that the excessive costs of increasingly inefficient collieries had to end in order to grow the economy. She planned to close inefficient pits and depend more on imported coal, oil, gas

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in 1984. As in most of Europe, the industry was heavily subsidised. In 1982–1983, the operating loss per tonne was £3.05, and international market prices for coal were about 25% cheaper than that charged by the NCB. The calculation of these operating losses was disputed, with the Marxist historian

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who were trying to enter their workplace on 12 March. Property, families and pets belonging to working miners were also attacked. Ted McKay, the North Wales secretary who supported a national ballot before strike action, said he had received death threats and threats to kidnap his children. The

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varied. Having initially been uninterested in the dispute, the paper's owner Robert Maxwell took a supportive stance in July 1984 by organising a seaside trip for striking miners and meeting with NUM officials to discuss tactics. However, Maxwell insisted that Scargill should condemn the violence

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Scargill did not call a ballot for national strike action, perhaps due to uncertainty over the outcome. Instead, he started the strike by allowing each region to call its own strikes, imitating Gormley's strategy over wage reforms; it was argued that 'safe' regions should not be allowed to ballot

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Scargill said the government had a long-term strategy to close more than 70 pits. The government denied the claim and MacGregor wrote to every NUM member claiming Scargill was deceiving them and there were no plans to close any more pits than had already been announced. Cabinet papers released in

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and I were aware from feedback that a slight majority of areas favoured the demand for a national strike ballot; therefore, we were expecting and had prepared for that course of action with posters, ballot papers and leaflets. A major campaign was ready to go for a "Yes" vote in a national strike

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in 1984. In February 1981, the government announced plans to close 23 pits across the country but the threat of a national strike was enough to force a back down. Coal stocks would last only six weeks, after which Britain would shut down and people would demand concessions. Thatcher realised she

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magazine and appeared in its 27 May 1978 issue. Ridley described how a future Conservative government could resist and defeat a major strike in a nationalised industry. In Ridley's opinion, trade union power in the UK was interfering with market forces, pushing up inflation, and the unions' undue

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While more than 1,000 collieries were working in the UK during the first half of the 20th century, by 1984 only 173 were still operating and employment had dropped from its peak of 1 million in 1922, down to 231,000 for the decade to 1982. This long-term decline in coal employment was common

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In August 1984, photographer Keith Pattison was commissioned by Sunderland's Artists' Agency to photograph the strike in Easington Colliery for a month. He remained there on and off until it ended in March 1985, photographing from behind the lines a community rallying together against implacable

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worked with historical societies, battle re-enactors, and people who participated in the violent 1984 clashes between picketers and police to reconstruct and re-enact the Battle of Orgreave. A documentary about the re-enactment was produced by Deller and director Mike Figgis and was broadcast on

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In the early weeks of the strike, the media reported that miners' wives in Nottinghamshire were encouraging their husbands to defy the flying pickets and were against the strike. In response, a group of miners' wives and girlfriends who supported the strike set up a network that became known as

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Occasionally, attacks were made on working members of NACODS and administrative staff. In March 1984 the NCB announced it would abandon Yorkshire Main Colliery after a deputy engineer suffered a split chin from being stoned and administrative staff had to be escorted out by the police. Some pits

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found he was "extremely angry and embarrassed" about Scargill's links with the Libyan regime, but did not express his concerns publicly; however he was happy to take money from the Soviet Union. Stella Rimington, wrote, "We in MI5 limited our investigations to those who were using the strike for

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banned the dependents of strikers from receiving "urgent needs" payments and applied a compulsory deduction from the benefits of strikers' dependents. The government viewed the legislation not as concerned with saving public funds but "to restore a fairer bargaining balance between employers and

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ruled that, "The result of a ballot, nationally conducted, is not binding upon the National Executive Committee in using its powers in between conferences. It may serve to persuade the committee to take one action or another, or to refrain from action, but it has no great force or significance."

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The National Union of Seamen supported the strike and limited the transport of coal. The decision was taken by a delegates' conference and not authorised by an individual ballot. Transport leaders, Ross Evans and Ron Todd, supported the NUM "without reservation", but an increasing proportion of

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Some of the above areas were large and had high internal variances. Within the large geographical Yorkshire area, there was still something of a regional variation in observing the strike despite the still high 97.3% overall Yorkshire solidarity rate in observing the strike in November 1984, as

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Tensions between strikers and those who worked continued after the return to work. Many strikebreakers left the industry and were shunned or attacked by other miners. Almost all the strikebreakers in Kent had left the industry by April 1986, after suffering numerous attacks on their homes. At

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took over from Murray as general secretary of the TUC. He attempted to repair relations between Scargill and Kinnock, but to no avail. When speaking in a miners' hall in November 1984, Willis condemned the violence and advocated a compromise, which led to a noose being lowered slowly from the

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in July 1984 whether their sympathies lay mainly with the employers or the miners, 40% said employers; 33% were for the miners; 19% were for neither and 8% did not know. When asked the same question during 5–10 December 1984, 51% had most sympathy for the employers; 26% for the miners; 18% for

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At the Battle of Orgreave on 18 June 1984, the NUM pickets failed to stop the movement of lorries amid police violence and subsequent retaliation by the pickets, with the footage controversially reversed by the BBC on their news broadcast. The violence was costing the NUM public support in the

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The NUM had held three ballots on national strikes: 55% voted against in January 1982, and 61% voted against in October 1982 and March 1983. Before the March 1983 vote, the Kent area, one of the most militant, argued for national strikes to be called by conferences of delegates rather than by

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The NUM balloted its members for national strikes in January 1982, October 1982 and March 1983 regarding pit closures and restrained wages and each time a minority voted in favour, well short of the required 55% majority. In protest at a pay offer of 5.2%, the NUM instituted an overtime ban in

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Media reports alleged that senior NUM officials were personally keeping some of the funds. In November 1984, it was alleged that senior NUM officials had travelled to Libya for money. Cash from the Libyan government was particularly damaging coming seven months after the murder of policewoman

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The role of ballots in NUM policy had been disputed over a number of years, and a series of legal disputes in 1977 left their status unclear. In 1977, the implementation of an incentive scheme proved controversial, as different areas would receive different pay rates. After the NUM's National

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Scargill claims "It was essential to present a united response to the NCB and we agreed that, if the coal board planned to force pit closures on an area by area basis, then we must respond at least initially on that same basis. The NUM's rules permitted areas to take official strike action if

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decision in Edinburgh ruled that Scottish miners had acted within their rights by taking local ballots on a show of hands and so union funds in Scotland could not be sequestered. "During the strike, the one area they couldn't touch was Scotland. They were sequestering the NUM funds, except in

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In April 1984, NACODS voted to strike but was short of the two-thirds majority that their constitution required. In areas where the strike was observed, most NACODS members did not cross picket lines and, under an agreement from the 1972 strike, stayed off work on full pay. When the number of

2383:

The strike was the most violent industrial dispute in Britain of the 20th century. Strikes in the British coal industry had a history of violence, but the 1984–1985 strike exceeded even the 1926 strike in the levels of violence. Nevertheless, the majority of pickets lines were non-violent.

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ruled that "the conference might not have spoken with the true voice of all the members and in his view a ballot was a reasonable and democratic proposal". The scheme was rejected by 110,634 votes to 87,901. The Nottinghamshire, South Derbyshire and Leicestershire areas resolved to adopt the

1149:

In NUM elections in summer 1984, members in Nottinghamshire voted out most of the leaders who had supported the strike, so that 27 of 31 newly elected were opposed to the strike. The Nottinghamshire NUM then opposed the strike openly and stopped payments to local strikers. The national NUM

2408:), NUM pickets threw bricks, concrete and eggs full of paint at lorries transporting coal and iron ore to South Wales. In September 1984, Viv Brook, assistant chief constable of South Wales Police, warned that throwing concrete from motorway bridges was likely to kill someone. Taxi driver, 1043:

strikebreakers increased in August, Merrick Spanton, the NCB personnel director, said he expected NACODS members to cross picket lines to supervise their work threatening the 1972 agreement which led to a second ballot. MacGregor suggested that deputies could be replaced by outsiders as

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opposition. Twenty-five years later, on 6 May 2010, Election Day, Pattison took David Peace to Easington to interview three of the people caught up in the strike. A selection of the photographs together with the interviews were published in book form – 'No Redemption' (Flambard Press).

2993:. Between the end of the strike and privatisation, pit closures continued with many closures in the early-1990s. There were 15 British Coal deep mines left in production at the time of privatisation, but by March 2005, there were only eight deep mines left. Since then, the last pit in 717:, a militant trade unionist and socialist, with strong leanings towards communism. Scargill was a vocal opponent of Thatcher's government. In March 1983, he stated "The policies of this government are clear – to destroy the coal industry and the NUM". Scargill wrote in the NUM journal 2891:

said that a ballot was needed to decide when to end the strike and return to work. Tony Benn was vocal in support of Scargill's leadership during the strike. In addition, 12 left-wing MPs refused to sit down in the Commons in January in an attempt to force a debate on the strike.

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initially denied the application outright, but Mr Justice Skinner later ruled that the power may only be used if the anticipated breach of the peace were "in close proximity both in time and place". On 16 July 1984, Thatcher convened a ministerial meeting to consider declaring a

1379:

We've had riot shields, we've had riot gear, we've had police on horseback charging into our people, we've had people hit with truncheons and people kicked to the ground.... The intimidation and the brutality that has been displayed are something reminiscent of a Latin American

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in 1926". On 12 March 1984, Scargill declared the NUM's support for the regional strikes in Yorkshire and Scotland, and called for action from NUM members in all other areas but decided not to hold a nationwide vote which was used by his opponents to delegitimise the strike.

776:

Most pits proposed for closure in 1981 were closed on a case-by-case basis by the colliery review procedure, and the NCB cut employment by 41,000 between March 1981 and March 1984. The effect of closures was lessened by transfers to other pits and the opening up of the

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The NCB was accused of deserting the strikebreakers, as abuse, threats and assaults continued, and requests for transfers to other pits were declined. Michael Eaton argued that "a decision to return to work was a personal decision on the part of the individual."

2899:

In contrast to the close cooperation with the TUC in the 1970s, the NUM never asked the TUC to support the strike and wrote at the outset to say that, "No request is being made by this union for the intervention or assistance of the TUC." Scargill disliked

502:

and allowed the closure of most of Britain's collieries. Many observers regard the strike as "the most bitter industrial dispute in British history". The number of person-days of work lost to the strike was over 26 million, making it the largest since the

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The NCB was encouraged to gear itself towards reduced subsidies in the early 1980s. After a strike was narrowly averted in February 1981, pit closures and pay restraint led to unofficial strikes. The main strike started on 6 March 1984 with a walkout at

1111:

Scargill referred to the ruling as "another attempt by an unelected judge to interfere in the union's affairs." He was fined £1,000 (paid by an anonymous businessman), and the NUM was fined £200,000. When the union refused to pay, an order was made to

2432:

pickets, with the one exception being the killing of David Wilkie. There was criticism of picket-line violence from lodges at striking pits, such as the resolution by the Grimethorpe and Kellingley lodges in Yorkshire that condemned throwing bricks.

2917:

keep furnaces in order. Bill Sirs of the ISTC felt that Scargill was reneging on an agreement to deliver coke. British Steel was planning to close a steel plant and steel workers feared that support for the strikers might make closure more likely.

3134:

There is a prevailing view that Arthur Scargill, the NUM National President, called the strike. He did not. The strike started in Yorkshire, and he was not present at the delegate Council meeting in Barnsley. He had no means of calling a strike in

2517:. The support groups organised collections outside supermarkets, communal kitchens, benefit concerts and other activities. The strike marked an important development in the traditional mining heartlands, where feminist ideas had not been strong. 1082:

forbade MacGregor from invoking it as the government considered it would antagonise the miners and unite them behind the NUM. Legal challenges were brought by groups of working miners, who subsequently organised as the Working Miners' Committee.

2941:

During the strike, many pits lost their customers and the immediate problem facing the industry was due to the economic recession in the early-1980s. There was extensive competition in the world coal market and a concerted move towards oil and

2816:

miners from South Yorkshire were considerably more militant than miners from North Yorkshire. This was something which became clearer still in the last three months of the strike with the number of North Yorkshire miners drifting back to work.

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heard two cases, in the first, North Derbyshire miners argued that the strike was illegal both at area level, as a majority of its miners had voted against, and at national level, as there had been no ballot. In the second, two miners from

1331:. She referred to union leaders as "the enemy within" and claimed they did not share the values of other British people; advocates of the strike misinterpreted the quote to suggest that Thatcher had used it as a reference to all miners. 615:, policy allowed for closures only where agreed to by the workers, who in turn received guaranteed economic security. Consensus did not apply when closures were enforced and redundant miners had severely limited employment alternatives. 531:, was threefold: to build up ample coal stocks, to keep as many miners at work as possible, and to use police to break up attacks by pickets on working miners. The critical element was the NUM's failure to hold a national strike ballot. 1018:

drivers who refused to cross picket lines to prevent them obtaining work, and so more drivers crossed picket lines in 1984–1985 than in previous disputes. Picketing failed to have the widespread impact of earlier stoppages that led to

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continued working without significant disruption. In Leicestershire only 31 miners went on strike for the full 12 months and in South Derbyshire only 17, but these areas were not targeted by pickets in the same way as Nottinghamshire.

2287:

s reporting of the strike: "The day-to-day reporting involved more subtle attacks, or a biased selection of facts and a lack of alternative points of view. These things arguably had a far bigger negative effect on the miners' cause".

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The strike was ruled illegal in September 1984, as no national ballot of NUM members had been held. It ended on 3 March 1985. It was a defining moment in British industrial relations, the NUM's defeat significantly weakening the

737:

Scargill also rejected the idea that pits that did not make a profit were "uneconomic": he claimed there was no such thing as an uneconomic pit and argued that no pits should close except due to geological exhaustion or safety.

675:, after which many more militant candidates were elected to NUM leadership. The threshold for endorsement of strike action in a national ballot was reduced from two-thirds in favour to 55% in 1971. There was then success in the 3490:. Commissioned by Sunderland City Council, Savage worked with the Durham Miners Association to create the large scale commemorative window, which features images and symbols of the strike and the North East's mining heritage. 1103:

ruled that the NUM had breached its constitution by calling a strike without holding a ballot. Although Nicholls did not order the NUM to hold a ballot, he forbade the union from disciplining members who crossed picket lines.

1849:

or obstructing the highway. In many former mining areas antipathy towards the police remained strong for many years. Bail forms for picketing offences set restrictions on residence and movement in relation to NCB property.

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revolves around the strike, and scenes of clashes between the police and strikers were re-created using many men who had taken part in the real-life events on the miners' side. In 2005, BBC One broadcast the one-off drama

523:, made the strike official across Britain on 12 March 1984, but the lack of a national ballot beforehand caused controversy. The NUM strategy was to cause a severe energy shortage of the sort that had won victory in the 2525:

The figures below are given in Richards (1996). The figures of working and striking miners were an issue of controversy throughout the dispute, and some other sources give figures that contradict Richards's table.

876:

On 6 March 1984, the NCB announced that the agreement reached after the 1974 strike was obsolete, and that to reduce government subsidies, 20 collieries would close with a loss of 20,000 jobs. Many communities in

1184:

recognised when the NCB included it in wage negotiations. MacGregor strongly encouraged the UDM. He announced that NUM membership was no longer a prerequisite for mineworkers' employment, ending the closed shop.

763:

In January 1981, the Yorkshire area of the NUM held a successful ballot to approve strike action over any pit threatened with closure on economic grounds. This led to a two-week local strike over the closure of

3595:", encapsulated the strikers' feeling of betrayal by the perceived indifference of wider elements within British society. Bragg raised awareness through his music and disagreement with the Thatcher government. 4209: 2400:

Colliery attempted to trap 11 NCB safety inspectors inside the colliery. Camera teams were present as two police vans arrived to assist the safety inspectors and were attacked by missiles from the pickets.

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MacGregor later admitted that if NACODS had gone ahead with a strike, a compromise would probably have been forced on the NCB. Files later made public showed that the government had an informant inside the

2458:

During the Battle of Orgreave, television cameras caught a policeman repeatedly lashing out at a picket on his head with a truncheon but no charges were made against the officer, identified as a member of

785:

in Wales. The industry's Select Committee heard that 36,040 of the 39,685 redundancies between 1973 and 1982 were of men aged 55 and over, and redundancy pay was increased substantially in 1981 and 1983.

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Violence in Nottinghamshire was directed towards strikers and supporters of the NUM national line. NUM secretary Jimmy Hood reported his car was vandalised and his garage set on fire. In Leicestershire,

1911:"though there was widespread sympathy for the miners, faced with the loss of their livelihoods, there was remarkably little public support for the strike, because of Scargill's methods". When asked in a 7648: 5935:

A Daily Mail opinion poll of miners showed that Scargill could, in fact, win comfortably, but his closest confidant told me that Scargill believed that the Mail had rigged the poll and that he wouldn't

2343:

claimed that Scargill and the NUM had received money from the Libyan government. The allegations were based on allegations by Roger Windsor, who was the NUM official who had spoken to Libyan officials.

3045:, cities and regions at the heart of the dispute voted by a majority to leave. Scargill, a supporter of leaving the EU, said that the Brexit vote presented an opportunity to re-open closed coal mines. 1066:

In 2009, Scargill wrote that the settlement agreed with NACODS and the NCB would have ended the strike and said, "The monumental betrayal by NACODS has never been explained in a way that makes sense."

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argues that too much focus has been put on the personality of Scargill and not enough on the decision of the Yorkshire NUM to invoke the area's 1981 ballot result to strike against economic closures.

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as a Scottish coalminer who has been unemployed since the strike. His character has been blacklisted due to striking a police officer and has served a six-month prison sentence for the offence.

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Reicher, Stephen; Hopkins, Nicolas (1996). "Self-category constructions in political rhetoric; an analysis of Thatcher's and Kinnock's speeches concerning the British miners' strike (1984–5)".

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incentive scheme as their members would benefit from increased pay. The Yorkshire, Kent and South Wales areas sought an injunction to prevent these actions on the grounds of the ballot result.

1150:

attempted to introduce "Rule 51", to discipline area leaders who were working against national policy. The action was nicknamed the "star chamber court" by working miners (in reference to the

3279:

but was rejected on the grounds that it was too politically partial for an arts programme. After winning an award at an Italian film festival, it was broadcast on Channel 4 on 9 January 1985.

5298: 3038:, Nottinghamshire in 2004 was believed to be the result of an argument between former members of the NUM and UDM, indicating continued tensions, but was subsequently found to be unrelated. 519:, which led to the NUM's Yorkshire Area's sanctioning of a strike on the grounds of a ballot result from 1981 in the Yorkshire Area, which was later challenged in court. The NUM President, 7880: 5068: 2896:

that the strike could not succeed without sympathy from the wider public and other unions, and that the aggressive picketing was dividing the working class and alienating public support.

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The BBC documentary also interviews former Labour leader Neil Kinnock, who tells how not backing calls for an early national ballot of miners was the "greatest regret of my whole life".

1368:

It must not succeed. There are those who are using violence and intimidation to impose their will on others who do not want it.... The rule of law must prevail over the rule of the mob.

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Independent filmmakers documented the strike including the behaviour of the police, the role of miners' wives and the role of the media. The outcome was the Miner's Campaign Tapes.

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intimidation of working miners in Nottinghamshire, vandalism to cars and pelting them with stones, paint or brake fluid, was a major factor in the formation of the breakaway UDM.

1201:

Yorkshire and Kent regions voted against ending the strike. One of the few concessions made by the NCB was to postpone the closure of the five pits: Cortonwood, Bullcliffe Wood,

687:). The NUM's success in bringing down the Heath government demonstrated its power, but it caused resentment at their demand to be treated as a special case in wage negotiations. 11567: 10108: 3181: 55: 8371: 5360: 494:, worked through the dispute. Few major trade unions supported the NUM, primarily using the argument of the absence of a vote at national level. Violent confrontations between 8412: 7849: 7609: 5864: 2864:

has suggested that the NUM officials had failed to make the case to their members adequately and believes that the Nottinghamshire miners were simply ignorant of the issues.

2352:, said 18 years later he was "now convinced that Scargill didn't misuse strike funds and that the union didn't get money from Libya." This was long after an investigation by 9763: 7818: 2930: 2481:

the NUM. Many local businesses in pit villages donated money to NUM funds, although some claimed they were threatened with boycotts or vandalism if they did not contribute.

1316:

55% needed for official approval. NUM leaders in Lancashire argued that, as 41% had voted in favour of a strike, all its members should strike "in order to maintain unity".

8445: 4155: 3406:. Many of the social scenes were filmed in the former colliery town of Thorne, near Doncaster. It viewed the strike from the perspective of both the police and the miners. 9828: 8319: 11685: 5029:

Well, my initiation wasn't in the trade union at all. It was in the political movement So that was my initial introduction into socialism and into political militancy."

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Colliery, in South Wales. Two striking miners dropped a concrete post onto his car from a road bridge and he died at the scene. The miners served a prison sentence for

12649: 7333: 6966: 1867: 13118: 5794: 5663: 4094: 995:, which striking miners were attempting to blockade. The confrontation, between about 5,000 miners and the same number of police, broke into violence after police on 11542: 7207:"The Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway > Events > The Nottinghamshire Miners, the UDM and the 1984–85 Miners' Strike (1980–1985) by Dr David Amos > Overview" 4201: 3957: 3774: 3031:

In 2003, the reduced mining industry was reportedly more productive in terms of output per worker than the coal industries in France, Germany and the United States.

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producer into an all-action thriller. The film parodies Hollywood films by overdramatising the strike and changing most of the important historic facts. It won a

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in 1984 to draw attention away from the controversial UK Miners' Strikes in an attempt to improve the political party's approval ratings ahead of an election.

2384:

Instances of violence directed against working miners were reported from the start. The BBC reported that pickets from Polmaise Colliery had punched miners at

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in 1984, was directly inspired by reports of miners' families' stealing coal during the strike: the game involves Monty Mole stealing coal to heat his home.

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across the developed world; in the United States, employment in the coal-mining industry continued to fall from 180,000 in 1985 to 70,000 in the year 2000.

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in an attempt to prevent closures of pits that the government deemed "uneconomic" in the coal industry, which had been nationalised in 1947. It was led by

3505:

area of Nottinghamshire surrounding deep divisions in the community between striking miners, police officers, non-striking miners, and their descendants.

2827:

A number of reasons have been advanced for the lack of support by the Nottinghamshire miners for the strike. It was compared to the return to work led by

12979: 10247: 3938: 3293:

on Channel 4 in 1991, analysed allegations of financial impropriety and links with Libya against Arthur Scargill, and argued that the claims made by the

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British public opinion, and led to violence along the picket line. That violence strengthened the stature of the Coal Board and the Thatcher government.

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elbow and two broken ribs. Two miners from Wakefield were convicted of causing grievous bodily harm and four others were acquitted of riot and assault.

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The Conservative government under Thatcher enforced a law that required unions to ballot members on strike action. On 19 July 1984, Thatcher said in the

81: 3372:" (1988) depicts an idealistic Welsh screenwriter's growing dismay as his hard-hitting and grittily realistic script about the strike is mutilated by a 2986:

paid compensation of £425,000 to 39 miners who were arrested during the incident. This was for "assault, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution".

2468:

motion at the 1984 Labour Party conference won heavy support for blaming all the violence in the strike on the police, despite opposition from Kinnock.

773:

needed at least a six-month supply of coal to win a strike. In 1982, NUM members accepted a 9.3% pay rise, rejecting their leaders' call for a strike.

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gave discounted tickets to striking miners until the start of 1985, when it abandoned the policy as most North Derbyshire miners had returned to work.

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Jim Phillips, "Containing, Isolating, and Defeating the Miners: The UK Cabinet Ministerial Group on Coal and the Three Phases of the 1984–85 Strike."

1822:. The police were given powers to halt and reroute traffic away from collieries, and some areas of Nottinghamshire became difficult to reach by road. 1003:

drawn – 51 picketers and 72 policemen were injured. Other less well known, but bloody, battles between pickets and police took place, for example, in

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In the first 27 weeks of the strike, 164,508 "presumed pickets" were prevented from entering the county. When pickets from Kent were stopped at the

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Buckley, Sheryl Bernadette (2015). "The state, the police and the judiciary in the miners' strike: Observations and discussions, thirty years on".

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Llafur Berger, Stefan (2001). "Working-Class Culture and the Labour Movement in the South Wales and the Ruhr Coalfields, 1850–2000: A Comparison".

3214: 3080:, the Scottish justice secretary, followed the recommendation of an independent review on the impact of policing on communities during the strike. 1495: 1075: 1026:

From September, some miners returned to work even where the strike had been universally observed. It led to an escalation of tension, and riots in

88: 7084: 1866:

Welfare benefits had never been available to strikers but their dependents had been entitled to make claims in previous disputes. Clause 6 of the

17: 11677: 10503: 10096: 5060: 1308:

poll that suggested a comfortable majority of miners favoured a national strike to be a trick and that he would actually lose a national ballot.

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Policing was extensive from the start, a policy to avoid the problems of 1972, when the police were overwhelmed by the number of pickets at the

554:. In 1983, Britain had 175 working pits, all of which had closed by the end of 2015. Poverty increased in former coal mining areas, and in 1994 12974: 12295: 12172: 12061: 11863: 11547: 11441: 11304: 9646: 8791: 8021: 7872: 6909: 6553: 4124: 3518:. The documentary was directed by Ben Anthony and presented both archive footage and stories from individuals directly involved in the strike. 1517: 13093: 9806: 8670: 5353:"Sir Peter Gregson, civil servant – obituary: Whitehall mandarin who helped lay the groundwork for Mrs Thatcher's defeat of Arthur Scargill," 3318:

was visiting Wales at the time, and was impressed by the way the Welsh miners fought to save their way of life, and their sense of community.

3196: 70: 11602: 11436: 10515: 10287: 9841: 8510: 8349: 1275:. Although the Yorkshire area had a policy of opposing a national ballot, there was support for a ballot expressed by Yorkshire branches at 1091: 668: 461: 256: 7704: 7300: 7214: 6263: 5008: 3060:, argued the policing of the strike was politically motivated and "took policing a long time to recover" from, and warned that the proposed 2946:

for power production. The government's policy, the Ridley Plan, was to reduce Britain's reliance on coal claiming it could be imported from

543:, with the Thatcher government able to consolidate their economic programme. The number of strikes fell sharply in 1985 as a result of the " 12635: 12025: 7550:"The Changing Geography of the British Coal Industry: Nationalisation, Privatisation and the Political Economy of Energy Supply, 1947–1997" 7397: 6885: 3012:

inquiry into poverty classified Grimethorpe in South Yorkshire as the poorest settlement in the country and one of the poorest in the EU.

833:

ballot." McGahey said: "We shall not be constitutionalised out of a strike...Area by area will decide and there will be a domino effect".

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announced plans to introduce legislation to pardon Scottish miners convicted of certain offences during the strike. The announcement, by

9510: 7903: 5042: 3453:(2008) has a plotline set in the strike. Multiple reviewers gave the book acclaim for exploring its social and emotional repercussions. 2958:

more cheaply than it could be produced in Britain. The strike emboldened the NCB to accelerate the closure of pits on economic grounds.

12466: 12125: 11514: 11326: 10474: 9701:

Leeworthy, Daryl (2012). "The secret life of us: 1984, the miners' strike and the place of biography in writing history 'from below'".

6664: 3603: 9471:"Containing, Isolating, and Defeating the Miners: The UK Cabinet Ministerial Group on Coal and the Three Phases of the 1984–85 Strike" 3359:

set in the fictional town of Grimley, a thin disguise for the hard-hit ex-mining village of Grimethorpe, where some of it was filmed.

13133: 12374: 12114: 11730: 11700: 11587: 11289: 10306: 10257: 8381: 8196: 8166: 5354: 3061: 2455:. Many families in South Yorkshire complained that the police were abusive and damaged property needlessly whilst pursuing pickets. 8136: 5227: 917:

were on unofficial strike for other issues before official action was called. More than 6,000 miners were on strike from 5 March at

13103: 13098: 12791: 12177: 11336: 8404: 7841: 7617: 5856: 5439: 5235: 3432:, is based on a true story of a group of LGBT activists who raised funds to assist and support families in a Welsh mining village. 8103: 7810: 2444:

was chanted by the working majority against the few who went on strike, on the grounds that they had betrayed their area's union.

1231:

but then it was stopped by a picket of Kent miners. Scargill said, "I never cross a picket line," and turned the procession away.

13128: 11928: 11379: 10392: 10361: 10316: 8435: 7671: 4239: 4147: 3120: 1079: 8309: 8265: 6934: 5890: 4858: 3471:

by A. L. Richards, published 2013 by Landfox Press, is set in the South Wales Valleys and is based on events during the strike.

1146:, in which the representative Ray Chadburn was shouted down, and fighting ensued between protesters for and against the strike. 13025: 12984: 11923: 11659: 11617: 11504: 11237:

Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in

10538: 10376: 10352: 10347: 10297: 9837: 7518: 3736: 3221: 3005:, known locally as "The Big K" closed for the last time on 18 December 2015, bringing an end to centuries of deep coal mining. 2464: 1320: 1219:, the flower that symbolises the hero, at the pit gates on the day the miners went back. Many pits marched back to work behind 95: 8810: 6087: 781:

where working conditions and wages were relatively favourable. Localised strikes occurred at Kinneil Colliery in Scotland and

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have been mothballed. In 1983, Britain had 174 working collieries; by 2009 there were six. The last deep colliery in the UK,

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In the more militant mining areas, strikebreakers were reviled and never forgiven for betraying the community. In 1984, some

524: 9360:

Stephenson, Carol; Spence, Jean (2013). "Pies and essays: women writing through the British 1984–1985 coal miners' strike".

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deliveries of coal by rail to steel plants, but he capitulated after a vote by the national executive to end dispensations.

1353:

On the day after the Orgreave picket of 18 June, which saw five thousand pickets clash violently with police, she remarked:

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Many historians have provided interpretations and explanations of the defeat, largely centring on Scargill's decisions.

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and preventing from travelling to the Midlands, the Kent NUM applied for an injunction against use of this power. Sir

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In the first month of the strike, the NCB secured a court injunction to restrict picketing in Nottinghamshire, but the

798: 536: 7579: 6169: 5685: 4852:"The Nottinghamshire miners', the Union of Democratic Mineworkers and the 1984–85 miners strike: scabs or scapegoats?" 2420:. Police reported that the incident had a sobering effect on many of the pickets and led to a decrease in aggression. 2276:

Socialist groups saw the mainstream media as deliberately misrepresenting the miners' strike, with Mick Duncan of the

1346:. We always have to be aware of the enemy within, which is much more difficult to fight and more dangerous to liberty. 241:

Pit closures, job losses, foreign coal imports, political unrest, major decline in union influence in British politics

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Ultimate parent company is not UK-based Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK

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declaring costs other than operating losses were included in the data as part of a scheme to undermine trade unions.

121: 5485: 664:. Although not official policy, employment of non-unionised labour would have led to a mass walkout of mineworkers. 12366: 11848: 11722: 10402: 10381: 10214: 7420: 6403: 6201:"Miners' strike: Margaret Thatcher was prepared to declare state of emergency and use 4,500 troops to break unions" 6006:"The Great Miners Strike 1984-5: Twelve Months that Shook Britain: the Story of the Strike | Workers' Liberty" 5900: 2967:

from the pit. In contrast, other pits that had been divided by the strike managed to work without any harassment.

2856:

pits also had large numbers of displaced and Polish miners, yet it was amongst the most militant areas of the NUM.

2277: 2269: 1223:, in processions dubbed "loyalty parades". Scargill led a procession accompanied by a Scots piper, back to work at 275: 8942: 7253: 7235: 5964: 5946: 5375:

Martin Kettle, "The National Reporting Centre and the 1984 miners' strike," in Bob Fine and Robert Millar, eds.,

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At the South Leicester colliery, there was reportedly only one miner who stayed on strike for the full 12 months.

1357:

I must tell you... that what we have got is an attempt to substitute the rule of the mob for the rule of law, and

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Howell, David; et al. (1987). "Goodbye to All That?: A review of literature on the 1984/5 miners' strike".

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other regions out of jobs. The decision was upheld by a vote by the NUM executive five weeks into the strike.

815:

coal jobs would be cut on a similar scale and confrontations between MacGregor and Scargill seemed inevitable.

726: 59: 9552:

Bardill, Linda (2003). "Changing perceptions of the 1984–85 Miners' Strike in the Nottinghamshire Coalfield".

9326:"'Side by Side With Our Men?' Women's Activism, Community, and Gender in the 1984–1985 British Miners' Strike" 1249:

arranged a national ballot. The Kent area who opposed the scheme sought a court injunction to prevent it, but

1023:

in the 1970s and electricity companies maintained supplies throughout the winter, the time of biggest demand.

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Campbell, Adrian; Warner, Malcolm (1985). "Leadership in the Miners Union – Scargill, Arthur Rise to Power".

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On 5 March 2010, the 25th anniversary of the strike, an artwork by visual artist Dan Savage was unveiled in

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Wearing Badges Isn't Enough in Days Like These: Billy Bragg and His Opposition to the Thatcher Governments

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supported the call for a national ballot in April 1984. Scargill's response to the Orgreave incident was:

511:

said of the strike that "it has no real parallel – in size, duration and impact – anywhere in the world".

12461: 12182: 11474: 11459: 11384: 11121: 11024: 10438: 10433: 10418: 10282: 10185: 10137: 10036: 8787: 6906: 6509: 5618: 5513:"BBC – Bradford and West Yorkshire – A Sense of Place – Coal mining in West Yorkshire: The end of an era" 4055:

Darlington, R. R. (2005). "There is no alternative: Exploring the options in the 1984–5 miners' strike".

3283:(1985) suggested that the Conservative Party planned tactics for defeating the NUM from the early 1970s. 680: 676: 672: 8595:"Miners' Strike: A Frontline Story review – storytelling so vivid that 40 years melt away in an instant" 8563: 547:" and trade union power in general diminished. Three deaths resulted from events related to the strike. 13072: 12809: 12619: 12602: 12581: 12561: 12556: 12527: 12498: 12478: 12450: 12433: 12423: 12225: 12140: 11908: 11883: 11066: 10895: 10208: 10048: 10012: 9994: 9893: 9863: 7074: 5323: 5171: 2962:

Betteshanger Colliery, posters were put up with photographs and names of the thirty strikebreakers. A

2844:) had been alienated by Scargill's policy of supporting the Communist government in Poland against the 2514: 2504:

donated $ 20,000 to the Northumberland and Durham Miners Support Group in the aftermath of the strike.

1908: 1350:

She claimed that the miners' leader was making the country witness an attempt at preventing democracy.

9797: 4296:"John Saville: An Open Conspiracy – Conservative Politics and the Miners' Strike 1984–5 (August 1985)" 2979:

who abused us and threatened us on the picket line and then were the first to put in for redundancy."

1125:

Scotland, because the judges deemed that the Scottish area had acted within the rules of the Union" –

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Kelliher, Diarmaid (2014). "Solidarity and Sexuality: Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners 1984–5".

6543: 6315:

A. Booth and R. Smith, "The irony of the Iron Fist: Social security and the miners' strike 1984–85"

4116: 1208:

The issue of sacked miners was important in Kent, where several men had been sacked for a sit-in at

893:

Sensitive to the impact of proposed closures, miners in various coalfields began strike action. In

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The coal industry was privatised in December 1994 creating "R.J.B. Mining", subsequently known as

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was the only national daily newspaper that consistently supported the striking miners and the NUM.

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The 1984–85 Miners' Strike in Nottinghamshire: If Spirit alone won Battles, The Diary of John Lowe

8514: 8341: 7292: 6330: 12905: 12571: 12408: 12135: 12086: 11853: 11532: 11389: 10853: 10559: 7697: 7389: 7206: 6110:"Remarks on Orgreave picketing ("attempt to substitute the rule of the mob for the rule of law")" 5000: 3825: 3798: 3730: 3592: 3487: 3174: 2409: 1880: 1334:

Thatcher on 19 July 1984 delivered a speech in which she spoke to backbench MPs and compared the

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No mining could legally be done without being overseen by an overman or deputy. Their union, the

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against the Conservative government in a speech to the NUM conference in Perth on 4 July 1983:

285: 9042:

Towers, Brian (1989). "Running the gauntlet: British trade unions under Thatcher, 1979–1988".

6990: 6239: 5749: 4939: 4830:. Overton, Yorkshire, UK: National Coal Mining Museum for England. pp. 17, 29, 32, 36–37. 4295: 3955: 12532: 11607: 11148: 11092: 11051: 10900: 9253: 3845: 3777:

is a conspiracy drama in which the Thatcher government intentionally escalates tensions with

3726: 3346: 1209: 1100: 1060: 910: 898: 810:

In 1983, Thatcher appointed Ian MacGregor to head the National Coal Board. He had turned the

782: 3964:(NB. pp. 18–19 give details of the 1991 payouts to miners from the Battle of Orgreave.) 768:, but the ballot result was later invoked to justify strikes over other closures, including 12897: 12881: 12865: 12509: 11582: 11552: 11404: 8372:"Marcel Berlins on new books by Ian Rankin, James Lee Burke, Val McDermid and Kathy Reichs" 8287: 3850: 3660: 3652: 3556: 3388: 3364: 2487:

held "Pits and Perverts" concerts to raise money which led the NUM to become supportive of

2424: 2375:

power stations during the strike led to a brief picket of the embassy of Poland in London.

544: 8188: 8158: 2920: 1842:

to keep coal supplies available. This backup plan was not needed and was not implemented.

934:

in Scotland. The next day, pickets from Yorkshire appeared at pits in Nottinghamshire and

619: 8: 12913: 12591: 12160: 11868: 11818: 11319: 11097: 10990: 10774: 9405: 8128: 5886: 4904: 4823: 3276: 3124: 3073: 3002: 2905: 2849: 1846: 1814: 1117:

so. By the end of January 1985, around £5 million of NUM assets had been recovered.

1113: 906: 595: 516: 504: 498:

and police characterised the year-long strike, which ended in a decisive victory for the

465: 264: 9105:

Allen, V. L. (2009). "The year-long miners' strike, March 1984 – March 1985: a memoir".

9021:

Towers, Brian (1985). "Posing Larger Questions: The British Miners' Strike of 1984–85".

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less aggressive and is credited with a more sympathetic response from the local miners.

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Jacqueline Jones, "Small Towns and Big Dreams: Meditations on Two Mining-Town Movies"

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described the allegations as wholly without substance and a "classic smear campaign".

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Towers, B. (1985). "Posing larger questions: The British miners' Strike of 1984–85".

6372: 6296: 6047: 5970: 5926: 5904: 5836: 5821: 5816: 5622: 5445: 5415: 4943: 4912: 4851: 4786: 4655: 4427:"Thatcher had a battle plan for her economic revolution – now the left needs one too" 4396: 4038: 3944: 3914: 3552: 3543: 3538: 3502: 3424: 3310: 3025: 2501: 1888: 1162: 935: 765: 591: 528: 495: 476: 449: 327: 9788: 9408:, growing up in a mining community and crossing the picket line in the 1984 dispute; 9352: 9316: 8892:

Marching to the Fault Line: The Miners' Strike and the Battle for Industrial Britain

7526: 4370:"Deindustrialization and the Moral Economy of the Scottish Coalfields, 1947 to 1991" 3150:, who said the miners and their families deserved an apology for the mine closures. 741: 550:

The much-reduced coal industry was privatised in December 1994, ultimately becoming

12020: 11898: 11200: 10681: 10645: 10628: 10167: 10066: 9857: 9710: 9506: 9485: 9428: 9369: 9340: 9304: 9193: 9114: 9051: 9030: 8990: 8918: 8818: 8698: 8440: 6625: 6464: 6083: 4857:(PhD dissertation). University of Nottingham. pp. 248–250, 291, 293, 349–363. 4469: 4384: 4018: 3840: 3830: 3820: 3572: 2924:

Hull cranes stand idle during the short-lived dockers' strike which began on 8 July

1884: 1121: 1031: 878: 845: 829: 9292: 7174:"Miners' strike: 30 years on from bitter conflict that divided mining communities" 4202:"Historical coal data: coal production, availability and consumption 1853 to 2016" 3697:

in 1970 and was played to show support for the NUM and intimidate strikebreakers.

951: 13050: 12550: 12356: 11888: 10789: 10753: 10714: 10173: 9935: 9714: 9662: 9373: 8938: 8887: 7587: 7249: 7244: 7026: 6913: 6267: 6043: 5960: 5955: 5721: 5364: 5274: 3961: 3711: 3647: 3533:

in London. The strike is the subject of songs by many music groups including the

3530: 3501:

is a fictionalized murder mystery set both in 1984 and in the present day in the

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government claimed the actions were to uphold the law and safeguard individual

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State of Siege: Miners' Strike, 1984 – Politics and Policing in the Coal Fields

7557: 6754: 6695:"BBC ON THIS DAY – 12 March – 1984: Miners strike over threatened pit closures" 6539: 3690: 3671: 3635: 3631: 3315: 3009: 2994: 2963: 2880: 2345: 1830: 1255: 1180:

The TUC neither recognised nor condemned the new union. The UDM was eventually

1157:

Working miners in Nottinghamshire and South Derbyshire set up a new union: the

996: 860:. The police provided protection for working miners from aggressive picketing. 841: 684: 645: 587: 178: 9344: 9293:"Female involvement in the miners' strike 1984–1985: Trajectories of activism" 8994: 8564:"The Tragic True Story That Inspired 'Sherwood', BBC One's New Prestige Drama" 8052:

The trade union question in British politics: government and unions since 1945

4909:

Pit Sense versus the State: A history of militant miners in the Doncaster area

4473: 4388: 4179:"Britain to have just one remaining coal pit after UK Coal announces closures" 1055:

had not been met led to conspiracy theories on the motives of NACODS leaders.

13087: 12761: 12596: 12455: 12311: 11572: 11102: 11087: 10960: 10927: 10910: 10858: 10707: 10545: 10191: 10161: 8922: 8305: 7958:"Brexit means we can reopen the mines and cotton mills, says Arthur Scargill" 7931:"'We don't exist to them, do we?': Why working-class people voted for Brexit" 7842:"Mansfield, once the site of miners' strike clashes, becomes top Tory target" 7451: 5895: 5828: 4369: 3694: 3475: 3403: 3142: 2951: 2909: 2316:

published several articles on the violence directed against strike-breakers.

1896: 1343: 1335: 1276: 1272: 1154:

in English history). It was prevented by an injunction from the High Court.

1044: 939: 653: 632: 599: 318: 11143: 11056: 9747: 9274:

Mining The Meaning: Cultural Representations of the 1984–5 UK Miners' Strike

9126:

Burgess, Colin; Yate & District Labour History Group (6 February 2015).

8863: 7873:"The Most Important Post-Brexit Election Is Taking Place in This Small City" 6724: 6433: 3464:

groups across the country and was later made into a song by Norma Waterson.

2832:

introduced by Tony Benn caused them to be amongst the best-paid in Britain.

1161:(UDM). It attracted members from many isolated pits in England – including 1142:

from intimidation from pickets, a demonstration was organised on May Day in

1133:

authorised by our national executive committee in accordance with Rule 41."

938:

closed after a mass influx of pickets amid claims that Nottinghamshire was "

710:

to conclude that no pit closure could be beneficial for government revenue.

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10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199605)26:3<353::AID-EJSP757>3.0.CO;2-O

9489: 8876:

Map showing location of pits in 1984 and the closures each year up to 2004.

8599: 8314: 7993: 6575: 6548: 6335: 5754: 5388:

J. McIlroy, "Police and pickets: The law against the miners" in Beynon ed.

5179: 4781: 4341: 3934: 3812: 3762: 3702: 3682: 3681:

The strike saw the resurgence of traditional folk songs about coal mining.

3675: 3643: 3627: 3564: 3444: 3381: 3323: 3077: 2873: 2417: 2413: 2360: 2353: 2263: 2257: 1839: 1819: 1372: 1250: 1151: 1020: 825: 623: 604: 583: 508: 332: 6814:"From the archive, 1 December 1984: Taxi driver killed by striking miners" 6393: 5226:

Slavin, Barbara; Freudenheim, Milt; Rhoden, William C. (24 January 1982).

4148:"Grimethorpe, the mining village that hit rock bottom – then bounced back" 2852:, a branch delegate at Hatfield Colliery dismissed the suggestions as the 1845:

During the strike 11,291 people were arrested and 8,392 were charged with

13020: 12351: 12341: 12040: 11974: 10975: 10965: 10809: 10784: 10769: 10727: 9923: 9800:– Interactive mapping and information on collieries of the British Isles 9654: 9197: 7136:"We'll be right here to the end...and after: Women in the Miners' Strike" 6579: 5787:"BBC ON THIS DAY – 28 September – 1984: Pit dispute 'illegal' says judge" 5477: 5038: 3758: 3588: 3548: 3416: 3411: 3377: 3354: 3101: 2943: 2313: 1912: 1813:

The government mobilised police forces from around Britain including the

1280: 1228: 1169:

in Lancashire, Chase Terrace and Trenton Workshops in Staffordshire, and

960: 849: 707: 703: 699: 661: 627: 555: 480: 453: 225: 199: 9603:

Gildart, Keith (2001). "North Wales Miners: A Fragile Unity 1945–2006".

9268:

Compilation of eyewitness accounts of the miners' strike from both sides

9081:

Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era

8981:

Peter, Gibbon (1988). "Analysing the British miners' strike of 1984–5".

8310:"When miners and gay activists united: the real story of the film Pride" 7730:"On this Day, 13 October – 1992: Thousands of miners to lose their jobs" 4030: 3483:

documenting both the project and the historical events it investigates.

13057: 12948: 12438: 11499: 11364: 11215: 11082: 10985: 10950: 10890: 10882: 10848: 10804: 10732: 10090: 9941: 9325: 9063: 7989:"Protest laws move UK towards paramilitary policing, says former chief" 7070: 5925:

Livingstone, Ken (2011). You Can't Say That: Memoirs. Faber and Faber.

4875:

of the past; they were seen as being unconstitutional and unauthorised.

3749: 3599: 3369: 3342: 3188: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3147: 3049: 2929:

drivers were not unionised and they failed to have much influence. The

2901: 2845: 2488: 2412:, was killed on 30 November 1984 while driving a non-striking miner to 2397: 2251: 1304: 1220: 1216: 923: 918: 857: 769: 280: 191: 9536:

Wilsher, Peter; Macintyre, Donald; Jones, Michael C. E., eds. (1985).

6170:"On this day, 9 April – 1984: Dozens arrested in picket line violence" 3714:, more specifically chronicling the rise and decline of the country's 3612:

and not the single edit which has made subsequent compilation albums.

570: 11359: 11195: 10955: 10748: 10597: 9757: 9616:. Vol. III: 1945–1988. Leicester: National Union of Mineworkers. 9308: 8376: 3639: 3616: 3526: 3268: 2947: 2853: 1892: 1855: 1851: 1298:

in April 1984 found that the majority of miners supported a strike.

1284: 1268: 1143: 992: 964: 868: 856:

kept on working during the strike, along with a sizeable minority in

487: 195: 12217: 9623:

The Nottinghamshire Coalfield and the British Miners' Strike 1984–85

7904:"This video perfectly sums up why some people voted to leave the EU" 7356:"Scargill lived in a fantasy. That's the kindest word, says Kinnock" 7041:"The real-life triumphs of the gay communist behind hit movie Pride" 6631:

Open Secret: The Autobiography of the Former Director-General of MI5

6371:. Compiled by Robert J. Wybrow. Politico's Publishing. p. 337. 5119:

Paul Routledge, "Pit strike would last 'very long time' warns NCB",

4911:. London, UK: Phoenix Press. pp. 11–12, 45, 58–59, 69, 78, 96. 3806: 3656:

in October 1984 to raise money for the strikers and their families.

3163: 2872:

The opposition Labour Party was divided in its attitude, its leader

2333:

outside the Libyan embassy in London by Libyan agents. In 1990, the

2308:

directed against strike-breakers, which he was unwilling to do. The

2295:

immediately after the strike in 1985, Professor Brian Towers of the

1215:

At several pits, miners' wives groups organised the distribution of

1193:

The number of strikebreakers, sometimes referred to pejoratively as

881:, Scotland and Wales would lose their primary source of employment. 468:(NCB), a government agency. Opposition to the strike was led by the 37: 12624: 12386: 12150: 10935: 10905: 10838: 10794: 10634: 10552: 8665: 7669: 7641:"Grimethorpe Colliery Band left brassed off by music festival snub" 5615:

Coal, Crisis, and Conflict: The 1984–85 Miners' Strike in Yorkshire

5213:

Margaret Thatcher: At her zenith; in London, Washington, and Moscow

3457: 3035: 2998: 2955: 2841: 2404:

Following the breakdown of relations between the NUM and the ISTC (

2385: 1170: 980: 968: 931: 927: 790:

November 1983, which remained in place at the onset of the strike.

491: 183: 9753:

Women in the miners' strike 1984–1985 in the north-east of England

7519:"Our Police Cases – Critchlow and others v South Yorkshire Police" 5148:

Paul Routledge, "Pit leaders seek backing for big pay increases",

11879:

Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform

11349: 11225: 11205: 11190: 10863: 10843: 10701: 10658: 10565: 9760:– an online version of a diary kept by one of the striking miners 6755:"BBC News – Former NUM officer's fears in 1984/85 miners' strike" 6140:"On This Day, 29 May – 1984: Miners and police clash at Orgreave" 5656:"On this Day, 21 September – 1984: Maltby picket sparks violence" 3979: 3913:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 2007. pp. 352–354. 3910:

Strikes Around the World, 1968–2005: Case-studies of 15 Countries

3509: 2990: 2836:

both of which were regarded as unconstitutional under NUM rules.

748:

National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers

742:

National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers

551: 3678:, makes several references to the strike and its repercussions. 3460:, wrote the poem "Coal not Dole", which became popular with the 11469: 8781:"Twenty Years On: Has the Economy of the Coalfields Recovered?" 8694:"Public Service Broadcasting Announce New Album 'Every Valley'" 8480: 5686:"On this Day, 3 March – 1985: Miners call off year-long strike" 4091:"BBC ON THIS DAY – 28 – 1984: Pit dispute 'illegal' says judge" 3943:. London, UK and New York, USA: Verso. pp. ix, 18–19, 23. 3332: 2879:

Kinnock appeared at a Labour Party rally alongside Scargill in

2822: 2367: 1323:

that giving in to the miners would be surrendering the rule of

991:' took place on 18 June 1984 at the Orgreave Coking Plant near 8646:, eds. Alexei Monroe and Peter Wegg (Bristol: PC Press, 2015). 8022:"Scotland to pardon hundreds convicted in 1984 miners' strike" 3792: 2997:, Ellington Colliery has closed whilst pits at Rossington and 2267:

became hostile as the strike became increasingly violent. The

1177:

and Clipstone – roughly half the workforce stayed in the NUM.

637:

political power had to be curbed to restore the UK's economy.

12076: 11798: 11639: 10799: 10779: 10616: 9764:

Sources for the Study of the Miners Strike in South Yorkshire

9227:

A Century of Struggle: Britain's Miners in Pictures 1889–1989

9224: 8944:

The great strike: the miners strike of 1984–5 and its lessons

7780:"A coal miners' tragedy: the village split by a 20-year feud" 7255:

The great strike: the miners strike of 1984–5 and its lessons

5966:

The great strike: the miners strike of 1984–5 and its lessons

5025:

could you tell us how you became a militant trade unionist?:

4965:

Journal of Welsh Labour History/Cylchgrawn Hanes Llafur Cymru

4072: 4070: 3778: 3305: 2931:

Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union

872:

A badge produced by Kent NUM in support of the miners' strike

6394:"The miners' strike 1984–5: lies, damned lies and the press" 4998: 4206:

Uk Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

2812:

No figures are available for the 1,000 NCB staff employees.

2319: 9766:

Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives

3667:

is about the breakdown of relationships during the strike.

3620:

Kent miner Alan Sutcliffe are included on their 1985 album

3437: 3146:

comments followed a question in the Commons from Labour MP

1295: 976: 203: 9739:– website providing help and information to ex-coal miners 9586:

History on our sides: Wales and the 1984–85 Miners' Strike

7457:

The Enemies Within: The Story of the Miners' Strike 1984–5

6584:

Tell me no Lies: Investigative Journalism and its triumphs

6040:

Miners on Strike: Class Solidarity and Division in Britain

5194:

Mrs Thatcher's Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era

4932:

Benyon, Huw (1985). "Introduction". In Benyon, Huw (ed.).

4067: 3508:

In 2024 a documentary film about the strikes was shown on

3028:

district was classified as in need of special assistance.

1838:, with the option to use 4,500 military drivers and 1,650 1388:

The number of miners at work grew to 53,000 by late June.

10622: 10531: 9742: 9462:

Labour people: leaders and lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock

7489: 626:'s Conservative government. The party's response was the 9770:

Cabinet office documents from 1984 concerning the strike

7293:"Minister's secret role in miners' strike death inquiry" 2530:

Levels of participation in the 1984–1985 strike by area

1069: 10592: 9703:

European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire

9098: 9079:

Vinen, Richard (2010). "Victory Foretold: The Miners".

7109:

Harvey, Mark; Jenkinson, Martin; Melcalf, Mark (2014).

6612:

The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5

5478:"Cabinet papers reveal 'secret coal pits closure plan'" 5225: 3664: 3529:

staged two benefit concerts for the striking miners at

3479:

British television; and Deller published a book called

2249:

newspaper took a very anti-strike position, as did the

574:

Coal mining employment in the UK, 1880–2012 (DECC data)

12317:

Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)

9276:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 8779:

Beatty, Christina; Fothergill, Stephen; Powell, Ryan.

8468:

Voice + Vision: songs of resistance, democracy + peace

7108: 5441:

Coal Not Dole – Memories of the 1984/85 Miners' Strike

3327:, set in 1984, was based around mining communities in 9535: 7020:

BBC Leicester – History – On Strike in Leicestershire

6369:

British Political Opinion 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls

4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 3718:, the miners' strike plays a huge role on the album. 3598:

Crowd sounds from the strike feature at the start of

1895:

in the NUM, specifically denying its chief executive

1874: 1420:% for strike action, national ballot of October 1982 1417:% for strike action, national ballot of January 1982 1302:

wrote in his memoirs that Scargill had interpreted a

1245:

Executive Conference rejected the scheme, NUM leader

9791:– Online mapping of collieries of the British Isles 8962:

Coulter, Jim; Miller, Susan; Walker, Martin (1984).

8786:. Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, 8642:

Graham Cunnington, Angus Farquhar and Paul Jamrozy,

8436:"Val McDermid jumps through time in A Darker Domain" 5061:"Stalin apologists drink to the memory of Uncle Joe" 4985:, Sheffield, National Union of Mineworkers, 1984 in 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 3788: 2520: 2312:

then adopted a more critical stance, and journalist

486:

The NUM was divided over the action, which began in

157:

6 March 1984 – 3 March 1985

8961: 7901: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 3940:

The Enemy Within: The Secret War Against the Miners

3606:". However, this version only appears on the album 1423:% for strike action, national ballot of March 1983 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 12146:Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme 11950: 11814:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 9245: 8778: 8633:. Université de Rouen, 2001. Web. 21 October 2015. 7486:"On the Record – Interview with Michael Heseltine" 7419: 6874:"Book Review by David Douglass (Miner's Advice) – 6510:"Kinnock leads condemnation of NUM's Libyan links" 5820: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5403: 4177: 3685:released a mixture of old and new songs on his LP 1391: 702:had no other industries for many miles around. In 8129:"BFI Screenonline: Which Side Are You On? (1984)" 7015: 7013: 6578:(2004) . "The Secret War Against the Miners". In 6000: 5998: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 4999:Scargill, Arthur (interview) (July–August 1975). 4492: 4050: 4048: 3870:"1984: The beginning of the end for British coal" 3064:risked drawing policing into politics once more. 1891:union leaders' phones. She denied the agency had 13085: 12296:Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960) 10489: 9359: 9323: 9290: 8937: 7870: 7672:"PART ll VOLUME 2 Policy Reasoned Justification" 7248: 6033: 6031: 5959: 5318: 5316: 5285: 5283: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5059:McSmith, Andy; Carrell, Severin (2 March 2003). 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4668: 4455: 4424: 4232:"All Employees: Mining and Logging: Coal Mining" 2848:union, which the NUM previously had supported. 2143:Gallup poll: Are the miners acting responsibly? 1426:% for strike action, area ballots of March 1984 818: 640: 8159:"BFI Screenonline: End of the Battle... (1985)" 7987:Dodd, Vikram; Grierson, Jamie (28 March 2021). 7444: 7104: 7102: 6927:"David Jones/Joe Green Memorial Lecture Report" 6665:"Scargill angers unions with Solidarity attack" 6084:"Speech to 1922 Committee ("the enemy within")" 5291:"Colliery closure reversed in crisis coalfield" 4260: 3497:Premiering on 13 June 2022, the BBC One series 3456:Kay Sutcliffe, the wife of a striking miner at 2205: 2163: 2102: 2060: 1992: 1943: 1902: 1063:(TUC), passing information about negotiations. 12062:Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology 11864:Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 9614:The Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Miners 9496: 9418: 8886: 8725:"Source: NME-interview on 10th October 1987". 7010: 6876:The dirty thirty: heroes of the miners' strike 6789:The Dirty Thirty: Heroes of the Miners' Strike 6162: 5995: 5535: 5433: 5431: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5131: 5129: 5058: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4045: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3773:The historical fiction novel "Minor Miner" by 3615:Throughout the strike, the South London group 1861: 1402:Votes for strike action by NUM area, 1982–1984 959:The strike was almost universally observed in 539:. It was a major victory for Thatcher and the 169:(11 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) 13124:National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain) 13119:Miners' labour disputes in the United Kingdom 12233: 11776: 10475: 9822: 9545: 9333:International Labor and Working-Class History 8811:"Britain's Nationalised collieries from 1947" 8685: 8262:"The Comic Strip Presents (an Episode Guide)" 8189:"BFI Screenonline: Arthur Legend, The (1991)" 7928: 6328: 6078: 6076: 6028: 5809: 5613:Winterton, Jonathan; Winterton, Ruth (1989). 5313: 5280: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5155: 4962: 4880: 4799: 4652:The Miners' Strike 1984–5: Loss Without Limit 4462:International Labor and Working-Class History 4377:International Labor and Working-Class History 4361: 4004: 4002: 2507: 9620: 9460:(1987). "Gormley, Scargill and the Miners". 9229:. Sheffield: National Union of Mineworkers. 7986: 7955: 7580:"An Overview of the Coal Industry in the UK" 7167: 7165: 7163: 7140:Digging Deeper: Issues in the Miners' Strike 7099: 6866: 6782: 6780: 6289:Digging Deeper: Issues in the Miners' Strike 5390:Digging Deeper: Issues in the Miners' Strike 4935:Digging Deeper: Issues in the Miners' Strike 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 3314:was inspired by the Welsh strikes. Director 3281:End of the Battle... Not the End of the War? 2823:Analysis of the situation in Nottinghamshire 12731:Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World 11809:Department for Energy Security and Net Zero 11442:Timeline of the electricity supply industry 9205:Lowe, John (2011). Symcox, Jonathon (ed.). 7811:"Brexit was born at the battle of Orgreave" 6791:. Nottingham: Five Leaves. pp. 7, 10. 6586:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 284–382. 6329:Norton-Taylor, Richard (8 September 2001). 6223: 6102: 5747: 5428: 5250: 5228:"The World; British Miners Settle for Less" 5135:Paul Routledge, "Tories likened to Nazis", 5126: 4649: 4318: 3892: 2913:rafters until it rested close to his head. 2040:Gallup poll: Approval of strikers' methods 1037: 1014:After the 1980 steel strike, many hauliers 562:was the poorest settlement in the country. 12240: 12226: 12126:Association for the Conservation of Energy 10482: 10468: 9829: 9815: 9688:Allen, Mike (1986). "The Miners' Strike". 9645:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9478:Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 8649: 7808: 7760:"Share you memories of the Miners' Strike" 7383: 7381: 6538: 6481: 6282: 6073: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5444:. Catrine, Ayrshire: Stenlake Publishing. 5342:Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 5199: 4654:. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 4054: 3999: 3604:Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me 3275:focussed on music and poetry was made for 2904:and blamed the TUC for the failure of the 2867: 2528: 1399: 836:Without a national ballot, most miners in 490:, and some mineworkers, especially in the 142: 9700: 9538:Strike: Thatcher, Scargill and the miners 9517: 8427: 8123: 8121: 7839: 7670:Wakefield Metropolitan District Council. 7513: 7511: 7460:. William Collins & Co Ltd. pp. 7450: 7201: 7199: 7160: 6777: 6624: 6618: 6605: 6603: 6276: 5748:Evans, Rob; Hencke, David (16 May 2005). 5714: 4834: 4337:"We could surrender – or stand and fight" 3927: 3575:recorded a song about the strike called " 3248:Learn how and when to remove this message 3197:"1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike" 3083: 3062:Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill 2320:NUM links with Libya and the Soviet Union 1808: 1342:We had to fight the enemy without in the 863: 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 71:"1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike" 9468: 9324:Spence, Jean; Stephenson, Carol (2009). 9291:Spence, Jean; Stephenson, Carol (2007). 9183: 8739: 8537:"Miners' Strike Glass Memorial Unveiled" 8433: 8403:Scanlon, Annie Marie (2 November 2008). 8396: 8304: 7703:. Economic and Social Research Council. 7127: 6662: 6037: 5885: 5815: 5717:"Ian MacGregor, scourge of miners, dies" 5406:Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality 5322: 5170: 4992: 4903: 4822: 4777:"Strike: 358 Days that Shook the Nation" 4367: 4117:"Last British deep coal mine capped off" 3735:, 1989) compares the Miners' strike to " 2919: 979:, but there was less support across the 950: 867: 797: 644: 630:, an internal report that was leaked to 569: 479:, who wanted to reduce the power of the 27:Industrial action in British coal mining 12113: 11929:United Kingdom Climate Change Programme 9611: 9602: 9583: 9551: 9147:Queen Coal, Women of the Miners' Strike 9044:Industrial & Labor Relations Review 8908: 8880: 8405:"Darker Domain shows McDermid has form" 8402: 8019: 7777: 7387: 7378: 7113:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. p. 66. 6811: 6717: 6485:1990: Russians Remember a Turning Point 6448: 6426:"Writing and the Miners' Strike 1984–5" 6362: 6360: 6358: 6068:Margaret Thatcher: Everything She Wants 5774: 4925: 4145: 3260: 3121:National Coal Mining Museum for England 2887:Former party leader and prime minister 2359:MI5 surveillance on NUM vice-president 2255:, and even the Labour Party-supporting 594:government in 1947, was managed by the 527:. The government strategy, designed by 446:1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike 137:1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike 14: 13086: 11505:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 9569:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 9564: 9526: 9456: 9388: 9243: 9225:National Union of Mineworkers (1989). 9144: 9041: 9020: 9001: 8691: 8655: 8561: 8364: 8342:"Observer review: GB84 by David Peace" 8322:from the original on 30 September 2014 8118: 7547: 7508: 7290: 7196: 7069: 7038: 6609: 6600: 6454: 6417: 6391: 6385: 6229: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5437: 5401: 4931: 4864:from the original on 28 September 2018 4008: 3880:from the original on 26 September 2018 3153: 793: 679:, an overtime ban, and the subsequent 660:The mining industry was effectively a 148:Support the Miners March, London, 1984 12247: 12221: 12112: 11949: 11829:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets 11775: 11400:Isle of Man to England Interconnector 11259: 10501: 10463: 9810: 9687: 9653: 9554:Journal of Regional and Local Studies 9499:European Journal of Social Psychology 9447: 9163: 9104: 9078: 9004:The Power Game: The Struggle for Coal 8980: 8831:Includes lists of mine closure dates. 8607:from the original on 18 February 2024 8592: 8415:from the original on 21 November 2011 8352:from the original on 25 December 2023 8268:from the original on 13 December 2007 8139:from the original on 19 February 2020 8078:"PM rules out miners' strike apology" 8001:from the original on 14 December 2021 7871:Maria Margaronis (22 February 2017). 7638: 7336:from the original on 23 November 2018 7171: 7133: 7075:"The England Team Are the Best of Us" 7051:from the original on 22 December 2015 6937:from the original on 24 February 2008 6824:from the original on 21 December 2014 6735:from the original on 20 February 2009 6675:from the original on 18 November 2021 6574: 6568: 6331:"Former MI5 chief blasts secrets act" 6198: 6150:from the original on 12 November 2020 5643:Post-war Britain: A political history 5523:from the original on 17 November 2018 5210: 4983:The Economic Case Against Pit Closure 4190:from the original on 12 January 2022. 3933: 3569:Daddy, What Did You Do In The Strike? 1070:Court judgments on legality of strike 753: 622:played a major role in bringing down 12261:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 12156:Energy efficiency in British housing 12131:British Energy Efficiency Federation 12046:Utilities Intermediaries Association 12016:Association for Decentralised Energy 11427:New Electricity Trading Arrangements 11345:Association of Electricity Producers 11144:Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission 9531:. 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Archived from 8574:from the original on 11 October 2022 8032:from the original on 2 November 2020 8020:Carrell, Severin (28 October 2020). 7790:from the original on 19 October 2019 7710:from the original on 8 February 2006 7432:from the original on 12 January 2022 7400:from the original on 4 November 2014 6992:The Justice for Mineworkers Campaign 6972:from the original on 19 January 2015 6955: 6786: 6556:from the original on 24 January 2008 6366: 6355: 6090:from the original on 6 December 2019 5879: 5762:from the original on 24 January 2008 5301:from the original on 6 November 2018 5091:"1983: Macgregor named as coal boss" 4849: 4650:Adeney, Martin; Lloyd, John (1988). 4456:Rawsthorne, Phil (5 December 2018). 4425:Berry, Christine (28 October 2019). 4158:from the original on 9 November 2018 3987:from the original on 4 November 2023 3693:" gained attention when recorded by 3186:adding citations to reliable sources 3157: 3097:dangerous, self-defeating delusion'. 2485:Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners 955:Miners' strike rally in London, 1984 214:Proposed pit closures and job losses 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 12429:"The lady's not for turning" (1980) 11650:Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 9838:Miners' Federation of Great Britain 8742:"Peter Harrap wants new Monty Mole" 8673:from the original on 3 October 2018 8380:. 19 September 2008. Archived from 8084:from the original on 18 August 2019 7902:Gianluca Mezzofiore (5 July 2016). 7496:from the original on 31 August 2005 7326:"BBC – Press Office – The Coal War" 7272:from the original on 4 October 2018 6663:McKinlay, John (8 September 1983). 6423: 5983:from the original on 4 October 2018 5797:from the original on 2 October 2018 5696:from the original on 2 October 2018 5666:from the original on 2 October 2018 5500: 5238:from the original on 16 August 2009 5101:from the original on 2 October 2018 4406:from the original on 4 October 2018 4306:from the original on 4 October 2018 4293: 4097:from the original on 2 October 2018 3349:, who wrote the film's screenplay. 3271:made three films about the strike. 2936: 2406:Iron and Steel Trades Confederation 758: 24: 11300:Confederation of UK Coal Producers 11260: 11221:United Downs Deep Geothermal Power 9621:Morgan, W. J.; Coates, K. (1989). 9035:10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00510.x 8834: 8767: 8740:Purchese, Robert (13 April 2011). 7968:from the original on 10 April 2018 7937:from the original on 10 April 2018 7910:from the original on 11 April 2018 7883:from the original on 10 April 2018 7852:from the original on 10 April 2018 7821:from the original on 10 April 2018 7388:Goodman, Geoffrey (25 June 2014). 7039:Doward, Jamie (27 December 2014). 6888:from the original on 11 March 2024 6854:from the original on 11 March 2024 6812:Boseley, Sarah (1 December 1984). 6765:from the original on 11 March 2024 6520:from the original on 11 April 2016 6469:10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00510.x 6283:Jones, Chris; Novak, Tony (1985). 6120:from the original on 11 March 2016 6016:from the original on 11 March 2024 5715:Macintyre, Donald (7 March 2009). 5011:from the original on 28 March 2013 4480:from the original on 11 March 2024 4349:from the original on 28 March 2019 4127:from the original on 31 March 2020 4080:(Palgrave Macmillan, 1985), p. 48. 3689:. An old Northumbrian folk song, " 2201: 2159: 2098: 2056: 1988: 1939: 1854:compared the powers to the racial 1136: 25: 13145: 11985:Centre for Alternative Technology 11480:Nuclear Decommissioning Authority 9730: 9681: 9567:The South Wales Miners: 1964–1985 8539:. Sunderland Echo. Archived from 8470:, page 4, Topic 75 records, 2014. 8448:from the original on 12 June 2012 8434:Sweetman, Kim (13 October 2008). 8199:from the original on 10 June 2015 8169:from the original on 10 June 2015 7929:Lisa Mckenzie (16 January 2018). 7762:. 5 February 2009. Archived from 7740:from the original on 7 March 2008 7366:from the original on 3 March 2024 7303:from the original on 20 June 2015 7217:from the original on 21 July 2015 7087:from the original on 12 July 2021 6999:from the original on 4 March 2016 6705:from the original on 7 March 2008 6367:King, Anthony, ed. (April 2001). 6343:from the original on 20 June 2020 6211:from the original on 29 June 2018 6180:from the original on 7 March 2008 5867:from the original on 4 March 2024 5729:from the original on 3 April 2019 5488:from the original on 3 April 2019 5196:(London: Pan, 1988), pp. 226–228. 5071:from the original on 2 March 2011 4437:from the original on 8 March 2024 4275:from the original on 16 June 2022 3515:Miners’ Strike: A Frontline Story 2521:Variation in observing the strike 1188: 13134:Premiership of Margaret Thatcher 13067: 13066: 12821:(1984–1996 & 2020 TV series) 12587:Broadcasting restrictions (1988) 12325: 12269:Leader of the Conservative Party 12199: 11849:Carbon Emission Reduction Target 11568:Natural gas-fired power stations 9802:(Northern Mine Research Society) 9798:Coal Mining in the British Isles 9793:(Northern Mine Research Society) 9119:10.1111/j.1468-2338.2009.00527.x 8733: 8718: 8636: 8619: 8593:Seale, Jack (18 February 2024). 8586: 8555: 8529: 8513:. Artangel Media. Archived from 8503: 8491:from the original on 8 July 2017 8473: 8460: 8334: 8298: 8280: 8254: 8241: 8229:from the original on 16 May 2021 8211: 8181: 8151: 8096: 8070: 8057: 8054:(Blackwell, 1993), pp. 292, 298. 8044: 8013: 7980: 7949: 7922: 7895: 7864: 7833: 7802: 7752: 7722: 7690: 7663: 7651:from the original on 9 July 2008 7632: 7610:"Timeline to the miners' strike" 7602: 7584:Department of Trade and Industry 7572: 7541: 7478: 7412: 7348: 7318: 7291:Oliver, Mark (26 January 2014). 7284: 7229: 6959:Margaret Thatcher and the Miners 5901:Communist Party of Great Britain 5645:(Harvester Press, 1979), p. 449. 5328:Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady 5176:Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady 4828:Strike, not the end of the story 4212:from the original on 8 July 2015 3805: 3791: 3162: 3141:In January 2014, Prime Minister 888: 36: 13104:1985 labor disputes and strikes 13099:1984 labor disputes and strikes 12472:"White flags over Port Stanley" 12166:Energy Saving Trust Recommended 11980:Campaign against Climate Change 8692:Murray, Robin (20 March 2017). 8067:(Macmillan, 2007), pp. 412–413. 7616:. 10 March 2009. Archived from 7172:Lewis, Jeremy (18 March 2014). 7063: 7032: 6983: 6949: 6919: 6900: 6836: 6805: 6747: 6687: 6656: 6532: 6502: 6475: 6392:Duncan, Mick (13 August 2004). 6322: 6309: 6254: 6199:Lyons, James (3 January 2014). 6192: 6132: 6060: 5940: 5919: 5849: 5750:"Mole betrayed striking miners" 5741: 5708: 5678: 5648: 5635: 5470: 5395: 5382: 5369: 5347: 5334: 5219: 5186: 5142: 5113: 5083: 5052: 5032: 4975: 4956: 4449: 4418: 4287: 4254: 4242:from the original on 1 May 2019 4236:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 4224: 4194: 4170: 4146:McVeigh, Karen (3 March 2015). 4139: 3980:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3737:The charge of the Light Brigade 3710:is based on the history of the 3474:In 2001, British visual artist 3387:The "1984" episode of the 1996 3173:needs additional citations for 2908:. Part way through the strike, 1923:Gallup poll: Public sympathies 1392:Votes for strike action by area 1159:Union of Democratic Mineworkers 47:needs additional citations for 13129:Protests in the United Kingdom 11951:Non-governmental organisations 11894:Energy performance certificate 11578:North Sea Transition Authority 8862:. 5 March 2004. 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Million. 23 November 1981. 3856: 3836:Lesbians Against Pit Closures 3768: 3582:The Dream of the Blue Turtles 3567:'s cassette of pro-NUM songs 3481:The English Civil War Part II 2544:% on strike 14 February 1985 2541:% on strike 19 November 1984 2278:Alliance for Workers' Liberty 819:Debate over a national ballot 669:National Union of Mineworkers 641:National Union of Mineworkers 565: 462:National Union of Mineworkers 18:1984–1985 miners' strike 12980:Palace of Westminster (2007) 12781:We have become a grandmother 12592:"Sermon on the Mound" (1988) 11874:CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme 11686:Hydroelectric power stations 11558:National Transmission System 11465:Franco-British Nuclear Forum 10491:Energy in the United Kingdom 9748:A look at present day mining 9715:10.1080/13507486.2012.719009 9529:The NUM and British Politics 9374:10.1080/0966369X.2012.674926 9297:Sociological Research Online 9248:Red Hill, A Mining Community 9107:Industrial Relations Journal 9023:Industrial Relations Journal 8947:. 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London: Socialist Worker. 5891:"Scargillism and the miners" 3579:" for his first solo album, 3018:Objective 1 development zone 2293:Industrial Relations Journal 1903:Public opinion and the media 946: 7: 12539:Local Government Act (1985) 12183:National Home Energy Rating 12026:Energy Networks Association 11736:List of offshore wind farms 11475:National Nuclear Laboratory 11460:Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor 11385:Grid Trade Master Agreement 9362:Gender, Place & Culture 8788:Sheffield Hallam University 8219:"Interview: Hayao Miyazaki" 8065:A history of modern Britain 7840:Ben Quinn (22 April 2017). 7211:nottsheritagegateway.org.uk 6956:Gouiffes, Pierre-François, 5619:Manchester University Press 5410:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 5377:Policing the miners' strike 5330:. pp. 99–100, 355–364. 4023:10.1177/0950017087001003007 3784: 3708:Public Service Broadcasting 3119:In a book published by the 2378: 1862:No welfare benefit payments 10: 13150: 13114:1985 in the United Kingdom 13109:1984 in the United Kingdom 12636:Resignation Honours (1990) 12608:Community Charge (1989–90) 12446:Irish hunger strike (1981) 12141:Code for Sustainable Homes 11909:Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation 11884:Display Energy Certificate 11741:List of onshore wind farms 11108:Wales & West Utilities 11067:Western Power Distribution 10896:Engie Energy International 9612:Griffin, Colin P. (1988). 9546:Regional and local studies 9433:10.1177/030630708501000301 9128:The Miners' Strike 1984–85 9056:10.1177/001979398904200201 8772: 8251:(Feb 2011) 49#2 pp. 30–31. 7421:"Norman Willis – obituary" 7142:. London: Verso. pp. 6482:Prokhorova, Irina (2014). 6317:Journal of Law and Society 6291:. London: Verso. pp. 6273:, accessed 3 November 2020 5641:Alan Sked and Chris Cook, 4938:. London: Verso. pp. 3462:Women Against Pit Closures 3441:is set during the strike. 3067: 2515:Women Against Pit Closures 2508:Women Against Pit Closures 2492:the aggressive picketing. 2396:On 9 July 1984 pickets at 1239: 727:extra-parliamentary action 230:Prevention of pit closures 13044: 13013: 12993: 12967: 12940: 12874:The Long Walk to Finchley 12850:Jeffrey Archer: The Truth 12799: 12790: 12741: 12704: 12676: 12648: 12570: 12487: 12407: 12365: 12334: 12323: 12288: 12255: 12195: 12121: 12108: 12092:UK Energy Research Centre 12054: 12031:Energy Retail Association 12008: 11960: 11956: 11945: 11837: 11786: 11782: 11777:Government and regulation 11771: 11721: 11709: 11676: 11668:Geothermal power stations 11658: 11625: 11616: 11513: 11450: 11375:Energy switching services 11335: 11285:Coal-fired power stations 11270: 11266: 11255: 11234: 11183: 11157: 11129: 11120: 11075: 11032: 11023: 10926: 10881: 10872: 10831: 10822: 10762: 10741: 10606: 10585: 10574: 10514: 10510: 10497: 10411: 10235: 10200: 10117: 9956: 9849: 9345:10.1017/s0147547909000064 8995:10.1080/03085148800000008 8890:; Beckett, David (2009). 6266:23 September 2023 at the 5402:Aitken, Jonathan (2013). 5363:26 September 2018 at the 4474:10.1017/S0147547918000108 4389:10.1017/S0147547913000264 3609:Strangeways, Here We Come 3499:Sherwood (2022 TV series) 3304:The setting for the 1986 3058:Greater Manchester Police 2547:% on strike 1 March 1985 2142: 2039: 1922: 1234: 1205:, Polmaise and Snowdown. 812:British Steel Corporation 802:Margaret Thatcher in 1983 673:unofficial strike in 1969 432: 422: 414: 397: 389: 384: 353: 348: 307: 302: 257:Nat. Union of Mineworkers 250: 245: 237: 218: 210: 173: 153: 141: 136: 12834:Thatcher: The Final Days 12715:The Downing Street Years 12523:Miners' strike (1984–85) 12173:Greenhouse gas emissions 12072:Met Office Hadley Centre 11919:Renewable Heat Incentive 11859:Climate Change Agreement 11804:Climate Change Committee 11593:Oil-fired power stations 11548:Greenhouse gas emissions 11485:Nuclear Liabilities Fund 11355:East–West Interconnector 11305:Greenhouse gas emissions 9743:The official NUM website 9605:Studies in Welsh History 9584:Francis, Hywell (2009). 9518:Routledge, Paul (1993). 9391:A Scab is no Son of Mine 9389:Whyles, Stephen (2014). 9186:History Workshop Journal 8923:10.1177/0309816815603718 8511:"The Battle of Orgreave" 8292:Crossing the Line (1990) 7554:University of Sunderland 7428:. London. 25 June 2014. 7390:"Norman Willis obituary" 7138:. In Benyon, Huw (ed.). 7025:20 November 2018 at the 6912:13 December 2017 at the 6287:. 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Penguin. p. 679. 5963:; Simons, Mike (1985). 5857:"Betteshanger Colliery" 5211:Moore, Charles (2016). 3826:Killing of David Wilkie 3799:Organised labour portal 3747:The first entry in the 3732:Thunder and Consolation 3488:Sunderland Civic Centre 3345:and book and lyrics by 2868:Responses to the strike 1881:Director General of MI5 1325:parliamentary democracy 1005:Maltby, South Yorkshire 677:national strike in 1972 500:Conservative government 13001:Richard Stone portrait 12858:The Alan Clark Diaries 12544:rate-capping rebellion 12504:Brighton hotel bombing 12312:"Britain Awake" (1976) 11990:National Energy Action 11751:Wind power in Scotland 11645:Renewable Fuels Agency 11635:Biofuel power stations 11490:Nuclear power stations 11057:SSE Power Distribution 11042:Electricity North West 10722:Rockhopper Exploration 9490:10.3828/hsir.2014.35.5 9469:Phillips, Jim (2014). 9083:. Simon and Schuster. 9002:Powell, David (1993). 8661:"The Last Nightingale" 6488:. Quercus. p. 1. 6271:www.legislation.gov.uk 6010:www.workersliberty.org 5954:1 October 2015 at the 5819:(1993). "Chapter 13". 5273:4 October 2018 at the 4368:Phillips, Jim (2013). 4263:"Put Pits Into Profit" 3593:Which Side Are You On? 3577:We Work the Black Seam 3535:Manic Street Preachers 3273:Which Side Are You On? 3137: 3114: 3084:Historical assessments 3043:2016 Brexit referendum 2984:South Yorkshire Police 2925: 2453:Battle of Saltley Gate 2364:subversive purposes." 2211: 2169: 2108: 2066: 1999: 1950: 1809:Mobilisation of police 1382: 1370: 1348: 956: 873: 864:Pit closures announced 803: 783:Lewis Merthyr Colliery 735: 657: 575: 12829:(1987–1991 TV series) 12533:Anglo-Irish Agreement 11924:Renewables Obligation 11608:Petroleum Revenue Tax 11093:Northern Gas Networks 10901:Horizon Nuclear Power 9758:Norman Strike's Diary 9690:Parliamentary Affairs 9588:. Iconau: Ferryside. 9244:Parker, Tony (1986). 9149:. Sutton Publishing. 9006:. London: Duckworth. 8409:Independent (Ireland) 8225:. 14 September 2005. 6319:(1985) 12#3: 365–374. 6046:. pp. 100, 109. 5861:www.dovermuseum.co.uk 5793:. 28 September 1984. 5662:. 21 September 1984. 5267:Towards Confrontation 5123:(8 March 1983), p. 1. 5043:"Comrades up in Arms" 4850:Amos, David (2012) . 4093:. 28 September 1984. 3975:"National Coal Board" 3960:11 March 2024 at the 3846:Public Order Act 1986 3132: 3109: 3072:In October 2020, the 2923: 2386:Bilston Glen Colliery 2210: 2168: 2107: 2065: 1998: 1949: 1377: 1355: 1340: 1210:Betteshanger Colliery 1092:Lord Justice Nicholls 1061:Trades Union Congress 954: 871: 801: 731: 648: 573: 12866:Pinochet in Suburbia 12718:(1993 autobiography) 12631:"No. No. No." (1990) 12510:GCHQ trade union ban 12467:Diana Gould exchange 12289:Member of Parliament 11583:Offshore Energies UK 11553:Hydrocarbon Oil Duty 11405:Moyle Interconnector 11327:Open-pit coal mining 10377:Mid and West Lothian 10372:Mid and East Lothian 10236:Affiliates and areas 9565:Curtis, Ben (2013). 8881:Surveys and analysis 8797:on 24 September 2006 8348:. 29 February 2004. 8114:on 13 December 2009. 7243:2 April 2015 at the 6850:. 23 November 1984. 6844:"U.K.: BEATEN MINER" 6787:Bell, David (2009). 5887:Douglass, David John 5392:(1985), pp. 101–123. 5215:. pp. 142–182 . 5182:. pp. 355–371 . 5152:(5 July 1983), p. 1. 5139:(13 May 1983), p. 1. 4905:Douglass, David John 4824:Douglass, David John 4785:. London, UK. 1985. 3851:Winter of Discontent 3757:, published for the 3661:Red Hill Mining Town 3653:The Last Nightingale 3622:Shoulder to Shoulder 3557:Funeral for a Friend 3435:David Peace's novel 3389:BBC television drama 3365:Comic Strip Presents 3261:Films and television 3182:improve this article 2425:Airedale, Castleford 2348:, the editor of the 1047:had done during the 691:the mass pickets at 545:demonstration effect 537:trade union movement 56:improve this article 12914:In Search of La Che 12792:Cultural depictions 12161:Energy Saving Trust 12115:Energy conservation 11869:Climate Change Levy 11819:Energy Saving Trust 11731:Offshore wind power 11370:Electricity billing 11320:National Coal Board 11295:Coal mining regions 11098:Phoenix Natural Gas 10991:Phoenix Natural Gas 10775:Amec Foster Wheeler 10307:North Staffordshire 10118:General Secretaries 9464:. pp. 289–300. 9272:Shaw, Katy (2012). 9168:. Ken Smith Press. 9166:When We Were Miners 9164:Isaac, Ian (2010). 8983:Economy and Society 8911:Capital & Class 8821:on 20 December 2014 8193:screenonline.org.uk 8163:screenonline.org.uk 8133:screenonline.org.uk 8104:"DVD & Blu-ray" 8080:. 29 January 2014. 7736:. 13 October 1992. 7620:on 17 December 2009 7492:. 18 October 1992. 6916:– Socialist Worker. 6242:on 13 December 2007 5889:(31 October 2002). 5344:35 (2014): 117–141. 4238:. 1 February 2018. 3277:The South Bank Show 3154:Cultural references 3125:David John Douglass 3074:Scottish Government 3003:Kellingley Colliery 2906:1926 General Strike 2850:David John Douglass 2531: 1899:had been an agent. 1847:breach of the peace 1815:Metropolitan Police 1404: 1256:Mr. Justice Watkins 1049:1981 airline strike 794:Thatcher's strategy 596:National Coal Board 517:Cortonwood Colliery 505:1926 General Strike 466:National Coal Board 452:within the British 12842:The Falklands Play 11995:Stop Climate Chaos 11824:Environment Agency 11598:Oil infrastructure 11563:Natural gas fields 11543:Gas infrastructure 11395:HVDC Cross-Channel 11149:SP Energy Networks 11052:SP Energy Networks 11047:Northern Powergrid 9458:Morgan, Kenneth O. 9198:10.1093/hwj/dbt012 8841:TUC History Online 8657:Chadbourne, Eugene 8543:on 3 February 2013 8384:on 2 December 2008 8308:(31 August 2014). 7766:on 9 February 2009 7614:This is Nottingham 7560:on 3 December 2005 7454:(2 October 1986). 7111:The Miners' Strike 6882:minersadvice.co.uk 6669:The Glasgow Herald 6236:The Villager.co.uk 5817:Thatcher, Margaret 5484:. 3 January 2014. 5458:on 3 December 2013 5379:(1985), pp. 23–33. 5232:The New York Times 5001:"The New Unionism" 4987:Loss without Limit 4078:The miners' strike 4076:Geoffrey Goodman, 3755:Wanted: Monty Mole 3674:, a 1987 album by 3329:Easington Colliery 2926: 2656:North East England 2529: 2461:Northumbria Police 2303:The stance of the 2227:Irresponsibly: 84% 2212: 2185:Irresponsibly: 78% 2170: 2109: 2067: 2000: 1951: 1836:state of emergency 1740:Colliery Officials 1400: 989:Battle of Orgreave 973:North East England 957: 926:in County Durham, 874: 804: 754:Sequence of events 683:(which led to the 658: 650:Blackhall Colliery 613:post-war consensus 576: 541:Conservative Party 464:(NUM) against the 188:North East England 13081: 13080: 13026:Death and funeral 13009: 13008: 12826:The New Statesman 12810:Anyone for Denis? 12723:The Path to Power 12678:General elections 12644: 12643: 12249:Margaret Thatcher 12215: 12214: 12191: 12190: 12104: 12103: 12100: 12099: 12036:Green Power Forum 11941: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11914:Planning Act 2008 11767: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11380:Green electricity 11251: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11242: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11116: 11115: 11062:UK Power Networks 11019: 11018: 11011:Utility Warehouse 10981:Outfox the Market 10917:Vedanta Resources 10818: 10817: 10689:Melrose Resources 10682:JKX Oil & Gas 10675:Hardy Oil and Gas 10457: 10456: 9632:978-1-85041-034-8 9595:978-1-905762-45-3 9576:978-0-7083-2610-7 9400:978-1-4990-8957-8 9283:978-1-4438-3785-9 9236:978-0-901959-06-5 9216:978-1-84563-144-4 9175:978-0-9564720-0-7 9137:978-1-291-98208-4 9090:978-1-4711-2828-8 9013:978-0-7156-2465-4 8901:978-1-84529-614-8 8625:Tranmer, Jeremy. 7678:on 8 January 2009 7471:978-0-00-217706-1 7362:. 17 March 2009. 6725:"What is a scab?" 6701:. 12 March 1984. 6626:Rimington, Stella 6436:on 9 October 2007 6230:Richardson, Ron. 6053:978-1-85973-172-7 5948:The Strike Begins 5907:on 20 August 2008 5842:978-0-00-638321-5 5451:978-1-84033-329-9 5097:. 28 March 1983. 4123:. 14 March 2016. 4057:Capital and Class 3950:978-1-84467-508-1 3753:series of games, 3670:The storyline of 3539:A Design for Life 3409:The British film 3382:Montreux Festival 3311:Castle in the Sky 3285:The Arthur Legend 3258: 3257: 3250: 3232: 3026:City of Wakefield 2810: 2809: 2502:Bruce Springsteen 2465:Police Federation 2337:and TV programme 2241: 2240: 2138: 2137: 2035: 2034: 1858:in South Africa. 1806: 1805: 1414:Members (approx) 1173:in Warwickshire. 936:Harworth Colliery 766:Orgreave Colliery 529:Margaret Thatcher 507:. The journalist 477:Margaret Thatcher 450:industrial action 442: 441: 380: 379: 328:Margaret Thatcher 298: 297: 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 13141: 13070: 13069: 12925:(2020 TV series) 12893:(2009 TV serial) 12869:(2006 docudrama) 12861:(2004 TV series) 12797: 12796: 12405: 12404: 12329: 12281: 12272: 12264: 12242: 12235: 12228: 12219: 12218: 12203: 12202: 12110: 12109: 12021:Energy Institute 11958: 11957: 11947: 11946: 11899:Fossil Fuel Levy 11784: 11783: 11773: 11772: 11678:Hydroelectricity 11623: 11622: 11268: 11267: 11257: 11256: 11236: 11201:Aquamarine Power 11127: 11126: 11030: 11029: 10879: 10878: 10829: 10828: 10646:Desire Petroleum 10629:Capricorn Energy 10583: 10582: 10512: 10511: 10499: 10498: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10461: 10460: 10393:South Derbyshire 10362:Fife and Kinross 10298:Midland Counties 9831: 9824: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9777: 9726: 9697: 9676: 9650: 9644: 9636: 9617: 9608: 9599: 9580: 9561: 9541: 9532: 9523: 9522:. HarperCollins. 9514: 9493: 9475: 9465: 9453: 9444: 9404: 9385: 9356: 9330: 9320: 9309:10.5153/sro.1461 9287: 9267: 9251: 9240: 9220: 9201: 9179: 9160: 9141: 9122: 9094: 9075: 9038: 9017: 8998: 8977: 8966:. Canary Press. 8958: 8939:Callinicos, Alex 8934: 8905: 8888:Beckett, Francis 8875: 8873: 8871: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8817:. Archived from 8806: 8804: 8802: 8796: 8790:. Archived from 8785: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8706:on 20 March 2017 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8653: 8647: 8640: 8634: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8517:on 14 April 2012 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8477: 8471: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8441:The Courier-Mail 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8258: 8252: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8125: 8116: 8115: 8110:. Archived from 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8074: 8068: 8061: 8055: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7815:The New European 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7674:. Archived from 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7556:. Archived from 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7529:on 29 April 2009 7525:. Archived from 7515: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7423: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7250:Callinicos, Alex 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7169: 7158: 7157: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7120:978-1-47383665-5 7106: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7073:(12 July 2021). 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7036: 7030: 7017: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7004: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6923: 6917: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6798:978-1-90551267-6 6784: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6761:. 5 March 2010. 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6731:. 4 March 2004. 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6432:. Archived from 6424:Palfrey, Sammy. 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6364: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6280: 6274: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6238:. Archived from 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6176:. 9 April 1984. 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6086:. 19 July 1984. 6080: 6071: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5961:Callinicos, Alex 5944: 5938: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5903:. Archived from 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5826: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5783: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5692:. 3 March 1985. 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5628:978-0-71902548-8 5610: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5509: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5454:. Archived from 5435: 5426: 5425: 5409: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5297:. 6 March 1984. 5287: 5278: 5263: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5168: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5056: 5050: 5036: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4996: 4990: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4901: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4847: 4832: 4831: 4820: 4797: 4796: 4773: 4666: 4665: 4647: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4405: 4374: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4333: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4208:. 27 July 2017. 4198: 4192: 4191: 4186:. 2 April 2014. 4181: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4081: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3971: 3965: 3954: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3920:978-9-05260285-1 3905: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3866: 3841:Music for Miners 3831:Peter Heathfield 3821:Betty Heathfield 3815: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3467:The verse novel 3287:, broadcast for 3253: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3190: 3166: 3158: 2937:Long-term impact 2724:South Derbyshire 2639:North Derbyshire 2532: 2286: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2204: 2190: 2184: 2179:Responsibly: 12% 2178: 2162: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2101: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2059: 2037: 2036: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 1991: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1942: 1920: 1919: 1885:Stella Rimington 1787:National Average 1405: 1321:House of Commons 1129:MP, Midlothian. 1122:Court of Session 1032:Brampton Bierlow 879:Northern England 846:South Derbyshire 759:Calls for action 723:general election 355: 354: 252: 251: 168: 166: 162: 146: 134: 133: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 13149: 13148: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13139: 13138: 13084: 13083: 13082: 13077: 13051:James Callaghan 13040: 13005: 12989: 12985:Grantham (2022) 12963: 12936: 12801: 12786: 12737: 12700: 12672: 12650:Party elections 12640: 12573: 12566: 12551:Westland affair 12490: 12483: 12410: 12403: 12361: 12357:Union democracy 12330: 12321: 12284: 12275: 12267: 12259: 12251: 12246: 12216: 12211: 12200: 12187: 12117: 12096: 12050: 12009:Industry bodies 12004: 11963:pressure groups 11962: 11952: 11933: 11889:Energy Act 2013 11840: 11839:Legislation and 11833: 11778: 11755: 11717: 11705: 11672: 11654: 11612: 11509: 11446: 11420:Reserve Service 11331: 11262: 11243: 11230: 11171: 11153: 11112: 11071: 11015: 10922: 10874: 10868: 10814: 10790:John Wood Group 10758: 10754:Murco Petroleum 10737: 10715:Regal Petroleum 10608: 10602: 10577: 10570: 10506: 10493: 10488: 10458: 10453: 10407: 10348:Nottinghamshire 10231: 10196: 10113: 9957:Vice-Presidents 9952: 9845: 9835: 9775: 9733: 9684: 9673: 9663:Faber and Faber 9638: 9637: 9633: 9596: 9577: 9548: 9484:(35): 117–141. 9473: 9415: 9401: 9328: 9284: 9264: 9237: 9221:primary source. 9217: 9180:primary source. 9176: 9157: 9138: 9101: 9091: 9014: 8974: 8955: 8902: 8894:. Hachette UK. 8883: 8869: 8867: 8866:on 10 June 2004 8854: 8845: 8843: 8824: 8822: 8809: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8783: 8775: 8770: 8768:Further reading 8765: 8755: 8753: 8738: 8734: 8724: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8707: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8654: 8650: 8641: 8637: 8624: 8620: 8610: 8608: 8591: 8587: 8577: 8575: 8560: 8556: 8546: 8544: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8481:"Landfox Press" 8479: 8478: 8474: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8432: 8428: 8418: 8416: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8325: 8323: 8303: 8299: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8264:. 14 May 2005. 8260: 8259: 8255: 8246: 8242: 8232: 8230: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8187: 8186: 8182: 8172: 8170: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8142: 8140: 8127: 8126: 8119: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8062: 8058: 8050:Robert Taylor, 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7822: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7784:The Independent 7769: 7767: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7728: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7645:The Independent 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7593: 7591: 7590:on 12 July 2007 7578: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7546: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7517: 7516: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7379: 7369: 7367: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7306: 7304: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7266: 7245:Wayback Machine 7234: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7184:on 2 April 2015 7178:Nottingham Post 7170: 7161: 7154: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7107: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7033: 7027:Wayback Machine 7018: 7011: 7002: 7000: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6965:, p. 322, 6962: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6914:Wayback Machine 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6785: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6623: 6619: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6544:"Sorry, Arthur" 6542:(27 May 2002). 6540:Greenslade, Roy 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6365: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6281: 6277: 6268:Wayback Machine 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6146:. 29 May 1984. 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6082: 6081: 6074: 6070:, 2015, p. 164. 6066:Charles Moore, 6065: 6061: 6054: 6036: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5977: 5956:Wayback Machine 5945: 5941: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5785: 5784: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5722:The Independent 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5611: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5511: 5510: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5452: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5365:Wayback Machine 5352: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5321: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5275:Wayback Machine 5264: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5224: 5220: 5209: 5200: 5192:Peter Jenkins, 5191: 5187: 5178:. Vol. 2. 5169: 5156: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5127: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5065:The Independent 5057: 5053: 5049:, 10 June 2002. 5037: 5033: 5014: 5012: 5005:New Left Review 4997: 4993: 4980: 4976: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4902: 4881: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4848: 4835: 4821: 4800: 4793: 4775: 4774: 4669: 4662: 4648: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4334: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4294:Saville, John. 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4184:Telegraph.co.uk 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4068: 4053: 4046: 4007: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3962:Wayback Machine 3951: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3907: 3906: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3771: 3745: 3648:Adrian Mitchell 3591:'s version of " 3531:Brixton Academy 3524: 3450:A Darker Domain 3430:Matthew Warchus 3301:were baseless. 3299:The Cook Report 3263: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3191: 3189: 3179: 3167: 3156: 3086: 3070: 3054:chief constable 3014:South Yorkshire 2939: 2889:James Callaghan 2870: 2862:Alex Callinicos 2825: 2690:Nottinghamshire 2622:Midlands (West) 2523: 2510: 2496:Chesterfield FC 2474: 2381: 2340:The Cook Report 2331:Yvonne Fletcher 2322: 2300:police force." 2291:Writing in the 2284: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2221:Responsibly: 9% 2218: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2194: 2191:Don't know: 10% 2188: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2124:Disapprove: 88% 2121: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2082:Disapprove: 79% 2079: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1905: 1877: 1864: 1827:Dartford Tunnel 1811: 1394: 1338:to the strike: 1329:rule of the mob 1300:Ken Livingstone 1242: 1237: 1225:Barrow Colliery 1191: 1139: 1137:Breakaway union 1097:Manton Colliery 1076:Energy Minister 1072: 1040: 949: 891: 866: 838:Nottinghamshire 821: 796: 779:Selby Coalfield 761: 756: 744: 715:Arthur Scargill 643: 568: 560:South Yorkshire 521:Arthur Scargill 458:Arthur Scargill 410: 376: 375:Orgreave: 5,000 369: 368: 365:Orgreave: 5,000 344: 343: 342: 322: 315: 312:Arthur Scargill 294: 293: 268: 265:Nat. Coal Board 260: 233: 206: 182: 164: 160: 158: 149: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13147: 13137: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13079: 13078: 13076: 13075: 13063: 13062: 13054: 13045: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13003: 12997: 12995: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12953: 12944: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12935: 12934: 12926: 12918: 12910: 12909:(2011 episode) 12902: 12894: 12886: 12878: 12870: 12862: 12854: 12853:(2002 TV film) 12846: 12838: 12830: 12822: 12818:Spitting Image 12814: 12813:(1982 TV play) 12805: 12803: 12794: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12777: 12774:Alfred Roberts 12771: 12768:Carol Thatcher 12765: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12749:Denis Thatcher 12745: 12743: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12735: 12727: 12719: 12710: 12708: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12682: 12680: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12654: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12622: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12613:Poll tax riots 12605: 12600: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12578: 12576: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12548: 12547: 12546: 12536: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12519: 12518: 12507: 12501: 12495: 12493: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12442: 12441: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12415: 12413: 12402: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12380:wets and dries 12371: 12369: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12331: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12307:Shadow Cabinet 12304: 12301:Circular 10/70 12298: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12282: 12273: 12265: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12245: 12244: 12237: 12230: 12222: 12213: 12212: 12210: 12209: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12106: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12012: 12010: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12002: 12000:Tyndall Centre 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11966: 11964: 11954: 11953: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11845: 11843: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11790: 11788: 11780: 11779: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11727: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11696:Severn Barrage 11693: 11691:Mersey Barrage 11688: 11682: 11680: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11664: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11631: 11629: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11603:Oil refineries 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11519: 11517: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11456: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11444: 11439: 11437:Power stations 11434: 11432:North Sea Link 11429: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11341: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11315:miners' strike 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11280:Coal Authority 11276: 11274: 11264: 11263: 11261:Energy sources 11253: 11252: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11187: 11185: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11163: 11161: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11135: 11133: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11079: 11077: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11038: 11036: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11006:Utilita Energy 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10971:Octopus Energy 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10941:Bristol Energy 10938: 10932: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10887: 10885: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10835: 10833: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10766: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10718: 10711: 10704: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10669:Harbour Energy 10666: 10661: 10656: 10653:Emerald Energy 10649: 10642: 10640:Dana Petroleum 10637: 10632: 10625: 10620: 10612: 10610: 10609:and production 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10589: 10587: 10580: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10525:Anglo American 10520: 10518: 10508: 10507: 10495: 10494: 10487: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10464: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10338:Northumberland 10335: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10295: 10293:Leicestershire 10290: 10285: 10280: 10278:Forest of Dean 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10237: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10211: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10170: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9967: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9834: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9795: 9786: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9737:Miner's Advice 9732: 9731:External links 9729: 9728: 9727: 9709:(5): 825–846. 9698: 9683: 9682:Historiography 9680: 9679: 9678: 9671: 9651: 9631: 9625:. Nottingham. 9618: 9609: 9600: 9594: 9581: 9575: 9562: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9533: 9524: 9515: 9505:(3): 353–371. 9494: 9466: 9454: 9445: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9399: 9386: 9368:(2): 218–235. 9357: 9321: 9288: 9282: 9269: 9262: 9241: 9235: 9222: 9215: 9202: 9192:(1): 240–262. 9181: 9174: 9161: 9155: 9142: 9136: 9123: 9113:(4): 278–291. 9100: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9089: 9076: 9050:(2): 163–188. 9039: 9018: 9012: 8999: 8989:(2): 139–194. 8978: 8972: 8959: 8953: 8935: 8917:(3): 419–434. 8906: 8900: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8852: 8835:Lyddon, Dave. 8832: 8807: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8732: 8717: 8684: 8648: 8635: 8618: 8585: 8554: 8528: 8502: 8472: 8459: 8426: 8395: 8363: 8333: 8306:Kellaway, Kate 8297: 8279: 8253: 8240: 8210: 8180: 8150: 8117: 8095: 8069: 8056: 8043: 8012: 7979: 7948: 7921: 7894: 7863: 7832: 7801: 7751: 7721: 7689: 7662: 7631: 7601: 7571: 7540: 7507: 7477: 7470: 7452:MacGregor, Ian 7443: 7411: 7377: 7347: 7317: 7283: 7264: 7228: 7195: 7159: 7152: 7126: 7119: 7098: 7062: 7031: 7009: 6982: 6948: 6918: 6899: 6878:by David Bell" 6865: 6835: 6804: 6797: 6776: 6746: 6716: 6686: 6655: 6648: 6617: 6599: 6592: 6567: 6531: 6514:Glasgow Herald 6501: 6494: 6474: 6447: 6416: 6384: 6377: 6354: 6321: 6308: 6301: 6275: 6253: 6222: 6191: 6161: 6131: 6101: 6072: 6059: 6052: 6042:. Oxford, UK: 6027: 5994: 5975: 5939: 5931:978-0571280414 5918: 5878: 5848: 5841: 5808: 5773: 5740: 5707: 5677: 5647: 5634: 5627: 5534: 5499: 5469: 5450: 5427: 5420: 5394: 5381: 5368: 5346: 5333: 5324:Campbell, John 5312: 5279: 5249: 5218: 5198: 5185: 5172:Campbell, John 5154: 5141: 5125: 5112: 5082: 5051: 5031: 5007:(I/92): 3–33. 4991: 4974: 4955: 4948: 4924: 4917: 4879: 4833: 4798: 4791: 4667: 4660: 4491: 4448: 4417: 4360: 4317: 4286: 4253: 4223: 4193: 4169: 4138: 4108: 4082: 4066: 4044: 4017:(3): 388–404. 3998: 3966: 3949: 3926: 3919: 3891: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3802: 3786: 3783: 3775:Matthew Morgan 3770: 3767: 3744: 3741: 3727:New Model Army 3691:Blackleg Miner 3672:Radio K.A.O.S. 3636:Lindsay Cooper 3632:Tim Hodgkinson 3523: 3520: 3428:, directed by 3422:The 2014 film 3362:The satirical 3352:The 1996 film 3341:with music by 3321:The 2000 film 3316:Hayao Miyazaki 3262: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3170: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3139: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3116: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3082: 3069: 3066: 3010:European Union 2995:Northumberland 2964:wildcat strike 2938: 2935: 2881:Stoke-on-Trent 2869: 2866: 2829:George Spencer 2824: 2821: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2605:Leicestershire 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2522: 2519: 2509: 2506: 2473: 2470: 2380: 2377: 2346:Roy Greenslade 2321: 2318: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233:Don't know: 7% 2228: 2222: 2215: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2130:Don't know: 5% 2125: 2119: 2112: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088:Don't know: 6% 2083: 2077: 2070: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048:December 1984 2046: 2042: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027:Don't know: 5% 2022: 2016: 2010: 2009:Employers: 51% 2003: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978:Don't know: 8% 1973: 1967: 1961: 1960:Employers: 40% 1954: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931:December 1984 1929: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1904: 1901: 1876: 1873: 1863: 1860: 1831:Michael Havers 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1629:Northumberland 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1393: 1390: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1190: 1189:The formal end 1187: 1138: 1135: 1127:David Hamilton 1090:In September, 1071: 1068: 1039: 1036: 1034:in Yorkshire. 1030:in Durham and 948: 945: 915:Yorkshire Main 890: 887: 865: 862: 842:Leicestershire 820: 817: 795: 792: 760: 757: 755: 752: 743: 740: 685:Three-Day Week 681:strike in 1974 642: 639: 620:strike in 1974 588:Clement Attlee 567: 564: 496:flying pickets 474:Prime Minister 472:government of 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 426: 420: 419: 416: 412: 411: 409: 408: 405: 401: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 372: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362:Total: 142,000 359: 358: 351: 350: 346: 345: 341: 340: 335: 330: 324: 323: 316: 309: 308: 305: 304: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 283: 278: 272: 271: 269: 263: 261: 255: 248: 247: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 232: 231: 228: 222: 220: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 179:United Kingdom 177: 175: 171: 170: 155: 151: 150: 147: 139: 138: 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13146: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13074: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13059: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13046: 13043: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12992: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12966: 12959: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12939: 12932: 12931: 12927: 12924: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898:The Iron Lady 12895: 12892: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12789: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12772: 12769: 12766: 12763: 12762:Mark Thatcher 12760: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12740: 12733: 12732: 12728: 12726:(1995 memoir) 12725: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12712: 12711: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12679: 12675: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12620:Budget (1990) 12618: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12603:Budget (1989) 12601: 12598: 12597:Bruges speech 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12582:Budget (1988) 12580: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12562:Budget (1987) 12560: 12558: 12557:Budget (1986) 12555: 12552: 12549: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12537: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12528:Budget (1985) 12526: 12524: 12521: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12499:Budget (1984) 12497: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12479:Budget (1983) 12477: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12456:Falklands War 12454: 12452: 12451:Budget (1982) 12449: 12447: 12444: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12434:Budget (1981) 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12424:Budget (1980) 12422: 12420: 12419:Budget (1979) 12417: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12406: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12333: 12328: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12279: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12250: 12243: 12238: 12236: 12231: 12229: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12208: 12207: 12198: 12197: 12194: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12120: 12116: 12111: 12107: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12007: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11961:Charities and 11959: 11955: 11948: 11944: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11836: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11787:Organisations 11785: 11781: 11774: 11770: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11675: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11573:North Sea oil 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11538:Fuel protests 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11449: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11410:National Grid 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11258: 11254: 11240: 11233: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11168: 11167:National Grid 11165: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11139:National Grid 11137: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11088:Firmus Energy 11086: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10961:Firmus Energy 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10912: 10911:Vattenfall UK 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10880: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10859:ScottishPower 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10712: 10710: 10709: 10708:Pharos Energy 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10605: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10561: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10546:GCM Resources 10543: 10541: 10540: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10480: 10478: 10473: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10333: 10332:West Bromwich 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10302:Cannock Chase 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10234: 10228: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10210: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10193: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10169: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10116: 10110: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10062: 10058: 10056: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10038: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10008: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9984: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9937: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9883: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9839: 9832: 9827: 9825: 9820: 9818: 9813: 9812: 9809: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9790: 9789:Colliery Maps 9787: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9771: 9768: 9765: 9762: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9696:(3): 386–390. 9695: 9691: 9686: 9685: 9674: 9672:0-571-22174-2 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9634: 9628: 9624: 9619: 9615: 9610: 9606: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9568: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9540:. A. Deutsch. 9539: 9534: 9530: 9525: 9521: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9472: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9417: 9416: 9407: 9402: 9396: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9327: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9289: 9285: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9263:0-340-42365-X 9259: 9255: 9254:Coronet Books 9250: 9249: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9162: 9158: 9156:0-7509-3971-0 9152: 9148: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9102: 9092: 9086: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8979: 8975: 8973:0-9509967-0-X 8969: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8954:0-905998-50-2 8950: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8884: 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2044: 2043: 2038: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1984: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1909:John Campbell 1907:According to 1900: 1898: 1897:Roger Windsor 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1840:tipper trucks 1837: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 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Derbyshire 1474: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1336:Falklands War 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1294:Two polls by 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:Glasshoughton 1274: 1273:Staffordshire 1270: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1045:Ronald Reagan 1035: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1002: 999:charged with 998: 994: 990: 985: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 953: 944: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 889:Action begins 886: 882: 880: 870: 861: 859: 855: 854:West Midlands 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 831: 827: 816: 813: 808: 800: 791: 787: 784: 780: 774: 771: 767: 751: 749: 739: 734: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 655: 654:County Durham 651: 647: 638: 635: 634: 633:The Economist 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 608: 606: 601: 600:Ian MacGregor 597: 593: 589: 585: 582:Coal mining, 580: 572: 563: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 512: 510: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 454:coal industry 451: 447: 437: 435: 431: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 406: 403: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 373: 371: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 352: 347: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 319:Ian MacGregor 314: 313: 306: 301: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 253: 249: 244: 240: 236: 229: 227: 224: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 176: 172: 156: 152: 145: 140: 135: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 13056: 13049: 13036:Thatchergate 12957:The Audience 12955: 12952:(2010, 2013) 12947: 12928: 12920: 12912: 12904: 12896: 12888: 12880: 12872: 12864: 12856: 12848: 12840: 12832: 12824: 12816: 12808: 12729: 12721: 12713: 12572:3rd ministry 12522: 12489:2nd ministry 12409:1st ministry 12397:2nd–3rd term 12347:Conservatism 12205: 11970:Ashden Award 11794:Carbon Trust 11528:Dash for Gas 11523:BBL Pipeline 11314: 11238: 11211:Hi-Gen Power 11122:Transmission 11025:Distribution 10996:Shell Energy 10946:Co-op Energy 10915: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10696:Ophir Energy 10694: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10664:Essar Energy 10651: 10644: 10627: 10615: 10558: 10551: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10523: 10327:Warwickshire 10179: 10084: 10055:Collindridge 9801: 9792: 9785:, dated 1984 9772:(PDF format) 9706: 9702: 9693: 9689: 9658: 9655:Peace, David 9622: 9613: 9604: 9585: 9566: 9557: 9553: 9537: 9528: 9519: 9502: 9498: 9481: 9477: 9461: 9449: 9424: 9420: 9390: 9365: 9361: 9339:(1): 68–84. 9336: 9332: 9300: 9296: 9273: 9247: 9226: 9206: 9189: 9185: 9165: 9146: 9130:. Lulu.com. 9127: 9110: 9106: 9080: 9047: 9043: 9026: 9022: 9003: 8986: 8982: 8963: 8943: 8914: 8910: 8891: 8868:. Retrieved 8864:the original 8859: 8844:. Retrieved 8840: 8823:. Retrieved 8819:the original 8814: 8799:. Retrieved 8792:the original 8754:. Retrieved 8745: 8735: 8727:NME Magazine 8726: 8720: 8708:. Retrieved 8704:the original 8697: 8687: 8675:. Retrieved 8664: 8651: 8643: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8609:. Retrieved 8600:The Guardian 8598: 8588: 8576:. Retrieved 8567: 8557: 8545:. Retrieved 8541:the original 8531: 8519:. Retrieved 8515:the original 8505: 8493:. Retrieved 8484: 8475: 8467: 8462: 8450:. Retrieved 8439: 8429: 8417:. Retrieved 8408: 8398: 8386:. Retrieved 8382:the original 8375: 8366: 8354:. Retrieved 8346:The Guardian 8345: 8336: 8324:. Retrieved 8315:The Guardian 8313: 8300: 8291: 8282: 8270:. Retrieved 8256: 8248: 8243: 8231:. Retrieved 8223:The Guardian 8222: 8213: 8201:. Retrieved 8192: 8183: 8171:. Retrieved 8162: 8153: 8141:. 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London. 3857:References 3769:Literature 3750:Monty Mole 3723:The Charge 3700:The album 3600:The Smiths 3370:The Strike 3343:Elton John 3290:Dispatches 3208:newspapers 3148:Lisa Nandy 3135:Yorkshire. 3050:Peter Fahy 3020:and every 3016:became an 2902:Len Murray 2846:Solidarity 2588:Lancashire 2489:gay rights 2398:Rossington 2372:Solidarity 2280:saying of 2252:Daily Mail 2148:July 1984 2045:July 1984 1928:July 1984 1607:Lancashire 1585:Nottingham 1454:Derbyshire 1432:Cumberland 1305:Daily Mail 1217:carnations 1203:Herrington 1101:High Court 1085:David Hart 1001:truncheons 924:Herrington 919:Cortonwood 907:Silverwood 858:Lancashire 830:Heathfield 770:Cortonwood 618:The NUM's 566:Background 404:Police: 51 385:Casualties 281:Met Police 192:Derbyshire 181:, mostly; 165:1985-03-03 161:1984-03-06 82:newspapers 12994:Paintings 12922:The Crown 12890:The Queen 12755:baronetcy 12516:CCSU case 12462:"Rejoice" 12375:Ministers 11360:Economy 7 11196:APX Group 10956:ESB Group 10824:Utilities 10749:Greenergy 10560:Rio Tinto 10504:Companies 10449:1984–1985 10403:Yorkshire 10248:Cleveland 10067:Schofield 9723:159709080 9641:cite book 9441:157830008 9382:145148859 9072:154322460 8931:154598334 8746:Eurogamer 8377:The Times 8088:18 August 7436:5 January 7404:5 January 7330:bbc.co.uk 6759:bbc.co.uk 6699:bbc.co.uk 5791:bbc.co.uk 5517:bbc.co.uk 5462:1 October 5150:The Times 5137:The Times 5121:The Times 4410:10 August 4397:153686055 4039:154609889 3937:(2004) . 3650:recorded 3646:and poet 3640:Henry Cow 3617:Test Dept 3544:Lifeblood 3527:The Clash 3512:, called 3447:'s novel 3374:Hollywood 3368:episode " 3269:Ken Loach 3008:The 1994 2948:Australia 2854:Doncaster 2777:Yorkshire 2759:Workshops 2553:Cokeworks 2538:Manpower 1893:informers 1856:pass laws 1852:Tony Benn 1673:Yorkshire 1540:Leicester 1344:Falklands 1285:Shireoaks 1269:Hem Heath 1167:Parsonage 1144:Mansfield 1114:sequester 1028:Easington 997:horseback 993:Rotherham 965:Yorkshire 947:Picketing 895:Yorkshire 719:The Miner 488:Yorkshire 286:SY Police 211:Caused by 196:Yorkshire 13073:Category 12882:Margaret 12800:Film and 12783:" (1989) 12776:(father) 12625:Gulf War 12392:1st term 12387:Cold War 12335:Ideology 12278:Finchley 12206:Category 12151:EcoHomes 12055:Research 11627:Biofuels 10936:100Green 10906:Renantis 10839:Centrica 10795:Petrofac 10635:Centrica 10576:Oil and 10553:Glencore 10388:Somerset 10382:Stirling 10357:Ayrshire 10353:Scotland 10312:Old Hill 10174:Scargill 10079:Thompson 10061:Bullough 10049:T. 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Jones 9882:Richards 9781:, video 9677:A novel. 9657:(2005). 9353:53366457 9317:73545247 8860:BBC News 8750:Archived 8710:20 March 8677:11 April 8671:Archived 8666:AllMusic 8605:Archived 8572:Archived 8489:Archived 8446:Archived 8413:Archived 8350:Archived 8320:Archived 8266:Archived 8233:11 April 8227:Archived 8197:Archived 8167:Archived 8137:Archived 8082:Archived 8030:Archived 7999:Archived 7972:10 April 7966:Archived 7941:10 April 7935:Archived 7914:10 April 7908:Archived 7887:10 April 7881:Archived 7856:10 April 7850:Archived 7825:10 April 7819:Archived 7788:Archived 7770:21 March 7738:Archived 7734:BBC News 7705:Archived 7682:21 March 7655:21 March 7649:Archived 7624:22 March 7494:Archived 7430:Archived 7398:Archived 7364:Archived 7334:Archived 7301:Archived 7270:Archived 7241:Archived 7215:Archived 7188:15 March 7085:Archived 7049:Archived 7023:Archived 6997:archived 6967:archived 6935:Archived 6910:Archived 6892:27 March 6886:Archived 6858:21 March 6852:Archived 6822:Archived 6763:Archived 6733:Archived 6729:BBC News 6703:Archived 6673:Archived 6628:(2001). 6554:Archived 6524:18 March 6518:Archived 6341:Archived 6264:Archived 6209:Archived 6178:Archived 6174:BBC News 6148:Archived 6144:BBC News 6118:Archived 6094:10 April 6088:Archived 6014:Archived 5981:Archived 5952:Archived 5865:Archived 5795:Archived 5760:Archived 5727:Archived 5694:Archived 5690:BBC News 5664:Archived 5660:BBC News 5521:Archived 5486:Archived 5482:BBC News 5361:Archived 5326:(2003). 5305:26 April 5299:Archived 5271:Archived 5236:Archived 5174:(2011). 5105:19 April 5099:Archived 5095:BBC News 5069:Archived 5015:19 April 5009:Archived 4989:. p. 24. 4907:(1994). 4859:Archived 4826:(2005). 4478:Archived 4435:Archived 4401:Archived 4347:Archived 4304:Archived 4270:Archived 4246:11 March 4240:Archived 4216:11 March 4210:Archived 4188:Archived 4156:Archived 4125:Archived 4121:BBC News 4095:Archived 4063:: 71–95. 4031:23745863 3985:Archived 3958:Archived 3878:Archived 3874:BBC News 3785:See also 3725:", from 3503:Ashfield 3469:Hope Now 3458:Aylesham 3347:Lee Hall 3048:In 2021 3036:Annesley 2999:Harworth 2956:Colombia 2842:Ollerton 2794:NATIONAL 2707:Scotland 2379:Violence 1651:Scotland 1562:Midlands 1359:it must 1182:de facto 1171:Daw Mill 1163:Agecroft 981:Midlands 969:Scotland 940:scabland 932:Polmaise 928:Snowdown 852:and the 693:Orgreave 492:Midlands 424:Detained 415:Arrested 398:Injuries 390:Death(s) 184:Scotland 174:Location 163: – 13061: → 13048:← 13031:Honours 13014:Related 12968:Statues 12512:(1984) 12458:(1982) 12276:MP for 11452:Nuclear 11415:Control 11350:BritNed 11310:History 11239:italics 11226:Wavegen 11206:EnServe 11191:Aggreko 10844:E.ON UK 10785:Hunting 10763:Support 10702:Perenco 10659:EnQuest 10566:UK Coal 10412:Strikes 10317:Pelsall 10253:Cokemen 10243:Bristol 10215:Abraham 10192:Kitchen 10180:Vacant? 10156:Paynter 10097:Stanley 10073:McGahey 10031:Lawther 9971:Smillie 9930:Gormley 9906:Lawther 9870:Smillie 9858:Pickard 9406:excerpt 9064:2523352 8870:6 March 8846:6 March 8825:6 March 8801:6 March 8773:General 8631:Cercles 8568:Esquire 8356:6 March 7933:. 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